DICTIONARY OF LANGUAGES. (continued 3)

(2) Koli, Kooli: Mahratta word, applied to a tribe of aborigines, and also to a caste of water-bearers, hence Kuli, i.e., “Coolee,” in Tamil, a common labourer.

Koladyn.

Burmese: a dialect of Aracan.

Koldagi.

African: dialect of Kordofan. It is allied to the Furian. H. C.

Koligon.

Australian: the Colack natives. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Kolun, see Khyen.

Kolush.

American: dialect of Sitka. Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 102.

⁂ These are a remarkable people, and the language is allied to Chepewayan and Kenai. H. C.

Kolyma.

Eskimo: a dialect of Kamskadal spoken in Asia.

Konagi.

American: native language of the I. of Kadiak; its structure is Eskimo, but the vocabulary is Athabascan of the Kenai group.

Kondin.

A dialect of Samoied, allied to Yurak.

Kong (1).

African: dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich’s “Mission.”

Kong (2).

Chinese: name for the dialect of Canton.

Konga.

(1) Malayan: dialect of the Is. of Flores or Ende.

(2) Indian: name applied by the Mahrattas to the Dravidian people and tongues. W. E.

Kongo or Congo.

African: spoken in the Portuguese dominion and classed by Bleek as Bantu-Kafir. Grammar by Brusciottus à Vetralla, Rome, 1659.

Konguan.

African: dialect of the Gaboon. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 564.

Konkani.

Indic: a dialect of the Mahratti.

Konza or Kanza.

American: a dialect of Sioux.

Kooch, see Cutchi.

Kookie or Koonkie.

Monosyllabic: the same as Looshai; Aracanese and Bengali words, with others not referable to either of those languages, are found in it. Spoken by the Howlong, Panjas, Ruttun and Syloo. A. C.

⁂ The name is sometimes applied to the Nagas.

Koomis, see Kumi.

Korana.

African: a dialect of Hottentot.

Korawi.

Dravidian: a dialect of Tamul. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 246. See Teling.

Korch.

Indian: tribe of the Himalayas. Essay by Hodgson, London, 1860.

Korean.

A geographical term for some dialects of Siberia. See Corean.

Koreish.

Semitic: the leading dialect of Arabic.

Although the literary importance of the tribe of Koreish does not seem to have been very great before the age of Mahomet, it was nevertheless the dialect which he adopted for the Koran, and it has from that day been the classical language of Arabia. See Renan, “Hist. Gen. des Langues Sémitiques,” p. 328. R. P. S. See Cufic.

Koreng, see Karen.

Koriak.

A Korean dialect of Okhotsk in Siberia, closely allied to Kamchatkan.

Korinchi.

Malayan: dialect of interior of Sumatra, written with a peculiar native character. P. J. V.

Koskeemo.

A dialect of Vancouver I., belonging to its W. side, spoken by nearly extinct tribes of Koskeemos and Quatsinos; it is much mingled with Quakwolth. R. B.

Kot.

Ugrian: dialect of the Yeniseian Ostiaks in Siberia, also called Kanski; Khotowzi is the Russian form of Kot. Grammar by Castrén.

Kota, see Kodah.

Kotofantshi.

African: dialect of the Hamarua.

Kou-ouen.

Chinese: name for Old Chinese, the ancient Archaic dialect, now extinct.

Kousulu.

Indic: dialect of Hindi, vernacular in Oude.

Kowelitsk.

American: western branch of the Flatheads.

⁂ Their dialect is allied to the Atna or Selish, and has affinities with Sekumne, &c. H. C.

Kowrarega.

Australian: See Macgillivray: “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” vol. ii., p. 279.

Kowri.

African: Dr. Latham’s name for a variety of native dialects, arranged by Kölle as N.E. High Soudanian. ☞

Krain, see Carniolan.

Krama.

“Krama” in Javanese means “politeness” or “courteousness”; hence the High Javanese (on the use of which see the article Javanese) is called “Basa Krama,” or the polite language. A few words equally used in High and Low Javanese, but only in speaking of persons of the very highest rank and consideration, are designated by the name of “Krama inggil” or “High Krama.” P. J. V.

Kredy.

A language sometimes called Fertit, but there is another language in Fertit allied to Agaw. The people are S. of Darfur, between 7° and 8° N. Lat. There is a vocabulary by Dr. S. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873. H. C.

Kreepee or Krepi.

African: names for the Grebo, closely allied to Adampi, Anfue, and the Whydah group. H. C.

Kretan.

Same as Cretan; a sub-dialect of Greek. See Vocaby. in Höck’s “Kreta,” Göttingen, 1823.

Krim-Tartar, under C.

Kristenaux.

Algonkin: name for the Crees.

Kroatian, under C.

Kru.

African: dialect of Grebo and Gbe, belonging to the Ivory-coast, and classed by some as Mana or Mandingo. It has resemblances to Aro, Kasm, Serawulli, Yala, &c. H. C.

Ku.

A dialect of Dravidian. See Caldwell’s Grammar.

Kuan-Hoa.

Chinese: name for Mandarin form of speech.

Kubitshi.

Lesghian: name for the Feringhee.

⁂ It is a dialect of the Caucasus, like Akush, between the Koi Su and Buam. H. C.

Kudi.

Older Dravidian: dialect of the Himalayas.

Kufic, under C.

Kuki.

Burmese: closely allied to Khumia.

Kulanapo.

American: Indians of N.W. California.

⁂ The language is allied to Khwakhlamayo, Oregones, Shasti, and Yuma. H. C.

Kum.

African: dialect of Kafir.

Kumaon.

Hindi: local dialect spoken near the sources of R. Ramgunga, in Kumaon, a province of N.W. India.

Kumha.

Older Dravidian: dialect of Nipal.

Kumi.

Burmese: almost identical with Kami. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Kumuk.

Turkish: dialect of the Caucasus. Klaproth: “Reise in den Kaukasus.”

⁂ It resembles Krim-Tatar, and is not to be confounded with Kazi-Kumuk. H. C.

Kunawari.

Mixed language of India: Bhot, Kanet, Milchan, Sugnum, &c.

⁂ Kunawar is a Trans-Himalayan province, N. of Simla. A. C.

Kunkuna.

Indic: old dialect of the Concan. See Konkani.

Kupang.

Malayan: dialect of W. Timor.

Kupuas.

Malayan: dialect of Borneo.

Kurd or Kurdish.

(1) Armenic: the dialect of Kurdistan, the mountain country dividing Mesopotamia from Persia, halfway between the Black Sea and the Persian Gulf, now divided between Persia and Turkey. It is closely allied to Ossetic and Pushtoo, and has been classed as Iranic; it is written with Arabic characters. Klaproth: “Asia Pol.,” p. 76.

⁂ It is not used as a written language, Persian being substituted. There is a Grammar in Italian by Garzoni, Rome, 1787. H. C.

(2) Old Kurdish has been regarded as a dialect of Chaldee. See “Forschungen,” by Lerch, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1857.

Kurg, see under C.

Kurilian.

Also called Aino, the native language of the Kurile Is., also spoken by the aborigines of Yesso or Yezo, one of the Japanese group, and allied to Kamskadal and Koriak. The Ainos are a hairy race, easily distinguished from the smoother Mongols.

Kuring.

“Kuring” in Sundanese means a “serf,” a person of low origin. Hence the Low Sundanese is called “Basa-Kuring.” P. J. V. See Sundanese.

Kurland, see Curish.

Kurumba.

Non-Aryan: language of S. India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” See Dhangar.

Kusi-Kumuk.

Caucasian: language of Kara-Kaitak and Tabasseran. It is allied to the Lesghian group. H. C.

Kuskokwim, Kuskutshewak.

American: dialect of the Labrador Eskimos on the R. Kuskukwim. See Richardson’s “Arctic Expedition,” 2 vols., London, 1851.

Kusunda, Kuswar.

Older Dravidian: dialects of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Kutani, see Kitunaha.

Kutchi, under C.

Kutshin.

American: dialect of Athabascan, spoken by Loucheux Indians, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean.

Kutzo-Wallachian.

Italic: dialect of Rumanian, spoken to the S. of the Daco-Wallachian or Rouman area about Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly.

Kuznetsk.

Alatyan: a dialect of Turkish, spoken in Siberia, classed by Dr. Latham as Turks of the Upper Tom; small Vocaby. in his “Elements,” p. 107.

Kuzzilbash.

Alatyan: a dialect of Turkish, spoken in Persia; also called Kizilbash.

⁂ “Kizilbash” means “red-head;” it is a term applied to the Yurukhs and other mountain tribes, who are regarded as non-orthodox Mussalmans. H. C.

Kwaliokwa.

American: a dialect allied to the Tahkali or Carrier Indians, classed as Athabascan.

Kyrillic, under C.

Kyt’hi, Kaithi.

A cursive handwriting used by Hindoos of the N.W. provinces in B. India.

ADDENDA.

Kabardinian.

Caucasian: a dialect of Circassian. H. C.

Kabka.

African: a language of Bornu.

Kabuch.

Caucasian: a member of the Lesghian group. H. C.

Kacha, see Katsha.

Kadir.

A semi-nomade race, inhabiting some forests of S.W. India. W. E.

Kajenjah.

African: a language of Bornu.

Kakanda.

African: a dialect classed as Nufi. H. C.

Kalalat.

Caucasian: seemingly Lesghian; referred to in the Mithridates.

Kalasha.

Paropamisan or Dard: a dialect of the Himalayas. Vocaby. by Leitner and Mander. H. C.

Kalbunga.

African: a dialect allied to Mandingo. See Kölle’s “Polyg.” H. C.

Kale.

Romany: a name for Gipsy.

Kalhuri.

Armenic: dialect of S. Kurds.

Kalina, Kalinago, Karina.

American: native terms for Carib. See Galibi.

Kalinga.

Dravidian: a form of Telinga.

Kallagi.

African: Nigritian dialect of the Soudan.

Kaloschen.

German form of “Cant” or “Slang.”

Kamakan.

American: (1) Camacan civilisada; Brasilian Indians of Espiritu. The same as Menieng.

(2) Camacaes Mongoyos or Monxocos; Indians of Bahia.

Kamakon.

African: classed with Kalbra.

Kamba.

African: dialect of the Congo.

Kamentes, Karaikas.

American: tribes of Pescherai.

Kanacata-ges.

American: Jahyco Indians of Brasil.

Kanai, Kanhawa, see Canaway.

Kanam, see Kanem.

Kanas, see Kanchi.

Kando.

African: dialect of the Congo, classed as Mandongo.

Kandy (Candy).

Sinhalese: local dialect of Ceylon; also called Mangala.

Kanga.

African: dialect of Nigritian.

Kankam, Kankamtshi.

African: language of the Hamarua, described by Dr. Barth. H. C.

Kankanka.

African: allied to Mandingo. See “Polyg. Afr.” H. C.

Kannadi.

Correct designation of Canarese.

Kanski, Kanskoi, see Kot.

Kanyakubja.

Indian term “of or relating to Canoug or Kanauj,” applied to any caste.

Kapul.

Negrito: dialect of Papuan. See Inabak.

Karaba, Karabari.

African: a language allied to Ebo, quoted from Kilham’s “Specimens.”

Karabulakish.

Caucasian: dialect of Mizdeghen.

Karakaitak.

Caucasian: sub-dialect of Kazikumuk. H. C.

Karali.

American: native name for the Eskimo of Greenland.

Karanka.

American: classed as Aymara (Ludewig).

Karankua, Karankoway.

American: classed as Athabascan (Balbi).

Karina, see Kalinga.

Karnten.

Wendic: German form of Carinthian, classed as Slovenian.

Karub.

African: tribe of Adareb, classed as Troglodytes.

Kashmiri, under C.

Kashna.

African: a language of Bornu. H. C.

Kasia.

Indian tribe near the Garo hills, remarkable as the builders of stone monuments; their language is allied to Garo, Naga, Shan, &c. H. C.

Kassentee.

African: language of central district.

Kassianthes.

African: same as Tiemba.

Katahba, under C.

Kattanahaws.

American: tribe of Minetare.

Kaudard.

African: unclassed language of the N.E.

Kavasumsenk.

American: tribe of Narragansets.

Kavere.

American: Maipure Indians. See Caveri.

Kazi-Kumuk or Kathi-Kumuk, under Ku.

Keesarn, Kigarnee, Kyganies.

American: Haidah Indians of Q. Charlotte’s Is.

Keikadi.

Non-aryan: a language of central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Kementes, under Ka.

Kensy (Kenu).

African: a dialect of the Nubian; same as Barabra.

Kerat.

Moghol: same as Torgot, and classed as Kalmuck.

Kermans.

Armenic: classed as Kurdish (Niebuhr).

Kerrapay, Kerrapong.

African: one or more sub-dialects of Akwapim. H. C.

Kerrapi, see Kreepee.

Ket.

Ugrian: a dialect of the Samoied (Klaproth).

Keyes.

American: (1) same as Kichai.

(2) Same as Keyus, a tribe of Vuta-Huilliche.

Khaling.

Indo-Chinese; a sub-dialect of the Kirata or Limbu. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Khari-Boli.

Hindi: local dialect of Delhi and Agra.

Khenar.

Caucasian: a branch of the Kisti or Thush. H. C.

Kheng, see Khyen.

Khirghese, see Kirghis.

Khisti, see Kisti.

Khoazi.

Iranic: Persian dialect of Kuseistan.

Khunzag.

Caucasian: a dialect allied to the Avar. H. C.

Kiaorana.

Polynesian: a form of salutation, “May you live.” W. G.

Kigarnee, see Keesarn.

Kigindo.

African: a dialect of Kaffir.

Kikatsa.

American: name for the Crow Indians.

Kilba, Kilbantshi.

African: a language of the Hamarua, described by Dr. Barth. H. C.

Killisteno, see Cree.

Kinalug.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect of Lesghian.

King George, under G.

King George’s Archipelago.

American: tribes of Kolusches. See Sitka.

King’s R. Indians.

American: a tribe of California.

Kisilbek.

Caucasian: a dialect of Absne. See Kuzzilbash.

Kiskapocoke.

American: tribe of Shawnees.

Kissi.

African: a dialect of Sierra Leone, supposed to be Susu. See Kilham’s “Specimens.”

Kisti, Kistian, Kistic.

Caucasian: Georgian term, from “Kisteti,” the country of the Kists, also called Kistinzes. A name for the Mizdeghen.

⁂ It is the same as the Tush or Thusch language, is largely mixed with Lesghian, and sometimes called Chech or Tschetsch. Grammar by Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1856. H. C.

Kitzbuhel.

Teutonic: High-German dialect of the Tyrol.

Kizaramo.

African: a dialect of Kaffir, like Kigindo. H. C.

Kling.

Burmese: designation of the people on the Coromandel Coast employed in Burma. W. E.

Knenkorenwurro.

Australian. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Ko.

Malayan: prefix to all proper names in E. Polynesia. W. G.

Kobroor.

Malayan: Wokkha, dialect of the Arroo Is.

Kochaboth.

American: dialect of Guaykuru.

Kochemer-Sprache.

German form of “Cockney.”

Kodiara, Korbiar.

Dravidian: dialects of Bowri.

Kokama.

American: same as Cocama, a tribe of Omaguas.

Kolambo.

African: dialect of Mandongo.

Kolami.

Non-Aryan: a language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Kolhui.

American: Nahuatlac tribe of Mexico.

Kolla.

Dravidian: dialect of Korawi. See Kol.

Kollagua, under C.

Koltschanes.

American: same as Galzanes, a tribe of Atna.

Komanian.

Alatyan: dialect of Tatar, allied to Uigur and Uzbeg. G. R.

Komi.

Tchudic: native appellation of the Sirenians.

Kondakov, see Kandokov.

Kono.

African: allied to Mandingo. See “Polyg. Afr.” H. C.

Kontshaba.

A name for the Kamtshatkan, applied by Koriaks.

Konungzi.

American: a native appellation of the Irokese. See Onega.

Kookas.

A modern sect among Hindoos; they are fanatical, and practise cow-worship.

Kooyen, Kooyon.

American: Kolusch dialect of Cape Decision.

Kora.

American: Mexican Indians of Najarit. See Cora.

Koravar.

Dravidian: dialect of a wandering race of basket-makers in the Carnatic. Same as Korawi. W. E.

Korbian.

Dravidian: a dialect of Bowri.

Koringa.

African: spoken about 170 deg. N.L. H. C.

Koruboih.

African: a language of Bornu.

Kossa, Kossoo.

African: dialect of Sierra Leone, described from Kilham’s Specimens.

Kotora.

African: also Koto Fantshi, language of the Kobofo; described by Dr. Barth. H. C.

Koya.

Indian: a tribe of Goands. W. E. See Gundi.

Kran, Cran.

American: (1) a name for the Timbiras of Goyaz in Brasil.

(2) Tribe of Jahyco, called Cran-ges.

Krango.

African: sub-dialect of Timmani.

Kubease.

African: unclassified sub-dialect of Akwapim. H. C.

Kudagu, see Curgi.

Kudic, see Tchudic.

Kui.

That is “Kui-jatalu”: native name of the Khonds. W. E.

Kulaw.

Indo-Chinese: Arrakanese name for Hindoos.

Kuli, see Kol.

Kulino, under C.

Kullespelm.

American: native name of the Ponderays.

Kulung, Kulungya.

Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the Kiranti group; classed as a sub-dialect of Kirata or Limbu. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Kumbar, see Taremuki.

Kumian.

Alatyan: Tatar dialect, allied to Kirghis and Nogai. G. R.

Kumshallahu.

African: a dialect of Mosi.

Kunaguara.

American: Caribs of the lower Orinoco R.

Kungrat.

Name of the Uzbeg dynasty at Khiva, from the Kungrade stock.

Kura, Kurali, Kurian.

Caucasian: a division of the Lesghian, on the River Kurachai; the dialects include Anzug and Dzhar or Jar.

Kurnata, see Canarese.

Kwe-mi.

Indo-Chinese: true form of Koomi or Kumi.

Kwombi.

Indo-Chinese: a dialect of the Kirata.

Kyen.

Indo-Chinese: same as Kheng, Kolun, Kiayn.

Kyganies, see Keesarn.

Kymru.

Keltic: a form of Cymru. See Welsh.

Kyo.

Indo-Chinese: a division of the Arrakanese.

Kyra.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect provisionally classed as Lesghian. H. C.

L.

Labourdin.

Sub-dialect of French Basque.

Labrador.

American: dialect of Eskimo.

Labrung.

Indo-Chinese: tribe of Singpho.

Lachlan.

Australian: dialect of Regent Lake.

Laconian.

Hellenic: a dialect of modern Greek; also called Tzakonian. See Spartan.

Laconic.

Short, pithy, terse forms of expression, derived from the mode of speech adopted in Laconia.

Ladakhi.

Sub-dialect of Bhot, vernacular at Ladakh in Thibet.

Ladiniche, Ladino.

Romance: called also Upper and Lower Enghadine. It is a corruption of Latin, spoken in the valley of the Inn, on the confines of Switzerland with the Tyrol and Italy.

Ladrones.

Micronesian: dialect of the Marianne Is. Also called Chamori.

Laghman, see Lughman.

Lagoa.

African: Kafir of Delagoa Bay. Vocaby. in White’s Journal, London, 1800.

Lake, see Ostiak.

Lamano or Lamissa.

American: dialect of Quichua, belonging to the district of Truxillo.

Lambich-hong.

Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the Kiranti group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s Comp. Dicty.

Lampong.

Malayan, with Javanese elements.

⁂ Dialect of the Lampong district in S. Sumatra, and written with a peculiar native character. See “Dissertation,” Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar. P. J. V.

Lamur.

Caucasian: a name for Ingush.

Lamut.

Dialect of Tungus, closely allied to Yakutsk.

Lanarkshire.

Dialect of that district in Scotland.

Lancashire.

Provincial dialect of English. See Tim Bobbin: “Lancashire Dialect, with Glossary”; Bamfords’s “Dialects of So. Lancashire,” London, 1854.

Landoma.

African: closely allied to Bago, Timmani, and Bullom. H. C.

Langobardic.

(1) Teutonic: unclassed. See Türk: “Die Langobarden,” &c., Rostock, 1835.

(2) Provincial Italian. See Margharini: “Dict. Longobardicum,” Tuderti, 1670.

Langowan.

Polynesian: a sub-dialect of Menadu. Wallace: “Malay Arch.”

Langres.

Patois of French. “Vocaby.,” Langres, 1822.

Language.

Speech: the expression or communication of ideas by means of articulate sounds, divided into written and spoken language; the form of speech peculiar to a nation. See Classification.

Langue de si.

Mediæval name for Italian. More properly “Lingua de Si.” (“Si” means “yes.”)

Langue d’jo or ja.

Mediæval name for German. Farrar. (“Ja” means “yes.”)

Langue d’oc.

(1) Name for the ancient Provençal or Romance dialect of S. France, derived from their use of the word “oc,” for “yes,” instead of “oïl”; it was in especial the language of the early poets, called Troubadours, who cultivated the “gai-science.”

(2) Patois of French, the dialect of Toulouse. Dicty., Montpellier, 1820.

Langue d’oil.

Old name for the northern dialect of France, derived from using the word “oïl” for “yes,” since superseded by “oui”; it was especially used by that class of poets called “Trouvères.” Grammar by Burguy, 3 vols., second edit., Berlin and Paris, 1870.

Lanka-Bhasa.

Ancient Sinhalese; Ceylon being called Lanka or Lenka in Sanskrit. See Pali.

Lanzerota.

A dialect of the Canary Is.

Laos or Law.

Indo-Chinese: a northern and central dialect of Siam, spoken along the R. Menam. See “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” 1837, and Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Lap, Lapponese, or Lapponic.

Tchudic: dialect of the Ural-Altaic family of languages; it is agglutinative, closely allied to Fin, and spoken in Swedish and Russian Lapland, N. Europe. See Friis: “Lappisk Grammatik,” Christiania, 1856.

Lapanas, see Lipan.

Lar.

Hindi: dialect of Lower Scinde. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 229.

Lariki.

Malayan: dialect of W. Amboyna. See Wallace: “Malay Arch.”

Lasen or Lazen.

Sub-dialect of Georgian. Rosen: “Die Sprache der Lazen,” Lemgo, 1844. See Lazic.

Lassa.

Bhot. Lassa, capital of Thibet, is the head-quarters of the Moghol-Buddhists.

Lasta, see Agau.

Latin.

Head of the Italic branch of the Aryan family of languages, and closely allied to Oscan, Samnite, and Umbrian; originally the vernacular speech or idiom of old Italic, spoken in Latium, a small state S. of the basin of the R. Tiber. It originated the six so-called Romance languages, viz.: (1) Italian, (2) Spanish, (3) Portuguese, (4) Wallachian, (5) Romansch, of the canton Grisons, and (6) French, the latter being further sub-divided into two principal divisions, viz., Northern-French and Provençal. The Northern-French was called by Roquefort “La Langue Romaine”; the Provençal was called by Raynouard “La Langue Roman,”—both titles are misnomers. W. W. S.

Lausitz.

Sub-dialect of High-German. See Vocaby., Anton: “Oberlausitz üblichen,” Görlitz, 1825-39. See Lusatian.

Law, see Laos.

Layamon.

American: dialect of Lower California. See “Nachrichten,” by Von Murr, Halle, 1809.

Lazic.

Lesghian: Georgian dialect of Lazistan, in Asia Minor; same as Lasen.

⁂ It is unwritten, and differs much from Georgian and Swan. H. C.

Lebu, see Feejeean, &c.

Legba.

African: dialect of Kouri, closely allied to Tembu, Kaure, and Keamba. H. C.

Leghi.

Old name for Lesghian.

Lekamtshi.

African: assigned by Barth to the Hamarua.

Lekhi.

Name for the Lesghian of Daghestan.

Leki.

A dialect of Kurdish.

Lemba.

Malayan: dialect of Sumatra.

Lemozi.

That is, Limousin, one of the sub-dialects of Provençal.

Lenca.

American: vernacular in Honduras; dialects are Guajiquero, Intibuca, Opatoro, Similaton. See Squier: “Notes on Central America,” Spanish ed.; “Apuntamientos,” &c., by Alvarado, Paris, 1856.

⁂ These languages are allied to the Kouri dialects of Africa. H. C.

Lenguas, see Juiadge.

Lenni-Lennape.

American: original Indians of Delaware State, since in Delaware county, Indiana. Tribes were (1) Minsi, “the wolves,” (2) Unalachtgo, “the turkeys,” (3) Unami, “the turtles.” Grammar by Duponceau, Philadelphia, 1827. See Delaware.

Leonarde.

Keltic: a sub-dialect of Bas-Breton, spoken in the former diocese of St. Paul de Léon.

Lepcha or Lepsha.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of the Lepchas, a tribe of Sikim, in Trans-Himalaya. See “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” vol. ix., and Hunter’s Comp. Dicty., London, 1868. A. C.

⁂ It has a written character of its own, and is closely allied to Nowgong and Abor. H. C.

Lesbian.

Provincial dialect of ancient Greek, spoken in the I. of Lesbos (Mytilene). It belonged to the form of Greek known as Æolic. G. R.

Lesghian.

Caucasian: native speech of Lesghistan, a province of Georgia, the ancient Albania.

⁂ Used as a class-name for several languages, including (1) Avar, Andi, Dido, &c.; (2) Kasi-Kumuk, Akhwash, &c.; (3) Kyra, &c. The Ude also has sometimes been placed in this group. H. C.

Lett, Lettic, or Lithuanic.

Class name for a division of the Wendic or Slavonic branch of the Aryan family of languages, represented by (1) the Old-Prussian, extinct; (2) Lithuanian, the Lettish of Lithuania; (3) Livonian, the Lettish of Livonia.

⁂ Dr. Latham considers that the Lett or Lithuanian should form a class by itself, but Prof. Max Müller combines them with the Slavonic as a branch of Wendic.

Letters.

The constituent parts of an alphabet, distinguished by form, name, and sound. The primitive forms of early letters have been traced by some to picture writing, and the objects so represented are said to have originated the early names: thus, the ox—“aleph,” used as a symbol, has become letter A; “beth”—a house, has become B; “ghimel”—a camel, has become G, or C, and so on. See Phonology.

Letti.

Malayan: a dialect of the Serwatty Is., allied to Timorese.

Lettish.

The special language of Livonia and Kurland; it is, like the Lithuanic, a form of, or allied to the Slavonic language. Bielenstein: “Grammatik,” Mitau, 1863. See Lief.

Lhopa.

Native name for the people of Bhotan or Bútan. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” See Bhot.

Liang.

Malayan: dialect of Amboynese. Wallace: “Malay Arch.”

Libyan.

Languages often called by the vague term Berber. These languages must now be reckoned as at least five in number: the Showiah, or Algerine Berber; the Shilha, or Morocco Berber; the Tamashight, or Berber south of Mount Atlas. The last is the purest and most widely extended. Besides these there are two others of very limited extent, that of the town of Ghadames and that of the Benî Menasser. These languages were formerly all one, as Augustine says: “In Africâ barbaras gentes in unâ linguâ plurimas novimus.” Hanoteau has made the very interesting remark that to translate from the Tamashight into Arabic, and reciprocally, though the vocabulary is widely different, is peculiarly easy, yet this proves common cultivation rather than a common origin. In a preface to the 4th appendix to Barth’s fifth volume of “Travels in Africa,” a summary is given by Professor F. W. Newman of the grammatical relations of the three chief languages to one another, but it was written without the advantage of Hanoteau’s Tamashight Grammar. We can now judge pretty accurately how they are all related to Hebrew. F. W. N. See Hebræo-African.

⁂ Many inscriptions in the ancient written languages remain, some bilingual, Phœnician, and Lybian. H. C.

Lief.

Ugrian: dialect of Fin, spoken in Kurland.

⁂ This name is the root word of Livonia or Lief-land, a Russian government on the Baltic, but the native name for the original population is “Rahwa,” and these forms of speech are separated. The Liefs of Kurland call themselves “Sea-shore men”; the true Kurlanders speak Lithuanic. See Curish.

Lieflandic.

A dialect of Low-German. See Hüpel: “Livländisches Idiot.,” Riga, 1795.

Liegeoise.

French: Wallon dialect of Liége in Belgium, full of Keltic words. Grammar by Michiels, Liége, 1863.

Lifu.

Negrito: dialect of the Loyalty Is., S. Pacific. See Uea.

Ligurian.

Ancient dialect of the country round Genoa, classed by some as Keltic, but really not sufficiently known to admit of exact classification. G. R.

⁂ The Ligurians appear to have accompanied the Iberians, and may represent the Kol. H. C.

Likupang.

Malayan: dialect of Celebes.

Limba-Karajia, Limba-pyu.

Dialects of Australia.

Limba-Romanesca.

A name for Wallachian.

Limbos or Limbu.

Tribe of Nipal and Sikim, Trans-Himalaya. Vocaby. in Hunter’s Comp. Dicty. A. C.

⁂ They are also called Ekthoomba, and have an alphabetic character. H. C.

Limestone-Creek.

Dialect of Australia. See King’s Survey, London, 1827.

Limosin.

(1) Romance: dialect of Spanish. See Catalonian.

(2) Dialect of Provençal. “Dict. du patois du Bas-Limousin,” by Béronie and Vialle.

Lincoln Port, see Parnkalla.

Lingayit.

Siva-sectaries of India. It is a phallic or Priapean worship.

Lingoa-geral.

American: name for the corrupt Guarani or Tupi, mingled with Portuguese, current in Brazil. “Diccionario,” &c., Bahia, 1854.

Lingua-rustica.

Italic: (1) Provincial or rustic dialect of classical Lingua-Latina-vulgaris. (2) Common dialect of mediæval Italy.

Linonian.

Wendic: a dialect of Slavonic, same as Polabian; formerly vernacular in Luneberg.

Lipan.

American: spoken by tribes of Apache in Texas, classed as Athabascan, and also called Lapanas. See “Jnl. Ethnol. Soc.,” London, 1850.

Lithuanian.

(1) A language classed as Wendic, and closely allied to Lettish. It is the vernacular language of old Lithuania, as now spoken in the Russian governments of Kovno, Wilna Grodno, and in E. Prussia. Kurschat: “Lithauischen Wörterbuch,” Halle, 1870.

(2) Dialects are called Polish-Lithuanian or Samogetic. See Grammar by Staniewicz, Wilna, 1829. Prussian-Lithuanian; Pott: “De Borusso-Lithuanicæ,” Halle, 1837. See Crivingian.

Lithuanic.

Class name for the Lettic division of the Wendic family of languages.

Liudin-Kiele.

Name for the Chud, Tshud or Vesp. See Tavastrian.

Livonian.

Wendic: a name for the Lettic of Livonia. Sjoegren: “Livische Grammatik,” St. Petersburg, 1861. See Lettish.

Loango.

African: dialect of Kongo, classed as Kaffir.

Lobo.

Negrito: dialect of Papuan, vernacular in New Guinea, and closely allied to that of Triton Bay. H. C.

Logone.

African: dialect of Kanuri, classed as Bornu, spoken S. of Lake Tshad.

Logos.

African: sub-dialect of Timmani.

Logudore.

Italian: dialect of Sardinia.

Lohar.

Indic: Mahratta name for the Taremuki.

Lohorong.

Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the Kiranti group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s Comp. Dicty.

Lok-tai.

Tribe of Laos in Siam. See Pe-y.

Lolos.

Local dialect of Chinese.

Lombardian.

Romance: provincial dialects of Italian. See Langobardic.

Lombok.

The island of Lombok or Salaparang, lying to the east of Bali, has a two-fold population; the original inhabitants of the island, called Sasaks, and forming the great majority, and the Balinese, who have conquered it but are greatly in the minority. The language of the Balinese is the same as in Bali; that of the Sasaks does not belong to the Java group, but seems to be nearly allied to that of the adjacent island Sumbawa. P. J. V.

Londo.

African: a dialect of Bantu.

London.

City dialect of English, sometimes called Cockney. “Pegge’s Anecdotes,” by Grose, London, 1818.

Loochooan or Luchu.

Japanese: dialect of the Loo-choo Is., off the E. coast of China.

Looshai.

Indian tribes inhabiting the hills of Cachar and Chittagong, Bengal. A. C.

Lord North’s Is.

“Memoir” by Pickering, Cambridge, 1845.

Loretto, see Layamon.

Lori or Luri.

Dialect of Kurdish.

Lorraine or Lothringian.

Romance: patois of France. “Essai” by Oberlin, Strasburg, 1775.

Lot.

Sub-dialect of Provençal: patois of the French department of Lot and Garonne.

Lothian.

Dialect of Scotland.

Lothringian, see Lorraine.

Loucheux, see Kutshin.

Louisiade.

Malayan: dialects of the Coral Seas. Macgillivray’s “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” London, 1851.

Lourenzo-marques.

African: dialect of Delagoa Bay.

⁂ There are considerable diversities, showing the survival of other elements. H. C. See Tekeza.

Low-German, see Dutch.

Low-Latin.

Name for the corrupted forms of Latin that survived the general use of the classical language of ancient Rome, chiefly used in many countries of Europe for legal, medical, and ecclesiastical purposes, and largely augmented from other languages, thence called Monkish and Dog-Latin. See Ducange’s Glossary by Henschel.

Low-Saxon.

Teutonic: branch of Platt-Deutsch or Low-German.

Loyalty Islands.

Melanesian: dialects are known as Lifu, Mare or Nengone, and Uea, forming a small group E. of New Caledonia. See Wallis’s Is.

Loyes.

Dialect of Annamese.

Lubalo.

African: dialect of Kaffir, allied to Songo and Kasange. H. C.

Lubu.

Malayan: dialect of Sumatra.

Lucerne.

Sub-dialect of High-German, spoken in Switzerland. See Glossary by Häffliger, Lucerne, 1815.

Lughman.

Dialect of Kohistani, spoken in Kabul. Vocaby. in “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” 1838.

Lugunor.

Polynesian: a dialect of the Carolines.

Luhuppa.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Burmah, closely allied to Koreng. See “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” 1837.

Luis, San, Obispo; Luis, San, Rey.

American: Kechi Indians of California, classed as Diegunos.

Luitizian.

Slavonic: a dialect of Polabian, also called Wiltzian, allied to Linonian.

Lule.

American: dialect of the Chaco district, considered to resemble Vilela. Vocaby. by Machoni, Madrid, 1732.

⁂ Spoken on the R. Vermejo, on the drainage of R. de la Plata. The Isiftene, Tokistine, and Oristine are considered to be dialects of Lule, but no specimens are known. See Tonocote.

Lumbari.

Name for the Gohurs or Benjari of Rajputana and Gujerat.

Lummi.

A dialect of N. America. Vocaby. by Gibbs, N. York, 1863.

Lung-khe.

A dialect of Arrakan.

Luoh, see Dyur.

Lupaka.

American: a dialect of the Aymara.

Lusatian.

A sub-dialect of Wendish, allied to Livonian and Polabian. It is a name for the Serb, Sorb, or Sorabian dialect of Sclavonic, vernacular in the German province of Lausitz, belonging in part to Prussia and in part to Saxony, and sub-divided into Upper and Lower Sorbian. See Wendic.

Lusitanian.

Classical name for the language spoken in the country now known as Portugal. G. R.

Lutheran.

Teutonic: a name for modern High-German; it is the Saxon of Meissen or Misnia, an ancient province, now parted by Prussia and Saxony. This dialect represents the old standard of High-German, as popularised by Martin Luther in his magnificent version of the Scriptures. See Saxon.

Lutuami.

American: spoken at Lake Clamet, or Klamath, on the boundary of Oregon and California; also called Clamets and Tlamatl, and allied to Palaik, Shasti, and Sahaptin. See “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

⁂ Gallatin treats this as distinct; it has affinities with the Aino. H. C.

Lybian.

African: same as Libyan. See Thugga.

Lycaonian.

Ancient dialect of Lycaonia in Asia Minor. See “Disquisition,” by Jablonski, Berlin, 1714: frequently reprinted.

Lycian.

Extinct dialect of Asia Minor, known only by inscriptions. See Fellow’s “Lycia,” London, 1841; “Asiatic Researches,” vol. xii.

⁂ It is Aryan in character, and more like the Zend than any other Aryan form of speech. G. R.

Lydian.

An extinct dialect of Asia Minor, known very imperfectly; classed by some as Semitic (Lassen, Bunsen, Bötticher), by others as Indo-European. G. R.

⁂ Dr. Hyde Clarke classes both Lycian and Lydian as Palæo-Georgian.

ADDENDA.

Lacondona.

American: a language of Verapaz. H. C.

Laktho.

Indo-Chinese: a dialect of Annamitic.

Lamurek.

Malayan: a dialect of Ulea, grouped with the Carolines.

Landoro.

African: a language said to be Mandingo. Vocaby. in “Polyglotta Africana.” H. C.

Leicestershire.

A dialect of England. Glossary by Dr. Evans. W. W. S.

Lekhian.

Slavonic: a name for the old language of Poland. G. R.

Leuvuche.

American: tribe of Puelche, on the boundary of Chili.

Lincolnshire.

A dialect of England. Glossary by Brogden. W. W. S.

Lingua Franca.

Mixed dialect, said to be used in the Levant, but where I never met with it. H. C.

Lingua de Si.

A name for Italian. (“Si” = “yes.”)

Lohitic.

A class name for the languages spoken in the valley of the Lohita or Brahmaputra, east of the peninsula of Hindustan. See Bunsen: “Philosophy of History,” vol. iii., pp. 371-386. G. R.

Lonsdale.

A sub-dialect of Lancashire. See “Glossary of the Hundred of Lonsdale,” by R. B. Peacock (Phil. Soc.), London, 1869. W. W. S.

Lower California.

American: the Fico appear to be the same as the Peco or Pico, who are Yemes, and are classed as Pueblo Indians. Dr. Latham suggests that they are identical with the Ika. Vocaby. by Simpson Washington, 1850.

Luri, see Lori.

M.

Maas, see Mosel.

Maba, Mabang, under Mobba.

Macahua.

American: dialect of Mexico. See De Nagera: “Doctrina y Ensenança,” &c., Mexico, 1637.

Macaronic.

Species of burlesque or comic speech. See “Lexicon-Macaronicum, &c.,” by Bee, London, 1825. Macaronic verse is semi-polyglot, or full of philological absurdities.

Macassar.

Polynesian, of Malay character; dialect of S. Celebes, a large island adjoining Borneo. It is written in a peculiar native character. See Bugis.

Maccabean.

Old Hebrew: name for the numismatic alphabet found on Jewish coins of the Maccabee period, and closely allied to the Phœnician characters.

Macedo-Wallachian.

Sub-dialect of Roumanian; same as Kutzo-Wallachian.

Macedonian.

(1) Hellenic: sub-dialect of ancient Greek, allied to the Alexandrian. See Sturz: “De Dialecto Macedonica, &c.,” Leipsig, 1808.

(2) Sub-dialect of Romaic or Neo-Hellenic, much corrupted by Turkish.

Machakali.

American: dialect of Botocudo, classed as Camacan, and allied to Maconi. H. C.

Maconi.

American: dialect of Brazil, allied to Camacan. See Vocaby. in “Da Silva’s Dicty.”

⁂ It is Botocudo, and perhaps allied to Natchez. H. C.

Macos.

American: sub-dialect of Saliva.

Macquarie.

Australian: dialect of Port Macquarie. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

Macusi, Macoussie.

American: sub-dialect of Carib, belonging to Guiana, classed by Schomburgk as Caribi-Tamanaque.

Madagasse, see Malagasy.

Madi, Madia.

Non-Aryan dialects of Central India, allied to Gondi and Gayeti. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” H. C.

Madjar, see Hungarian.

Madlija.

Javanese: same as Madya.

Madurese.

Javanese: dialect of Madura and of the Madurese colonists in Java, very numerous in the districts east of Surabaya and Kediri. It is mixed up with Balinese, Malay, and other foreign elements, but is written with the Javanese characters; it has two sub-dialects, those of W. Madura and of Sumanap in the E. See Diss. in “Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar.” P. J. V.

Madya.

Javanese term for “middle,” hence “basa-madya” for the middle dialect of Java; it comes intermediate between “basa-krama,” or high, and “basa-ngoko,” or low-speech. P. J. V.

Maer.

Polynesian: a dialect of Miriam, spoken in Darnley Islands.

Mæso-Gothic, under Mœ.

Mag-Reading.

American: Indians of California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv. It is allied to Copeh.

Magadhi.

Indic: corrupt Bengali, some say derived from Prakrit, spoken in the province of Bahar, S. of the Ganges. It is rather the old Pali dialect of S. India.

Magar.

Dialect of Nipal, spoken by a military tribe; has Thibetan affinities with admixture of Hindi. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.

Magindanao.

Malayan: language of the Philippines, closely allied to Bissayan, and spoken in several dialects.

Magyar (Madjaric).

Ugrian: native name for the dominant race of Hungary, classed as Fin.

The Ugrians settled in Hungary about 894 A.D., and have had a literature since the days of St. Stephen, the “Apostolic King,” about A.D. 997-1000. ☞

Maha, see Omaha.

Mahari, Mahri.

Sub-Semitic: dialect of Amharic, also called Karawi. See Himjarite.

Mahi.

African: a dialect of Dahomey.

Mahikan, see Mohegan.

Mahratti, Marathi, Murathee.

Indic: dialect of an extensive district, spoken chiefly in the Bombay Presidency. It is derived from Sanskrit, but largely compounded with Tamil, Teloogoo, and others, and is written in the Devanagari characters. The word “Mahratta” is said to mean “Pariah” or “outcast.” Dicty. by Molesworth and Candy, Bombay, 1857; Grammar by Stevenson, 1868.

Mahren, see Moravian.

Mahunga.

African: dialect of Angola, allied to Bunda.

Maia, Maija, see Maya.

Maiha.

African: dialect of Bornu.

Mainas.

American: dialect of Peru, allied to Quichua.

Mainot.

Romaic: local dialect of Neo-Hellenic, allied to Messenian.

Maiongkong.

American: dialect of Carib, closely allied to Guinau.

Maipur, see Maypur.

Mairassis.

Negritic: a sub-dialect of Papuan.

Maithili, Mithili.

Hindi: dialect of Tirhoot, district of Bahar. See Tirhai.

Makoby.

American: Indians of the Gran Chaco; allied to Abiponian.

Makololo.

African: a sub-dialect of Kaffir.

Makua, Makoa.

African: dialect of Kaffir, belonging to the Mozambique; also called Monju and Muntu. H. C.

Malabari.

Dravidian: the same language as Malayalim; but there are local variations. See Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Malagasy.

The native language of Madagascar, a large island off the S.E. coast of Africa; it is a Polynesian compound, comprising elements from the Bali, Javanese, Nias, and Toba; the language and people are called Malagash; the native term for the island is Nosindambo, “wild-boar island.” The Hovas are the dominant race. See early Catechism, 1658; Flacourt’s “Dicty.,” 1658; works by Freeman and Ellis; Introduction by Kessler, London, 1870; Grammar by Van der Tuuk.

⁂ The history of the Hovas is still very obscure, but Mr. Van der Tuuk has sufficiently proved that their language is a peculiar branch of Malayan, showing affinities to Javanese, Batak, Dayak, &c. P. J. V.

Malali.

American: a dialect of Botocudo classed as Camacan, and allied to Maconi. See Vocaby. in Da Silva’s “Dicty.” H. C.

Malay.

(1) High-Malay: typical Polynesian; language of the peninsula of Malacca. See “Grammar and Dicty.” of Crawfurd, London, 1852; by Marsden, London, 1812; by Pynappel, by Hollander, Breda, 1864.

(2) Batavian or Low-Malay. See “Handleiding,” by Homan and Van der Tuuk. Zalt-Bommel, 1868.

⁂ Low-Malay is merely corrupt Malay, as introduced by Europeans. The best vocabulary is by Badings, Dutch-Malay and Malay-Dutch, Schoonhoven, 1872. Batavian-Malay is a dialect of Sundanese, with an admixture of Balinese and other foreign words. P. J. V.

(3) Dialects are known as Amboynese Malay, Menang Kabaw, or Sumatran Malay, Achinese and other Polynesian forms.

⁂ All languages spoken in the Indian or Malay Archipelago [except those of the Galela group], and not directly Papuan, are called “Malay languages,” and considered to belong to the one great Malayan family.

More particularly Malay is the language of a nation spread over a great part of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and the archipelago of Rhio-Lingga, and which has founded many colonies on the coasts of Borneo and the eastern islands of the Indian Archipelago. Besides the common or so-called cosmopolitan Malay, it is spoken in a peculiar dialect, called the Menangkabau Malay, in the interior of Sumatra.

Malay in a very corrupt form, disfigured by ignorance of the character of the language, and the arbitrary intermixture of foreign words, has become the ordinary means of intercourse between Europeans and the natives of the Indian Archipelago. This is called Low-Malay, and differs in almost every locality.

Malay is written with the Arabic character. Through the contact with Europeans the use of the Roman alphabet is gaining ground.

The affinities of Achinese are still very obscure, and we have no vocabulary of the native language except that in Marsden’s miscellaneous works; therefore Mr. Crawfurd errs when he calls Achinese (p. lix.) “a cultivated and written language,” for the literary language of the Achinese is genuine Malay. P. J. V.

Malayalim, Malayalma.

Dravidian: vernacular speech of Malabar, and other provinces of the Madras presidency; it is closely allied to Tamul, using an alphabet of somewhat similar character. It has stages; anct. and mod. Grammar by Peet, Cottayam, 1860; School Dicty., Mangalore, 1870.

Malayan.

Class name for all dialects of the Malay family.

Malayo-Polynesian.

Crawfurd’s term. See Malagasy.

Maldivian.

Dravidian; mixed dialect of the Maldives, a chain of coral islands off the coast of Malabar, B. India. Vocaby. in Jnl. Asiat. Socy. of Bengal, 1841.

⁂ This is a spoken and written language with some resemblance to the Agaw group. H. C.

Mallicollo.

Negritic: Papuan dialect of New Hebrides.

Malo.

(1) Sub-dialect of Uriya, spoken by highland tribes of Orissa, B. India.

(2) Sub-dialect of Dayak, Borneo.

Maltese.

Mixed dialect of Malta; it is of Semitic origin, closely allied to Arabic, but much infused with Italian. Dicty. by Vella: Maltese, Italian, and English, Livorno [Leghorn], 1853.

Mamalla.

Malayan: dialect of N.W. Amboyna.

Mame or Mam.

American: dialect of the Maya class: same as Poko-mam; allied to Kachiquel, and spoken in Guatemala. “Arte, &c.,” by Larios; Mexico, 1697.

Mami.

Negritic: sub-dialect of Papuan. It has some affinities with Formosan, Mangarei, and Guebe. H. C.

Mana.

African: class name for Mandingo, including the Kru group; its area extends as far inland as the Niger and as far south as the Ashantee frontier; the Mandingo of Senegambia is the most N. Eastern of the Mana class. See Kölle’s “Polyglotta Africana.” R. G. L.

Manatoto.

Dialect of Polynesian with Australian affinities. Dissertation, Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”

Manchu, under Mantshu.

Mandahar, see Mandhar.

Mandailing.

Batta: dialects of Angkola and Mandailing in So. Sumatra. P. J. V.

Mandan.

American: dialect of Sioux; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii., p. 446.

Mandara.

African: dialect of Lake Tschad. Denham’s “Vocaby. of Central Africa,” collected from between 10° and 9° N.L.

Mandarantshi.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

Mandarin.

Chinese: the most refined dialect, also called Kuan-Hoa; used in classical literature, at Court, and in commerce. Dicty. by Perny, “Fr., Lat., Ch. (Mandarine),” Paris, 1869; Grammar by Edkins, 1864.

Mande.

A Negro speech; Treatise by Steinthal, Berlin, 1867.

Mandhar.

District of Celebese or Macassar; the language is allied to Bugis. It is little known, but has a large admixture of Malay and Javanese. P. J. V. See Menado.

Mandingo.

African: class name for several languages of the W., much influenced by Arabic; it is more especially the native dialect of Senegambia. Grammar and Dicty. by Macbrair, London, 1837. See Mana.

Mandongo.

African: dialect of Kaffir.

Mandschu, under Mantshu.

Mandurese, see Madurese.

Mang.

Dravidian; a local dialect of Tamul spoken in the Mahratta territory.

Mangala.

Singalese: dialect of Kandy.

Mangarei (Mangureo).

Polynesian: dialect of Flores or Mangeyle, with Australian affinities. It is spoken on the W. coast; the people are subject to the Sultan of Bima.

Mangaseia.

Ugrian: dialect of Samoied, closely allied to Tungus. Small vocabulary in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 77.

Mangeea.

Polynesian: dialect of the Friendly Is., situated 158° 16′ W. long.; 21° 27′ S. lat.

Mangkasar.

Proper spelling of Macassar. This Malayan language is spoken in the S. peninsula, viz., in the capital of Celebes and its environs; in Tallo, Gowa, Saurabone, Takalar, Turuteya, Bouthain, and part of Bulecomba. It is nearly allied to Bugis, which is spoken in Maros, Pangkajene, Segéri, Tanette, Barru, the Aja Tapparang, the remaining part of Bulecomba, Boui, Soppeng, Waju, and Luwu.

⁂ The grammatical structure and syntax are alike in Bugis and Mangkasar, though the difference of words is considerable, and the alphabet is the same in the main, with slight modifications, but not sufficient to justify the assertion of Mr. Wallace (“Malay. Archip.,” vol. ii., p. 472) that Bugis is written in a native character distinct from that of Macassar. There still exist some ancient MSS., written in an older alphabet, now quite obsolete. See “Makassaarche Spraak-Kunst,” by Matthes, Amsterdam, 1858; “Woordenbock,” 1859: “Chrestomathie,” 1860. P. J. V.

Mangri.

African: spoken S. of the Gambia.

Manikolo, see Mallicollo.

Manipoora, see Munipoori.

Manks or Manx.

Keltic: the Gaelic or Gadhelic of the I. of Man. It is a written language, and is closely allied to the Erse and the Gaelic of Scotland. Dicty. by Cregan, Douglas, 1835.

Manoa.

American: dialect of the Rio Negro, allied to Barree.

Manona, Manono.

Polynesian: dialects of the Navigator’s Is., S. Pacific. It is the same as Samoan. W. G.

Mansurmur.

Bhotya; sub-dialect of Thibetan.

Mantawai, Mantawei.

Malayan: language of Mantawai and Pagai or Poggy, islands to W. of Sumatra. P. J. V.

Mantshu, Manchu.

Moghol: typical language of Turanian, vernacular with the Mantshu Tatars, now the reigning dynasty of China, but originally from the R. Amur, Chinese Tartary. The characters are written in vertical columns and read from left to right. Vocaby. by Gabelentz, Leipsig, 1864; “Sketch” by Castrén, St. Petersburg, 1856.

Mantuan.

Sub-dialect of Italian; Vocaby. by Cherubini, Milan, 1827.

Manua.

Polynesian: it is the Samoan with a few words of the E. Islands. W. G.

Manyak.

Bhotya: tribe of E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Manyunya, see Sandeh.

Maori.

Polynesian: native name of the New Zealanders, closely allied to Kanaka and Tahitian. The word “Maori,” pronounced “Mowry,” means “natural,” “native,” “indigenous.” “Dictionary and Grammar,” by Williams. London, 1852.

Maplu.

Dialect of Peguese, classed as Karen.

Mapoje.

American: dialect of Saliva, in New Granada; same as Quaquas.

Maqua.

American: same as Mohawk; extinct language of the Iroquois family; closely allied to Onondaga. The name was applied by the Dutch. See vocabulary in “Bulletin Hist. Soc. of Pennsylvania,” 1848. See Mingo.

Mara.

Dialect of Adali.

Maradiços.

American: Spanish name for Shoshones.

Maraha.

Older Dravidian: dialect of Nipal.

Maram.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of the Nagas or Kookies. See “Jnl. Asiatic S. of Bengal,” 1837.

Maramomisios.

American: Indians of Brazil. See Pinelo’s “Epitome, &c.,” Madrid, 1737-8.

Marathi, see Mahratti.

Marauha, see Maroa.

Maravi.

African: dialect of N.E. Kaffir, spoken on the Mozambique coast. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Polyglot.” H. C.

Mare.

Negritic: dialect of Papuan, spoken in the Loyalty Islands. See Nengone.

Margantshi.

African: assigned by Barth to the Hamarua.

Marianne.

Polynesian: dialect of the Ladrone Islands.

Mariate.

American: spoken near the junction of the Iça with the Amazons, and allied to Barree and Manoa. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 266.

Maring.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of the Nagas.

Markish.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of Low-German. Vocaby. in “Weddigen’s Magazine,” Lemgo, 1790.

Maroa, Marauha.

American: dialect of Baniwa or Carib. Vocaby. by Wallace. H. C.

Marocco, see Morocco.

Maronite.

(1) Semitic: sub-dialect of Arabic. Grammar by Sionita, Paris, 1616.

(2) An alphabetic character of Syriac.

Maros.

(1) Malayan: district of Nias, a small island near Sumatra.

(2) Bugis: district of Celebes.

Marquees (Lourenzo), see Tekeza.

Marquesan.

Polynesian: a dialect of Eastern Polynesia, closely allied to Tahitian, vernacular in the Marquesas Islands, S. Pacific, situated in 7°-10° S. Lat., 139°-141° W. Lon. De Gembloux, “Idiomologie des îles Marquises,” Bourges, 1843. W. G. L.

Marrane, Marron.

French: people of Moorish extraction; “a renegade.”

Maru.

Japanese: hard accent on consonants.

Maruvi, Maruwi.

Malayan: language of the Banyak islands, and of Si-Malu, W. Sumatra; it is said to bear great affinity to the Batta and Nias. P. J. V.

Marwari.

Hindi: dialect of Joudpoor or Jodpur in Rajpootana.

Masacara.

American: dialect of Ges spoken in Brasil. Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 144.

Masaya or Masya.

American: dialect of Nicaragua, but allied to the Sioux. H. C.

Masoretic.

Hebrew: “Masora,” i.e. “traditional”; applied to the received Jewish version of the O. T. It owes its value to the system of points introduced to supply the want of vowels.

Massachusett.

American: extinct dialect of Algonkin. Vocaby.: “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 110.

⁂ The name carries with it its own geographical position. The town of Boston, U.S., now stands on the land of the Massachusett Indians. I find that Natik or Nadick is rather a synonym for Massachusetts than the name of a separate form of speech, whether language or dialect; on the coast, the name changed, and the language also, which is Narraganset. The two forms are closely allied, but Massachusetts means the parts about Boston, Narraganset the language of Connecticut and Rhode Island. The greatest work in any American language is, undoubtedly, the translation of the Bible by Eliot; but no one knows whether the language is to be called Natick or Massachusett. Eliot also wrote a Grammar, dated A.D. 1666; the author merely calls it Indian; reprinted at Boston in 1832. R. G. L.

Massaratty.

Malayan: dialect of Booroo, closely allied to Cajeli. See Wallace: “Malay Archip.”

⁂ The language of Booroo is a dialect of the Moluccan Alfuru. P. J. V.

Massied.

Dialect of Australian, allied to Gudung.

Massina.

African: dialect of the Fulah.

Massit.

American: Indians of Q. Charlotte’s Is.

Masuric.

Slavonian: sub-dialect of POLISH.

Matabello.

Negritic: sub-dialect of Papuan. Wallace: Appx. (Malay Archip.).

⁂ According to the best authorities it should be written Watubello. P. J. V.

Matabili.

African: sub-dialect of Bechuana.

Mataguaya.

American: dialect of the district of Gran Chaco, classed as Patagonian, and related to the Abiponian. H. C.

Matara.

American: Indians of Paraguay, closely allied to Vilela.

Matheo, San.

Negritic: dialect of the Philippines.

Matlazinga.

American: Archaic dialect of Mexico. See Pinelo’s “Epitome,” Madrid, 1737-8.

Maturnantshi.

African: assigned by Barth to the HAMARUA.

Mau.

Polynesian: dialect of Maori, vernacular in the New Hebrides.

Mauhe, see Uainambeu.

Maukor (Maikor).

Negritic: dialect of Papuan, belonging to the Aroo Islands.

Maurish, see Moorish.

Mawakwa.

American: dialect of Carib spoken in Guiana, most closely allied to Soerikong.

Mawi, see Maori.

Maya or Mayan.

American: Class name for many languages of Central America, especially those of Yucatan and Guatemala. In the former it rules exclusively; in the latter it is a closely allied form of speech. The Poconchi (with the exception of certain rude dialects belonging to the same class) is the representative language. The Kachiquel is a third language of equal importance. In Vera Cruz, for the parts about Tampico, an allied language, the Huasteca, separated from its congeners, is (or was) the original vernacular. Grammatical sketches, “artes,” as they are called by early missionaries are as early and fully as numerous for the Maya languages and dialects as for any in America, dating from the seventeenth century. A short but valuable work by Squier is the chief authority for them. “States of Central America,” by T. G. Squier, N. York, 1858; “Etudes,” by Brassier De Bourbourg, Paris, 1869-70; “Silabario,” by Ruz, Merida, 1845; “Phonetic Alphabet,” described by Brinton. R. G. L. See Vey.

Mayorga.

Polynesian: dialect of the Friendly Islands.

Mayoruna.

American: Indians of the Rio Yavari, in the province of Rio Negro, Brasil.

⁂ This language has affinities with the Suntaha Sow languages of Borneo, and belongs to the Pygmean or Mincopie class of Colebrook. H. C.

Maypur.

American: dialect of the Orinoco, closely allied to Moxos, also to Baniwa, Coretu, Saravica, &c. H. C. ☞

Mazenderan.

Sub-dialect of Persian, spoken on the S. shores of the Caspian. Klaproth: “Beschreibung,” Berlin, 1814.

Mbamba.

African: dialect of the Gaboon. It is allied to Kanyoka, Musentando, Netere, &c. H. C.

Mbaya.

American: same as Guaykuru. They are called Cavalleros by the Spaniards; Paraguay Indians of Cujaba, and allied to Mbokobi. H. C.

Mbofia.

African: dialect of Brass-town, allied to Abo, Isoama, and Isioli. H. C.

Mbokobi.

American: dialect of the district of Gran Chaco, classed with Abiponian and Toba, Mataguaya and Mbaya.

Mech.

Trans-Himalayan: language of the Meches, a lowland tribe of the Terai, at base of Himalaya in Nipal, noted for enjoying immunity from malarious fever. No written character. “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal,” 1840. A. C. See Dhimal.

Mech-chaooh.

American: same as Mohegan. See Meko.

Mecklenburg.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of Low-German. Grammar by Ritter, Rostock, 1832.

Meckley, see Moitay.

Median.

Properly the language of the ancient Medes, a people of the high country between Mesopotamia and the Persian desert, only known through names and a few words, which show it to have been Aryan, and closely allied to ancient Persian. The term “Median” was at one time applied to the language of the third column of Achæmenian cuneiform inscriptions, but it is now admitted that this was a misnomer. On the real Median language, see Rawlinson: “Ancient Monarchies,” Media, vol. iii., pp. 137-156. G. R.

Medo-Persian.

Class name for the branch of Aryan speech, with slight differences, common to the ancient Medes and Persians. G. R.

Medo-Scythian.

Dr. Hincks’ name for the language of Scythic tribes dwelling in Media and Persia, known to us by a peculiar form of inscriptions in cuneiform.

⁂ The best account of the language, which is decidedly Turanian, will be found in Norris’s “Scythic Inscriptions of Behistun,” “Jnl. of R. As. Soc.,” vol. xv. G. R.

Mefur.

Negritic: dialect of Papuan, vernacular in New Guinea.

Meherrin.

American: name for the Tuteloes.

Meistersangeren, see Minnesingers.

Meko.

American: old race of Mexico, prior to the Nahuatl. Same as Cici-mech.

Mekri.

Dialect of Kurdish.

Melanesian.

Same as Kelenonesian; it represents the S.W. Islands of the Pacific, consisting of the Loyalty group, Bank’s Santa Cruz, the Solomon Archipelago extending W. by N., to include New Guinea.

Mellele.

Class of Gipsey.

Melon.

African: allied to Nhoten and Nhalemoe. H. C.

Memphitic.

Egyptian: an extinct dialect of Coptic; it was spoken over the district about Memphis, and represented the language of middle rather than upper or lower Egypt. R. G. L.

Menado or Menadu.

A large class of dialects spoken in Celebes or Macassar, classed as Alfuru, and somewhat allied to Bugis. (Wallace.) See Minahassa.

Menak.

Javanese: in the Sundanese dialect “Ménak” means “a noble, one of high birth;” hence high-Sundanese is called Basa-Menak. P. J. V.

Menangkabaw.

Malayan: dialect of the Dutch residency in the highlands of Padang, Sumatra, which was anciently an independent monarchy called Menang Kabaw. It differs considerably from ordinary Malay. Vocabulary, &c., edited by Pynappel (Dialogues: Menangkabaw and Malay). P. J. V.

Menasser (Beni).

Language of the Beni Menasser, a branch of the Berber. See Libyan. Baron de Slane first published the pronouns of this language, which differ so much from the other Libyan languages that it must be unintelligible to those who know only the others; yet it is small and unimportant. H. Duveyrier (1857) places the tribes near to the Hhallûla Lake, and says that they have adopted Arab manners, an Arabic name, and an immensity of the Arabic language. He gives an extremely limited vocabulary. He thinks that it and the dialect called that of the Benî Mezâb, is a branch of the Zenatia dialect, and is connected with that spoken in the oasis of Touât. But the last is supposed to be Tamashight. F. W. N.

Mende, see Tschur.

Mendi.

African: quoted from “Outline of a Vocabulary,” London, 1841.

Menemoni, see Menomeni.

Menero-downs.

Dialect of Australian. Vocaby. “Jnl. R. Geog. Soc.,” 1839.

Mengwe, see Maqua.

Menieng.

American: dialect of Brazil, mixed with Negro-Portuguese, and sometimes called S. American Jargon. See Kamakan.

Menomeni.

American: dialect of Algonkin spoken to the S. of L. Superior. “Amer. Ethnol,” vol. ii., p. 113; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 470.

Menyamnyam, see Sandeh.

Mequachake.

American: tribe of Shawnees.

Meri.

Sub-dialect of Dyak in Borneo.

Merusy.

Persic: sub-dialect of Khorassan.

Meshtsheriak.

Turkee: tribes of Ugrians speaking Turkish.

Meso-Gothic, under Mœ.

Messenian.

Hellenic: a provincial dialect of Modern Greek.

Messissaugi.

American: Algonkin tribes S. of Lake Superior and N.E. of the Huron.

Mestizo.

Ethnological: issue of whites and native Americans. In Spanish the word “Mestizo” means “a mongrel.”

Metz, Meurthe, Meuse.

Romance: sub-dialects of French. (1) Vocaby. by François, Metz, 1773; (2) Vocaby., “Fr. Socy. Antiq.,” vol. ix.; (3) “Dissertation” by Cordier, Bar-le-Duc, 1843.

Mewara.

Same as Rhatore, sub-dialect of Bowri.

Mexican.

It is of some importance to remember that Mexican is not a philological but a geographical term, and that the indigenous name of the occupants of the parts about the present city of Mexico was Nahuatl, akin to whom were the Tlaskala. The Asteks were conquerors and intruders—the Chetimacha probably the same. This is important when we remember that the three names, Nahuatl, Huasteca, and Tlaskala are to be found in three different districts far away from Mexico. At present Mexican and Astek are nearly synonymous; just like Quichua and Peruvian. See “Dialogues,” by Arenas, Paris, 1862; Glossary by Biondelli, Milan, 1869; “Cuadro Descriptivo,” by Pimentel, 1862-5. For Picture Character, see Humboldt’s “Atlas Pittoresque.” R. G. L. See Aztec.

Mfut.

African: language of the Gaboon, closely allied to Afudu.

Miami.

American: tribes of Algonkin, W. of the Mississippi. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii.

Miaos, Miau.

Sub-dialect of Chinese; Miautsze means “children of the soil,” i.e., Aborigines. Vocaby. by Edkins, Foochow.

Mic-mac.

American: French name for the native Indians of Nova Scotia, &c.

⁂ (1) As a special name it means the Algonkin of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward’s Island. The still more special name for the present dialect is Miramichi.

(2) As a class name it may conveniently be made to include (i.) on the North the Skoffi and Sheshatapoosh of Labrador; (ii.) the Mic-mac proper of the South; (iii.) the New England forms of speech, as the Abenaki, Penobscot, and Etchemin, whence we derived the present name for the State of Mayne. It corresponds thus with the Acadian and Gaspesian of the French, including the French denominations Souriquois, Montagnard, and others. Grammar by Maillard, New York, 1864. R. G. L.

Micronesian.

Lesser-Polynesian: class of oceanic dialects in the lesser islands of the Pacific.

Middle-High-German.

Teutonic: period of language from 12th century until Luther. Dicty. by Benecke, Leipsig, 1854-60.

Middlesex.

Local dialect of English; sometimes called Language of the Metropolis, sometimes Cockney. See London.

Mien-ting.

Local dialect of Chinese.

Miguel, St.

Negrito: a dialect of the Philippines.

Miguel, San.

American: dialect of Californian Mission, allied to San Antonio, and classed as Diegunos.

Miktlantongo.

American: same as Mitlantongo.

Milanese.

Italic: sub-dialect of Milan. Vocaby. by Cherubini, Milano, 1814; by Cappeletti, Milano, 1848.

Milchan.

Indo-Chinese: vernacular dialect of Rampoor, B. India.

Milcocayac.

American: dialect of the Guarpes, Indians of Chili, almost identical with Alleutiac.

Milicite.

American: Indians of New Brunswick, using Iroquois numerals.

Millanow.

Sub-dialect of Dyak in Borneo.

Mille.

Polynesian: dialect of the Ladrones or Marianne Islands.

Mincopie.

Dialect of the Andaman Islands.

⁂ In the Great Andaman island of the Indian Seas at least two distinct languages are known, viz., that of Colebrooke’s Vocabulary, and that of Tickell’s. These people are Negritos of small stature and with glossy skins. Their affinities are with those of the short races in other parts of the world, and they have probably the most ancient languages yet known. See “Asiatic Researches,” vol. iv., p. 393; x., 218. H. C. See Pygmean.

Mindanao, see Magindanao.

Minetari.

American: dialect of Sioux, N. division, called “Grosventre,” i.e. “big-bellies,” Ehatsar; other dialects are Alasar, or Fall-Indians, and Kattanahaws. Ludewig, London, 1858, p. 119.

⁂ Dr. Latham objects to the word “Alasar.” According to that great authority it is a misnomer, arising from some confusion between the words “Ahnenin” and “Atsina.” The former are classed by Gallatin as Arrapahoes. See “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., where the same vocabulary is printed as Atsina. We have no original authority for the word “Alasar,” but it appears in Jülg’s “Vater,” p. 253. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 12; also Latham’s “Elements,” p. 457, where it is shown that there are two different tribes called Fall-Indians, one Algonkin and one Sioux.

Mingo.

American: tribes of Iroquois, now extinct. Sometimes called Maqua, Mengwe.

Mingrelian.

Caucasian: sub-dialect of Georgian, closely allied to Lazic. Klaproth: “Jnl. Asiatique,” 1829.

Minnesingers.

Early minstrels of Germany, using the Swabian and other dialects. See “Manessische Handschrift,” by Vander Hagen, 1838; “Die Deutschen Minnesänger,” 4 vols. 4to. The Meistersangers are of a later date.

Minsi.

American: classed as Algonkin. Also called Ministi or Munseyi, meaning “Wolf-tribe.”

⁂ A tribe of the Lenni-Lenape or Delaware Indians; of the others, the Unalachtgo speak a similar dialect, but the Unami is different.

Miramichi.

American: Mic-mac of New Brunswick.

Miranha.

American: dialect of the U. Japura, allied to Barree. See Vocaby. in Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 279.

Mirbat.

Extinct dialect of Arabic.

Mirdites.

A local dialect of Skipetar, spoken in a political division of Albania.

Miri.

Dialect of Assamese, closely allied to Abor. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” See Sibsagan.

Miriam.

Negritic: collective term for insular dialects of Papuan, belonging to the Torres Straits.

Mirups.

Burmese: dialect of Singpo.

Mishimi.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Assam. “Jnl. Asiat. Socy. of Bengal,” 1837.

Misnian.

Teutonic: old High-German of Meissen, Saxony, but best known by the later modern or New High-German, found in the writings of Martin Luther. See Lutheran.

Missions, under San.

Misskito, see Mosquito.

Misteco, see Mixe.

Mithan.

Assamese: dialect of the Naga tribes, allied to Tablung. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Mithili.

Bengali: vernacular in Behar, Hindostan. It is allied to Magadha, and sometimes called Tirhutya.

Mitlantongo.

American: dialect of Misteco.

Mittel, see Middle.

Mixe, Mixteca.

American: tribes of Oaxaca in Mexico, speaking several dialects. See “Catechismo,” Puebla, 1837.

Miyung.

Burmese: dialect of Singpho.

Mizdzhedzhi.

Caucasian: Klaproth’s name for the central group of languages which the Russians call Tshetsh or Chech. Various spellings are Mitsjeghi, Mizjeji, Mizdeghic.

Mjammaw.

Native name for Burmese. It is a mutation of M into B.

Mkuafi, see Ukuafi.

Moa.

Negritic: sub-dialect of Papuan, belonging to the Letti group of the Serwatty Islands. Vocaby. by Heymering: “Tydschrift voor Ned. Ind.,” 1846. P. J. V.

Moab, Moabite.

Name for a supposed variety of HEBREW; pre-historic dialect of Wady Mujib, the valley of the river Arnon. Known only by the fragments of an inscription brought from ancient Dibon, now Dîbhan, with characters resembling those of the Phœnician alphabet. Treatise by Dr. Ginsburg, London, 1870.

Moan, see Mon.

Mobba, Maba, Mabang.

African: dialect of Dar-Saleh, E. of Lake Tschad. See Burckhardt’s “Travels in Nubia,” London, 1819.

Mobilian.

American: name for the Chikkasa of the R. Mobile, spoken in Alabama and Arkansas.

Mobima, see Movima.

Mochika, see Yunga.

Mochono, Muchojeone, Mocorosi.

American: Indians of Moxos in Bolivia, allied to Maipur.

Modenese.

Romance: sub-dialect of Italian.

Modoc or Moadoc.

American: small tribe of warlike Indians at Lake Clamet or Klamath, on the boundaries of California and Oregon. See Ok-kow-ish.

Mœso-Gothic.

Teutonic: the Gothic of ancient Mœsia. See Gabelentz and Löbe: “Ulphilas,” Leipsic, 1836-1843; also Skeat’s “Mœso-Gothic Glossary” (Phil. Soc. 1868), in the preface to which is a list of all the editions of “Ulphilas” and an account of all MSS. written in Mœso-Gothic, the most famous of the MSS. being the “Codex Argenteus” at Upsal.

⁂ Prof. Max Müller thinks that the era of Ulphilas should be stated as 311-381 A.D. The Mœso-Gothic is Low-German, and varies widely in spelling from high-German. This important fact is often passed over in the text-books, which copy from each other. W. W. S. See Suio-Gothic.

Moghol, see Mongol.

Moghril-el-Aksa, see Mongrebin.

Mogialua.

African: Douville’s class name for Bunda and Kongo. See “Voyage au Congo,” Paris, 1832.

Mohave.

American: dialect of U. California, belonging to the Yuma class.

Mohawk.

American: same as Maqua, a dialect of Iroquois formerly spoken on the R. Mohawk, a tributary of the Hudson, and still spoken to the E. of N. York State; but these tribes are principally settled in Canada. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482.

Mohegan, Mohican.

American: tribes of Algonkin formerly settled on the Hudson, sometimes called Pequots. Sub-divisions were Mech-chaooh, or “Wolf-tribe;” “Much-quanh”, or “Bear-tribe;” and Toon-paooh, or “Turtle-tribe.” Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 110.

Mohilian.

Dialect of the Commorro Is., E. Africa, classed as Kaffir. H. C.

Moitay.

Indian tribe on boundaries of Assam and Bengal; also called Meckley and Muggalu.

Moko or Mokko.

African: dialect of Benni or Bini.

Mokoby, see Mbokobi.

Mokorosi, see Mochono.

Mokscha, Mokschanischen.

Ugrian: dialects of Orenburg, allied to Mordvinian and Tcheremiss, both classed as sub-dialects of Mordowskaja. Grammar by Ornatow, Moskwa, 1838 (Moscow).

Moldavian.

Romance: dialect of Rouman, closely allied to Wallachian.

Molonglo.

Australian: See Eyre’s “Journals”, London, 1845.

Molua.

African: tribes of Guinea. See Mogialua.

Moluccas.

Malayan: languages of the Spice Islands in the Malay Archipelago.

Moluche.

American: name for Araucanians. It means “men of the West.” Indians of Chili.

⁂ In Chileno ethnography the terminal “che” is important: it means “man”; so the compounds Moluche, Puelche, Huilliche, &c., are all Chileno names. R. G. L.

Momenya.

African: sub-dialect of Kaffir.

Momoyeentshi.

African: assigned by Barth to the Hamarua.

Mon.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Pegu, same as Talain. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Mong-Jung.

Indo-Chinese: tribes of Laos, speaking a dialect of Siamese.

Mongol or Mongolian.

Correctly Moghol, the typical dialect of a large family of Turanian languages, allied to Mantshu and Turkee; it is spoken in Central Asia, and written in perpendicular lines, reading from left to right. An old form of character is called Baspa-Moghol, and a modern variation is known as Galik. Dicty. (1855), Grammar (1831), by Schmidt, St. Petersburg. See Kalmuk.

Mongoyo.

American: a sub-division of Camacan spoken in the province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, classed as Botocudo. See Kamakan.

Mongrebin, Mogrebin.

Semitic: a dialect of Arabic spoken in Africa; it is the vernacular speech of the Moors (anciently of Mauritania) and vernacular in Algiers, Barbary, and Marocco. It is called Moorish or Moghrib-el-Aksa. Grammar and Vocaby. by De Dombay, Vienne, 1800; see also “Asiatic Jl.,” 1828.

Monogram.

Single letter, one letter duplicated, any combination of initials into one device; a single character used for an entire word, as the Arabic numerals.

Monosyllabic.

A name for certain primitive forms of speech, including Chinese, wherein each letter or character represents an entire word, and polysyllables are recognised by the speaker as compounds. In such languages “roots are used as words, without change of form.” Also called Isolating.

Monqui.

American: Hervas’ name for the Waikur.

Monsonik.

American: dialect of Cree.

Montagnards.

American: French name for the Sheshatapoosh.

Montak, Montauk.

American: Indians of Long Is. “Arch. Amer.,” vol. ii.

Monte-Negro.

Slavonic: sub-dialect of Servian.

Montese.

Romance: sub-dialect of Walloon. See Sigart: “Glossaire Etymologique.”

Moor (1).

Papuan: dialect of Moor or Mohr, an island in Geelvink Bay, on the north of N. Guinea.

Moor (2) or Moorish, see Mongrebin.

Moormi, Murmi.

Tribe of E. and Central Nipal, closely allied to Gyarung. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.

Moors.

Hindostani: a jargon or corrupt dialect of Bombay and Calcutta, much compounded with English and Portuguese.

Moorunde.

Australian: same as Aiawong. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Moquelumne.

American: allied to Talatui.

Moravian.

Slavonic: same as Mahren, sub-dialect of Check or Bohemian.

Mordowskaja.

Ugrian: dialect of Orenburg. See Mokscha.

Mordvinian.

Ugrian: dialect of Finnish, spoken near the confluence of the Russian rivers Oka and Volga. Sub-dialects are Ersa and Mokscha. Tribes anciently called Bulghars. Grammar by Wiedemann, St. Petersburg, 1865.

Morella.

Batu-Morella: dialect of Amboyna, closely allied to Liang. Wallace: “Malay A.” See Batu-Merah.

Moreton.

Australian: dialect of Moreton I. and Bay.

Morocco, Marocco.

Arabic of N. Africa; same as Moorish. Norberg: “Disputatio, &c.,” 1787. See Mongrebin.

Morotoco.

American: sub-dialect of Zamuca.

Morphology.

Botanical term: adopted in philology in relation to the general laws or grammatical structure of a language.

Mose, Mosi.

African: dialect of Kouri, allied to Guresa and Barba. H. C.

Mosel.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of High-German. Becker’s “Idiotikon,” Berlin, 1799.

Moses Islands.

Polynesian. Vocaby. in Dalrymple’s Collection, London, 1771.

Moska, Mozka.

American: same as Chibcha. Grammar by De Lugo, Madrid, 1619; Comparative Vocabularies by Paravey, Paris, 1835. Grammar and Vocaby. by Uricoechea, Paris, 1871.

Moskito, Mosquito.

American: same as Miskito; Samboes or mixed tribes of the Moskito coast, Central America, largely infused with African blood. Grammar by Cotheal, N. York, 1848.

Mosotie.

American: sub-dialect of Moxa.

Mossa, see Moxa.

Motorian.

Ugrian: an extinct dialect of Samoyed, closely allied to Koibal, and classed as Ostiak of the Lakes.

Moultani.

Dialect of Sindhi, spoken in the Punjab. Also called Wuch.

Mountaineers.

American: name of the Sheshatapoosh.

Movima or Mobima.

American: dialect of the Moxos missions, related to Apiaca, Sapiboconi, and Guarani. H. C.

Moxa, Moxos.

American: Indians of province and mission of Moxos in Bolivia. All are dialects of Maipur. “Arte,” by Marban, Lima, 1701.

Mozaby.

African: i.e., Beni-Mozah, sub-dialect of Touarik.

Mozambique.

African: large class of Kaffir dialects belonging to the E. Coast. Vocabularies by Dr. Bleek, London, 1856.

Mozka, see Moska.

Mpongwe (Empungwa).

African: sub-dialect of Kaffir spoken on the lower Gaboon. It is spoken by the Pongos, and is classed by Bleek as Bantu. Grammar, with vocabularies, N. York, 1847.

Mramma.

Name for the Burmese. See Mjammaw.

Mru, Mrung.

Burmese of Arrakan; also called Toung. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Msambara.

African: dialect of Kaffir.

Msegua.

African: Kaffir tribes of Suaheli.

Much-quanh.

American: Bear-tribe of Mohicans.

Mucury.

American: tribe of Brasil, allied to Botocudo. See Da Silva’s Dicty.: “Lingua. Geral.”

Mudsan.

African: Kaffir of the Mozambique.

Mug, Mugs.

Names for the natives and dialect of Arracan and Chattagong, who are probably Malays. A. C.

Muggalu, see Moitay.

Muhheekanew, see Mohican.

Mukabi, see Ukuafi.

Mulatto.

Ethnological: issue of white and African.

Mundala.

Non-Aryan dialect of Central India, classed as Kol. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Mundrucu.

American: sub-dialect of Guarani, tribes of utter barbarians, allied to Botocudo. H. C.

Mundy.

Australian: natives at Lake Mundy. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Munich, see Xebero.

Munio.

African: dialect of Bornui, allied to Kanuri and Ngurio. H. C.

Munipoori, Munipuri.

Monosyllabic; dialect of Assam, closely allied to Khassee, and classed as Indo-Chinese. These people are called Kathe, no doubt the same word as Cathay, anciently applied to China. See Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Munseyi, under Minsi.

Mura.

American: dialect of the Amazons, classed by Von Martius as Brasilian.

Murathee, see Mahratti.

Murmi, under Moormi.

Murray R.

District S.W. Australia. Vocaby. Cap. Grey, 1841.

Murrumbidgee.

Australian: dialect of Hume R. Vocaby. in Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Murundo.

African: dialect of the Gaboon, allied to Nkele, &c. H. C.

Murung.

Sub-dialect of Dyak in Borneo.

Musentando.

African: sub-dialect of Kaffir, allied to Mbamba, Kanyika, Ntere, &c. H. C.

Musgantshi.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

Muskoghi, Muskogulge.

American: native name of the Creek Indians. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 416; “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 82. ☞

Musnad.

Semitic: form of Himyaritic inscriptions.

Mutsaya.

African: sub-dialect of Kaffir, with the same affinities as Musentando.

Mutschuana.

African: Salt’s name for tribe of Sechuana.

Mutsun.

American: same as Mission of San Juan Bautista, County Monterey, Upper California. Vocaby. by Cuesta, London, 1862.

Muysca, see Moska.

Myncquesar.

American: a dialect of Algonkin, spoken on R. Delaware, formerly known as Swedish America or New Sweden. See Holms: “Kort Beskrifning,” &c., English ed. by Duponceau, Philadelphia, 1834. See Sankikani.

Mysol.

Malayan: dialect of N. Ceram. Wallace: “Malay A.”

⁂ Mysol is an island north of Ceram, belonging to the Waigiou-Mysol Archipelago, and inhabited by true Papuans, who on the coast are mixed with Moluccan Malays. Hence there is a difference of language between the coast and the interior. Mr. Wallace has given a vocabulary of both.

ADDENDA.

Macao.

Chinese: commercial dialect of Macao and Canton. Vocaby. 1824.

Mahabhrata, Mahabharatam.

Sanskrit: name of the great Indian epic, treating of early mythology.

Manche.

American: a dialect of the Maya class. H. C.

Mangasejan.

Ugrian: Samoied dialect of the northern stem (Klaproth).

Mano.

African: dialect of the Mandingo class. See “Polyg. Afr.” H. C.

Marahuas.

American: Tupi Indians of Brazil.

Mararit.

African: a dialect allied to Tama. H. C.

Maroon.

Spanish word: cimaron, simaron (“sima,” “a cavern”; “cimarron,” “wild”), applied to runaway slaves or escaped negroes.

Marsian.

An early Italic dialect, closely allied to the Volscian, known only from inscriptions. Mommsen: “Unteritalische Dialekte,” Leipzig, 1851. G. R.

Massowa.

African: dialect of Gafat. Mithridates, v. 432. H. C.

Mbarike, Mbe, Mbofon.

African: dialects of the Gaboon.

Menagon.

African: a dialect allied to Mararit. H. C.

Messapian.

A dialect of ancient Italy, spoken in the Calabrian peninsula. It is known to us only by inscriptions and a few glosses, which show it to be Indo-European, and not very unlike Greek. See Mommsen: “Unteritalische Dialekte,” Leipzig, 1851. G. R.

Mikir, Muhu.

Assamese: allied dialects of Cachar. H. C.

Mimi.

African: spoken about 17° N. Lat. H. C.

Minahassa.

Alfuru dialects of Menado in Celebes.

⁂ Mr. De Clercq distinguishes eight dialects, viz.: Bantik, Bentenan, Ponosakan, Toumbulu, Toumpakewa, Toundano, Tounsawang, and Tounsea, all of which differ so considerably that some scholars hold them to be distinct languages. They are spoken by about one hundred and twenty thousand people in the aggregate. P. J. V.

Momunds.

Tribe of Pathans, between the Swat and Cabul rivers.

Monju, see Makua.

Morley.

Provincial dialect of English, spoken in Yorkshire. Vocaby. in Scatcherd’s “History,” London, 1830.

Muhu, see Mikir.

Muntu, see Makua.

Murut.

Dyak tribe of N. Borneo, on the river Lembong. See St. John’s “Life in the Forests of the Far East,” vol. ii., ch. l.; Vocaby. of Adang, a settlement of the Muruts, appx., p. 407. P. J. V.

Muskonong.

American: Indians of the Algonkin-Chippeway stem. See Jülg’s “Vater,” p. 13.

N.

Naas or Noosdalum.

American: tribes of the W. coast, spoken about N.L. 53°.

Nabadache.

American: tribes of Caddos.

Nabathæan.

Semitic: a form of Syriac; name for character of early Bedaween inscriptions.

Nachhereng.

Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the Kiranti group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Nadic, see Natic.

Nadowessier.

American: tribes of Dacotah or Sioux.

Naga.

Indo-Chinese: aboriginal tribes of snake worshippers; same as Kookie. The word “Naga” means “snake” or “serpent” in Sanskrit; compare the Latin “a-nguis.” Pánchála, the ancient dominion of the Nágás, is now Rohilcund; they were also in the Deccan. Mr. Hunter distinguishes the following dialects, viz.: Angami, Khari, Mithan, Namsang, Nowgong, Tablung, Tengsa. See Vocabys. in “Comp. Dicty.”

⁂ It is also used as a general term applied to mountaineers of the N.E. frontier of Bengal. W. E.

Nagailer.

American: tribe of Tacullies or Carriers; also called Chin-Indians.

Nagoe, Nagoo.

African: sub-dialect of Papaa, i.e., Popo or Dahomey, spoken on the Slave-coast.

Nagranda.

American: tribes of Chorotegans in the plains of Leon. See Squier’s “Nicaragua,” New York, 1852.

Naguegtgaquehi.

American: tribes of Abipones.

Nahuatl.

American: primitive language of Anahuac, or Mexico, before the Aztec. See Niquiran.

Naikude.

Non-Aryan language of Central India, allied to Kolami and Gondi. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” H. C. See Naik.

Nakhchuo.

Native name for the Chech or Tschetsch, language of the Caucasus. H. C.

Naknanuk.

American: dialect of Botocudo, spoken by mountaineers of Brasil. See Castelnau’s “Exped.,” vol. v., p. 249.

Nalu.

African: somewhat allied to Felup. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 596.

Namaqua.

African: Hottentot of the W. coast. Grammar and Vocaby. by Tindall.

Namollo.

Tschuktshi: Eskimo of N.E. Asia.

Namsang, Namseng.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Singpho. See Naga.

Nancowry.

Malayan: dialect of the Nicobar Is.

Nandako.

American: tribes of Caddos.

Nankinese, see Kiang-Nan.

Nano.

African: classed by Bleek as Bunda.

Nanticok.

American: Algonkin of the Susquehanna. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 111.

Napoli, see Neapolitan.

Narea.

Sub-Semitic: dialect of Amharic.

Narragansetts.

American: Algonkin of the Massachusetts coast-line. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 110. See also Vocaby. in Wood’s “New England’s Prospect,” &c., Boston, 1764; “A Key into the Language of America,” &c., by Roger Williams, Boston, 1810.

Narymshen.

Ugrian: tribe of Samoyed.

Na-Squally, under S.

Nassau, see Poggy.

Natchez.

American: tribe of Creek Indians; it is spoken in Louisiana. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 94.

⁂ It appears to be related to the language of Terra del Fuego. H. C.

Natic.

American: tribes of Massachusetts. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. i., p. 288.

Navaho.

American: Athabascan of U. California and New Mexico, allied to Chepewyan and Apache. Schoolcraft’s “Ind. Tribes,” vol. iv., p. 416.

Navarrese.

A name for Basque. Prince Louis L. Bonaparte distinguishes four spoken dialects, viz.: N. and S. High-Navarrese, E. and W. Low-Navarrese.

Navigators, see Samoan.

Nawer.

Gipsey dialect of Egypt.

Ndob.

African: dialect of the Gaboon, allied to Tumu and Nfut. H. C.

Neapolitan.

Romance: the patois of Naples; a sub-dialect of Italian. Vocaby. by Galiani, Naples, 1789.

Neger-Englische, see Creolese.

Negrij-baru.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Menadu.

Negritic, Negrito.

Class name for dialects of Polynesian, spoken by dark-skinned races of the Indian Archipelago, applied primarily to New Guinea, Australia, &c.

⁂ The true Negritos are the black population of the Philippine Islands and the Malay peninsula, and, according to Mr. Wallace, “Malay Archipelago,” vol. ii., pp. 451-3, are quite distinct from the Papuans, as well as from the Malays, and rather of Asiatic than of Polynesian origin. P. J. V. See Pygmean.

Negro.

(1) African, see Nigritian.

(2) American, see Creole.

Nehethowuck, Nenawehk.

American: tribes of Crees.

Nenetsch.

Ugrian: tribes of Samoyeds.

Nengone.

Papuan: dialect of the Loyalty Is., S. Pacific. Also called Mare.

Neo-Hellenic.

Later Greek. See under Romaic.

Nepaulese, see Nipal.

Nepesang, see Nipissing.

Nertshinsk, Nerchinsk.

Moghol: dialect of Tungus, closely allied to Yakutsk.

Nestorian.

Semitic: a name for Estrangelo, an ancient form of Syriac. See Syro-Chaldee.

Netela.

American: dialect of New California, allied to the Kij, Paduca, Uta, and Comanche. See Buschmann: “Die Sprachen Netela,” Berlin, 1856. H. C.

Netherlandish.

Germanic: classed as Low-Dutch. See Flemish.

Neufchatel.

Romance: French dialect of Switzerland. “Dialogue,” &c., Neufchatel, 1825.

Neu Hoch-Deutsch.

Teutonic: literary High-German, dating from Luther. See Misnian.

Nevome.

American: same as Pima.

New Caledonia, see Baladea.

New England Indian.

American: dialects of Algonkin.

Newfoundland.

American: classed in E. branch of Algonkin. Dialects are Belhuck (extinct), Mikmak, and Millicite.

New Guinea.

Negritic of the Indian Archipelago. Native Christian teachers landed there in 1871. W. G.

⁂ I believe that Mr. Wallace is right in his distinction between Negritos and Papuans, and that the name of Negrito, given by the Spaniards to the black population of the Philippines, should not be applied to the inhabitants of New Guinea. P. J. V. See Papuan.

New Hebrides.

(1) Negritic. The principal islands of this archipelago are Tana, Aneitum, Erromango, Mallicolo, and L’Espirito Santo; for the first four we have vocabularies and grammatical sketches, of which Tana and Mallicolo date from Cook’s voyage in 1772-5.

(2) Polynesian. In Futuma, Nina, and some parts of the Fate or Sandwich Is., the language is not Papuan but Polynesian, and allied to the Rarotongan and Samoan. See Cook’s “Voyage to the S. Pole,” London, 1777.

New Holland, see Australian.

New Ireland.

Negrito: a dialect of Polynesian. See Crawfurd’s Dissert., “Malay Grammar.”

New S. Wales.

Province of Australia. Specimens by Threlkeld, Sydney.

New Sweden, see Myncquesar.

New Zealand, see Maori.

Newari.

Language of the valley of Nipal; it is allied to Pahri. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.

Nez-Percees.

American: French name for the Sahaptin Indians.

Ngoala.

African: dialect of the Gaboon. See Angola.

Ngodzen.

African: dialect of Bornui, allied to Bode, Dodi, Houssa, and perhaps to Puelche. H. C.

Ngoko.

Javanese. A verbal form derived from “Ko,” the pronoun of the second person, by which common people are addressed. Hence the low or common Javanese is called “Basa-Ngoko.” The term “Ngoko” may be compared to the French “tutoyer,” or the German “duzen.” A few words peculiarly used in contemptuous language are designated by the name of “Ngoko andap,” “Low Ngoko.” P. J. V.

Ngoten.

African: dialect of the Gaboon, allied to Melon and Nhalemoe. H. C.

Nguru.

African: dialect of Bornui, allied to Kanuri and Munio. H. C.

Nhalemoe.

African: dialect of the Gaboon. It has the same affinities as Ngoten. H. C.

Niam-Niam, see Sandeh.

Nias.

Malayan: the language of the I. of Nias on the W. coast of Sumatra. The dialects of the N. and S. parts of the island differ considerably, but both are akin to the Batta language of Sumatra. P. J. V.

Nibalu.

African: sub-dialect of Kouri; said to be spoken in the Chamba country. H. C.

Nicaraguan, see Niquiran.

Nice, see Nissarda.

Nicobar.

Malayan: islands in the Bay of Bengal. Language of mixed character. H. C.

Niebelungen-Lied.

Great German mythological poem, attributed to Herr von Ofterdingen; Eng. by Lettsom.

Nieder-Deutsch, see Dutch.

Nieder-Sachsisch, see Low-Saxon.

Nieue, Niuen.

Polynesian of the Savage Islands, S. Pacific, 19° S.L., 169° W.L.; closely allied to Tongan, and also to Rarotongan. W. G. L.

Nigori.

Japanese: accent word.

Nigritian.

African: pure Negro of Negro-land; dialects of the Soudan, situated along the course of the R. Niger.

Nihaloitih.

American: Watlala tribe of Chinuks; also called Echeloots. See Nihal.

Nij.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect of the Ude. H. C.

Nilgherries, Nilgiri, see Tuda.

Ning-po.

Colloquial Chinese.

Nipal.

Mixed forms of speech: Indo-Chinese, Indic, Sub-Dravidian; many aboriginal tribes of the Himalayas. Denwari, Newari, Khaspoora. They use the Devanagri character. Papers by Hodgson in “Jnl. As. Socy. of Bengal,” 1830. See Parbuttia.

Nipissing.

American: Algonkin of Montreal, L. Canada.

Nippegon.

American: name for the Winnebagos.

Niquiran.

American: Nahuatl dialect of Mexican, spoken in Nicaragua. See Tlaskalteca.

Nishada.

Sanskrit word for “outcast,” applied as a name for Dravidian, and to all aboriginal races.

⁂ It is the best and most comprehensive name, dating at least from as early as the fourth century B.C. W. S. W. V. See Pariah.

Nishi or Niski (Neshki).

Semitic: modern alphabetic character; name applied to the “nice” or finished writing of Arabic; also adopted in writing Turkish, Urdu, Malay, &c.; used also in printed Persian. See Talik.

Nissarda.

Romance: Italian dialect of Nice. Grammar by Micen, Nizza, 1841 (Nice).

Nitendi, see Indeni.

Niuen, under Nieue.

Nizhni.

Moghol: closely allied to Selenga; also called Nizniah-Uda.

Nizza, see Nissarda.

Njenez, see Nenetsch.

Njoko, see Ngoko.

Nkele.

African: dialect of the Gaboon.

Nogay.

Turkee: closely allied to Bashkir.

Nogoten, see Ngoten.

Norfolk.

Provincial dialect of English, classed as E. Anglian. See “Promptorium Parvulorum,” Edit. Way (Camden Soc.); Forby’s Vocaby., London, 1830; Nall’s “Guide to Great Yarmouth,” London, 1866. W. W. S.

Norfolk-Sound.

American: Kolush of Sitka.

Norman.

Romance: patois of France, sometimes called Norman-French. Old Norman was a dialect of the Langue d’oïl. See Kelham’s Dictionary, London, 1779.

Norse, Norsk.

Same as Icelandic or Scandinavian. See “Old nordisk Formlaere,” by Wimmer, Steen, 1870.

North American, under Indian.

Northumbrian.

Provincial dialect of England, to which Lowland Scottish is closely allied. Glossary in Ray’s Collection; Brockett’s “Glossary of North-Country Words,” London, 1846; also “Proceedings of Ethnol. Soc.,” vol. i., pp. 123-39.

⁂ The best examples of Old Northumbrian are exhibited in the glosses to the Latin Gospels in the celebrated Durham Book, and the Rushworth MSS. W. W. S.

Norton-Sound.

American: dialects of Eskimo.

Norwegian.

(1) Scandinavian: Old Norwegian is the Norse of Iceland; Modern Norwegian is a form of Danish. Grammar by Foss, Christiania, 1858; Practical Introduction by Fraedersdorff, London, 1860.

⁂ Twenty sub-dialects are enumerated by Aasen: “Ordbog,” Christiania, 1850.

(2) Ugrian: see Quanian.

Nosindambo.

Native appellation for the I. of Madagascar.

Notargekon.

Hebrew anagrams: superstition of Cabalistic Jews.

Nottoway.

American: S. dialect of Iroquois, spoken in N. Carolina, and closely allied to Tuscarora. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 115.

Noub, see Nubian.

Nova Scotia.

American: Mikmak dialect of Algonkin.

Nowgong.

Indo-Chinese: Singpo dialect of Assam. See Naga.

Nsietshawus.

American: Upper Killamuks; dialect of Atna or Selish, spoken in the Oregon district. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 120. See Jagon.

Nso.

African: dialect of the Gaboon.

Ntere.

African: dialect of Kaffir, allied to Mbamba, Kanyika, Musentando, &c. H. C.

Nubian.

African of the Valley of the Nile, from the frontier of Egypt (i.e., the Tropic of Cancer) to the boundary of Abyssinia. Its three known dialects are (1) the Kenuz, that of the most northern portion: the Dodeka Skoinos of the classical geographers, the most northern division of the Roman province of Egypt—of this the word “Kenuz” is a corruption; (2) the Noub, or Nubian proper; (3) the Dongolawy of Dongola on the south. The Arabic has greatly encroached upon the languages or dialects of this class. R. G. L.

Nufi.

African: dialects of Nigritian; also called Tappa or Tapua.

⁂ The following vocabularies are Nufi:—Appa, Basa, Bujanne, Dsuku, Ebe, Egbira-Himi, Eregba, Esitako, Goali, Kakanda, Kupu, Musu, Nupayse, Opanda, Shabbie, Yala. See Clarke’s “Dialects,” p. 35. R. G. L.

Nukahiva.

Polynesian of the Marquesas Is. See Marquesan.

Numelaha.

Koriak name for the Kamtshatlans.

Numidian.

African: from “Numidæ,” a Latinized form of nomades; Greek “nomos,” “a pasture.” Known by inscriptions in the form of dedication stones from N. Africa, and consisting of picture-writing and variants of the early Semitic alphabet.

Numismatic.

Many archaic forms of ancient alphabetic characters, known by inscriptions on coins. See Akerman’s “Numismatic Manual.”

Nurnberg, Nuremberg.

Teutonic: dialect of High-German. Dicty. by Gerischer, Leipzig, 1835.

Nusdalum, under Naas.

Nut (Bazeegur).

Hindostani: dialects of Bazighurs in Bengal. See Nat.

Nutka.

American: tribes of Van Couver’s Is. Same as Wakash and Yucuatl.

Nyamnyam.

African: spoken on the Nile about 5° N.L. Known only from a short vocabulary by Petherick. R. G. L. See Sandeh.

Nyangeyarentshi, Nyegantshi.

African: both assigned by Barth to the Hamarua.

Nyffe, see Nufi.

Nyombe.

African: dialect of Kaffir, allied to Lubalo, Songo, Runda, &c. H. C.

ADDENDA.

Naik, Nayak, Naikara.

A predatory tribe of Guzarat, N.E. of Baroda. W. E. See Naikude.

Nat, Nata, Natwa.

A gipsey tribe of U. India. W. E. See Nut.

Nayadi.

Outcast race of Malabar, inhabiting the forests N. of Cochin. They wear a covering of leaves, and their language is not intelligible to the people of the plains. Corruptly Naiadis. W. E.

Nesakula, Nesabidaru.

A class of bird-catchers in the Carnatic, speaking a corrupt dialect. W. E.

New Caledonia, see Takulli.

Nihal.

An aboriginal race of Central India, said to be older than the Gonds. W. E.

Nisovi.

Ugrian: local dialect of Samoied, spoken N. of the Beresov.

Nomadic.

A term applied to the Turanian dialects, as the languages of nomades or wandering tribes, in contradistinction to the Aryan and Semitic dialects, which have been called “state or political languages.” G. R.

Northamptonshire.

A dialect of England. See the Glossaries by Miss Baker and Sternberg. W. W. S.

Nukonono.

Polynesian: mixed dialect of Tahitian and Rarotongan. One of the Manüki group. W. G.

O.

Oampi, see Oyapok.

Ob, Obi, Obdorsker.

Ugrian: dialects of Samoyed: true Ostiak. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 134. See Odh.

Obane or Obany.

African: a form of the word Bonny. The class includes Okuloma and Udso, and is allied to Sobo, Egbele, Bini, and Olomo. Vocaby. by Köler in the “Geographical Journal of Berlin,” 1843. H. C.

Oberland.

Romance: name for Upper Engadine. See Romana.

Ober Sachsen.

German of Switzerland.

Obispo, under Luis.

Obotritian.

Slavonic: Spoken in Mecklenburg. See Luitizian.

Occitanian.

Romance: name for Provençal or Langue d’oc. See Osset.

Oceanic.

General name for all classes of Polynesian, taken collectively. See Introduction.

Ocoles.

American: tribe of Vilela.

Odh.

Ugrian: in full, Odh-Shosh; name for the Denka or Sable Ostiaks.

Odjii, see Ashantee.

Oezbeg, under U.

Ogham (Tree Alphabet).

Name of ancient linear characters found in some Irish lapidary inscriptions. See Prospectus of Vallancey’s Dicty., Dublin, 1802.

Oje.

American: tribe of Tamanaque.

Ojibwa, Ojibway.

American: name for Chippewayan.

Chief dialect of Algonkin: tribes with dialectical variations are distinguished at St. Mary’s, Grand Traverse Bay, Saganaw, Michilimackmac, Chegoimegon; the name is also written Otchipwe. See Ogibois.

Okanagan.

American: (1) Tribe of Atnah: “chin” or “flat heads.”

(2) Tribe of Sahaptin, or “nez-percées,” on the upper part of Frazer’s river.

Ok-kow-ish.

American: native name of the Moadocs; the latter word means “alien” in the Shasta language.

Okshee.

American: name applied to the Klamath-Lake Indians; they are allied to the Modocs.

Oktolakto.

American: a name for the Oto Indians of Platte river.

Okuloma.

African: dialects of Bonny, allied to Egbele, Udso, Zobo, Bini, and Olomo. H. C.

Olamentke.

American: native name for the Bodega Indians of California. See Tchokoyem.

Old Bactrian, see Zend.

Old English, see Anglo-Saxon.

Old High-German.

Teutonic: period of language till 12th century.

Old Norse, see Icelandic.

Old Persian, under P.

Old-Prussian, under P.

Old Saxon.

Teutonic: extinct dialect of Low-German; allied to Frisian and Anglo-Saxon. See Heyne’s edition of the “Heliand.”

Old Slavonic, see Cyrillic.

Oldenburg.

Teutonic: dialect of Low-German or Dutch. See Work by Wolke, Leipzig, 1804.

Olhones.

American: Costanos; Indians of the coast in N. California.

Olomo.

African: dialect of the Niger, with the same affinities as Okuloma. H. C.

Olonets or Olonetzian.

(1) Finnish: a sub-dialect of Karelian.

(2) Slavonic: provincial dialect of Russian.

Olot, see Ulut.

Omagua.

American: dialect of the Amazons; allied to the Guarani and the Tupi.

Omaha.

American: dialect of Sioux. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 117. Vocaby. by Dr. Hayden. H. C.

Omar.

Papuan: dialect of New Guinea.

Ombay.

Negrito: insular dialect of Polynesian.

Onega, Oniga.

American: a form of “Ongwe,” speech of the Irokese; it became Maqua with the Dutch, Mingo with the French.

Oneida.

American: a dialect of Iroquois, closely allied to Mohawk, and spoken in the W. of N. York State. See Schoolcraft’s “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482.

Onim.

Papuan: dialect of New Guinea.

Onolascha, under U.

Onomatopœia.

Mimetic speech; treats of the formation of words in imitation of natural sounds. It is the origin of many reduplicated words, and, when applied to the science of language, has sometimes been called “the bow-wow theory.”

Onondaga.

American: dialect of Iroquois, closely allied to Mohawk and Oneida. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482; Dicty. by Shea, London, 1860.

Onthagamies, Ottogami.

American: a name for the Fox-Indians. See Sac.

Ontoampa.

American: tribe of Vilela.

Oodeypoora.

Hindi of Mewar or Chitore in Rajpootana. The Rajah of Oodeypoor is said to hold the most ancient hereditary sovereignty in the world.

Oojeini.

Hindi of Malwa.

Oordu.

Same as Urdu. See Hindostani.

Opata.

American: dialect of Sonora, in Mexico. Classed with Pima and Eudeve.

Opatoro.

American: dialect of Honduras.

Opulu.

Polynesian: dialect of Samoan.

Orang.

Malay word for man; hence “orang-benua,” “orang-laut,” “orang-utan,” &c.

Oregones, Orejones.

(1) American: dialects of large-eared tribes on the R. Amazon and the Iça or Putumayo and the Negro. Castelnau V., appdx.

(2) Indians of Texas.

⁂ The State of Oregon, N. America, is said to have been named from the abundance of labiatæ, called “Oregano” or “Wild marjoram,” i.e., “mountain-joy.” See Orelhudos.

Orenburg-Tatar.

Dialect of Kirghis: closely allied to Karagas; it is spoken in the Ural provinces of Russia.

Orinoko.

American: geographical class name for a group of languages including Betoi, Otomaka, Yarura, &c.

Oristine.

American: dialect of Lule; it is closely allied to Vilela.

Oriya, Orissa, Uriya.

Indic: closely allied to Bengali; spoken in the sacred city of Jugganath. The alphabetical character only faintly resembles the Devanagari. Grammar by Lacey, Calcutta, 1861.

Orkney Is.

Language of the Orkney Isles, N. Britain, containing many words of Icelandic or Old Norse; also called Orcadian.

Orne.

Romance: French patois, Dept. de l’Orne.

Oro, see Oru.

Orosz.

Slavonic: dialect of the Carpathians; a form of Russ. See Russniack.

Orotong or Orotshong.

Turanian: dialects of Tungus.

Orthography.

The proper spelling of words. In the present work all various spellings are treated as synonyms. Some difficulty will always be found in trans-literating proper names from foreign languages; modes of spelling fluctuate rapidly, becoming in general a mere matter of habit or fashion. It would be impossible to ignore the long-established usage in such words as Mongol and Tartar; but an attempt has been made to give the most recent forms in addition.

Oru (Ejo).

African: native dialect of Brass-Town. It belongs to the Ashantee group, and as a class name, includes Aro, Ebo, and Mbofia, and is allied to Isoama and Isiele. H. C.

Osage, Osawses, Ous.

American: Sioux Indians of Arkansas, on the R. Osage. It is also written Huzzaw and Washas. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv., p. 275; Bradbury’s “Travels,” London, 1817.

Oscan.

Italic: early dialect of Italy, allied to Latin, Umbrian, &c.; but belonging especially to Central and S. Italy. Known by archaic inscriptions. See Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipzig, 1851; “Versuch,” &c., by Enderis, Zürich, 1871.

Osmanli.

Alatyan: dialect of Western Turkish; it is the typical literary language of the family, spoken by the Oghuz or Ottoman Turks; it is closely allied to Tshuvash, Kirghiz, Turcoman, and Igur or Uigur and Jagatai, but very much softened.

Osnabrück, Osnaburg.

Teutonic: dialect of Low-German. See Strodtmann: “Idioticon,” Leipzig, 1756.

Osset, Ossetian, or Ossitinian.

Caucasian: modern dialect of Abascia, classed as Armenic. Also called Iron (i.e., Irân), from the name of the Caucasian people who speak it. See Klaproth: “Asia P.,” p. 89; Dicty. by Sjögren, St. Petersburg, 1844; Grammar by Rosen, St. Petersburg, 1846.

Ostiak.

Ugrian: dialect of Finnish spoken in Asiatic Russia, on and between the R. Obi and the Yenisey. Chief divisions are the Lake and Sable Ostiaks. (Klaproth.) Vocaby. by Castrén and Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1858. See Denka.

Otaheite.

Polynesian: an erroneous spelling of Tahiti. W. G. L. See Tahitian.

Otakapa, under A.

Otam.

African: dialect of Kaffir, spoken on the Old Calabar R. Used also as a class name for the languages of that district. It is also written Udom. R. G. L.

Otchagras.

American: same as Winnebago. French spelling of Hochungorah.

Othomi or Otomi.

American: monosyllabic dialect spoken in Sonora, to the frontier of Guatemala, 24° N.L. to 16° W.L. Grammar and Vocabulary, Paris, 1863.

⁂ Much has been written of this language on the strength of its real or supposed monosyllabic structure—indeed, it has been compared with the Chinese. It is, however, truly American, differing, so far as it indeed does differ from the others, in the fact of its agglutination being either less, or less represented in the grammars and vocabularies. See Grammar by Piccolomini, Rome, 1841. R. G. L.

Oto, Otouez.

American: Sioux dialect of the Platte R. Vocaby. in Long’s “Expedition,” &c., Philadelphia, 1822.

Otshi.

African: name for Ashantee, the dialect of the Gold Coast; otherwise called Odjii, Oji, or Ochi. See Riis: “Elemente ... der Odschi-sprache,” Basel, 1853.

⁂ Ashantee is much like Fantee, and is allied to Whydah, Dahomey, Oro, Ebo, Dzelana, &c. H. C.

Ottare.

American: Mountain Cherokees.

Ottawa, Ottoway.

American: dialects of Algonkin, closely allied to Chippewayan, spoken by tribes now located in Michigan and Ohio, but formerly belonging to the R. Ottaway, a confluent of the St. Lawrence. See Tanner’s “Narrative,” N. York, 1830; “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 107.

Ottogami, see Onthagamies.

Ottomaca.

American: spoken by Indians of Venezuela, on the Meta and Orinoco. See Taparita.

Otuke, Otugue.

American: a tribe of Chiquitos missions.

Otyiherero.

African: allied to Nano. See Herero.

Ougia, see Aroo.

Ouigour.

Most ancient form of the alphabetic character used by the Turks; it is still used in a modified form in Moghol and Manchu, which are written in vertical columns, from top to bottom, but not the older Ouigour. See Uigur.

Ouloff (Ouolofe).

African: French spelling of Woloft. Vocaby. by Faidherbe, St. Louis (Africa), 1860. See Jalloof.

Oulx.

Romance: intermediate between French and the Italian.

Ous, see Osage.

Owyhee.

Polynesian: properly spelled Hawaii.

Oyampis, Oyapok.

American: Carib of French Guiana; also called Oampi. See “Bulletin de la Soc. de Géographie,” Paris, 1834. R. G. L. See Emerillon.

Ozbeg, under U.

ADDENDA.

Ogibois, Ojibois.

American: name of the E. Chippeways; also called Sauteu, Salteux. See Ojibwa.

Oji, see Otshi.

Olosenga.

Polynesian of the Samoan family, with a few words and letters of the more easterly islands. W. G.

Ondo, Ota, Oworo.

African: Aku languages. Vocaby. by Kölle. H. C.

Ooriah.

Indian: the language of Orissa, a province of Bengal. See Hunter’s “Orissa,” &c. A. C.

Oraon, see Uraon.

Orelhudos.

Portuguese word—“large-eared”—applied to the Oregones or Orejones, and also to the Aroaquis.

Ota, see Ondo.

Otchipwe, see Ojibwa.

Oworo, see Ondo.

P.

Pacaguara.

American: language of Bolivia, belonging to the missions of Moxos. Allied to Quichua and Panos. H. C.

Pacasas, see Pakasa.

Pada or Podo.

Javanese: marks of punctuation and modes of address used in composition.

Paderborn.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of Low-German.

Padovani, Paduese.

Italic: dialect of Padua. “Tratta,” by Brunacci, Venice, 1759.

Padsade.

African: somewhat allied to Biafada.

Paduca.

American: Dr. Latham’s class name for the Comanche, Shoshoni, Utah, and other allied languages, including the Netela and Kij.

Paegan.

American: same as Pieds-noirs.

Pahi or Pahri.

Dialect of Newari. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Pahlavi, see Pehlevi.

Pahoja.

American: sub-dialect of Oto.

Paicotschi.

Indic: a dialect of Prakrit.

Paioconeca.

American: language of Bolivia, belonging to the Mission of Chiquitos. See Paunaca.

Paiure.

American: tribe of Tamanaque.

Pakasa.

American: sub-dialect of Aymara.

Pakhya.

Non-Aryan: a dialect of Nipal, allied to Tharu Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Pakpak.

Malayan: sub-dialect of Batta.

Palæo-Georgian.

Class name for primitive languages of the Caucasus, and for others resembling them, including Amazon and Etruscan. H. C.

Palæography.

The science which deals with ancient forms of writing in inscriptions, MSS., &c., and sometimes applied to the ancient forms of writing themselves. G. R.

Palæo-Slavic, see Cyrillic.

Palæotype, see Glossotype.

Palaik.

American: dialect of Oregon and California (frontier), allied to Lutuami, Shasti, and more remotely to Sahaptin. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 98.

Palaong.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Siam, allied to Ahom.

Palaos, see Pelew.

Palembang.

The Malay language, as it is spoken at Palembang, on the eastern coast of Sumatra, where it is mixed with a good deal of Javanese, in consequence of the Javanese having anciently colonised this country. It is written partly with the Arabic, partly with an indigenous alphabet; also used for the Rejang and Passumah dialects, and called “Satra renchong.” P. J. V.

Palenca.

American: dialect of the R. Orinoco, allied to Tamanaque.

Pali.

Indic: an extinct dialect of Sanskrit, derived through Pracrit, forming the sacred language of the Buddhists; it has a peculiar alphabetic character of its own. Bali and Lanka-Bhasa (ancient Sinhalese) are derived from it, and it has very largely influenced modern Cinghalese. Dicty. by Thero and Subhuti, Colombo, 1865; and one now in progress by R. C. Childers; Kachcháyana’s “Grammar,” by Mason, London, 1870.

Palimpsest.

Palæographic: “written-over”; used of MSS. having a second inscription laid over a previous one.

⁂ A term signifying “twice-rubbed,” or “scratched,” and applied properly to parchments which, after having been written on, have been prepared for a fresh writing by an erasure of the original one. In the middle ages, when parchment came to be scarce and dear, many valuable MSS. were thus used, and a second worthless writing placed over one infinitely more precious. In some cases the original MS. has been recovered by careful examination, e. g., the text of Cicero’s treatise, “De Republica.” G. R.