DICTIONARY OF LANGUAGES. (continued 5)

Valaat.

Iranian: name for modern Persian; common dialects, vulgar speech.

Valais.

Romance: French canton of Switzerland.

Valdieri.

Romance: dialect of Franco-Italian.

Valencian, Valentian.

Romance: belonging to the same division as the Limousin, i.e., the Provençal; a dialect of Spanish. Dicty. by Lamarca, Valencia, 1842.

Valtelinese.

Romance: dialect of Italian, closely allied to Rhæto-Romanic.

Vancouver’s Island.

American: (1) The Cowichan may be spoken by about 4,000 people. (2) The Quakwolth, by about 2,000. (3) The Koskeemo by only two or three hundred; while (4) the Aht is spoken in its different dialects in Vancouver’s Island and southwards along the shores of the mainland of Washington Territory to nearly the Columbia river by about 4,500 people; indeed the Chinook, spoken by the Chinooks who once thickly lined the lower shores of that river, is a dialect of the Aht (see Irving’s “Astoria”). (5) The “Chinook Jargon,” a rough trading jargon, founded on the Chinook, but mixed up with corrupted Canadian French, English, a few Spanish, two Hawaian, and numerous words from other Indian languages, and universally understood by traders, travellers, and colonists of any “standing” in the region. (Vide Vocaby. by George Gibbs, published by the Smithsonian Institution.) R. B.

Vandal.

A form of the word Wend. “Histoire” by Marcus, Paris, 1836.

Van Diemen’s Land.

Tasmanian: dialects were, according to authorities, four, six, eight; or many more, according to Mr. G. Robinson, the Protector of Aborigines. Mr. Clarke, catechist on Flinders Island, recognised ten dialects in 1834 among the two hundred native exiles. A Lingua Franca was of necessity made among them. Dr. Milligan prepared, from Messrs. Dove, Jorgenson, Geary, King, Labillardière, Peron, Robinson, Scott, Sterling, and Lhotzky, a vocabulary of 2,500 words, only one or two of which were true reduplicatives. According to Mr. Logan, the Tasmanian was an ancient form of the tongues once spoken in south-eastern Asia. The language was defective in abstract names. J. B.

Vanikoro.

Negrito: dialect of Papuan, somewhat allied to Tanema.

Vannetais, Vanneteuse.

Celtic: sub-dialect of Bas-Breton, spoken at Vannes. Dicty. by Armerie, Leyden, 1774: Grammar by Guillome, Vannes, 1836.

Varangian.

Put for Warangian, a form of the word Varini for the Warrings. See paper by Mr. Hyde Clarke in “Ethnol. Journal,” but compare the Slavonic word “warjazi,” allies. The Varangian guard at Constantinople was recruited from N. Europe. See Feringee.

Vaskish, see Basque.

Vasse R.

District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Captain Grey, 1841.

Vatialaiset.

Tschudic: a name for the Vod.

Vaudois (Pays de Vaud).

Romance: vernacular language of the Waldenses, formed from the old Provençal, or Langue d’oc, still spoken in Switzerland. “Observations,” &c., by Develay, Lausanne, 1824.

Vayu.

Non-Aryan: a dialect of Nipal, somewhat allied to Chepang. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Vedas.

The sacred writings of the Brahmins, from the word “vid,” i.e., wit, knowledge.

Veddahs.

Cinghalese: low race of Ceylon.

Vedic.

The language of the Vedas; the oldest form of Sanskrit.

Vei, Vey.

African: dialect of the Mana class, vernacular at Great Cape Mount, W. Africa; using a native alphabetic character of recent origin, which is stated to be founded on Arabic, called the Vey Phonetic (Forbes). Grammar by Kölle, London, 1853.

Velay.

Romance: dialect of Provençal. Vocaby. in “Mems. de la Société des Antiq.,” vol. ix.

Vendee.

Romance: patois of France, largely Celtic. Grammar in “Memm. de l’Acad. Celtique,” 1809.

Venedi, Vendes.

German name for Slavonians. See Wendic.

Venetian.

Romance: dialect of Italian. Dicty. by Boerio, Venice, 1829.

Venezuelan, see Wapisiana.

Verden, see Bremisch.

Verkhovi.

Ugrian: Samoied dialect of the River Obi.

Vernacular.

Literally “native”; the natural speech of a race or country.

Veronese.

Romance: dialect of Italian. Vocaby. by Angeli, Verona, 1821.

Ves, see Vod.

Vesp, see Tschudic.

Vicenza.

Teutonic: High-German of Italy.

Victoria.

Australian: dialects of Port Phillip, once numerous, now nearly all lost. Some of them, says Mr. Parker, called after their negatives, as some in N.S. Wales from their affirmatives. J. B.

Viennaise, Viennese (Wien).

Teutonic: High-German of the Austrian Empire, as spoken at Vienna; the ancient Vindobona.

Vikanera, see Bikanira.

Vikingar, Vikings.

So-called Sea-Kings, or “Creekers”; pirates of the Baltic.

Vilela.

American: Lule dialect of the Gran Chaco and republic of Cordova.

Vincent (St.) Island.

(1) See W. Indies. (2) (Gulf of) Native Australian. Köler “Notice” by, Berlin, 1842.

Vingour, see Ungarn.

Virat, see Buttanir.

Virginian.

American: called New England Indian, and classed as Mohegan.

Viti, see Feejeean.

Vlack.

Crude form of the word Wallachian. ☞

Vod.

Tschudic: same as the Vadjalaine (sing.), or Vadjalaiset (in the plural), who speak a dialect of the Fin, called Ves.

Vogul, Wogul.

Ugrian: a branch of the Tschudic stem, representing the dialects of Fin spoken along the course of the River Volga. Klaproth distinguishes four dialects: (1) the Tschussowaia; (2) Werchoturie; (3) Tscherdyn; (4) Beresov. See Mordvinian.

Voightlandic.

Teutonic: dialect of High-German.

Volga-Finnish.

Tchudic: same as Mordvinian.

Volscian.

Extinct dialect of ancient Italy, closely allied to Oscan and Umbrian. See Fabbretti’s Glossary, Turin, 1858.

Vosges, see Rennes.

Votiak, see Wotagian.

Vulgar-tongue.

A name once used for true idiomatic English; the term “vulgar” is used for the language of the lower orders. See Dicty. by Grose, 1785, since reprinted (1868). See Lingua Vulgaris.

Vuta-Huillighe.

American: Vuta or Huilliche. This latter word means “Men of the South,” and is an Araucanian name. Hence it applies to the tribes between Chili and Tierra del Fuego. The Chonos of the Island of Chiloe is decidedly Chileno. Elsewhere the division between their language and the Patagonian is not known in detail. Falkner’s “Description of Patagonia,” Hereford, 1774. Darwin in “Voyage of the Beagle.” R. G. L.

W.

Waag.

Abyssinian; a name for Hhamara, i.e., the Agau dialect of Lasta.

Waailatpu, Willatpoo.

American: same as Cayus; spoken in Oregon to the S. of Lower Columbia R.

Waccoa.

American: same as Wokkon; extinct dialect of N. Carolina. See Woccon.

Wacoe.

American: Pawnee Indians; the word is an English corruption of the Spanish Hueco applied to the Tallewitsu.

Wadey, Wadreagh.

Sub-Semitic; Berber races speaking Tuarik.

Wahabees.

Name for Mohammedan sectaries or reformed Moslemim, a very fanatical body.

Wahitaho.

Polynesian; dialect of the Friendly Islands, allied to Mayorga.

Wahkyecum, Wakaikam.

American: sub-division of Chinook.

Wahtani.

American: same as Mandan.

Wahtohtani, Wahtoktak.

American: same as Oto.

Waigiu.

Negrito: Papuan dialect to the N.W. of New Guinea.

Waihu.

Polynesian: dialect of Easter Island. See Teapy.

Waikna.

American: dialect of the Mosquito coast.

Waikur, Waicuri.

American: also called Guaicur and Monqui; language of Lower California with dialects known as Aripe and Cora.

Waisamu.

Malayan; dialect of Ceram.

Waiyamera, Woyawai.

American: dialects of British Guyana, classed by Schomburgk as Carib-Tamanaque.

Wakamba.

African: Kaffir dialect of the Suahili class.

Wakash.

American: same as Yucuatl; Atna or Selish dialect of Vancouver Is.; also called Nootka or Nutka. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.” vol. ii. See Tlaoquatsh.

Wakhi.

Tribes of Shiah-Mohammedans in Wakhan, Central Asia.

Walcheren.

Dutch: provincial dialect of Holland.

Waldensian, see Vaudois.

Waling.

Non-Aryan: language of the Kiranti group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Walla-Walla.

American: dialect of Sahaptin, closely allied to Kliketat. Vocaby.: “Amer. Ethnol.” vol. ii.

Wallachian (Vlack).

Romance: a mingled dialect of Latin and Slavonic, also called Rouman or Rumanyo. It is divided into (1) Northern dialect, called Dacian or Daco-Roman, spoken in Moldavia, Bessarabia, &c.; (2) South of the Danube, called Macedo- or Kutzo-Wallachian. The people called Rumanje are by some stated to be Thracians, by others Illyrians by descent, but the language is that of the Roman colonists settled in Dacia under the Emperor Trajan. They still use the old Cyrillic alphabet for liturgical purposes, but a more simplified character is in general use. Grammar by Iszer, Kronstadt, 1855; Dicty. by Cihao: “Dictionnaire d’Etymologie Daco-Romane,” Francfort, 1870.

⁂ This language has the peculiarity, like the Basque, of postposition of the article: thus, “ochiu’l (oculus ille)” = “the eye”; “omu’l” = “man the,” for “the man.” Farrar. ☞

Wallamette, under Wi.

Wallis Islands.

Polynesian: same as Uea. See Loyalty Is.

Wallon or Walloon (Rouchi-Francais).

Romance: French patois of Flanders and Belgium. Dicty. by Grandgagnage, Liége, 1845-50. See Liegeoise.

Wamma, Wammer.

Malayan: islands of the lesser Sunda group, peopled with Alfuru. See Aroo.

Wanami.

American: same as Unami. Turtle-tribe of Delawares.

Wanat.

American: quoted in Jülg’s “Vater” as Irokese.

Wandamin.

Negrito: Papuan dialect of New Guinea.

Wangerog.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of Friesic. See Hœfer’s “Zeitschrift,” Berlin, 1845.

Wangpo.

Indian: dialect of Kunawari.

Wanica, Wanika, Wonica.

African: Kaffir dialect of the Suahili class.

Wanumbae, see Aroo.

Wapanachki.

American: form of the word Abenaki.

Wapisiana (Wapisian, Wapityan).

American: dialect of Carib, spoken in Demerara and Venezuela.

Wapisian-Parauana.

American: Schomburgk’s class name for a division of the Carib languages of British Guyana.

Warachin, Waratshin.

Caucasian: chief dialect of the Ude, on which Schiefner’s Grammar is founded. H. C.

Warow, Warrow.

American: unclassed language of British Guyana.

⁂ Spoken between the Orinoco, along the coast, and in the lowlands of the Delta. On the strength of these conditions the Warows have been described as people living on trees. They are good boatmen. R. G. L.

Warsau.

African: dialect of the Gold Coast.

Wasco, see Chinook.

Washa, Wawah, Wawash.

American: names for the Osage.

Washington Is., see Marquesan.

Watelei, see Aroo.

Watialaiset, Watlandic.

Tschudic: Fin dialect, much Teutonized.

Watie, Watje.

African: dialect of the Mana class.

Watlaka, Watlala (Cascade Indians).

American: dialect of Atna or Selish, known as Upper Chinook, Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

Wattasun.

American: Mandan name for the Black-shoe tribe of Crows. See Upsaroka.

Wawu.

African: Nigritian dialect adjoining Dahomey.

Wayapo.

Malayan: dialect of Booro. Vocaby. by Wallace.

Wea.

American: Algonkin of the Illinois division, and closely allied to Piankeshaw. See Primer, “Cherokee Mission Press,” 1837.

Wee-o-how, see Shasta.

Weitspek, Weiyot, Wishosk.

American: Indians of N.W. California, on the Clamat, and somewhat allied to Tsamak.

Wellington.

Australian: dialect of Kamilaroi.

Welsh (Cymraeg).

Celtic: pre-Roman dialect of Britain, closely allied to Armorican or Bas-Breton, to Cornish, the extinct dialect of Cornwall, and still spoken by the Cymru, natives of the principality of Wales in Great Britain. It is a language of the same class as Erse or Irish, Gaelic and Manx, but more largely influenced by Latin. Grammars by Rowland, 3rd ed., Bala, 1864; and Spurrell, 1870; Dictys. by Evans, Pughe, Pryse, Richards, and Spurrell.

Wendic, Wendish.

(1) Same as Slavo-Wendic or Letto-Slavonic; class-name for combined stem of languages comprising Old-Prussian and its varieties, with others of the Slavonic family.

(2) Same as Sorbo-Wendic; also called Sorabic, or Sorbian, the language of Lusatia, N. Germany. They use the German character. Grammar by Jordan, Prag, 1841; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852; Dicty. by Zwahr, Spremberg, 1846-7. See Winidi.

West Indies.

Long extinct; a few words only are known, taken from the language of St. Domingo. See Taino.

Westmoreland.

Provincial dialect of England. Glossaries by Wheeler and Gough.

Westphalian.

Teutonic: classed as Low-German.

Wetter.

Malayan: a small island of the Timor group, peopled with Alfuru.

Whidah, Widah (Atye).

African: also called Fidah; Nigritian dialect of Guinea; it is allied to Dahomey and to Carib. H. C. See Juda.

White-Russian.

Slavonic: dialects of the governments of Smolensko and Moghilov. It has no literature, except the Lithuanic Code.

Widah, see Whidah.

Wien, see Viennaise.

Wihinasht, Wihinast.

American: Western Shoshones; Snake Indians of Texas. Vocaby.: “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

Willamet, Wallamette.

American: Indians of Oregon, closely allied to Cayuse. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

Wiltshire, Wilts.

Provincial dialect of Wiltshire in England. Glossary by Akerman.

Wiltzian.

Slavonic. Same as Luitizian.

Windic.

Slavonic: Slovenian dialect of Windismark (Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola) in Austria.

Winebago.

American: also called Nippegon; Sioux dialect of Wisconsin. Vocaby.: “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

Wiradurei.

Australian: dialect of Kamilaroi, spoken near the N. border of N.S. Wales. Mr. Horatio Hale found “o” repeated sixty-seven times to six of “u.” J. B.

Wishosk, see Weitspek.

Witchita, Witshita.

American: dialect of Texas, spoken on the Red R., and classed as Pawnee.

Witouro.

Australian: Kamilaroi dialect, allied to Wiradurei, spoken N. of Adelaide. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Wlachish, see Wallachian.

Woccon, Wokkon (Waccoa).

American: primitive dialect of N. Carolina.

⁂ Along with Catawba, they are the best representatives of the native population. This is indicated because the Pamticoughs and the Tuscaroras, with whom they are associated in respect to their geography, are intrusive. From both of these the Woccon and Katawba are widely separated, and (as far as we are informed by our scanty data) they are, as separate languages, divided from one another. Each is known from a single specimen, viz.: that of Lawson, &c., London, 1709. Both the Woccon and the Catawba have long been extinct. R. G. L.

Woddowrong.

Australian: allied to Koligon; spoken to E. of Lake Colac, Victoria. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Wogul, Wogulian, under V.

Wokan, Wokkam.

Malayan: island of the lesser Sunda group. See Aroo.

Wokkon, see Woccon.

Wolaitsa, Woraitsa, Worratta.

African: dialects of the Gonga class, spoken in Abyssinia, about 10° N.L., and allied to Kaffa. See Yangaro.

Wolaroi.

Australian: district distinguished by a dialectical variation of speech.

Wolf Indians.

American: tribes of Delawares (called Minsi), and Mohigans (called Mech-chaooh).

Wollondilly.

Australian: river name.

Wolof (Ouolofe).

African: dialect of Senegambia. Grammar by Boilat, Paris, 1858; Dicty. by Dard, Dakar, 1855. See Jalloof.

Woolwa, Wulwa.

American: tribe on R. Mico, Honduras, speaking the Chontales language; called Caribs by the Spaniards. They “have themselves a vague tradition that they came originally from the shores of Lake Managua.” Squier, &c. R. G. L.

Woratta, see Wolaitsa.

Wotagian, Wotiak.

Tschudic: dialect spoken by the Ugrians of Viatka (Votiaks) in Russia, classed as Permian Fins. See Gabelentz in Höfer’s “Zeitschr,” Berlin, 1845.

Woyawai, see Waiyamera.

Wuch, see Moultani.

Wugi, see Bugis.

Wulwa, see Woolwa.

Wun.

African: Nigritian dialect of Timbuctoo.

Wurgelah.

Sub-Semitic: Berber race speaking Tuarik.

Wyago.

Malayan: Dyak fishermen of Borneo. See Bajau.

Wyandot.

American: same as Huron; Mohawk Indians classed as Huron-Iroquois. It is spoken at Caughnawaga, near Montreal in Canada.

ADDENDA.

Wabro, Waiky-Waiky.

Australian: dialects of the McLeay river. J. B.

Watty-Watty.

Australian: dialect of New England, N.S. Wales. (C. Hodgkinson.)

Weeahs.

American: tribes of Indian territory. See Shasti.

West Saxon.

Main dialect of Anglo-Saxon, spoken in Wessex, and the South generally, while a distinct dialect, North-Anglian (Northumbrian), was spoken in the North. See papers by Mr. J. M. Kemble in the “Proceedings of the Philological Society,” 1845-7. G. R.

Western-Port.

Australian: dialect of Port Philip. Vocaby. by Dr. Bunce. J. B.

Winidi.

A form of Wend. German name for the Slavonians.

Wirairoi.

Australian: dialect of the boundaries of Queensland and N.S. Wales, derived, says Mr. Ridley, from the affirmative “wirai.” J. B.

Wiralhere.

Australian: a dialect of Kamilaroi.

X.

Xavier, San.

American: mission of old California, closely allied to the San Borgia Mission, and classed as Layamon.

Xebero.

American: word for word, it is Jebero; the languages, however, are different; so is the Zapara, which also seems to be the same word. The Cutinana, Paranapura, Chayabita, and Munich are classed as Xebero. See “Mithridates,” vol. iii., p. 583. R. G. L.

Xumano, see Chomano.

Y.

Yabu, see Yarriba.

Yacana Cunny.

American: tribe of Araucans. See Tehuelet.

Yagba, see Yoruba.

Yagua.

American: Indians of Brazil; their dialect is allied to Oregones.

Yahgan, see Yakanaku.

Yahoo.

African: a form of the word Djabu. See Eyo.

Yahua.

American: same as Quichua.

Yairy-Yairy.

Australian: dialect near Hastings River, N.S. Wales. J. B.

Yak.

A name for the Eskimo people.

Yakama, Yakema.

American: same as Joakema; tribe of Sahaptins. Grammar by Pandosy, 1862.

Yakanaku.

American: Pesherai Indians, natives of Tierra del Fuego. The separate tribes are named (1) Kamentes, (2) Karaikas, (3) Kennekas.

Yakha.

Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the Kiranti group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

Yakhain.

Indo-Chinese: native name for the Rukkeng of Arracan.

Yak-Kumban.

Australian: dialect of Darling district, somewhat allied to Boraiper, spoken from the N.W. bend of the Murray northwards to Laidley’s Ponds, and S.W. to Mount Bryant. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845. J. B.

Yakumba.

Australian: spoken N. of Warialda and in S. Queensland. Vocaby. by Ridley. J. B.

Yakut, Yakout (Jakut).

Alatyan: dialect of the Sokhalar Turks of the Lena, closely allied to Yeneseian. Grammar, &c., by Boehtlingk, St. Petersburg, 1851. ☞

Yakutsk.

Alatyan: a dialect of Tungus, closely allied to Lamut. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 76.

Yala.

African: Nufi dialect of the Gaboon.

Yamea, Yameo.

American: dialect of Ecuador.

Yamkallie.

American: Willamet Indians of Oregon, closely allied to Kallapuiah.

Yanesei, see Yeniseian.

Yangaro.

African: dialect of Abyssinia, classed by Dr. Beke as Gonga. It has been suggested that it is the same word as Zinzero. See Latham’s “Elements,” p. 544.

Yankee.

Anglo-American: a corruption by native Indians of “les Anglais,” as used by French settlers of the English. See Bartlett’s “Dicty. of Americanisms.”

Yankitlan.

American: Misteco Indians of Oajaca in Mexico.

Yankton, Yanktoanon, Yanktonan.

American: Sioux dialect allied to Winnebago. Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

Yaoi.

American: Carib Indians of Trinidad and Venezuela.

Yap (Eap).

Polynesian: dialect of the Carolines, somewhat allied to Ulea.

Yaqui, see Hiaqui.

Yarkundi.

Alatyan: Turkish dialect of Yarkund, Central Asia.

Yarra-Bandini.

Australian: dialect of McLeay River (C. Hodgkinson). J. B.

Yarra-Yarra.

Australian: dialect of river so named; spoken for fifty miles from its mouth. The comparative formed by adding “un”; the superlative by “unun.” J. B.

Yarriba, see Yoruba.

Yarura.

American: Japurin Indians of New Granada.

Yatshving (Jaczwing, Jatwag).

Wendic: an extinct language of the Lithuanic class.

Yebu.

African: dialect of the Yoruba class, closely allied to Eyo. Sometimes used as a class-name.

Yeconoacampas.

American: Vilela Indians of Cordova.

Yeka, Yreka.

American: the Shasta-Butte Indians, called Ho-te-day. See Shasti.

Yelabuga.

Ugrian: a local dialect of Votiak, largely infused with Turkish.

Yemen.

Semitic: local dialect of S. W. Arabia; also spoken at Cairo.

Yemut.

Tatar tribe of Central Asia.

Yengen.

Negrito: dialect of Papuan, somewhat allied to Indeni or Nitendi.

Yeniseian.

Alatyan: a dialect of Tungus, closely allied to Yakut. Klaproth’s name for what has been known as the Ostiak of the R. Yenisei.

Yeppok.

American: tribes of Patagonian Indians.

Yerukali.

Non-Aryan language of India, classed as Khond, and closely allied to the dialect of Gaddapur.

Yeso, Yesso.

Kurilian: Aino dialect of the Japanese group.

Yete.

American: Omagua Indians of New Granada.

Yezidi (Jezidi).

Kurdish: dialect of the so-called “devil-worshippers,” from the Aryan word “deva,” “to shine.”

⁂ Their real name is Shaitani. W. S. W. V.

Yloko, see Ilocana.

Yo.

Arracanese: same as Ro.

Yomud, Yomut.

Turkoman tribes of Central Asia.

York (Cape).

Australian: local dialect, closely allied to Massied.

Yorkshire.

Local dialects of England. The chief varieties are classified as Craven, Halifax (Hallamshire), Morley, Sheffield, E. Riding, W. Riding.

Yoruba (Yarriba, Yebu).

African. It touches the Atlantic near the mouth of the R. Formosa, and on the frontier of Dahomey. It extends far inland, bounded chiefly by the Haussa on the north and the Nufi on the south. The following vocabularies are Yoruba, Dsekiri, Dsubu, Dsumu, Egbe, Eki, Idsesa, Ife, Ondo, Oto, Oworo, Yagba; Grammar by Bowen, Washington. 1858. R. G. L.

Ypapana.

American: Totonaca Indians of Puebla and Vera Cruz.

Yreka, see Yeka.

Yucatecan, see Maya.

Yucuatl.

American: native name of the Nootka or Wakash Indians of Vancouver Island. See Tlaoquatsh.

Yugia-Karta.

Malayan: dialect of Javanese (Balbi).

Yukahiri (Jukadschiri).

Alatyan: language of certain tribes, now nearly extinct, on the rivers Omolon and Kolyma, in E. Siberia. The native name is Andondomni. It is allied to Yakut.

Yukai.

American: dialect of U. California, spoken on Russian River, and somewhat allied to Kulanapo and Khwaklalamayu.

Yula.

African: Kouri dialect, closely allied to Kasm.

Yule.

American: Cholo dialect of New Granada, spoken on the Lower Atrato. R. G. L.

Yuma.

American: Indians of U. California; same as Cuchan; class-name for the Mohave-Cuchan, comprising Mahaos, Hahwalcoes, Yampaio, and Cocopah. See Puemaja.

Yunga.

American: dialect of Peru, spoken on the E. slope of the Andes. Hervas calls their language Mochika di Yuncas; Adelung, Yunga-Mochika; Rivero and Tschudi call it a dialect of the Quichua. Ludewig pronounces the language to be “totally different from the Quichua,” and he quotes an “Arte de la Lengua Yunga, &c.,” Lima, 1644, “unknown to the authors of ‘The Mithridates;’” he is probably right. He does not quote it as his authority. R. G. L.

Yuracares.

American: spoken on the E. slope of the Andes, about 13° S.L. The Tucana, Maropa, and Apolista are stated to speak either dialects of the Yuracara or allied languages. R. G. L.

Yurak (Juratz).

Ugrian: classed as a sub-dialect of N. Samoied. (Klaproth.)

Yuriba (Juriba).

African: a form of Yoruba.

Yurimagua.

American: Indians of the Upper Amazons, on the frontier of Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

Z.

Zacapulan, Zacatecan.

American: extinct dialects of Nahualtac. See Zapotecan.

Zaconian, under Tz.

Zamboe (Samboe).

Term in ethnology; issue of African and native American Red Indian.

Zamian.

Semitic: alphabetic system in Syriac, whereby the vowels are attached to consonants, as in Ethiopic and Sanskrit.

Zamucan, Zamucu.

American: a language of the Chiquitos Mission in Bolivia; dialects are Caipotorade and Morotoco.

Zangian.

African: large genus of Kaffir, classed by Dr. Bleek as Bantu.

Zanzibar.

African: geographical term for languages of the Souahili class.

Zapara, Zapari, Zaparo.

American: language of Upper Peru, but quite distinct from the Andoa and Shimagac of the same locality. See Xebero.

Zapibokoni, under S.

Zapotecan (Capotecan).

American: dialect of Oajaca, otherwise Oaxaca or Guaxaca in Mexico. See Zacapulan.

Zavolax.

A Russian compound of “za” = over, on the other side, and “volak” = a mountain range or watershed; as such it is a word like “transmontane” and “transalpine.” It applies most specially to the Karelian division of the Fin languages, as opposed to the Tavastrian. R. G. L.

Zavuli, Zawely.

Iranic: Zabulistan dialect of Persian.

Zaza.

Kurdish dialect of N.W. Persia, allied to Bukharee.

Zealand, New, see Maori.

Zealandese, see Zeuwische.

Zena, Zeneize, see Genevese.

Zend-avesta (Living word).

Sacred book of Parsees, containing the doctrines of Zoroaster. Editions by Burnouf and Westergaard. W. S. W. V.

Zendic, Zend.

Iranic: an early dialect, classed as Indo-European, and closely allied to Sanscrit, embodying the sacred writings of the Parsees or “fire-worshippers.” The word Zend means “book.” The alphabetical system was written from right to left, and closely resembles the ancient Palahvi. Grammar by Spiegel, Leipsig, 1867; by Hovelacque, Paris, 1869. See Pehlvi.

Zeokore, Zeone.

American: dialect of Brazil.

Zerga, Zergo.

Italian word for “cant” or “slang;” the modern form is Gergo. Sabio: “Libro Zergo,” Venice, 1575. See Furbesco.

Zeuwsche, Zeuwische.

Dutch: provincial dialect of Zealand.

Zigani, Zigeuner.

Names for Gipsy. Treatise by Pott, Halle, 1845.

Zillah.

Indian: trade jargon, spoken chiefly at Madras. It is formed of Telugu, Hindi, and Persian. Dicty. by Brown, 1852.

Zincala, Zincali, Zingaree.

Romany: names for Gipsy.

Zinzero (Gingero).

Ancient district of Abyssinia. See Yangaro.

Zips.

Teutonic: local dialect of High-German in Hungary. See Ungarn.

Zirian, Zirianian.

Ugrian: dialect of Vologda; also called Sirjenic. See Siranian.

Zobel (Sable), see Ostiak.

Zoque.

American: Chiapaneca Indians of Mexico.

Zoros.

Tatar: same as Dorbot, classed in the W. division of Moghol.

Zouave (Shawi).

Sub-Semitic: same as Kabail or Showiah.

Zudakara.

Lesghian: classed as a dialect of Akush.

Zulu.

African: Kaffir dialect of Natal. Dicty. by Perrin and Brickhill, Pietermaritzburg, 1865; Grammar (Isizulu) by Grout, Natal, 1869.

Zungaria, see Dsungar.

Zuni.

American: Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. Vocaby. in “Pacific R. Report,” vol. ii.

Zutugil.

American: Kachiquel Indians of Guatemala.

FINIS.

[Notice.—Owing to the unexpected enlargement of this Book in course of printing, the Appendix is necessarily postponed; and the more especially as additional matter has been received sufficient to make a second volume. And it will be proceeded with so soon as an adequate list of Subscribers shall be obtained.]