Chapter VII · (continued 9)

683 It is quite plain from Eadmer’s account that Eadgyth herself had not the slightest feeling against the marriage, but that she was eager for it; she disliked neither King Henry nor his crown. Nor has Anselm any objection, as soon as the evidence shows that no rule of the Church would be broken by the marriage. That he was strict in requiring such evidence was only natural and right; “Affirmabat nulla se unquam ratione in hoc declinandum ut suam Deo sponsam tollat et eam terreno homini in matrimonium jungat” (Eadmer, Hist. Nov. 56). But when the evidence shows that Eadgyth was not “Dei sponsa,” he makes no further objection. Nothing is proved by his use of a negative form, “judicium vestrum non abjicio” (Hist. Nov. 58). The sentimental objection which Hermann puts into his mouth seems quite out of character. Anselm takes the common-sense view; If she is a nun, she must not marry; if she is not a nun, she may. One can believe that Anselm would in his heart have preferred that any virgin should abide in the state which he deemed the higher. But he would hardly have stooped to say; “This marriage is perfectly lawful; but the veil has touched her head; so you had better marry somebody else.” In this and in the prophecy we surely see the beginning of the growth of a legend. Some legends of Anselm seem to have arisen in his life-time. This one could not, as no ill-luck happened to the children of the marriage till after Anselm was dead.

I am not sure that a very slight touch in the same direction may not be seen in the account of William of Malmesbury, v. 418; the words follow the passage quoted above, p. 603; “Cum rex suscipere vellet eam thalamo, res in disceptationem venit; nec nisi legitimis productis testibus, qui eam jurarent sine professione causa procorum velum gessisse, archiepiscopus adduci potuit ad consentiendum.”

William, it is to be noticed, does not repeat the English pedigree, on which in his former notice (v. 393) he was less emphatic than Eadmer. I do not know what can be meant by “ignobiles nuptiæ.” Hardly Count Alan; hardly Earl William of Warren or Surrey, who is also spoken of.

Thierry (ii. 152) has an elaborate romance, in which the father of Western theology comes in casually as “un moine du Bec, 684 nommé Anselme.” Here Eadgyth dislikes the marriage, but sacrifices herself for the good of her people. All this comes from Matthew Paris, who has two amazing stories. In one (Hist. Angl. i. 188), though Malcolm and Margaret have been killed off at the proper time, they appear again in full life when King Henry seeks their daughter—“filia elegantissimæ speciei, et, quod pluris erat, vitæ sanctissimæ.” She was brought up in a monastery, perhaps as a nun (“in sanctimonialium claustro propter honestatem educata, et, ut dicitur, velo sacro Deo dicato ac jam professa”). King Henry woos her with much fervour of passion (“ipsam propter ipsius mores et faciei venustatem sitienter adoptavit, et instanter petiit in uxorem”). The parents dare not withstand such a lover; they go to ask their daughter’s own wishes. She rebukes them in fearful and mysterious words for speaking of any such matter (“increpans patrem et matrem de zelotipiæ præsumptione, nec ipsos debere de corpore suo fructum mortalitatis exposcere, vel fructum posteritatis infructuosum”). At this the father is sad; the mother is pleased by the decision of her daughter (“matri propositum puellare complacuit”). The King’s passion only waxes warmer; like Balak, he sends more honourable messengers; he commands, prays, promises, till he stumbles into a hexameter “missis sollemnioribus nuntiis, urgentius adolescentulam in reginam expostulans, imperium, promissa, preces, confudit in unum”). Malcolm, knowing that his wife will never agree to the marriage, turns, without her knowledge, to the abbess by whom his daughter had been brought up. The reverend mother is prevailed on to argue the point at length, and to set forth every possible argument, personal and political, on behalf of the marriage;

“Proponens utilitatem inde proventuram, scilicet regnorum fœdera, regum mutuam dilectionem, pacis tranquillitatem, propagationis posteritatem, reginalem dignitatem, honoris magnificentiam, divitiarum affluentiam, amoris desiderium, amatoris pulcritudinem.”

Father and abbess together are too much for the “beata virgo Matilda.” She yields, but only “maledicens fructui sui ventris affuturo.” Anselm marries them, “nuptiis sollemniter, ut decuit, celebratis;” but a contemporary note in the margin is added, “Nota nuptias illicitas.” And we are told that the disturbances 685 which presently followed, the invasion of Robert and anything else, were all judgements on this unlawful marriage;

“Facta est commotio magna in regno, quasi Deo irato, quoniam rex Henricus zelotipaverat, et, sicut fratrem Robertum de regno supplantando alienaverat, sic Christum de sponsa sua defraudaverat.”

It is to be noticed that the writer who brings in all this action of Malcolm under the year 1101 had long before (i. 43) recorded his death in its proper place, or rather before its proper place, as he puts it in 1092 instead of 1093.

The other account comes in the Chronica Majora, ii. 121. It is chiefly remarkable for two speeches, the second of which is put into the mouth of Matilda herself. Matthew had just copied a business-like bit from Roger of Wendover (ii. 169), recording the marriage without comment; he then goes on to say that Matilda was married against her will, being won over by the importunity of kinsfolk and friends. The words are, “parentum et amicorum consiliis vix adquiescens; tandem tædio affecta, adquievit.” (“Parentes” may be taken by the charitably disposed in the wider French sense, but it must be remembered that in the other version Malcolm and Margaret are brought in as living in the year 1100.) This version is quite certain that Matilda had made a vow, but leaves it open whether she had actually taken the veil (“Cum Christiana matertera sancta sanctissime in claustro religionis educata fuerat, et votum virginitatis Deo spoponderat, et, ut multi perhibent, velum susceperat professæ religionis”). The kinsfolk and friends make a solemn appeal on patriotic grounds;

“O mulierum generosissima ac gratissima, per te reparabitur Anglorum genialis nobilitas, quæ diu degeneravit, et fœdus magnorum principum redintegrabitur, si matrimonio prælocuto consentias. Quod si non feceris, causa eris perennis inimicitiæ gentium diversarum, et sanguinis humani effusionis irrestaurabilis.”

Matilda, “virgo clementissima,” gets angry, and, in the bitterness of her soul, uses yet stronger language than she does in the other version;

“Ex quo sic oportet fieri, utcunque consentio, sed fructum ventris mei, quod est horribile dictu, diabolo commendo. Me enim Deo vovi, quod non sinistis, immo sponsum meum, quem elegi, 686 ausu temerario, immemores causæ sancti Matthæi apostoli, zelotipatis.”

We are then told of the vehement love of the King for the wife whom he had thus wrongfully married;

“Sic igitur nuptiæ magnifice, ut decuit, celebrabantur, et tanto ardentius exarsit rex in ipsius amorem, quanto scelestius adamavit. Secundum illud poeticum

Peccato igitur exigente, facta est commotio subito in regno.”

From this point Matthew goes on copying Roger of Wendover’s account of Robert’s invasion, but putting in bits of colouring of his own. When Henry sends his fleet to meet that of Robert, we are told that he does it “conscientiam habens multipliciter cauteriatam.” And when some of the sailors (see p. 404)—​who are enlarged by Robert of Wendover into “pars major exercitus”—​go over to Robert, the reason for their so doing is said to be “quia rex jam tyrannizaverat.”

There is something very strange in this echo at so late a time of objections which one would have thought that both common sense and the authority of Anselm would have set aside for ever. Was there any lurking wish in the thirteenth century to weaken the title of the Angevin kings, even on so stale a ground as the doubtful validity of the marriage of so distant an ancestress? We must remember that something of the kind really happened in Scotland long after. The right of the Stewarts was murmured against at a very late time on the ground of the doubtful marriage of Robert the Second. And we have seen that in an intermediate time, during the reign of Stephen, the validity of the elder Matilda’s marriage, and the consequent legitimacy of the younger Matilda, were called in question by Stephen’s supporters in arguments before the papal court. See N. C. vol. v. p. 857.

There is something singular in the way in which the marriage is entered in the Winchester Annals (1100), among a crowd of other facts not put in exact chronological order; “Matildis, Malcolmi regis filia Scotiæ, de monacha Wiltoniæ non tamen professa, regina Angliæ facta est.” One almost thinks of the wild story about Eadgyth of Wilton which I have spoken of in N. C. vol. i. p. 267. 687 But the words have a parallel in the language of the Brut (1098, that is 1110), which, after the account of Henry’s election, adds,

“And immediately he took for his wife Mahalt, daughter of Malcolm, king of Prydyn, by Queen Margaret her mother [‘Vahalt uerch y Moel Cólóm, brenhin Prydein’—​another manuscript more reasonably has ‘y Pictieit’—​‘o Vargaret urenhines y mam’]. And she, by his marrying her, was raised to the rank of queen; for William Rufus [Gúilim Goch] his brother, in his lifetime, had consorted with concubines, and on that account had died without an heir.” Cf. p. 503.

I have said, what is perfectly true, that Orderic is the only writer who directly mentions that Matilda had once borne the name of Eadgyth. But I think that I have lighted on a most curious trace of the fact in a later writer. Peter Langtoft (i. 448) mentions the return of Robert, and adds;

The name appears in various spellings in different manuscripts, Edgith, Egdith, and what not. It was perhaps not very wonderful that, in Peter Langtoft’s day, a Count of Conversana should grow into a lord of Sicily, and that a lord of Sicily should be thought to be of necessity called Charles. But why should Sibyl be turned into Edith? I can think of no reason except that the next lines are;

Surely the poet had read somewhere that Matilda had been called Edith, and then mixed up her and Sibyl together. But why Sibyl should be in the protection of the “Count of Cornwall”—​meaning, if anybody, William of Mortain—​it is not easy to see. Had he read in Orderic (784 B, C) that Robert and Sibyl went together to “mons sancti Michaelis archangeli de periculo maris,” and took it 688 for the Cornish mount? Robert of Brunne (i. 95, Hearne) translates;

The Treaty of 1101.

I do not know that there is any necessary contradiction between the detailed narrative of Orderic (788), who alone speaks of the personal interview between the brothers, and the shorter accounts of the other writers, who have more to say about the action of the wise men on each side. Nothing is more likely than that the terms of the treaty should be discussed by commissioners on both sides, and then finally agreed on in a personal meeting of the two princes. The only point of difficulty is that Orderic seems to imply that nobody on either side could be trusted, except the princes themselves. He begins with Henry’s message to ask why Robert had entered his kingdom (“cur Angliæ fines cum armato exercitu intrare præsumpserit”). Robert’s answer reminds one of the answer of Edward son of Henry the Sixth to Edward the Fourth (Hall, 301; Lingard, iv. 189). His words are; “Regnum patris mei cum proceribus meis ingressus sum, et illud reposco debitum mihi jure primogenitorum.”

The armies are now face to face, and the negotiations begin. In the Chronicle the reconcilation clearly seems to be the work of the head men; “Ac þa heafod men heom betwenan foran and þa broðra gesehtodan.” So Florence; “Sapientiores utriusque partis, habito inter se salubri consilio, pacem inter fratres composuere.” William of Malmesbury (v. 395) adds a special reason for peace; “Satagentibus sanioris consilii hominibus, qui dicerent pietatis jus violandum si fraterna necessitudo prælio concurreret, paci animos accommodavere; reputantes quod, si alter occumberet, alter infirmior remaneret, cum nullus fratrum præter ipsos superesset.” 689 There is here nothing to throw any doubt on the good faith of anybody, and no negotiators are mentioned by name. It is Wace (15508 Pluquet, 10423 Andresen) who mentions negotiators on Robert’s side whom we certainly should not have looked for;

It is Orderic alone who implies that Henry asked for a personal interview, and gives his reason;

“Seditiosi proditores magis bellum quam pacem optabant. Et quia plus privatæ quam publicæ commoditati insistebant, versipelles veredarii verba pervertebant, et magis jurgia quam concordiam inter fratres serebant. Porro sagax Henricus istud advertit, unde fratris colloquium ore ad os petiit; et convenientes fraterni amoris dulcedo ambos implevit.”

He then goes on to describe the meeting of the brothers;

“Soli duo germani spectantis in medio populi collocuti sunt, et ore quod corde ruminabant sine dolo protulerunt. Denique post pauca verba mutuo amplexati sunt, datisque dulcibus basiis, sine sequestro concordes effecti sunt. Verba quidem hujus colloquii nequeo hic inserere, quia non interfui, sed opus, quod de tantorum consilio fratrum processit, auditu didici.”

He then gives the terms of the treaty, and adds;

“Remotis omnibus arbitris soli fratres scita sua sanxerunt, et, cunctis in circumitu eos cum admiratione spectantibus, decreverunt quod sese, ut decet fratres, invicem adjuvarent, et omnia patris sui dominia resumerent, scelestosque litium satores pariter utrinque punirent.”

The colouring of Orderic in these passages can hardly be reconciled with the other accounts. They clearly speak of the terms as agreed upon between the chief men of both sides, while Orderic implies that, on account of their untrustworthiness, the princes met and settled matters for themselves. But it is possible 690 to accept Orderic’s fact without accepting his colouring. Or we may suppose that there were among the negotiators some who wished to hinder peace, but that those who laboured for it got the better in the end. Then, we may suppose, they agreed upon terms, and the King and the Duke met to ratify the treaty. As for the terms of the treaty, they are, as usual, given in the best and most formal way in the Chronicle. The brothers agree,

“On þa gerád þet se cyng forlet eall þæt he mid streangðe innan Normandig togeanes þam eorle heold, and þæt ealle þa on Englelande heora land ongean heafdon, þe hit ær þurh þone eorl forluron, and Eustaties eorl eac eall his fæderland her on lande, and þet se eorl Rotbert ælce geare sceolde of Englalande þreo þusend marc seolfres habban, and loc hweðer þæra gebroðra oðerne oferbide wære yrfeweard ealles Englalandes and eac Normandiges, buton se forðfarena yrfenuman heafde be rihtre æwe.”

Florence says nothing about the mutual succession of the two brothers, nor does he mention Eustace by name. He also leaves out the cession of Henry’s Norman dominions;

“Pacem inter fratres ea ratione composuere ut iii. mille marcas, id est MM. libras argenti, singulis annis rex persolveret comiti, et omnibus suos pristinos honores quos in Anglia pro comitis fidelitate perdiderant, restitueret gratuito, et cunctis quibus honores in Normannia causa regis fuerant ablati, comes redderet absque pretio.”

Nothing in the treaty seems to have struck William of Malmesbury, except the yearly payment of three thousand marks by the King to the Duke. And even that he brings in quite incidentally, as if to account for its being very shortly given up;

“Sed et trium millium marcarum promissio lenem comitis fallebat credulitatem, ut, procinctu soluto, de tanta pecunia menti blandiretur suæ, quam ille posteriori statim anno voluntati reginæ libens, quod illa peteret, condonavit.”

One is reminded of the story which William elsewhere (iii. 251) tells, without any date, of Robert’s friend Eadgar; “Quantula simplicitas ut libram argenti, quam quotidie in stipendio accipiebat, regi pro uno equo perdonaret.” No doubt in both cases the horse and the gift to the Queen were mere decent pretences for stopping the payment; but the gift to Matilda is quite of a piece with Robert’s conduct to her at Winchester (see p. 406). The Chronicler two years later (1103) records Robert’s surrender of his pension;

691 “Ðises geares eac com se eorl Rotbert of Normandig to sprecene wið þone cyng [the common Domesday form in English] her on lande, and ær he heonne ferde he forgeaf þa þreo þusend marc þe him seo cyng Heanrig be foreweard ælce geare gifan sceolde.”

Here we have no mention of Matilda, unless she anyhow lurks in the feminine article so oddly assigned to her husband.

Orderic helps us to the more distinct resignation by Robert of his claims on the English crown, which is however implied in all the other accounts—​to the release of Henry from his homage to Robert—​and to the stipulation about Domfront, which was naturally more interesting to him than it was to those who wrote in England. He does not mention the mutual heirship of the brothers. He also confounds marks and pounds;

“In primis Rodbertus dux calumniam quam in regno Angliæ ingesserat fratri dimisit, ipsumque de homagio, quod sibi jamdudum fecerat, pro regali dignitate absolvit. Henricus autem rex tria milia librarum sterilensium sese duci redditurum per singulos annos spopondit, totumque Constantinum pagum et quidquid in Neustria possidebat, præter Danfrontem, reliquit. Solum Danfrontem castrum sibi retinuit, quia Danfrontanis, quando illum intromiserunt, jurejurando pepigerat quod nunquam eos de manu sua projiceret, nec leges eorum vel consuetudines mutaret.”

I am glad to end with the mention of one of the noblest spots of which I have had to speak in my story, and with one of the most honourable features in the history of King Henry.

FOOTNOTES.

“Mais Normanz par une envaïe

Unt retenu li conte Helie

Li conte unt pris è retenu

Et el rei l’uat tot sain rendu.”

“Li reis à Roem l’envéia

E garder le recomenda;

En la tour le rova garder

Et en bones buies fermer.

Helies fu boen chevaliers,

Bels fu è genz è bien pleniers,” &c.

“Cil del Mans od li se teneient,

D’avancier li s’entremetteient,

E li homes de la loée

Esteient tuit à sa criée.

E li baron de la cuntrée

Orent por li mainte medlée;

Mult le preisoent et amoent,

Et à seignor le desiroent,

Com costumes est de plusors,

Ki conveitent novels seignors.

Par espeir des veisins chastels

E par consence des Mansels,

Helies el Mans s’embati,

E cil del Mans l’unt recoilli.”

“Li Mans li unt abandoné,

Tot, forz la tor de la cité.

La tor se tint, Mansels l’asistrent,

Tot environ li borc porpristrent.”

“Normanz ki la tor desfendirent

Quant la force des Mancels virent,

En Engleterre unt envéié,

De secors unt li reis préié,

L’adventure li unt mandée,

E des Mansels la trestornée.”

“Li quens Helies s’en parti,

Al chastel del Leir reverti.

Donc ueissiez guerre esmoueir

Del Mans e del chastel del Leir

E de Maiet, un chastelet,

Ou Mansel orent pris recet.

Tresqu’al borc que l’endit la Fesse

Fu la guerre forte e espesse.”

“Maiet ert bien clos de fossé

Tot environ parfont è lé;

Li reis ros por mielx assaillir

Volt li fossé d’atrait emplir.”

“Cil dist el rei k’atrait falleit,

E ke attait querre estueit,

Jà li chastel nel cunquerreit,

Se li fossé d’atrait n’empleit.”

“E li reis li dist, en gabant,

Ke à chescun chevalier mant

Roncin, mule, ou palefrei,

Ne pot aveir altre charrei,

Trestuit quant k’il porra baillier,

E fossé fasse tresbuchier.”

“Robert s’en torna sorriant,

Et à plusors de l’ost gabant

Ke li reis aveit comandé

Ke l’en getast tot el fossé,

Kank’as servanz veindreit as mains,

Tuit li chevals è li vilains.”

“Par tels semblanz è par tels diz

Fu li pople tot estormiz.

Del siège s’en torment fuiant,

E plusors vunt par gap criant:

Filz a putains, fuiez, fuiez,

Toz estes morz s’un poi targiez;

Se ci poez estre entrepris,

Jà sereiz tut el fossé mis.”

“Li rois estoit alé chacer

Vers Bukerst od li archer:

C’est en la Noeve-Forest

Un liu qi ad non Brokeherst.”

“Ensemble vout amdiu parlant,

De meinte chose esbanoiant,

Tant qe Wauter prist à gaber

Et par engin au roi parler;

Demanda lui en riant

A quei il sojournoit tant.”

“Breton, Mansel et Angevin.”

“Cil de Boloine te tienent roi.

Eustace, cil de Boloigne,

Poez mener en ta besoigne.”

“Cil de Burgoine te unt pur roi.”

“D’ici q’as monz merrai ma guet,

En occident puis m’en irrai,

A Peiters ma feste tendrai.

Si jo tant vif, mon fié i serra.”

“De male mort pussent morir

Li Burgoinon et li François,

Si souzget soient as Englois!”

“Li rois par gab li avoit dit;

Et cil come fel le requit

En son queor tint la félonie,

Purpensa soi d’une estoutie:

S’il jà lui veeir porreit,

Tut autrement le plait irroit.”

“Li filz Ricard erent cil dui,

Quens Gilebert e dan Roger,

Cil furent preisé chevaler.”

“Amis, dist-el, or sai, or sai,

Une novele te dirai;

Henris iert Reis hastivement,

Se mis augures ne ment;

Remembre tei de ço k’ai dit,

Ke cil iert Reis jusqu’à petit;

Se ço n’est veir ke jo te di,

Dire porras ke j’ai menti.”

“Jà esteit près del boiz venuz,

Quant un hoem est del boiz issuz,

Poiz vindrent dui, poiz vindrent trei,

Poiz noef, poiz dis à grant desrei,

Ki li distrent la mort li rei.”

“Et il ala mult tost poignant

La à il sout la dolor grant,

Dunc crust li dols, dunc crust li plors,

E crust la noise è li dolors.”

“Qui consecrationis suæ die sanctam Dei ecclesiam, quæ fratris sui tempore vendita erat et ad firmam erat posita, liberam fecit, ac omnes malas consuetudines et injustas exactiones quibus regnum Angliæ injuste opprimebatur, abstulit, pacem firmam in toto regno suo posuit, et teneri præcepit: legem regis Eadwardi omnibus in commune reddidit, cum illis emendationibus quibus pater suus illam emendavit: sed forestas quas ille constituit et habuit in manu sua retinuit.”

“Þe godenesse þat god Henry & þe quene Mold

Dude here to Engelond ne may neuere be ytolde.”

“O grant gent et o grant navie,

Et od noble chevalerie

Passa mer, vint à Porecestre.”

“D’iloc ala prendre Wincestre;

Maiz l’en li dist ke la réine

Sa serorge esteit en gésine,

Et il dist ke vilain sereit,

Ki dame en gésine assaldreit.”

“Vers Lundres fist sa gent torner,

Kar là kuidont li reis trover.”

“Al bois de Hantone esteient ia

Quant li dus un home encontra,

Qui li dist que li reis ueneit,

Ultre le bois l’encontrereit;

Ultre le bois li reis l’atent.”

“Li quens Guill. le gabout,

Pie de cerf par gap l’apelout,

E sovent sore li meteit

E sovent par gap li diseit

Que al pas de cerf conoisseit

De quanz ramors li cers esteit.”

“Li vieil Willame Talevaz

Ki tint Sez, Belesme è Vinaz.”

INDEX.

A.

Aaron, the Jew, i. 160 (note).

Abbeys, sale of, by William Rufus, i. 134, 135, 347, 349; vacancies of, prolonged by him, i. 134, 135, 347, 350, ii. 564; Englishmen appointed to by him, i. 352; in what sense the king’s, i. 455.

Aberafan, held by the descendants of Jestin, ii. 87; foundation of the borough, ii. 88.

Aberllech, English defeat at, ii. 107.

Aberlleiniog Castle, ii. 97; destroyed by the Welsh, ii. 101; rebuilt, ii. 129; modern traces of, ii. 130; fleet of Magnus off, ii. 143.

Aberllwehr Castle, ii. 103.

Abingdon Abbey, dealings of Hugh of Dun and Hugh of Buckland with, ii. 665.

Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, her correspondence with Anselm, i. 374, ii. 571.

Adelaide, wife of Walter Tirel, ii. 322, 673; her tenure of lands in Essex, ii. 674.

Adeliza, Queen, wife of Henry I., ii. 389 (note).

Adeliza (Atheliz), abbess of Wilton, Anselm’s letter to, ii. 578.

Adeliza, wife of Roger of Montgomery, legend of her vow, ii. 154.

Adeliza, wife of William Fitz-Osbern, i. 266.

Advocatio, advowson, right and duty of, i. 420.

Ælfgifu-Emma. See Emma.

Ælfheah, Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm asserts his right to the title of martyr, i. 377.

Ælfhere, Prior of Saint Eadmund’s, ii. 579.

Ælfred, King, Henry I. descended from, ii. 383.

Ælfred of Lincoln, ii. 485.

Ælfsige, Abbot of Bath, his death, i. 136.

Ælwine Retheresgut, ii. 359 (note).

Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, fortifies Bridgenorth, ii. 152, 153 (note).

Æthelflæd, Abbess of Romsey, her alleged outwitting of William Rufus, ii. 32, 600.

Æthelnoth the Good, Archbishop of Canterbury, his gift of a cope to the Archbishop of Beneventum, i. 610.

Æthelred II., compared with William Rufus, ii. 307.

Æthelward, son of Dolfin, ii. 551.

Agnes of Ponthieu, wife of Robert of Bellême, i. 180; his treatment of her, i. 183; escapes from him, i. 183 (note).

Agnes, wife of Helias of Maine, ii. 373.

Agnes, widow of Walter Giffard, said to have poisoned Sibyl of Conversana, ii. 312 (note).

Aiulf, Sheriff of Dorset, ii. 485.

Alan the Black, lord of Richmond, part of Bishop William’s lands granted to, i. 90; his agreement with the Bishop, i. 93; intervenes on his behalf, i. 109, 117, 120; Rufus bids him give the Bishop ships, i. 114; seeks Eadgyth-Matilda in marriage, ii. 602; his death, ib.

Albanians, followers of Magnus so called, ii. 623.

Alberic, Earl of Northumberland, confirms the grant of Tynemouth to Jarrow, ii. 18, 605.

Alberic of Grantmesnil, goes on the first crusade, i. 552; called the “rope-dancer,” i. 565 (note).

Aldric, Saint, Bishop of Le Mans, his buildings, ii. 240, 633.

Alençon, garrison of, driven out by Robert of Bellême, i. 193; surrenders to Duke Robert, i. 218; the army of William Rufus meets at, ii. 228.

Alexander the Great, William Rufus compared to, i. 287.

Alexander II., Pope, his excommunication of Harold, i. 612.

Alexander, King of Scotland, son of Malcolm and Margaret, ii. 22; driven out of Scotland, ii. 30; his accession, ii. 124; marries a daughter of Henry I., ib.; Anselm’s letter to, ii. 581.

Alexios Komnênos, Eastern Emperor, appeals for help to the Council of Piacenza, i. 545; Duke Robert does homage to, i. 564.

Allières, castle of, ii. 216, 217.

Almaric the Young, ii. 251.

Alnwick, history of the castle and lords of, ii. 15, 596; death of Malcolm III. at, ii. 16, 592.

Alton, meeting of Henry I. and Robert near, ii. 408.

Alvestone, sickness of William Rufus at, i. 390.

Amalchis, brings news to William Rufus of the victories of Helias, ii. 283, 645–652, 785.

Amalfi, siege of, i. 562.

Amalric of Montfort, gets possession of the county of Evreux, i. 268 (note).

Amercements, provision for, in Henry’s charters, ii. 354.

Amfrida, her correspondence with Anselm, ii. 571.

Anglesey, advance of Hugh of Chester in, ii. 97; deliverance of, ii. 101; war of 1098 in, ii. 127 et seq.; fleet of Magnus off, ii. 143; his designs thereon, ii. 145; subdued by Hugh of Chester, ii. 146; recovered by the Welsh, ii. 301; second visit of Magnus to, ii. 442.

Annales Cambriæ, ii. 3 (note).

Anselm, his biographers, i. 325 (note), 369; his birthplace and parentage, i. 366; compared with Lanfranc, i. 368, 456; his friendship with William the Conqueror, i. 368, 380; not preferred in England by him, i. 368; his character, i. 369; his childhood and youth, i. 370, 371; leaves Aosta, sojourns at Avranches, and becomes a monk at Bec, i. 371; elected prior and abbot, i. 372; his wide-spread fame, i. 373; his correspondence, i. 374, ii. 570 et seq.; his desire to do justice, i. 377; his first visit to England, ib.; asserts Ælfheah’s right to the title of martyr, ib.; his friendship with the monks of Christ Church, i. 378; with Eadmer, i. 369, 378, 460; his popularity in England, i. 378; his preaching and alleged miracles, i. 379; his friendship for Earl Hugh, i. 380; entertained by Walter Tirel, i. 380 (note); regarded as the future Archbishop, i. 381; refuses Earl Hugh’s invitation to Chester, i. 383; yields at last, at the bidding of his monks, i. 384; hailed at Canterbury as the future Archbishop, i. 385; his first interview with William Rufus, ib.; rebukes him, i. 386; goes to Chester, i. 387; the King refuses him leave to go back, i. 388; his form of prayer for the appointment of an archbishop, i. 390; the King’s mocking speech about, ib.; sent for by him, i. 393; named by him to the archbishopric, i. 396, ii. 584; his unwillingness, i. 396; Rufus pleads with him, i. 398; invested by force, i. 399; his first installation, i. 400; his prophecy and parable, i. 401; has no scruple about the royal right of investiture, i. 403; later change in his views, i. 404; stays with Gundulf, i. 406; his interview with William at Rochester, i. 412; conditions of his acceptance, i. 413–416; refuses to confirm William’s grants during the vacancy, i. 418–421; states the case in a letter to Hugh of Lyons, i. 419, ii. 571, 576; receives the archbishopric and does homage, i. 422; his friendship with Abbot Paul of Saint Alban’s, i. 423; the papal question left unsettled, i. 424, 432; his enthronement, i. 427; Flambard’s suit against him, i. 428; his consecration, i. 429–432; professes obedience to the Church of Rome, i. 432; attends the Gemót at Gloucester, i. 434; his unwilling contribution for the war against Robert, i. 437, 438; his gift refused by the King, i. 439; his dispute with the Bishop of London, i. 440; at the consecration of Battle Abbey, i. 444; insists on the profession of Robert Bloet, i. 446; rebukes the courtiers, i. 449; appeals to Rufus for reforms, i. 451; asks leave to hold a synod, ib.; protests against fashionable vices, i. 452; prays the King to fill vacant abbeys, i. 453; his claim to the regency, i. 457; attempts to regain the King’s favour, ib.; refuses to give him money, i. 458–460; leaves Hastings, i. 460; his interview with the King at Gillingham, i. 481; asks leave to go to Urban for the pallium, i. 481–484; argues in favour of Urban, i. 484; asks for an assembly to discuss the question, i. 485; insists on the acknowledgement of Urban, i. 486; states his case at the assembly at Rockingham, i. 492; how regarded by the King’s party, i. 493; advice of the bishops to, i. 494; sets forth his twofold duties, i. 495, 496; compared with William of Saint-Calais, i. 497; not the first to appeal to Rome, ib.; his speech to Rufus, i. 498; sleeps during the debate, ib.; the King’s message and advice of the bishops, ib.; schemes of William of Saint-Calais against, i. 500; speech of Bishop William to him, i. 502; Anselm’s challenge, i. 505; popular feeling with him, i. 507; speech of the knight to, i. 508; renounced by the King and the bishops, i. 512; supported by the lay lords, i. 514; proposes to leave England, i. 516; agrees to an adjournment, i. 518; his friends oppressed by the King, i. 520; summoned to Hayes, i. 530; refuses to pay for the pallium, i. 531; reconciled to Rufus, ib.; refuses to take the pallium from him, i. 532; absolves Bishops Robert and Osmund, i. 533; restores Wilfrith of Saint David’s, i. 534; receives the pallium at Canterbury, ib.; his alleged oath to the Pope, i. 535, ii. 588; his letters to Cardinal Walter, i. 536, 538, ii. 41, 571; entrusted with the defence of Canterbury, i. 537, ii. 44; his canonical position objected to by the bishops, i. 539; his dealings with his monks and tenants, i. 541; attends Bishop William on his deathbed, i. 542, ii. 61; consecrates English and Irish bishops, i. 544; his letters to King Murtagh, i. 545 (note), ii. 581; his contribution to the pledge-money, i. 558; complaints made of his contingent to the Welsh war, i. 572; position of his knights, i. 573; summoned to the King’s court, i. 574; change in his feelings, i. 575; his yearnings towards Rome, i. 575–577; new position taken by, i. 577; determines to demand reform, i. 579, and not to answer the new summons, ib.; favourably received, i. 581; asks leave to go to Rome, i. 582, 583, and is refused, ib.; renews his request, i. 584; again impleaded, ib.; alternative given to by William, ib.; his answer to the bishops and lords, i. 585; to Walkelin, i. 587; charged with breach of promise, i. 589; alternative given to him, ib.; his discourse to the King, i. 589–591; the barons take part against him, i. 591; his answer to Robert of Meulan, i. 592; terms on which he is allowed to go, i. 592, 593; his last interview with Rufus, i. 593; blesses him, i. 594; his departure from Canterbury, ib.; his departure foretold by the comet, ii. 118; William of Warelwast searches his luggage, i. 595; crosses to Whitsand, ib.; his estates seized by the King, ib.; his acts declared null, i. 596; compared with Thomas of London and William of Saint-Calais, i. 598 et seq.; does not strictly appeal to the Pope, i. 598; does not assert clerical privileges, i. 599; effects of his foreign sojourn on, i. 606; writes to Urban from Lyons, i. 612; alleged scheme of Odo Duke of Burgundy against, i. 606, and of Pope Clement, i. 607; his reception by Urban, ib.; known as “the holy man,” i. 608; writes to Rufus, i. 613; his sojourn at Schiavia, i. 615; writes his “Cur Deus Homo,” ib.; plots of William Rufus against, ib.; his reception by Duke Roger, ib.; his kindness to the Saracens, i. 616; forbidden to convert them, i. 617; Urban forbids him to resign his see, ib.; defends the Filioque at Bari, i. 609, 618; pleads for William Rufus, ib.; Urban’s dealings with him, i. 621; made to stay for the Lateran Council, i. 621; special honours paid to, i. 607, 622; goes to Lyons, i. 622; hears of the death of Rufus, ii. 34, 363; the monks of Canterbury beg him to return, ii. 363; Henry’s letter to, ii. 364–366; returns to England, ii. 369; his connexion with Norman history, ib.; his meeting with Henry, ii. 374; his dispute with Henry compared with that with Rufus, ii. 375; his refusal to do homage and receive investiture, ii. 375, 376; the question is adjourned, ii. 377, 378, 399; no personal scruple on his part, ii. 377; provisional restoration of his temporalities, ii. 378; refuses his consent to the appointment of Eadwulf as abbot of Malmesbury, ii. 383 (note); Eadgyth appeals to, concerning her marriage with Henry, ii. 384; holds an assembly on the matter, and pronounces in her favour, ii. 384, 385, 683; other versions of the story, ii. 385, 387; celebrates the marriage, ii. 387; his speech thereat, ii. 388; mediates between Henry and his nobles, ii. 400; his contingent against Robert, ii. 403; his energy on behalf of Henry, ii. 410; threatens Robert with excommunication, ib.; Henry’s compromise with, ii. 455; called Saint before his canonization, ii. 661.

Ansfrida, mistress of Henry I., story of, ii. 380; buried at Abingdon, ii. 382.

Anskill of Berkshire, story of, ii. 380; notice of in Domesday, ii. 381 (note).

Anthony, Sub-Prior of Christ Church, appointed Prior of Saint Augustine’s, i. 140.

Antioch, “rope-dancers” at, i. 565; death of Arnulf of Hesdin at, ii. 66.

Aosta, birthplace of Anselm, i. 366.

Aquitaine, Duke William proposes to pledge it to William Rufus, ii. 313.

Archard. See Harecher.

Archbishop of Canterbury, special position of, i. 358; the parish priest of the Crown, i. 414 (note).

Archbishopric, meaning of the phrase “receiving” it, ii. 375.

Argentan Castle, held by William Rufus, i. 462; siege of, i. 463; surrenders to Duke Robert, i. 464; granted to Robert of Bellême, ii. 396; held by him against Henry I., ii. 428.

Armethwaite Nunnery, alleged foundation of, by William Rufus, ii. 506.

Arnold, Bishop of Le Mans, his buildings, ii. 240, 634.

Arnold of Saint Evroul, translates Robert of Rhuddlan’s body to Saint Evroul, i. 128.

Arnold of Escalfoy, poisoned by Mabel Talvas, i. 215.

Arnold of Percy, signs the Durham charter, ii. 530.

Arnold, Dr., on chivalry, ii. 508.

Arnulf of Hesdin, his alleged foundation at Ruislip, i. 376 (note); his gifts to Gloucester Abbey, ii. 65; his innocence proved by battle, ib.; goes to the crusade and dies, ii. 66.

Arnulf of Montgomery, son of Earl Roger of Shrewsbury, i. 57 (note); begins Pembroke Castle, ii. 96; plots against Henry, ii. 395; his share in Robert of Bellême’s rebellion, ii. 423; his dealings with King Murtagh, ii. 425, 622, 624; and with King Magnus, ii. 426; harries Staffordshire, ii. 429; goes to Ireland, ii. 442; his banishment, ii. 450.

Arques Castle, held by Helias of Saint-Saens, i. 236.

Arundel, held by Earl Roger, i. 58; position of, ib.; castle of, built T. R. E., ib.; priory founded at, by Earl Roger, i. 59 (note); besieged by Henry I., ii. 428; terms of its surrender, ii. 430; its later fortunes, ib.

Arundel, Earl of, origin of the title, i. 60 (note).

Ascalon, battle of, i. 623.

Ascelin Goel, his war with William of Breteuil, i. 243 (note).

Assemblies, frequency of, under William Rufus, i. 487.

Aumale Castle, surrendered to William Rufus, i. 228; strengthened by him, i. 229.

Auvergne, mention of in the Chronicle, i. 547 (note).

Avesgaud, Bishop of Le Mans, signs the foundation charter of Lonlay Abbey, 539.

Avon, at Bristol, i. 37.

Avranchin, bought by Henry of Robert, i. 196, ii. 510–516.

B.

Baldwin of Boulogne, King of Jerusalem, his dream, i. 269, ii. 122; its fulfilment, i. 270; marries Godehild of Toesny, i. 270 (note); goes on the first crusade, i. 551; besieged in Rama, ii. 122; Anselm’s letters to, ii. 581.

Baldwin, Abbot of Saint Eadmund’s, rebuilds his church, ii. 268; translates Saint Eadmund’s body, ii. 270; his journey to Rome, ib.; his death, ii. 267, 270; his signature to the Durham charter, ii. 536.

Baldwin of Tournay, monk of Bec, his advice to Anselm, i. 399; driven out of England by William Rufus, i. 520; recalled, i. 542; leaves England with Anselm, i. 595.

Ballon, castle of, i. 209; siege and surrender of, i. 209–211; betrayed to William Rufus and occupied by Robert of Bellême, ii. 235; Fulk’s unsuccessful attempt on, ii. 236; William’s treatment of the captive knights, ii. 237, i. 171; strengthened by Robert of Bellême, ii. 282.

Bamburgh Castle, ii. 47, 607; relic of Saint Oswald at, ii. 49; question as to the date of the keep, ib.; held by Robert of Mowbray against William Rufus, ii. 50, 607; effect of the making of the Malvoisin tower, ii. 51, 608; siege abandoned by Rufus, ii. 52, 609; Robert’s escape from, ii. 53, 609; defended by Matilda of Laigle, ii. 54, 610; surrender of, ii. 54.

Bari, Archbishop of, Wulfstan’s correspondence with, i. 479; Council of (1098), i. 608, 618.

Barnacles not to be eaten on fast-days, ii. 93 (note).

Basilia, wife of Hugh of Gournay, her correspondence with Anselm, ii. 571.

Bath, burned by Robert of Mowbray, i. 41; see of Wells moved to, i. 136, ii. 483; temporal lordship of, granted to John of Tours, i. 137, ii. 487; dislike of the monks to Bishop John’s changes, i. 138; buildings of John of Tours at, i. 138, ii. 486; church of, called abbey, i. 139; later charters concerning, ii. 487; sales and manumissions done at, ii. 489.

Battle Abbey, gifts of William Rufus to, i. 18, 168, ii. 504; consecration of the church, i. 443; gifts of Bernard of Newmarch to, ii. 90.

Bayard, Chevalier, at the siege of Padua, i. 173.

Beaumont-le-Roger, i. 185.

Beaumont-le-Vicomte, ii. 229.

Beavers, lawfulness of eating their tails on fast-days, ii. 93 (note).

Bec Abbey, fame of, under Anselm, i. 373; its intercourse and connexion with England, i. 374–376, ii. 572; Gundulf’s letter to the monks, i. 405; monks of, object to Anselm’s accepting the primacy, i. 406.

Belfry, origin of the name, ii. 520.

Bellême, surrenders to Duke Robert, i. 218; site of the old castle, i. 218 (note).

Benefices, vacant, policy of William Rufus with regard to, i. 134, 336, 337, 347, 348, ii. 564; sale of, under Rufus, i. 134, 347, 349; sale of, not systematic before Rufus, i. 348.

Beneventum, Archbishop of, sells the arm of Saint Bartholomew to the Lady Emma, i. 609; Æthelnoth’s gift of a cope to, i. 610.

Benjamin the monk, ii. 579.

Bequest, right of, confirmed by Henry I., i. 338, ii. 354.

Berkeley, harried by William of Eu, i. 44; its position and castle, i. 45.

Berkshire pool, portent of, ii. 258, 316.

Bermondsey Priory, its foundation, ii, 508.

Bernard of Newmarch, rebels against William Rufus, i. 34; his conquest of Brecknock, ii. 89–91; his gifts to Battle Abbey, ii. 90; marries Nest, granddaughter of Gruffydd, ib.

Bertrada of Montfort, brought up by Countess Heloise, ii. 193; sought in marriage by Fulk of Anjou, ii. 192; marries him, ii. 194; her adulterous marriage with Philip of France, i. 548, ii. 171, 172; Bishop Ivo of Chartres protests against, i. 559 (note); denounced by Hugh of Lyons, ii. 173; excommunicated, i. 549, ii. 173; her sons, ii. 174; schemes against Lewis, ib.

Berwick, granted to and withdrawn from the see of Durham, ii. 121.

Bishops, their power in the eleventh century, i. 138; no reference to the Pope in their appointment, i. 425; order of their appointment then and now, i. 425–427; theories of the two systems, i. 426; why the peers’ right of trial does not extend to, i. 604 (note).

Bishoprics, sale of, under William Rufus, i. 134, 347, 349; vacant, his policy with regard to, i. 134, 336, 337, 347, 350, ii. 564.

Blasphemy, frequency of, i. 166.

Blèves, castle of, ii. 216, 217.

Blindness, armies smitten with, ii. 478, 480.

Blyth Priory, founded by Roger of Bully, ii. 161; granted to Saint Katharine’s at Rouen, ii. 162 (note).

Bofig, his lordship of Rockingham, i. 490.

Bohemond, Mark, brother of Roger of Apulia, besieges Amalfi, i. 561; goes on the crusade, i. 562; origin of his name, i. 562 (note).

Boleslaus King of Poland, i. 611.

Bonneville, castle of, ii. 285; early history and legends of, ii. 286.

Boso of Durham, his visions, ii. 59.

Botolph, Abbot of Saint Eadmund’s, ii. 268.

Bourg-le-roi, castle of, ii. 232.

Boury, castle of, ii. 189.

Brecknock, conquest of, ii. 89–91; castle of, ii. 90; revolt of, ii. 106.

Bribery under William Rufus, i. 153, 344.

Bridgenorth, fortified by Æthelflæd, ii. 152, 153 (note); fortress of Robert of Bellême at, ii. 155–158; churches and town of, ii. 157; defence of, against Henry I., ii. 428, 432; siege of, ii. 435 et seq.; dealings of the captains with Henry, ii. 440; divisions in, ii. 442; surrender of, ii. 444.

Brihtric, son of Ælfgar, lands of, held by Robert Fitz-hamon, ii. 83.

Brionne, said to be exchanged for Tunbridge, i. 68 (note); granted to Roger of Beaumont, i. 194; taken by Duke Robert, i. 244.

Bristol, its position in the eleventh century, i. 37; castle of that date, i. 37, 38; later growth of, i. 39; occupied by Bishop Geoffrey, i. 40.

Britain, effects of the reign of William Rufus on its union, ii. 6; causes of the union, ii. 7; English conquest of, compared with Rufus’s conquest of Wales, ii. 72; changes in, in the eleventh century, ii. 303 et seq.; fusion of elements in, ii. 304; ceases to be another world, ii. 305.

Brockenhurst, William Rufus at, ii. 321.

Bromham, grant of, to Battle Abbey, ii. 504.

Brunton, church of, granted to the monks of Durham, ii. 535.

Brut-y-Tywysogion, the two versions of, ii. 3, 4 (note).

Brychan, King, his daughters, ii. 90.

Buckler, Mr., on Ilchester, i. 43 (note).

Bulgaria, use of the name, i. 563.

Bures, castle of, i. 236; taking of, i. 463.

Burf Castle, ii. 158.

Burgundius, brother-in-law of Anselm, ii. 579.

C.

Cadulus, Anselm’s advice to, i. 372.

Cadwgan, son of Bleddyn, drives out Rhys ap Tewdwr, i. 12; harries Dyfed, ii. 92; his revolt, ii. 99; his action in Dyfed, ii. 101; mentioned in the Chronicle, ii. 111; schemes to save Anglesey, ii. 128; flees to Ireland, ii. 131; returns to Wales, ii. 301, 424; his settlement with Robert of Bellême, ii. 424; his action on his behalf, ii. 433, 442; Ceredigion ceded to, by Jorwerth, ii. 451.

Caen, treaty of, i. 275 et seq., ii. 522–528; its short duration, i. 283.

Caerau. See Carew.

Caermarthen, conquest of, ii. 102.

Caerphilly Castle, ii. 87.

Cæsar, C. Julius, his speech compared with that of William Rufus, ii. 497, 647, 652.

Candida Casa. See Whithern.

Canonization, popular, instances of, ii. 339.

Canterbury, citizens of, side with the monks of Saint Augustine’s against Guy, i. 139; monks from Christ Church sent to Saint Augustine’s, i. 140; vengeance of William Rufus on, i. 141; the city granted to the archbishopric, i. 423; Anselm’s enthronement and consecration at, i. 427, 429; his dealings with the monks, i. 540; their rights confirmed by William Rufus, i. 423; rebuilding of the choir, i. 597; its consecration under Henry I., ib.

Canterbury, Archbishopric of, policy of William Rufus in keeping the see vacant, i. 328, 360, ii. 565; Flambard’s action in the matter, i. 363 (note); effects of the vacancy, i. 357, 363–365; its special position as metropolitan, i. 357; no attempt at election, i. 362; feeling as to the vacancy, i. 381; prayers for the appointment of the Archbishop, i. 389; the Archbishop the parish priest of the Crown, i. 414 (note).

Cantire, Magnus at, ii. 141; part of Sigurd’s kingdom, ii. 146; its formal occupation by Magnus, ii. 147.

Capua, siege of, i. 614, ii. 403.

Caradoc, son of Gruffydd, ii. 81, 82.

Cardiff, castle of, ii. 77, 84, 86; Robert Fitz-hamon’s settlement at, ii. 81, 84; borough of, ii. 88.

Careghova Castle, built by Robert of Bellême, ii. 158; history of the site, ii. 159 (note); strengthened by Robert, ii. 428.

Carew Castle, ii. 95.

Carlisle, its cathedral church called abbey, i. 139 (note); history and character of, i. 314, 317; destroyed by Scandinavians, i. 315; conquered by William Rufus, i. 4, 313–315, 318; Saxon colony in, i. 316, ii. 550; earldom of, i. 317, ii. 545–551; its analogy with Edinburgh and Stirling, i. 317; wall and castle of, i. 318; see founded by Henry I., ib.; effects of its restoration on Scotland, ii. 8; not an English earldom under the Conqueror, ii. 546; shire of, ii. 549; its purely British name, ii. 550; entries of, in the Pipe Roll, ii. 551.

Castles, building of, in Normandy, i. 192; garrisoned by William the Conqueror, ib.; building of, in Wales, ii. 70, 76, 77, 93, 108, 112; rarity of, in England, as compared with Maine, ii. 220.

Caux, obtained as dowry by Helias of Saint-Saens, i. 235.

Cedivor, Prince of Dyfed, ii. 78.

Cenred the priest, his mutilation, ii. 132; restoration of his speech, ib.

Ceredigion, conquest of, ii. 92, 93; action of Cadwgan in, ii. 101; recovered by the Welsh, ii. 301; ceded to Cadwgan by Jorwerth, ii. 451.

Charma, M., his Life of Anselm, i. 325 (note).

Château du Loir, ii. 275, 276; Helias flees to, ii. 287.

Château-Gonthier, ii. 428.

Château-Thierry, monks of Saint Cenery flee to, i. 213.

Chaumont-en-Vexin, claimed by William Rufus, ii. 176; castle of, ii. 185; siege of, ii. 248.

Cherbourg, ceded to William Rufus, i. 276.

Chester, Robert of Rhuddlan buried at, i. 127; his gifts, i. 127 (note); Earl Hugh’s reforms at, i. 127 (note), 381, 382; Anselm at, i. 387.

Chivalry, growth of, under William Rufus, i. 169; its true character, ib.; Palgrave and Arnold on, i. 169, ii. 508; its one-sided nature, i. 172; practical working of, ib.; illustrations of, i. 173, 291, ii. 237, 406, 534; tenure in, systematized by Flambard, i. 335; personal character of, ii. 407.

Christina, Abbess of Romsey, her treatment of Eadgyth-Matilda, ii. 31, 32, 599.

Chronicle, the, witness of, to Flambard’s system of feudalism, i. 335.

Church, R. W., his Life of Anselm, i. 326 (note), 370.

Church, Sir Richard, paralleled with Robert son of Godwine, ii. 123.

Church lands, revenues of, appropriated by William Rufus, i. 336, 337, 347, 349; feudalization of, i. 346; nature of Rufus’s grants of, i. 419.

Churches, plundered to raise the pledge-money for Normandy, i. 558.

Clare, Suffolk, priory of, a cell of Bec, i. 376.

Clarendon, news of the loss of Le Mans brought to Rufus at, ii. 283, 645.

Clark, G. T., on Malling tower, i. 70 (note); on Rochester, i. 79 (note); on the site of Careghova Castle, ii. 159 (note); on “The Land of Morgan,” ii. 615.

Clemence, Countess of Boulogne, Anselm’s letters to, ii. 581.

Clement, Anti-Pope, i. 415; his position, i. 488; excommunicated at the Council of Clermont, i. 549; his alleged scheme against Anselm, i. 607.

Clergy, their exemption from temporal jurisdiction asserted by William of Saint-Calais, i. 97; not asserted by Anselm, i. 599; their corruption under William Rufus, i. 363.

Clerks, the king’s, preferments held by, i. 330; their position and power, i. 342, 343.

Clermont, Council of (1095), i. 545; decrees of, i. 548; crusade preached at, i. 549.

Coinage, false, issue of, punished by Henry I., ii. 353.

Coker (Somerset), grant of, to Saint Stephen’s, Caen, ii. 504.

Colchester, story of Eudo’s good rule at, ii. 464.

Coldingham, lands of, granted to Durham, ii. 121.

Comet, foretells the departure of Anselm, ii. 118.

Commons, House of, foreshadowed by the outer council of the Witan, i. 603.

Conan of Rouen, his wealth, i. 246; his treaty with William Rufus, i. 247, 248; exhorts the citizens against Gilbert of Laigle, i. 253; taken prisoner by Henry, i. 256; his death, i. 257–259, ii. 516–518.

Conches, besieged by William of Evreux, i. 261, 266, ii. 627; its position, i. 262, 264; abbey and castle of, i. 265.

Conrad, son of the Emperor Henry the Fourth, i. 522; receives Urban at Cremona, i. 525; his marriage, i. 526.

Constantius I., Emperor, his voyage to Britain, ii. 648.

Corbet, his lands in Shropshire, ii. 433 (note).

Cornelius the monk, i. 545 (note).

Corsham (Wilts), grant of, to Saint Stephen’s, Caen, ii. 504.

Cosan the Turk, joins the crusaders, i. 565.

Côtentin, bought by Henry of Robert, i. 196, ii. 510–516.

Coulaines, William Rufus encamps at, ii. 233; ravaged by him, ii. 234, 625, 627.

Courcy, siege of, i. 274, ii. 519–522; church of, ii. 522.

Cowbridge, ii. 88.

Coyty, held by Pagan of Turberville, ii. 87.

Cricklade, entry of, in Domesday, i. 480 (note).

Croc the huntsman, signs the foundation charter of Salisbury Cathedral, i. 309 (note).

Croset-Mouchet, M., his life of Anselm, i. 325 (note); on Anselm’s parentage, i. 366 (note).

Crusade, the first, its bearing on English history, i. 546; no kings take part in, ib.; a Latin movement, ib.; argument in favour of, ii. 207; success of, ii. 306.

Crusades, Palgrave’s condemnation of, ii. 509.

Cumberland, why not entered in Domesday, i. 313, ii. 547 et seq.; Scandinavians in, i. 315; earldom of, a misnomer, ii. 548; origin of the modern county, ii. 549.

Curia Regis, the, i. 102.

Cuthberht, Saint, appears to Eadgar of Scotland, ii. 119.

D.

Dadesley. See Tickhill.

Danesford, ii. 152, 155.

Dangeuil Castle, strengthened by Helias, ii. 213; site of, ii. 214; effects of his occupation, ib.; Helias taken prisoner near, ii. 223.

David, King of Scots, son of Malcolm and Margaret, ii. 22; driven out of Scotland, ii. 30; divides the kingdom with Alexander, ii. 124; marries Matilda, daughter of Waltheof, ii. 124; effects of his reign on Scottish history, ii. 125; his English position, ib.; invades England on behalf of the Empress Matilda, ib.; his mocking speech to Eadgyth-Matilda, ii. 390; earldom of Carlisle granted to, ii. 549.

Deverel (Wilts), lordship of, held by Bec, i. 375.

Diacus, Bishop of Saint James of Compostella, his correspondence with Anselm, ii. 582.

Dimock, J. F., his defence of Robert Bloet, ii. 585.

Dolfin, son of Gospatric, lord of Carlisle, driven out by William Rufus, i. 315.

Domesday, alleged new version of, by Randolf Flambard, i. 332, ii. 562.

Domfront, enmity of Robert of Bellême to, i. 183, 319; men of, choose Henry to lord, i. 319, ii. 538; position of, i. 319; kept by Henry I., ii. 413, 691.

Donald Bane, King of Scots, i. 475; story of his attempting to disturb Margaret’s burial, ii. 28, 597; his election, ii. 29; drives out the English, ib.; driven out by Duncan, ii. 34; his restoration, ii. 36; dethroned and imprisoned by Eadgar, ii. 119.

Donald, sent by King Murtagh to the Sudereys, ii. 137; driven out, ii. 138.

Dress, new fashions in, i. 158, ii. 500–502.

Drogo of Moncey, marries Eadgyth, widow of Gerard of Gournay, i. 552.

Duncan, King of Scots, son of Malcolm, set free by Robert, i. 13; signs the Durham charter, i. 305, ii. 536; claims the Scottish crown, ii. 33; his Norman education, ii. 34; receives the crown from William Rufus, i. 475, ii. 5, 34; overthrows Donald, ib.; his death, ii. 36; his burial, ii. 36 (note).

Dunfermline, Malcolm translated to, ii. 18; Margaret’s burial at, ii. 28, 597.

Dunstable, Prior of, his alleged warning to William Rufus, ii. 334; minster of, founded by Henry I., ii. 663.

Dunster, church of, granted by William of Moion to the church of Bath, ii. 490.

Durham, cathedral church of, called abbey, i. 139 (note); evidence of, in charters, i. 305, ii. 535; rebuilding of the abbey, ii. 11; Malcolm takes part in laying the foundation, ii. 11, 12; works of Bishop William of Saint-Calais at, ii. 60; gifts of King Eadgar to, ii. 121; works of Randolf Flambard at, ii. 272; monks of, favourably treated by William Rufus, i. 298, ii. 508; building of the refectory, i. 299; Bishop William restored to, ib.

Durham castle, surrendered to William Rufus, i. 114.

Dwyganwy, peninsula and castle of, i. 123, 124; attack made by Gruffydd on, i. 24; meeting of Magnus and the two Earls Hugh at, ii. 143.

Dyfed, harried by Cadwgan, ii. 92; conquest of, ib.; action of Cadwgan in, ii. 101; grant of, by Henry I., ii. 451.

Dyrrhachion, Duke Robert crosses to, i. 563.

E.

Eadgar Ætheling, banished from Normandy, i. 281, ii. 527; policy of William Rufus towards, ib.; goes to Scotland, i. 282; mediates between Rufus and Malcolm, i. 301, ii. 541; reconciled to Rufus, i. 304; signs the Durham charter, i. 305, ii. 536; returns to Normandy with Robert, i. 307; his mission to Malcolm, ii. 9, 10, 590; protects Malcolm’s children, ii. 30, 31; his designs as to the Scottish crown, ii. 114; Ordgar’s charge against, ii. 115, 617; his acquittal by ordeal, ii. 117; estimate of the story, ii. 117, 615; marches to Scotland, ii. 118; and wins the crown for his nephew Eadgar, ii. 120; goes on the crusade, ii. 121; not thought of to succeed William Rufus, ii. 344; his character, ii. 393.

Eadgar, King of Scots, son of Malcolm and Margaret, ii. 22; brings the news of his father’s death, ii. 27; driven out of Scotland, ii. 30; his vision, ii. 119; dethrones and imprisons Donald, ib.; his gifts to Durham and to Robert son of Godwine, ii. 121; his action towards Robert Flambard, ib.; his peaceful reign, ii. 123; his death, ii. 124; bears the sword before William Rufus at his Whitsun feast, ii. 265; results of his succession, ii. 304.

Eadgyth, wife of Henry I. See Matilda.

Eadgyth, mistress of Henry I. and mother of Matilda Countess of Perche, ii. 379.

Eadgyth, mistress of Henry I. and wife of Robert of Ouilly, ii. 379.

Eadgyth, wife of Gerard of Gournay, i. 230; goes on the first crusade, i. 552; her second marriage, i. 552 (note).

Eadmer, his belief in the ordeal, i. 166 (note); his Life of Anselm, i. 325, 369; his friendship with Anselm, i. 369, 378, 460; references to in other writers, i. 370; on the Norman campaign of 1094, i. 474; leaves England with Anselm, i. 595; recognizes the cope of Beneventum at Bari, i. 609, 610; bishop-elect of Saint Andrews, ii. 124.

Eadmund, Saint, king of the East-Angles, his miracles, ii. 268; translation of his body, ii. 270.

Eadmund, son of Malcolm and Margaret, ii. 22; helps Donald against Duncan, ii. 36; becomes a monk at Montacute, ii. 120; his burial in chains, ib.

Eadmund the monk, his vision, ii. 604.

Eadric the Wild, marked as “Edric Salvage,” ii. 433 (note).

Eadric the Provost, ii. 270 (note).

Eadward the Confessor, his law restored by Henry I., ii. 357.

Eadward, son of Malcolm and Margaret, killed at Alnwick, ii. 16, 21, 594.

Eadwine, King of the Northumbrians, builds a church at Tynemouth, ii. 603.

Eadwulf, Abbot of Malmesbury, ii. 383 (note).

Eardington, lordship of, ii. 154.

Earle, John, on Bath, i. 42 (note).

Earthquake of 1089, i. 176.

Edinburgh, Margaret’s death at, ii. 28, 597.

Edward the Black Prince and the massacre of Limoges, i. 173; his twofold character, ib.

Eginulf of Laigle, i. 243 (note).

Eglaf of Bethlington, priest, signs the Durham charter, ii. 536.

Einion, story of him and Jestin, ii. 80; estimate of the story, ii. 81, 614.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, her foundation at Tickhill, ii. 432.

Emma (Ælfgifu), the Lady, buys the arm of Saint Bartholomew of the Archbishop of Beneventum, i. 610; changes her name on her marriage, ii, 305.

Emma, daughter of Count Robert of Sicily, sought in marriage by Philip of France, ii. 171 (note).

Emma, wife of Ralph of Wader, goes on the first crusade, i. 552.

Emmeline, wife of Arnulf of Hesdin, her gifts to Gloucester Abbey, ii. 65.

Empire, Western, advance of, in the eleventh century, ii. 305, 306; alleged designs of William Rufus on, ii. 314.

Empire, Eastern, decline of, ii. 306.

England, extension of, under William Rufus, i. 4; beginning of her rivalry with France, i. 5, 228, 240; her wealth, ib.; her European position, ib.; unity of, i. 81; how indebted to foreigners, i. 365; in what sense feudal, i. 341; compared with Normandy, i. 468; wretchedness of, under Rufus, i. 474; position of, towards the Popes, i. 496; her relations with Sicily, i. 526; Welsh inroad into, ii. 100; rarity of castles in, as compared with Maine, ii. 220; oppression in, during William’s absence in Normandy, ii. 256; various grievances in, ii. 258; changes in, in the eleventh century, ii. 303 et seq.; becomes part of the Latin world, ii. 305; united under Henry I. against Norman invasion, ii. 401.

English, accept William Rufus as king, i. 7, 16, 20, 66, 131; their loyalty to him, 18, 64, 65, 130; their hatred of Odo, i. 67, 86; their position under Rufus, i. 133; native, not specially oppressed by him, i. 341; growth of their power and nationality under Rufus, ii. 4.

English and Normans, fusion of, i. 130, 134, ii. 401, 455.

English Conquest, compared with that of Wales, ii. 72.

Englishmen, the fifty charged with eating the king’s deer, i. 155, 614, ii. 494; acquitted by ordeal, i. 156.

Epernon, castle of, ii. 251.

Epitumium, Orderic’s use of the word, ii. 288 (note).

Erling, Earl of Orkney, taken prisoner by Magnus, ii. 140; his death in Norway, ib.

Ermenberga, daughter of Helias, betrothed to Geoffrey of Anjou, ii. 232; married to Fulk of Anjou, ii. 232 (note), 374.

Ermenberga, mother of Anselm, her pedigree, i. 366 (note).

Ermengarde of Bourbon, second wife of Fulk of Anjou, ii. 192.

Ernan, “Biscope sune,” ii. 605.

Erneis of Burun, his action in the case of Bishop William, i. 114.

Ernulf, Bishop of Rochester, his buildings at Christchurch, Canterbury, i. 597.

Ernulf of Hesdin. See Arnulf of Hesdin.

Etard, Abbot of Saint Peter on Dives, his appointment, i. 570.

Eu, castle of, Philip and Robert march against, i. 238.

Eudo of Rye, story of his share in the accession of William Rufus, ii. 463; how he became dapifer, ib.; his good deeds at Colchester, ii. 464, 465.

Eulalia, Abbess, Anselm’s letters to, ii. 578.

Eustace III. Count of Boulogne, sent over to England by Duke Robert, i. 56, ii. 465 et seq.; agrees to surrender Rochester, i. 80; pleading made for, i. 84; goes on the first crusade, i. 551.

Eustace, monk of Bec, i. 399.

Eustace, father of one Geoffrey, Anselm rebukes him for bigamy, ii. 579.

Eustace, son of William of Breteuil, i. 268 (note).

Eva, widow of William Crispin, her correspondence with Anselm, ii. 571.

Everard of Puiset, goes on the first crusade, i. 551.

Evreux Castle, garrisoned by William the Conqueror, i. 192; its position and history, i. 262–264.

Ewenny, priory of, ii. 86, 89.

Exmes, Robert of Bellême driven back from, i. 242.

Eynesham, monks of Stow moved to, ii. 585, 587.

Eystein, brother of Sigurd, does not go on the crusade, ii. 206.

F.

Faricius, Abbot of Abingdon, his appointment, ii. 360; why not appointed to the see of Canterbury, ib.; recovers the manor of Sparsholt, ii. 380 (note).

Farman the monk, ii. 579.

Farn Islands, ii. 50.

Fécamp, ceded to William Rufus, i. 276.

Feudalism, developement of, under Rufus, i. 4; systematized by Randolf Flambard, i. 324, 335 et seq., 341.

Feudal tenures, mainly the work of Flambard, i. 335, 336; abolished in 1660, ib.

Finchampstead, portent at, ii. 258, 316.

Flanders, her share in the first crusade, i. 547.

Flemings, their settlement in Pembrokeshire, ii. 70 (note), 74, 88, 615; whether also in Gower and Glamorgan, ii. 88, 103.

Florus, son of Philip and Bertrada, ii. 174.

Forest laws, become stricter under William Rufus, i. 155; enforced by Henry I., ii. 355.

Forfeiture, provision as to, in Henry’s charter, ii. 354.

Fourches, castle of, ii. 428.

France, beginning of her rivalry with England, i. 5; effects of the war with, i. 7; her rivalry with Normandy, i. 201; her first direct dealings with England, i. 240; her relations with England and Normandy, ib.; designs of William Rufus on, ii. 167; his war with, ii. 167, 171, 175 et seq.; its position compared with that of Maine, ii. 168–170.

Francis I. of France, compared with William Rufus, i. 173.

Frank-almoign, tenure of, i. 350.

Franks, Eastern name for Europeans, i. 546.

Fresnay-le-Vicomte, castle and church of, ii. 229.

Freystrop, ii. 95 (note).

Frome (river) at Bristol, i. 38.

Fulcher, brother of Randolf Flambard, ii. 552; receives the see of Lisieux, ii. 416.

Fulchered, Abbot of Shrewsbury, his sermon at Gloucester, ii. 318.

Fulcherius Quarel, i. 215 (note).

Fulk, Abbot of Saint Peter on Dives, his deposition and restoration, i. 570.

Fulk, Bishop of Beauvais, Anselm intercedes for, ii. 582.

Fulk, Rechin, Count of Anjou, Robert does homage to, for Maine, i. 204; patronizes pointed shoes, i. 159, ii. 502; his wives, ii. 172 (note), ii. 192; Robert seeks help from him, ib.; seeks Bertrada of Montfort in marriage, ib.; marries her, ii. 194; garrisons Le Mans, ii. 232, 628; his unsuccessful attempt on Ballon, ii. 236; returns to Le Mans, ii. 237, 628; his convention with William, ii. 238, 628–630; helps Helias to besiege the castle of Le Mans, ii. 370.

Fulk, Count of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, marries Ermenberga daughter of Helias, ii. 374.

Fulk, Dean of Evreux, father of Walter Tirel, ii. 322, 672.

G.

Gaillefontaine, castle of, surrendered to Rufus, i. 230.

Galen, story of, i. 151 (note).

Galloway, dealings of Magnus with, ii. 141.

Gausbert, Abbot of Battle, i. 443.

Gentry, growth of, under Henry I., ii. 356.

Geoffrey, Archbishop of Rouen, his appointment to the deanery of Le Mans, ii. 201; nominated bishop by Helias, ii. 210; set aside by the chapter, ib.; appointed to the see of Rouen, ib.

Geoffrey, Bishop of Coutances, rebels against William Rufus, i. 27, 34, ii. 470; occupies Bristol, i. 40; notices of his estates, ib.; his relation to Bristol, ib.; his speech on behalf of William of Saint-Calais, i. 100; charges the Bishop’s men with robbing his cattle, i. 113; his death, i. 444.

Geoffrey, Bishop of Chichester, his death, i. 135.

Geoffrey, monk of Durham, charge brought against him, i. 116, ii. 60 (note).

Geoffrey of Baynard, his combat with William of Eu, ii. 63.

Geoffrey Martel, son of Fulk Rechin and Ermengarde, ii. 192; betrothed to Ermenberga daughter of Helias, ii. 232; left by his father in command of Le Mans, ib.

Geoffrey, Count of Mayenne, i. 205; submits to Duke Robert, i. 209; founds the castle of Saint Cenery, i. 214; accepts the succession of Hugh, ii. 195, 197; truce granted to him by Rufus, ii. 230; estimate of his conduct, ii. 231; submits to Rufus, ii. 241.

Geoffrey Plantagenet, his parentage, ii. 374.

Geoffrey, Count of Perche, enmity of Robert of Bellême to, i. 183, 242; Orderic’s estimate of, i. 242 (note).

Gerald, Abbot of Tewkesbury, visits Wulfstan, i. 479.

Gerald of Windsor, his wife Nest, ii. 97, 110 (note); builds Pembroke Castle, ii. 96; defends it against the Welsh, ii. 101, 108; his devices against them, ii. 109; his mission to King Murtagh, ii. 425; grant of Henry I. to, ii. 451.

Gerald, story of his attempt on Randolf Flambard’s life, ii. 560.

Gerard, Bishop of Hereford and Archbishop of York, his mission to Pope Urban, i. 524, 525; returns with Legate Walter, i. 526; his appointment and consecration, i. 543, 544; present at the consecration of Gloucester Abbey, ii. 317; signs Henry’s letter to Anselm, ii. 366; appointed to the see of York, ii. 392.

Gerard, Bishop of Seez, story of the capture of his clerk by Robert of Bellême, ii. 521; his death, ib.

Gerard of Gournay, submits to William Rufus, i. 229; his castle, i. 230; supports Rufus, i. 472; goes on the first crusade, i. 552; his death, ii. 55.

Germinus. See Jurwine.

Geronto, Abbot of Dijon, his mission to William Rufus, i. 553, ii. 558; rebukes him, i. 554; overreached by him, ib.; Anselm’s letter to, ii. 589.

Geroy, history of his descendants, i. 214.

Gervase, Archbishop of Rheims, ii. 196.

Gervase, nephew of Bishop Gervase of Le Mans, ii. 201 (note).

Gevelton. See Yeovilton.

Giffard, in the fleet of Magnus, ii. 451.

Gilbert, Bishop of Evreux, goes on the first crusade, i. 560; goes to Sicily, i. 562; attends Odo on his deathbed, i. 563; Anselm’s letter to, ii. 575.

Gilbert Maminot, Bishop of Lisieux, his death, ii. 416.

Gilbert of Clare, holds Tunbridge Castle against William Rufus, i. 68; surrenders, i. 69; his gift of the priory of Clare to Bec, i. 376; his confession to Rufus, ii. 45; with him in the New Forest, ii. 321.

Gilbert of Laigle, drives back Robert of Bellême, i. 242; his descent and kindred, i. 243 (note); comes to Robert’s help at Rouen, i. 249, 253; enters Rouen, i. 256; taken prisoner by Lewis, ii. 190; charged with the government of Le Mans, ii. 241; with William Rufus in the New Forest, ii. 321; legend of his share in the burial of Rufus, ii. 338, 676.

Gilbert, nephew of Bishop Walcher, ii. 605.

Gillingham, meeting of Anselm and William Rufus at, i. 477–481; written Illingham by Eadmer, i. 477 (note).

Gilo de Soleio, beholds William’s army on its way to Maine, ii. 228.

Giraldus Cambrensis, born at Manorbeer, ii. 95; his parentage, ii. 97.

Gisa, Bishop of Somerset, his death, i. 136.

Gisors Castle, its first defences by Pagan or Theobald, ii. 186; strengthened by Robert of Bellême, ii. 151, 187; under Henry II., ii. 188; its present appearance, ib.; restored to Pagan by Duke Robert, ii. 396.

Givele. See Yeovil.

Glamorgan, legend of the conquest of, ii. 79–81, 613; estimate of the story, ii. 81; settlement of, by Robert Fitzhamon, ii. 81, 84; distinguished from Morganwg, ii. 85; its extent, ib.; military character of its churches, ii. 88.

Gloucester, sickness of William Rufus at, i. 391; Anselm’s first installation at, i. 400; meetings at, ii. 10, 13, 33.

Gloucester Abbey, gifts of Arnulf and Emmeline of Hesdin to, ii. 65; works of Robert Fitz-hamon at, ii. 84; grant of Welsh churches to, ib.; consecration of, ii. 317; Abbot Fulchered’s sermon there, ii. 318.

Gloucestershire, ravaged by William of Eu, i. 41, 44.

Godehild, daughter of Ralph of Toesny, her marriages, i. 270 (note).

Godgifu, nickname given to Matilda, ii. 389.

Godred Crouan, his dominion, ii. 136; his expulsion and death, ii. 137; his sons, ib.

Godric and Godgifu, nicknames given to Henry I. and Matilda, ii. 389.

Godricus unus liber homo, holds Sparsholt, ii. 380 (note).

Godwine, Earl, a benefactor of Christ Church, Twinham, ii. 555.

Godwine of Winchester, story of his duel with Ordgar, ii. 116, 617; notices of him in Domesday, ii. 116, 616; estimate of the story, ii. 117, 615.

Godfrey of Lorraine, goes on the first crusade, i. 552.

Goodeve, surname, a corruption of Godgifu, ii. 389 (note).

Gordon, General, parallelled with Robert son of Godwine, ii. 123.

Gosfridus Mala Terra, ii. 485.

Gospatric, son of Beloch, ii. 551.

Gospatric, son of Mapbennoc, ii. 551.

Gospatric, son of Orm, ii. 551.

Gournay, castle and church of, i. 230.

Gower, no part of Glamorgan, ii. 85; conquest of, ii. 102; castles built in, ii. 103; alleged West-Saxon settlement of, ii. 103, 615; granted to Howel, ii. 451.

Gruffydd, son of Cynan, his Irish allies, i. 122; attacks Rhuddlan, ib.; at Dwyganwy, i. 124; invades England, ii. 100; schemes to save Anglesey, ii. 128; fails to hold it and flees to Ireland, ii. 131; returns to Wales, ii. 301, 424; his settlement with Robert of Bellême, ii. 424.

Gruffydd, grandson of Cadwgan, defeats the English, ii. 107.

Gruffydd, son of Rhydderch, ii. 81.

Gundrada of Gournay, marries Nigel of Albini, ii. 55, 612.

Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, his buildings at Rochester, i. 54 (note); his tower at Malling, i. 70; sent to punish the monks of Saint Augustine’s, i. 140; his friendship with Anselm, i. 374; his letter to the monks of Bec, i. 405; Anselm’s visit to, i. 406; blasphemous speech of William Rufus to, i. 407; present at the consecration of the church of Battle, i. 444; question as to his action in the council of Rockingham, i. 516 (note); present at the consecration of Gloucester Abbey, ii. 317; his signature to Henry’s charter, ii. 358; expounds William Rufus’s dream to him, ii. 661.

Gundulf, father of Anselm, i. 366.

Guy of Etampes, Bishop of Le Mans, his rebuilding after the fire, ii. 639.

Guy, Abbot of Pershore, his share in the defence of Worcester, ii. 481.

Guy, Abbot of Saint Augustine’s, sent with a summons to Bishop William, i. 90; driven out by the monks and citizens, i. 139; signs the Durham charter, ii. 536.

Guy, monk of Christ Church, i. 140 (note).

Guy, Count of Ponthieu, i. 180.

Guy of the Rock, his fortress of Roche Guyon, ii. 180; submits to William Rufus, ii. 181.

Guy of Vienne, Legate, his pretensions not acknowledged, ii. 391.

Guy the Red Knight, helps to defend Courcy, ii. 519; his daughter betrothed to King Lewis, ib.

Gwenllwg, revolt of, ii. 106.

Gwent, revolt of, ii. 106; English defeat in, ii. 107.

Gwynedd, revolt in, ii. 424.

H.

Haimericus de Moria, his conference with Helias, ii. 371.

Hair, long, fashion of, i. 158, ii. 500.

Hakon, Earl of Orkney, Anselm’s letter to, ii. 581; his murder of Saint Magnus and repentance, ii. 582.

Hallam, held by Roger of Bully, ii. 160.

Hallam, Henry, on Henry VIII., i. 173 (note).

Hamon, Viscount of Thouars, notices of his lands, ii. 83 (note).

Hamon the Dapifer, signs Henry’s letter to Anselm, ii. 366.

Harecher, or Archard, of Domfront, revolts against Robert of Bellême, i. 319, ii. 538; signs the foundation charter of Lonlay Abbey, ii. 539.

Harold, son of Godwine, case of his excommunication, i. 612; his Welsh campaign compared with that of William Rufus, ii. 71, 105.

Harold, son of Harold, with the fleet of Magnus, ii. 134–136, 619.

Harold, son of Godred Crouan, ii. 137.

Harrow, church of, dispute as to its consecration, i. 440.

Hartshorne, Mr., on Rochester, i. 53 (note), 54 (note); on Alnwick, ii. 592.

Hasgard, ii. 95 (note).

Hasse, M., his Life of Anselm, i. 325 (note).

Hastings, castle of, held by Robert of Eu, i. 229; assembly at, i. 441; consecration of Robert Bloet at, i. 445.

Hastings, Frank Abney, paralleled with Robert son of Godwine, ii. 123.

Haverfordwest Castle, ii. 95.

Hebrides. See Sudereys.

Hedenham, grant of, to Rochester, ii. 506.

Helias of La Flèche, contrasted with Rufus, i. 171; enmity of Robert of Bellême to, i. 183; his character and descent, i. 205, ii. 195, 196; submits to Duke Robert, i. 209; his position compared with that of King Philip, ii. 169; his castles, ii. 196; his wife Matilda, ib.; his possible claim on the county of Maine, ii. 195, 197; imprisons and sets free Bishop Howel, ii. 198, 199, 624; buys the county of Hugh, ii. 203; excellence of his reign, ii. 204; his friendship for Bishop Howel, ib.; prepares to go on the crusade, ii. 205; estimate of his action, ii. 206; his interview with Robert and with William Rufus, ii. 207–210; challenges Rufus, ii. 208; makes ready for defence, ii. 210; his action in the appointment to the bishopric, ii. 211, 624; his acceptance of Hildebert the cause of the war, ii. 213, 625; strengthens Dangeul Castle, ii. 213, 214; his guerilla warfare, ii. 215; defeats Robert of Bellême at Saônes, ii. 222; his second victory over him, ii. 223; taken prisoner near Dangeul, ii. 223, 224, 625; surrendered to William Rufus, ii. 225; honourably treated by him, ib.; Hildebert negotiates for his release, ii. 238, 625, 628–630; William agrees to release him, ii. 238, 628; his interview with William at Rouen, ii. 242–245, 640–645; defies him, ii. 243, 641; is set free, ii. 244, 642, 643; his renewed action, ii. 275; marches against Le Mans, ii. 277; his victory at Pontlieue, ii. 278; recovers Le Mans, ib.; besieges the castles in vain, ii. 282; flees to Château-du-Loir, ii. 287; burns two castles, ii. 288; returns to Le Mans, ii. 370; his dealings with the garrison of the castle, ii. 370, 371; called the “White Bachelor,” ii. 371; his conference with Walter of Rouen, ib.; surrender of the castle to, ii. 373; his last reign, ib.; his friendship with Henry I., ii. 373, 413; his second marriage, ib.; descent of the Angevin kings from him, ii. 374; notices of his death, ii. 374 (note); Anselm’s letter to him, ii. 581.

Helias of Saint-Saens, married to Robert’s daughter, i. 235; his descent, ib.; importance of his position, i. 236; his fidelity to Robert, i. 237.

Heloise, Countess of Evreux, her rivalry with Isabel of Conches, i. 231–234, 245; Orderic’s account of her, i. 237 (note); her banishment and death, i. 270; Bertrada of Montfort brought up by, ii. 193.

Henry IV., Emperor, i. 549; excommunicated at the Council of Clermont, i. 549, 611.

Henry I., his familiar knowledge of English, i. viii; the one Ætheling among William’s sons, i. 11, ii. 461; an alleged party favours his immediate succession, i. 11 (note); difficulties in the way of it, i. 20; refuses a loan to Robert, i. 196; buys the Côtentin and Avranchin of him, i. 196, ii. 510–516; his firm rule, i. 197, 221; goes to England and claims his mother’s lands, i. 195, 197; William Rufus promises them to him, i. 197; brings Robert of Bellême back with him, i. 199; imprisoned by Duke Robert, ib.; set free, i. 220; strengthens his castles, i. 221; comes to Robert’s help at Rouen, i. 248; sends him away, i. 254; takes Conan, i. 256; puts him to death with his own hand, i. 257–259, ii. 516–518; policy thereof, i. 260; William and Robert agree together against, i. 278, ii. 527; excluded from the succession by the treaty of Caen, i. 280; his position as Ætheling, i. 281; William’s policy towards, ib.; strengthens himself against his brothers, i. 283; besieged by them at Saint Michael’s Mount, i. 284–292, ii. 528–535; Robert’s generosity to, i. 291, ii. 534; surrenders, i. 293; accompanies William to England, i. 293, 295; his alleged adventures, i. 294, ii. 535–540; signs the Durham charter, i. 305, ii. 536; chosen lord of Domfront, i. 319, ii. 538; restored to William’s favour, i. 321; wars against Robert, ib.; gets back his county, ib.; occupies the castle of Saint James, ib.; grants it to Earl Hugh, i. 323; alleged spoliation of, by Flambard, i. 334, 357; helps Robert, grandson of Geroy, against Robert of Bellême, i. 469; summoned by William to Eu, ib.; goes to England, i. 470; reconciled to William, ib.; returns to Normandy and wars against Robert, ib.; William’s grants to, i. 567; story of him on the day of William’s death, ii. 321, 345, 346; his claims to the throne, ii. 344; his speedy election, ii. 345, 680; William of Breteuil withstands his demand for the treasure, ii. 346, 680; popular feeling for him, ii. 346, 351; his formal election, ii. 347, 348; fills up the see of Winchester, ii. 349; his coronation, ii. 350, 681; goes to London with Robert of Meulan, ii. 350, 680; form of his oath, ii. 350; his charter, i. 336, 338, 342, 344, ii. 352–357; his statute against the mercenaries, i. 154, ii. 498; his policy towards the second order, ii. 356; his alleged laws, ii. 357; his appointments to abbeys, ii. 359; imprisons Randolf Flambard, ii. 361; his inner council, ii. 362; recalls Anselm, ii. 364; Norman intrigues against, ii. 367, 368, 393, 395; his war with Robert, ib.; the garrison of Le Mans send an embassy to, ii. 372; his friendship with Helias, ii. 373, 413; his meeting with Anselm, ii. 374; his dispute with him compared with that of Rufus, i. 605, ii. 374; calls on Anselm to do homage, ii. 375; the question is adjourned, ii. 377, 378, 399; his reformation of the court, ii. 379, 502; his personal character, ii. 379; his mistresses and children, ii. 97, 110 (note), 380, 381, 389, 414 seeks Eadgyth-Matilda in marriage, ii. 382, 684; his descent from Ælfred, ii. 383; objections to the marriage, ii. 384, 683–688; later fables about his marriage, ii. 387, 684, 685; his marriage, ii. 387; his nickname of Godric, ii. 389; his children by Matilda, ib.; appoints Gerard to the see of York, ii. 392; his rule distasteful to the Normans, ii. 395; plots against him, ii. 395, 399; his Whitsun gemót, ii. 399; loyalty of the Church and people to, ii. 401, 410, 411; fusion of Normans and English under, ii. 401, 455; peace of his reign, ii. 402, 454; his levy against Robert’s invasion, ii. 403; desertion of some of his fleet, ii. 404, 686; and of certain of the nobles, ii. 409; his nickname of Hartsfoot, ib.; his trust in Anselm, and promises to him, ii. 410, 411; his exhortation to his army, ii. 411; his negotiations with Robert, ii. 412; their personal meeting and treaty, ii. 412–415, 538, 688–691; his schemes against the great barons, ii. 415; his rewards and punishments, ii. 417; his action against Robert of Bellême, ii. 421, 422; negotiates against him with Duke Robert, ii. 426; besieges Arundel, ii. 428; Arundel and Tickhill surrender to him, ii. 428, 429; his faith pledged for Robert of Bellême’s life, ii. 430, 438; his Shropshire campaign, ii. 432 et seq.; besieges Bridgenorth, ii. 435–444; division of feeling in his army, ii. 437; appeal of his army to, ii. 438; his dealings with the Welsh, ii. 439, 451–453; surrender of Bridgenorth to, ii. 444; his march to Shrewsbury, ii. 446–448; Robert of Bellême submits to, ii. 448; banishes him and his brothers, ii. 449, 450; his later imprisonment of Robert of Bellême, i. 184, ii. 450; banishes William of Mortain, ii. 453; character and effects of his reign, ii. 454, 457; the refounder of the English nation, ii. 455; his compromise with Anselm, ib.; England reconciled to the Conquest under, ii. 456; his correspondence with Anselm, ii. 579; see of Carlisle founded by, i. 318; at the consecration of Canterbury Cathedral, i. 597 (note); his settlement of Flemings in Pembrokeshire, ii. 70 (note); his second marriage, ii. 389 (note); seizes on the treasure left by Magnus at Lincoln, ii. 624.

Henry II., his blasphemy, i. 167; question of the legatine power granted to, i. 526 (note); estimate of his dispute with Thomas, i. 605.

Henry VIII. compared with Francis I., i. 173 (note).

Henry of Beaumont, earldom of Warwick granted to, i. 472; his influence in favour of the election of Henry I., ii. 348, 680; his signature to Henry’s charter, ii. 358; one of his inner council, ii. 362; signs Henry’s letter to Anselm, ii. 366; the owner of a burgess at Gloucester, ii. 564.

Henry of Huntingdon as a contemporary writer, i. 9 (note).

Henry of Port, his signature to the charter of Henry I., ii. 358.

Henry, son of Nest and Henry I., ii. 379.

Henry, son of Swegen, ii. 551.

Heppo the balistarius, given as a surety to Bishop William, i. 114, 120.

Herbert Losinga, Bishop of Thetford, buys the see for himself, i. 354, ii. 568; and the Abbey of New Minster for his father, i. 355; repents, and receives his bishopric from the Pope, i. 355, ii. 568; anger of Rufus thereat, i. 356, ii. 569; not present at Anselm’s consecration, i. 429; deprived by Rufus, i. 448, ii. 569; restored to his see, i. 449, ii. 569; moves the see to Norwich, ib.

Hereditary right, growth of, i. 280.

Hereford, seized by Robert of Lacy, i. 46.

Herfast, Bishop of Thetford, his encounter with Saint Eadmund, ii. 268.

Herlwin, Abbot of Glastonbury, his appointment, ii. 360.

Hervey, Bishop of Bangor, at the consecration of Gloucester Abbey, ii. 317.

Hiesmois, war in, ii. 428.

Hildebert, Bishop of Le Mans, his election accepted by Helias, ii. 211, 625; his character, ii. 212; anger of William Rufus at his election, ii. 213, 625; negotiates for the release of Helias, ii. 238, 625, 628–630; at the head of the municipal council of Le Mans, ii. 226, 238; welcomes William Rufus into Le Mans, ii. 240; reconciled to him, ii. 297, 626; charges brought against, ib.; ordered to pull down the towers of Saint Julian’s, ii. 297, 298, 654; receives the kiss of peace from Rotrou’s mother, ii. 373 (note); translated to the see of Tours, ii. 212; Anselm’s letters to, ii. 580.

Hildebert II., Abbot of Saint Michael’s Mount, his buildings, i. 284.

Hilgot of Le Mans, ii. 201.

Holm Peel, Island of, Magnus at, ii. 141.

Honour, law of, as practised by William Rufus, i. 85, 92, 169, 408, ii. 14, 237, 244; Palgrave on, ii. 508.

Hook. W. F., his estimate of Anselm, i. 326 (note).

Howard, family of, ii. 430 (note).

Howel, Bishop of Le Mans, his loyalty to Duke Robert, i. 205, 208, ii. 198; story of his appointment, i. 205; consecrated at Rouen, i. 207, 208; his conduct during the famine, i. 208; imprisoned by Helias, ii. 198, 624; liberated by him, ii. 199; flees to Robert and is bidden to return, ii. 200; his disputes with Hugh and with his chapter, ii. 201; comes to England, ib.; his reconciliation and return, ii. 202; his friendship with Helias, ii. 204; translates Saint Julian, ib.; his buildings, ii. 205, 634 et seq., 656; entertains Urban, ii. 205; his sickness, ib.; and death, ii. 210; foundation charter of Salisbury Cathedral signed by, i. 309 (note).

Howel, Welsh prince, flees to Ireland, ii. 301.

Howel, son of Goronwy, besieges Pembroke, ii. 108; grants to, by Henry I., ii. 452.

Hubert of Rye, his alleged share in the accession of William the Conqueror, ii. 463.

Hucher, M., on Le Mans, ii. 631.

Hugh, Archbishop of Lyons, denounces Philip’s adulterous marriage, ii. 173; advises Anselm to return after the death of Rufus, ii. 364; Anselm’s letter to, i. 419, ii. 571, 576.

Hugh, Saint, his foreign origin, i. 365.

Hugh of Saint-Calais, Bishop of Le Mans, his buildings at and gifts to Le Mans, ii. 639, 640.

Hugh, Abbot of Clugny, his dream about William Rufus, ii. 341, 666.

Hugh, Abbot of Flavigny, his story of the mission of Abbot Geronto, ii. 588; marvellous tales told by, ii. 589; his chronicle and career, ib.

Hugh or Hugolin with the Beard, ii. 489.

Hugh the Great, brother of King Philip, goes on the first crusade, i. 350.

Hugh of Avranches, Earl of Chester, his loyalty to William Rufus, i. 34, 62; supports Henry, i. 221; surrenders his castle to William, i. 283; his alleged advice to Henry, ii. 530; joins Henry, i. 320; castle of Saint James granted to, i. 323, ii. 540; his friendship with Anselm, i. 380; his changes at Saint Werburh’s at Chester, i. 381, 382; seeks help from Anselm, i. 382; his sickness and messages to Anselm, i. 383; summoned by William Rufus to Eu, i. 469; goes to England, i. 470; his share in the conspiracy of Robert of Mowbray, ii. 38; urges the mutilation of William of Eu, ii. 64; his advance in Anglesey, ii. 97; his last expedition to Anglesey, ii. 129–146, 619; bribes the wikings, ii. 130; his cruelty to the captives, ii. 131, 132; makes peace with Magnus, ii. 145; Anglesey and North Wales subdued by, ii. 146; compared with Robert of Bellême, ii. 150; hastens to acknowledge Henry I. as king, ii. 362; one of Henry’s inner council, ib.; his death, ii. 410; his signature to the Durham charter, ii. 536; Anselm’s letter of rebuke to, ii. 580.

Hugh Bardolf, gate of Montfort Castle named after, ii. 254.

Hugh, of Beaumont, reads the charge against Bishop William, i. 98; defies him, i. 101.

Hugh, Earl of Bedford, i. 98 (note), ii. 419 (note).

Hugh of Buckland, Sheriff of Berkshire, his dealings with Abingdon Abbey, ii. 665.

Hugh of Dun, his dealings with Abingdon Abbey, ii. 665.

Hugh of Este, son of Azo, sent for by the men of Maine, ii. 195, 198; his succession accepted by Helias, ii. 197; reaches Le Mans, ii. 200; his dispute with Bishop Howel, ii. 201; reconciled to him, ii. 202; his unpopularity, ib.; puts away his wife and is excommunicated, ib.; bought out by Helias, ii. 203.

Hugh of Evermouth, i. 571.

Hugh of Grantmesnil, rebels against William Rufus, i. 34; his ravages, i. 36; strengthens his castle against Robert of Bellême, i. 274; his death and burial, i. 473.

Hugh of Jaugy, i. 565, ii. 123.

Hugh of Lacy, grant of his brother’s estates to, ii. 63.

Hugh, Count of Meulan, i. 185.

Hugh of Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, rebels against William Rufus, i. 57; succeeds his father in England, i. 473; buys his pardon of Rufus, ii. 62; his expedition into Anglesey, ii. 129–144, 619; bribes the wikings, ii. 130; his cruelty to the captives, ii. 131, 132; his death, ii. 144, 618–621; his burial, ii. 145; effects of his death, ii. 147, 150, 618.

Hugh of Port, i. 117, 120.

Humbald, Archdeacon of Salisbury, ii. 384.

Humbert, Count of Maurienne, Anselm’s letter to, ii. 580.

I.

Ida, Countess of Boulogne, her correspondence with Anselm, i. 374, 384, ii. 571, 581.

Ilchester, description of, i. 43; besieged by Robert of Mowbray, ib.

Ingemund, sent by King Murtagh to the Sudereys, ii. 138; his death, ib.

Ingulf, prior of Norwich, ii. 569.

Investiture, royal right of, i. 345, 346; not questioned by Anselm, i. 403; change in his views in regard to, i. 404; forbidden by the Council of Clermont, i. 548; dispute between Henry I. and Anselm, ii. 375 et seq.; Anselm’s letters about, ii. 579, 584.

Iona, isle of, Margaret’s gifts to, ii. 21; Duncan buried at, ii. 36 (note); spared by Magnus, ii. 141.

Ireland, designs of William the Conqueror on, ii. 94; of William Rufus on, ii. 93; of Magnus of Norway on, ii. 136, 141, 620.

Irish, help Rhys and Gruffydd, i. 121, 122.

Isabel or Elizabeth of Vermandois, daughter of Hugh the Great, married to Robert of Meulan, i. 187 (note), 551; her marriage denounced by Bishop Ivo of Chartres, i. 551 (note); her second marriage, i. 187 (note).

Isabel, daughter of Robert of Meulan, mistress of Henry I., i. 187 (note), ii. 380.

Isabel of Montfort, wife of Ralph of Conches, her rivalry with Heloise of Evreux, i. 231–234, 245; her character, i. 233; takes the veil, i. 233 (note), 271.

Isabel, daughter of William of Breteuil, given in marriage to Ascelin Goel, i. 243, 268 (note).

Ivo, Bishop of Chartres, his advice to Anselm, i. 367 (note); denounces the marriage of Isabel and Robert of Meulan, i. 551 (note); protests against the marriage of King Philip and Bertrada, i. 559 (note), ii. 173.

Ivo of Grantmesnil, goes on the first crusade, i. 552; called the “rope-dancer,” i. 565 (note); plots against Henry, ii. 395; harries his neighbours’ lands, ii. 417; his trial and conviction, ib.; his bargain with Robert of Meulan, ii. 418; his relations with Leicester, ib.

Ivo, son of Ivo of Grantmesnil, ii. 418.

Ivo Taillebois, his action in the case of Bishop William, i. 114, 115; holds Kirkby Kendal, ii. 549.

Ivo of Veci, lord of Alnwick, ii. 596.

Ivor, grandson of Cadwgan, defeats the English, ii. 107.

Ivry, granted to William of Breteuil, i. 194; lost by him, i. 243; claimed by Robert of Meulan, ib.

J.

Jarrow, Tynemouth granted to, ii. 18, 605.

Jeronto, Abbot. See Geronto.

Jerusalem, kingdom of, said to have been refused by Duke Robert, i. 566.

Jerusalem, Patriarch of, Wulfstan’s correspondence with, i. 479.

Jestin, son of Gwrgan, story of him and Einion, ii. 80; estimate of the story, ii. 81, 614; his descendants, ii. 81 (note), 82, 87; his alleged long life, ii. 614.

Jews, settle in England, i. 160; their position, ib.; favoured by Rufus, i. 161; compared with the Sicilian Saracens, ib.; dispute between their rabbis and English bishops, ib.; converts forced to apostatize by Rufus, i. 162, 614, ii. 504.

John, King, his devotion to the shrine of Wulfstan, i. 481.

John of Tours, bishopric of Somerset granted to, i. 136, ii. 483; removes the see to Bath, ib.; his doings at Wells and at Bath, i. 138, ii. 486; his architectural works, i. 138; assists Osmund to consecrate Salisbury cathedral, i. 309; at the consecration of the church of Battle, i. 444; Anselm confers with him at Winchester, i. 586; at the deathbed of William of Durham, ii. 61; his signature to the Durham charter, ii. 536.

John, Bishop of Tusculum, ii. 488.

John, Abbot of Telesia, i. 615.

John, Prior of Bath, letter of Anselm to, ii. 490.

John, son of Odo of Bayeux, ii. 488.

John of La Flèche, father of Helias, ii. 196.

Jones, Longueville, on Penmon and Aberlleiniog, ii. 130 (note).

Jorwerth, son of Bleddyn, becomes the man of Robert of Bellême, ii. 424; his action on behalf of Robert, ii. 433; promises of Henry I. to, ii. 439; influences the Welsh on his behalf, ii. 440, 442; his war with his brothers, ii. 451; Henry’s want of faith to, ib.; his trial and imprisonment, ii. 452; his later history, ii. 453.

Judith, wife of Tostig, her invention of Saint Oswine’s body, ii. 18, 604.

Julian, Saint, translation of his body, ii. 204.

Juliana, natural daughter of Henry I., i. 201, ii. 380.

Jurwine, son of King Anna of East-Anglia, ii. 268 (note).

Justice, technical use of the word, i. 191 (note).

Justiciarship, growth of the office under Flambard, i. 331.

K.

Kenfig, borough of, ii. 88.

Kidwelly, ii. 86; conquest of, ii. 102; granted to Howell, ii. 451.

Kings, doctrine of their immunity from drowning, ii. 284, 647, 648, 651.

Kirkby Kendal, held by Ivo Taillebois, ii. 549.

Knights, privileges granted to, by Henry I., ii. 355; effect of this grant, ii. 356.

L.

La Chartre, castle of, ii. 275.

La Ferté Saint Samson, castle of, surrendered to Rufus, i. 230.

La Flèche, Helias withdraws to, ii. 275; castle of, ii. 276.

La Houlme, castle of, held by Rufus, i. 462; taken by Robert, i. 465.

La Lude, castle of, ii. 275.

La Roche Guyon, castle of, ii. 180, 181.

Lagman, son of Godred Crouan, ii. 137.

Laigle, town of, i. 73 (note).

Lambert, chaplain to Ida of Boulogne, ii. 581.

Lambeth, grant of, to Rochester, ii. 506; given in exchange to Canterbury, ib.

Land, tenure of, Flambard’s theory of, i. 337.

Lanfranc, his special agency in the accession of William Rufus, i. 10, 12, ii. 459; his grief at the death of William the Conqueror, i. 15; crowns William Rufus, ib.; binds him to follow his counsel, i. 16, ii. 460; attends the Christmas assembly at Westminster, i. 18; Odo’s hatred towards, i. 24, 53 (note); his loyalty to William, i. 63; his part in the meeting at Salisbury, i. 95, 119; his view of vestments, i. 95; his position as regards that of Bishop William, i. 97; his answer to Bishop Geoffrey, i. 100; to Bishop William, i. 105, 110; interposes on his behalf, i. 113; his death, i. 140; its effect on William Rufus, i. 141, 142, 148 (note); his position in England and Normandy, i. 141; buried at Christ Church, i. 142; his relations with William the Conqueror, i. 328; compared with Anselm, i. 368, 456; advises Anselm to become a monk of Bec, i. 371.

Lanfranc, nephew of Archbishop Lanfranc, ii. 575.

Laodikeia, Eadgar and Robert at, i. 564.

Lateran, Council of (1099), i. 607, 621; destruction of the apse, i. 607 (note).

Leckhampsted, lands at, taken from Abingdon Abbey, ii. 665.

Legitimacy, growth of the doctrine of, i. 280.

Le Hardy, M. Gaston, quoted, i. 145 (note); his apology for Duke Robert, i. 175 (note).

Leicester, college at, founded by Robert of Meulan, ii. 420; foundation of the abbey, ib.; churches at, ii. 420 (note).

Leicester, earldom of, its origin, ii. 418.

Le Mans, temporal relations of the bishopric, i. 207; under an interdict, ii. 199; claims of the Norman dukes over the bishopric, ii. 200, 212; Howel’s buildings at, ii. 205; Pope Urban’s visit to, ib.; welcomes Duke Robert’s host, i. 209; new municipality of, ii. 226; garrisoned by Fulk, ii. 232, 628; besieged by Rufus, ii. 233–235; siege of, raised, ii. 235; submits to Rufus, ii. 238, 628; fortresses of, ii. 239, 631; entry of Rufus into the town, ii. 240; description of the church, ib.; recovered by Helias, ii. 278; the castles still held for Rufus, ii. 279; compared with the deliverance of York, ib.; burning of, ii. 280; modern destruction at, ii. 281 (note); William’s march against, ii. 287; flight of the citizens, ii. 288; William’s treatment of, ii. 295, 296; orders the destruction of the towers of Saint Julian’s, ii. 297, 654; description of the towers, ii. 299, 655; return of Helias to, ii. 370; action of the garrison, ii. 370–373; palace of the counts at, ii. 632, 656; dates of the building, ii. 632–639, 656; burning of, ii. 638.