FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE MASTODONS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. (continued 2)

10. Fort Jefferson, Darke County.—In the collection at the public library in Greenville is a nearly complete mounted skeleton of a mastodon found about 1908, in Neave Township, 11 north, range 2 east, near the village named. The spot is on the Delaplaine farm and near the headwaters of Bridge Creek. The region is very flat and was originally swampy.

11. Six miles west of Greenville, Darke County.—The writer has been informed by Mr. Calvin Young, living west of Greenville, that, a good many years ago, a considerable part of a skeleton of a mastodon had been exhumed on Kraut Creek, on the farm of Absalom Shade, in the southeast quarter of section 34, township 12 north, range 1 east. One tusk was broken up by the workmen in order to discover what kind of wood it was. A lower jawbone, containing large molars, was 3 feet 2 inches long. The remains were sold to John Collett, sent to a museum in Terre Haute, and finally destroyed in a fire. The remains were originally found at a depth of 5 feet and scattered about in sand and overlain by vegetable mold and peat.

In a letter of March 9, 1915, Mr. Young wrote that another mastodon had been found 6 miles west of Greenville. The remains were buried at a depth of 2.5 feet and lay on a bed of sand and gravel. Teeth and a tusk 10 feet long were observed, but the skeleton was not exhumed. These fossils were found on or near the Sidney moraine.

12. Greenville, Darke County.—The collection at Greenville contains an upper left hindermost molar of a mastodon said to have been found in Greenville Creek, about 0.75 mile west of the town. Another tooth, an upper left second molar, was found nearly northeast of the town, but how far is not stated. Mastodon remains were said by Joseph Moore (Amer. Geologist, vol. XII, p. 73) to have been found associated with the giant beaver, somewhere near Greenville.

These remains also must have been buried near the Sidney moraine, probably in swamps along its border.

7413. Ansonia, Darke County.—In the collection at Greenville nearly complete ossa innominata, right and left, and some vertebræ are preserved, all found on the farm of Hezekiah Woods, in section 9 of township 13 north, range 2 east, at the headwaters of Stillwater Creek. A considerable part of the south of this section is occupied by a swamp. Around this runs the contour-line of 1,000 feet above sea-level.

14. Troy, Miami County.—Mr. H. C. Shetrone, of the Ohio Archæological Museum, at Columbus, reported in 1914 that remains of a mastodon had been found in a depression about 3 miles from Troy. A company engaged in draining the pond and in digging found the bones. A lower jaw containing teeth was secured, as well as an upper tooth. The tusks had not been found. Troy is on the Loramie River, situated between the Englewood and Sidney moraines. The remains certainly belong to the latter part of the Wisconsin stage or later. Professor W. C. Mills writes that the remains were found on the farm of Mr. Wheeler, 3 miles southeast of Troy. A swampy kettlehole was being drained.

15. Catawba, Clark County.—In 1875 (Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, p. 154), J. H. Klippart wrote that a considerable part of a skeleton of a mastodon had been found in Clark County and had been placed in Wittenberg College, at Springfield. No details were furnished.

From Mr. C. G. Shatzer, of Wittenberg College, in reply to an inquiry, the present writer has received the information that this mastodon is now mounted and in the collection of the Ohio State University at Columbus. It was found at the edge of a small marsh, on the farm of Mr. N. S. Conway, on or close to the line between Clark and Champaign counties, and about 4.5 miles southwest of Mechanicsburg. This would be apparently about a mile northwest of Catawba and in the hills east of Buck Creek. Mr. Shatzer stated that it is in a rather strong knob-and-kettle country. This is shown, too, by the topographical sheet of the region.

The writer has examined this mastodon. The tusks measure, following the curve, 9 feet 8 inches in length. At the base of one of them one diameter is 162 mm.; the other, 184 mm. The tusks are somewhat spirally curved. The animal was not aged, inasmuch as the second true molar is worn only on the first crest, and the third molar is not at all worn.

49. Brighton, Clark County.—Mr. Shatzer reports that in 1905 or 1906 he excavated a mastodon at a point about 5 miles southeast of the place where the other was found and about a mile due north of the village of Brighton. This skeleton was met in a marsh and lay at a depth of about 18 inches, but one fore-leg went straight down into the blue clay. The tusks were badly decayed, but many of the bones were well preserved.

16. Urbana, Champaign County.—In 1908 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 4, vol. XXV, p. 193), Professor R. S. Lull wrote that the Yale University collection has a fairly complete skeleton of a young mastodon from Urbana. The present writer made a note on this specimen to the effect that it was found on a farm 5 miles north of Urbana. This would seem to be not far from Mad River.

50. Woodstock, Champaign County.—Mr. J. H. Klippart (Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, p. 153) reported that in 1869 a farmer, W. A. Howard, of 75Woodstock, while ditching in his meadow, dug up a finely preserved femur of a mastodon. For several years this was on exhibition in the State agricultural rooms at Columbus. Unfortunately one can not be sure that the bone was not that of one of the elephants.

30. Fayette County, near New Holland, Pickaway County.—In 1875 (Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, p. 154), J. H. Klippart reported that portions of a skeleton of a mastodon had been discovered in a bog near New Holland. There appears to be no certainty that the remains were not those of an elephant. They had not been exhumed.

17. South Bloomfield, Pickaway County.—In 1834 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. XXV, p. 256), in an unsigned article, S. P. Hildreth reported the discovery of mastodon teeth and ribs in an excavation for a culvert in a small stream, a mile east of Bloomfield, now called South Bloomfield, where a canal was being constructed. The teeth were in a fine state of preservation. At the same place was found the tooth of an elephant. These remains are said to have been embedded in a black boggy earth.

18. Circleville, Pickaway County.—In 1820 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. II, p. 245), Caleb Atwater stated that a large thigh bone of a mastodon had a short time before been found near the town in digging a mill-race. Here again there must be doubt regarding the identification of the animal.

19. Pickaway Plains, Pickaway County.—This name is given to a level tract lying about 5 miles southwest of Circleville and east of Scioto River. In the article cited above, Caleb Atwater stated that he had 2 teeth of a mastodon, one of which had been found in a small rivulet near the “Pickaway Plains.” This tooth is illustrated by figures 1 and 2 B, of plate II, of the paper cited. It is evidently a tooth of Mammut americanum. The locality would be not far from the broad terminal Wisconsin moraine.

20. Salt Creek Township, Pickaway County.—The writer just quoted reported that the other mastodon tooth which he owned had been found in the bed of Salt Creek, 22 feet 9 inches below the surface. This tooth is figured on plate II of Atwater’s paper above cited.

21. Shadeville, Franklin County.—In the collection of the University of Ohio, the writer has seen a tooth of a mastodon which was found at Shadeville. This place is on Scioto River, a few miles below Columbus. It is probably of Late Wisconsin age.

51. Granville, Licking County.—In 1873 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. V, p. 79), L. E. Hicks reported that he had examined the left side of the pelvis of a mastodon found in the bank of Raccoon Creek, near Granville, along the route of the Atlantic and Lake Erie Railway. This place is on the west border of the Grand River moraine.

22. Mount Gilead, Morrow County.—In Ward’s Natural History Establishment, at Rochester, New York, the writer has seen an upper left third molar of a mastodon, labeled as having been found at this place. No details accompanied the specimen. The tooth is 158 mm. long and 95 mm. wide, and has a large pulp-cavity. Mount Gilead is on the moraine which forms the eastern limb of the Scioto lobe. The tooth may be with safety regarded as of Late Wisconsin age.

7623. Harper, Logan County.—In Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, are 2 molars of a mastodon, the lower second and the third, which were found somewhere in the vicinity of Harper.

24. Roundhead, Hardin County.—In 1875 (Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, p. 153), J. H. Klippart reported that considerable parts of the skeleton of a mastodon had been exhumed at Fort McArthur, in Hardin County, having evidently drifted out to the Scioto marsh and being widely scattered. Fort McArthur does not appear on recent maps; a gazetteer of 1835 locates the place in Logan County, 24 miles north of Urbana. The locality appears to be in the neighborhood of Roundhead and in the marshes in which Scioto and Miami Rivers take their rise.

25. Washington Township, Auglaize County.—In Bulletin No. 16 of the Geological Survey of Ohio, 1912, page 38, Mr. Alfred Dachnowski, quoting from C. W. Williamson, stated that in 1878 Mr. S. Craig, while engaged in surveying section 19 of Washington Township (Tp. 6 S., R. 5 E.) discovered a mastodon skeleton. No further search had been made in 1905 (Williamson’s Hist. West. Ohio and Auglaize County, p. 336). While doubtless a proboscidean was buried there, one can not be sure that it was not an elephant. This place is not far from New Knoxville.

26. Pusheta Township, Auglaize County.—From the same authorities it is learned that in 1894 a mastodon calf was discovered in section 29 of the township named (Tp. 6 S., R. 6 E.), embedded in a layer of muck at the bottom of a circular pond. The skeleton is reported as having been quite complete, but it went to pieces as it dried. The tusks were about 1 foot long. At this place the waters flow into Clear Creek, a branch of Auglaize River.

27. Wapakoneta, Auglaize County.—The authorities quoted reported that a mastodon had been discovered in a ditch excavation in section 33 of Duchouquet Township (Tp. 5 S., R. 6 E.), not far from Wapakoneta. The remains crumbled on exposure and drying. They may have been those of an elephant.

28. Duchouquet Township, Auglaize County.—The authorities on whom reliance is here put state that in 1891 a mastodon was discovered by some laborers who were deepening and widening the bed of a creek which extends through section 22 of the township mentioned. This creek must have been either Auglaize River or a branch of it, so unimportant that it is not down on the topographical sheet of that quadrangle. The tusks extended across the creek and were cut off by the workmen and carried away.

29. St. Johns, Auglaize County.—Mastodons have been reported from two localities near the village of St. Johns and along the headwaters of Willow Creek. The one nearest the village is mentioned in Dachnowski’s work “Peat Deposits of Ohio” (Bull. 16, Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1912, p. 38). It was found in section 4 of Clay Township (Tp. 6 S., R. 7 E.), some time about 1870. There is no certainty that the bone did not belong to an elephant. The other mastodon was found in 1870 and accounts of the discovery were given by Dr. G. K. Gilbert (Proc. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., vol. I, 1871, p. 220; Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. I, pt. 1, 1873, p. 556); and by C. W. Williamson (Hist. West. Ohio and Auglaize County, 1905, pp. 334–336). 77The locality is 2.5 miles east of St. Johns, in section 3, Clay Township. Farmers were engaged in running a broad ditch through a swamp. The depth of the swamp deposit at that point was 8 feet, of which the upper third was peat, the remainder, so far as shown, of marl or marly clay. The bones were in their natural relations and it was evident to Gilbert that the animal had mired there. The lower limb-bones were directed downward and well preserved, but the bones nearer the surface were badly decomposed. The presence of the teeth enabled Gilbert to identify the animal as the mastodon. The peat had evidently been deposited after the death of the animal, which had occurred after the deposit of the drift. Klippart (Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, p. 153) stated that a part of the remains had been placed in the Wapakoneta High School. The remains must have been buried near the Loramie moraine.

In Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, the writer examined teeth and bones of two mastodons which had been found in Auglaize County, but the exact localities were not known.

30. See page 75.

31. Ohio City, Van Wert County.—In 1848 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. V, p. 215), Whittlesey stated that a mastodon tooth had been found at this place, and further, that it had been mentioned by Charles Lyell. It was found in alluvium and rested on a blue marl. The locality is in the vicinity of the Lima moraine.

32. Columbus Grove, Putnam County.—In 1913, Mr. H. B. Maple, of this town, sent to the U. S. National Museum for identification a lower left first molar, found in gravel 3 miles north of the town, near the border of ancient Lake Maumee.

33. Liberty Township, Putnam County.—In 1874, Professor N. H. Winchell (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. II, pt. 1, p. 392) told of the finding of large bones, supposed to belong to a mastodon, just southeast of the center of section 6, in draining the Medary marsh, in the township named (Tp. 2 N., R. 7 E.) The bones were in a sandy loam along the north side of the Leipsic ridge, a part of the Defiance moraine. Another was found in section 8 of the same township. The remains consisted of two teeth, bones of the posterior extremities, and a fragment of a tusk. The limb-bone was removed 23 feet from the tusk. These remains lay at a depth of about 3 feet from the surface. Other large bones, mastodon or elephant, were found in section 7, Ottawa Township (Tp. 1 N., R. 7 E.). This was evidently on the south side of the ridge mentioned, but yet probably north of Blanchard River.

34. Springfield Township, Lucas County.—In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. I, pt. 1, p. 556), Dr. G. K. Gilbert wrote that Dr. J. B. Trembley, of Toledo, had informed him that a tooth of a mastodon had been obtained from a marsh in Springfield, Lucas County. It is probable that Gilbert meant Springfield Township. He could not ascertain the exact locality, but he remarked that all the marshes of that township date from the formation of the lowest and most recent of the raised beaches and that it was almost certain that the tooth is not less recent than they. Springfield Township is nearly in the center of this county.

78In 1886 (Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. 309), Dr. E. Sterling, of Cleveland, wrote that about 15 years previously a mastodon skeleton had been found in a cranberry swamp in Lucas County; but no more exact location was given. A large ditch was being made where the muck of the bog was about 8 feet deep and rested on a layer of “hard pan.” The skeleton was badly decayed. What proof the writer had that the remains belonged to the mastodon is not stated.

35. Jackson Township, Wood County.—From a clipping taken from the Toledo Blade of January 15, 1919, with 2 illustrations, it is learned that Mr. John Welsh, of the township named, while digging a trench on his farm, unearthed a tooth of a mastodon. The pictures show that it was a considerably worn, lower right hindermost molar. Jackson Township (Tp. 3 N., R. 9 E.) is in the southwestern corner of the county. From Mr. Welsh the writer learns that the locality is 3.5 miles northeast of Deshler and in section 17. The tooth was buried at a depth of 4 feet. The locality is well within the area covered by old Lake Maumee.

36. Carey, Wyandot County.—In April, 1911, Mr. O. N. Copley, Cary, sent to the Smithsonian Institution a much-worn lower left first true molar, found at Cary, in muck, at a depth of 3 feet. With it was found also a canine tooth of a bear, apparently Ursus americanus. These were buried near the Defiance moraine.

37. Old Fort, Seneca County.—At Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, the writer was told of a mastodon which had been found at Old Fort, and was in the possession of Mr. J. A. Gillmor, of Fremont, Ohio. Upon inquiry Mr. Gillmor stated that the tooth, of which he sent a sketch, had been found in 1909 in a low and marshy piece of tiled ground which lies east of Sandusky River, opposite Old Fort. The tooth was very superficially buried, for it was turned up by the plow. Mr. Gillmor stated that in constructing the Nickel Plate Railroad, not far from where the tooth was found, some large bones had been discovered. The locality is north of Defiance moraine and on the old bed of Lake Maumee.

38. Bucyrus, Crawford County.—In 1838, as told by the geologists C. Briggs (Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, pp. 127–129) and J. W. Foster (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. XXXVI, 1839, p. 189, fig. 1), a nearly perfect skull and various parts of the skeleton were found near Bucyrus, on the land of a Mr. Hahn, during the excavation of a mill-race, and in a bed of fresh-water shell marl about 4 feet thick. Both tusks were, however, missing. There were secured also 6 cervical vertebræ, 6 dorsals, 1 lumbar, 5 caudals, 28 ribs, most of the pelvis, and several limb-bones. The fine skull was sent to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, and is now preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences of that city. What was done with the remainder of the skeleton the present writer does not know. This specimen has been referred to by several authors. N. H. Winchell (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. II, pt. 1, 1874, p. 247) stated that the skeleton was embedded in the muck and marl of a swamp and that what remained of it was then in possession of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The locality was probably near Celina moraine.

39. Sandusky, Erie County.—In 1848 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. V, p. 215), Whittlesey wrote that a tusk and a few bones of mastodon or 79elephant had been uncovered at the deep cut of the Mansfield Railroad, a few miles from Sandusky, in a Recent bog of muck. J. H. Klippart (Cin. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. II, 1875, p. 153) referred to the tusk and said that a part of it was preserved in the Homœopathic College at Sandusky. It is impossible now to say whether this belonged to a mastodon or an elephant. If still preserved it may be possible to determine the genus from the microscopical structure of the ivory.

40. Brownhelm Township, Lorain County.—In the collection of Oberlin College are many bones of a mastodon, some jaws and teeth, and a part of the skull, collected about 1898, on the farm of a Mr. French, in the township named, not far from the shore of Lake Erie. Professor Lynds Jones, of Oberlin College, has sent the information that this mastodon was found in a county ditch in township 6 N., range 19 W., about where the ditch crosses from lot 29 to 30, on what is known as the North Ridge road. This ridge is mentioned by J. S. Newberry (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. II, 1874, p. 207, map opp. p. 58), and has an elevation of from 100 to 118 feet above Lake Erie. It represents the beach of old Lake Warren. According to Professor Lynds Jones, the mastodon had been buried in a morass between two branches of the North Ridge or old beach. This was of course well along toward the close of the Pleistocene period.

41. Pittsfield Township, Lorain County.—In the collection at Oberlin College are some fragments of mastodon teeth, found somewhere in Pittsfield township (Tp. 4 N., R. 18 W.) at a depth of about 2 or 3 feet, in a ditch. No further details have been secured.

In the American Museum of Natural History, at New York, is a lower right second molar which had been received from Mr. J. J. Crook. It had probably been found somewhere about Lagrange, but this is not certain.

42. Cleveland, Cuyahoga County.—The geologist Charles Whittlesey (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 15) stated that, many years before he wrote, a grinder of a mastodon had been found on the west side of Cuyahoga River, in the valley alluvium, resting on drift clay near the lake level. This might indicate one of three things: The mastodon belonged to some pre-Wisconsin stage; or the tooth had, after the retirement of the lake to its present level, been washed down from above; or the animal had lived there after the lake had reached about its present level.

Newberry (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. I, pt. 1, 1873, p. 183) stated that his “Delta Sand Deposit,” which forms the surface of the Cleveland plateau, had yielded numerous portions of the skeletons of elephant and mastodon. These could hardly have existed before the retirement of the lake within the Warren beach.

Klippart (Cin. Quart. Jour. Nat. Sci., vol. II, 1875, p. 153) says that a nearly complete skeleton of a mastodon was dug up in the immediate vicinity of Cleveland, but had been broken into pieces at once by the workmen. The identity of this specimen is doubtful and the exact locality is unknown.

43. Medina County.—In 1875 (op. cit., p. 153), Klippart reported that nearly 50 years before he wrote tusks, said to have been 12 feet long, and some parts of the skeleton of a mastodon had been taken out of a marl pit 80in this county. As in other cases, there is uncertainty about the locality and the identity of the animal.

44. Green Township, Summit County.—Professor William C. Mills, of the State University of Ohio, has informed the writer that he had secured remains of a young mastodon in section 13 of this township (Tp. 2 N., R. 9 W.). The bones were found at a depth of about 30 inches and were badly decayed. The region is flat and lies in a bend of the headwaters of Tuscarawas River.

45. Massillon, Stark County.—S. P. Hildreth, in 1837 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. XXXI, p. 56), reported that a year or two before he wrote some very large bones and tusks of a mastodon had been brought to light in excavating a mill-race near Massillon through a swamp or wet prairie. This city is situated on the Tuscarawas River.

46. Canton, Stark County.—In the Cincinnati Inquirer of November 11, 1910, a paragraph announced that some boys, while digging in the east end of the city, had found 2 mastodon teeth. On November 26 the writer received a letter from Mr. N. D. Bush, of Canton, who described the teeth, so that it is certain that they were those of the mastodon. Both Massillon and Canton are situated on the broad Grand River moraine.

47. See page 70.

48. Trumbull County.—Mr. John T. Plummer, in 1843 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. XLIV, p. 302, footnote), stated that he owned a grinder with 10 prominences which had been found in this county. Evidently the tooth was that of a mastodon, but the locality is somewhat vague.

For 49 and 50 see page 74; for 51 see page 75.

MICHIGAN.

(Maps 5, 8.)

1. Church, Hillsdale County.—In 1901 there was found, on the farm of Mr. Levi Wood, near Church, the greater part of the skeleton of a small mastodon. This was exhumed by an agent of the U. S. National Museum and is exhibited there. The animal is small and probably a female. The bones were found in a peat-swamp, not far from the surface. Those most deeply buried were only 4 feet from the surface, while others were down only about 2.5 feet.

The whole of the township in which Church is situated is occupied by a part of the Mississinawa moraine, the outermost one formed by the Erie lobe of the Wisconsin ice. So far as the ground is concerned, the mastodon might have lived there long before the close of the Wisconsin stage at any time after the exposure of the moraine.

This mastodon was described and figured by Mr. C. W. Gilmore in 1906 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XXX, p. 610, plate XXXV).

2. Adrian, Lenawee County.—In the American Journal of Science (vol. XXXVIII, 1864, p. 223), Dr. Alexander Winchell reported the discovery of remains of a mastodon on section 7 of the township of Adrian, Lenawee County. The locality is said to have been about 7 miles northwest of the town of Adrian. The township must therefore be that designated as 6 south, 4 east. Winchell gave a list of the bones, and this comprises probably 81about half of the skeleton, including the skull. According to Winchell, these remains were found at a depth of only about 2 feet in a peat-bog; beneath this peat, which was 2.5 feet thick, was marly clay, passing at the depth of 4 feet into loose sand.

According to the glacial map of Leverett and Taylor, the locality would lie well outside the limits of Lake Maumee and would be on the Fort Wayne moraine. Probably a long while after the Wisconsin glacial sheet had retired from Michigan, this mastodon died there and became covered by the thin deposit of peat, as found. Here may be noted likewise some remains of a mastodon which Winchell, in the same paper, says had been found in Adrian.

In the U. S. National Museum (No. 188) there is a lower jaw of a mastodon, reported to have been found in a lacustrine marsh in this county, in the “same locality as the Decker mastodon in Adrian College.” A note states that with this were found bones of deer, elk, and castoroides. (See further, under the account of the skull of Castoroides found at Adrian.)

In the annual report of the Michigan Geological Survey for 1901, page 253, A. C. Lane mentioned that at Clinton, Lenawee County, Mr. P. B. Gragg had found several teeth and bones of mastodon. These seem to have been buried in the same glacial drain-way as those found in Adrian township.

27. Clayton, Lenawee County.—Mr. George Townsend, of Clayton, Michigan, has informed the writer that he has the lower jaw of a mastodon which he found while digging a posthole on his farm near that town. The locality is described as the middle of the line between the southeast and northeast quarters of southeast quarter of section 7, T. 7. S., R. 2 E., and near a creek. The township is Dover. According to Leverett and Taylor the immediate region is covered by glacial ground moraine.

3. Howell, Livingston County.—Dr. A. C. Lane (op. cit., p. 252) reported that a lower tooth and a part of a pelvis had been obtained in dredging the Shiawassee River, in 1900. Mr. C. W. Gilmore, of the U. S. National Museum, tells the writer that he saw a mastodon tooth which had been found in a swamp 2 miles southwest of Howell. Alexander Winchell, in 1864 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXVIII, p. 224), reported mastodon remains from Green Oak, in Livingston County. No details were furnished. Most of this county is occupied by the Charlotte moraine system, formed by the ice-lobe which extended out from Saginaw Bay.

4. Bellevue, Eaton County.—The writer has learned from Mr. N. A. Wood, of the University of Michigan, that mastodon remains had been described from near Bellevue by Mr. E. A. Foote, in the third volume of the Report of the Pioneer Society of Michigan, on pages 402–403. The animal was found on the farm of Mr. Charles Cummings. It was a large one, the femur having a length of 3 feet 10 inches and one tusk was over 12 feet in length. Four teeth belonged to the upper jaw. The remains must have been found before 1879.

Bellevue is situated on the Kalamazoo River, which here traverses the Kalamazoo moraine. As in other cases in the central regions of the State, mastodons may have lived at a rather early stage after the Wisconsin ice began to withdraw; but they may have kept farther from the glacial front.

825. Olivet, Eaton County.—Dr. A. C. Lane (Ann. Rept. Board of Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 253) reported the finding of mastodon bones near Olivet. A letter from Professor Samuel Rittenhouse, of Olivet College, gives the information that many of the bones of the skeleton had been secured. These were exhumed from a marsh on the northwest quarter of section 11, township 1 north, range 5 west. Following Leverett and Taylor’s map, the locality seems to be on an esker through which flows Battle Creek. The country in this region is covered by the Kalamazoo morainic system of the Saginaw lobe. The mastodon must have been buried after the ice receded from that moraine.

6. Stanton, Montcalm County.—Mr. N. A. Wood, preparator in the University of Michigan, informed the writer that Mr. L. C. Hodges, of Stanton, in 1911 found some mastodon teeth. Nothing more is known about these remains. Stanton is situated between the West Branch morainic system and the Charlotte system.

7. Buchanan, Berrien County.—Mr. William Hillis Smith, of Niles, Michigan, informed the writer that many remains of mastodons were found in a large ditch made to drain the Bakerstown marsh. This ditch began south and west of Buchanan and emptied into Lake Michigan. It was 16 feet wide and 8 to 10 feet deep. In the course of the work bones and teeth were frequently thrown out by the steam shovel, especially bones of mastodons. One skull was badly crushed, but was repaired by Mr. E. H. Crane, of Kalamazoo, and sold to the Ward Establishment, of Rochester, New York. Exact statements as to localities are wanting, but the ditch was evidently located on and within the Valparaiso moraine. It is this moraine which runs around the southern end of Lake Michigan and separates the St. Lawrence drainage from that of the Mississippi; east of the lake it extends far north into Michigan. Naturally, this moraine was formed before the withdrawal of the Lake Michigan lobe of the Wisconsin glacier into that lake, and the mastodons might have lived, died, and been buried there at any time after the exposure of the moraine and the development of climatal conditions that permitted their existence.

Mr. Hillis Smith stated that a tooth of an elephant had been thrown out in making the ditch above mentioned. This tooth was in the possession of Mr. E. H. Crane, of Kalamazoo. The species is not known.

The mastodons referred to above were mentioned by Lane in his report of 1901, page 253. He also called attention to a list of the mollusks found in the muck beneath one of the mastodons, prepared by Bryant Walker (Nautilus, vol. XI, 1898, p. 121), in which 36 species were named.

8. Eau Claire, Berrien County.—In the Joint Documents of the House of Representatives of Michigan, session 1841, page 559, Bela Hubbard stated that remains of a mastodon had been found on Paw Paw Creek, Berrien County. Lane (Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 252) stated that there are in the Agricultural College at East Lansing, 6 teeth and half of a lower jaw, found near Eau Claire, and which may be the remains referred to by Hubbard. This appears, however, to be an error. On these teeth are the label: “Found at Eau Claire, Berrien Co., Mich. Found 83beneath several feet of muck while digging a ditch. B. L. Comstock, Aug. 17, 1896.” The teeth are extraordinarily large; M³ right is 222 mm. long.

The exact places where the remains mentioned were found have not been recorded. For an account of the small glacial lakes which occupied the depressions that existed between the Valparaiso moraine and the shore of Lake Michigan while the latter was yet filled with ice, see Leverett and Taylor’s Monograph No. LIII, pages 225–227. In the deposits of these lakes, but probably long after the glacial ice had retired, were buried the bones of the mastodon and other animals.

From Mr. N. A. Wood, of the University of Michigan, the information has been received that a part of a skull of a mastodon was found in making a public ditch about 2 or 3 miles south of Barada.

25. Galien, Berrien County.—In 1885 (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. V, p. 133), I. A. Lapham reported the discovery of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a mastodon at Terre Coupée. This place has disappeared from the maps; but it is said to have been situated on the railroad, 11 miles west of Niles, not far east of Galien. The jaw was found by Mr. A. H. Taylor, at a depth of 6 feet. It was peculiar in having a supernumerary molar, a seventh. The jaw was again described by Dr. J. C. Warren in 1855 (Amer. Jour. Sci. (2), vol. XIX, pp. 348–353).

9. Dorr, Allegan County.—A. C. Lane (Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 253) stated that Frank Fleser and others had secured a jawbone of mastodon and several teeth. The place is stated to be 4 miles west of Dorr, probably in the valley of Rabbit River, where it cuts through the Valparaiso moraine.

10. Cannonsburg, Kent County.—In the Kent Scientific Museum at Grand Rapids is a lower left last molar, labeled as having been found at Cannonsburg, by Henry Detmer. The exact locality of the place where the tooth was found is unknown to the writer. The tooth is only slightly worn and is of a white color. Cannonsburg is on a great expansion of what Leverett and Taylor call the Charlotte morainic system, a system produced by the Saginaw lobe of the Wisconsin glacier. Being one of the more distant moraines of the Saginaw lobe, it was one of the earliest to be freed from ice and to offer itself to animal occupancy; but it may not have been invaded by mastodons until the glacial wall had moved much farther away.

11. Moorland, Muskegon County.—In the Kent Scientific Museum at Grand Rapids, Michigan, is a mounted mastodon, the bones of which, except the limbs, belong to a specimen found about 1905 in a swamp north of Moorland. The exact locality, as given by Mr. C. L. McKay, the finder, is the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter, section 16, township 10 north, range 14 west. The skull and the tusks are in good condition. Beneath the skeleton was found the skull which was made the type of Boötherium sargenti Gidley.

The Moorland swamp forms part of a great plain about 25 miles wide lying between the “Lake border morainic system” (Leverett and Taylor, p. 222) and the present eastern shore of Lake Michigan. This plain appears to have been occupied by either ice or the waters of old glacial lakes until well near the close of the Wisconsin stage. The animal must have been one 84of the latest of his tribe to inhabit the State of Michigan. It may have lived long after the time of the musk-ox on whose skull the mastodon’s pelvis was lying.

12. Williams Township, Bay County.—In the annual reports of the Geological Survey of Michigan (1901, p. 253; 1905, p. 354), the discovery of the skeleton of a mastodon in Bay County was announced. It had been found in a depression called a pot-hole. The locality more accurately given is in the southwest corner of section 3, township 14 north, range 3 east. There was a fragment of a tusk 8.75 feet long and but little curved, a femur and its socket 9.5 inches across, one vertebra, and one tooth. These were found 3 or 4 feet from the surface. The remains were sent to Ypsilanti. An examination of Leverett and Taylor’s plate XVII (Monograph LIII) indicates that the mastodon could not probably have lived there until after the time of Lake Warren. At that time the ice-sheet occupied most of Lake Huron and a part of Saginaw Bay, but the climate of that region was probably, for a long time after the passing of Lake Warren, too raw and cold to please the mastodon, so that it was long afterward that this individual left his skeleton in the boggy hole.

13. Near Saginaw, Saginaw County.—Dr. A. C. Lane has reported (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 252) that he had found in the possession of farmers in Tittabawassee Township, Saginaw County, parts of a tusk, said to have come from a ditch near the course of the Parker drain, about 0.25 mile north of the south line of section 20, township 13 north, range 3 east, according to Mr. D. E. Williamson, of Saginaw. Dr. Lane also reported remains of a mastodon, including the lower jaw, found in digging a tile ditch on the “Willis farm.”

14. See page 85.

15. Saginaw County.—In October 1910, Mr. Ralph McQuiston sent to the writer photographs of three mastodon teeth found on a farm about 8 miles east of north of Elsie, Clinton County. He has since given this locality as being in the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 4, township 9 north, range 1 east. According to Leverett and Taylor’s glacial map of Michigan, this would be about 6 miles within the old Lake Warren beach-line and in sandy deposits laid down in water. The teeth were found at a depth of 3 feet. It may be that the animal died at that spot after the waters of Lake Warren had retired. If so, it would be interesting to determine the origin of the materials which covered the mastodon. On the other hand, the mastodon remains were possibly deposited there after the withdrawal of Lake Wayne and that the overlying materials were laid down by the water of Lake Warren, for this lake appears to have stood at a higher level than its predecessor. If the latter supposition is correct, mastodons could live not far away from the glacial front.

Further correspondence with Mr. McQuiston makes it appear improbable that the overlying materials were deposited by lake waters. Professor Leverett suggests that the animal had died in an old swale and had afterwards been buried under fine material washed in from the somewhat higher ground in the neighborhood. In that case the mastodon may have lived at any time after the lake waters had retired from the locality.

8514. Alma, Gratiot County.—In Alma College, at Alma, Gratiot County, are some remains of a mastodon, found about 6.5 miles southeast of Alma, on the farm of Mr. Albert Smith. These remains were exhumed under the direction of Professor H. M. MacCurdy, of Alma College (Mich. Acad. Sci., Rep. XXI, p. 119). Various parts of the skull are preserved, one part showing beautifully the air-cells; also a fragment of a tooth, axis, three dorsal vertebræ, a few ribs, and a part of the pelvis. From Mr. Albert Smith it is learned that the remains were found on the southwest quarter of section 17, township 11 north, range 2 west. This, following Leverett and Taylor’s map, would be on the Owosso moraine, which here runs north from Ithaca, Gratiot County. A ditch was being dug through a peat-bog and the bones were met with at a depth of 4 feet or less from the surface. Professor MacCurdy wrote that the bones were lying on a bed of gravelly sand and were covered by a thin layer of mixed sand and vegetation, while over this was about 3 or 4 feet of well-decayed peat. The locality is about 2 miles from the shore-line of the glacial Lake Maumee, as mapped by Leverett and Taylor.

In the collection at Alma College is a left ramus of the jaw of a mastodon, which contains the second and the third true molars and the socket for the first molar. This jaw is reported to have been found on the William Pitt farm, about 7 miles from Alma and in Seville Township. The exact locality is given the writer by Professor MacCurdy as being in the south half of the northeast quarter of section 22, township 12 north, range 4 west. Professor C. A. Davis contributed for the writer the information that these bones were discovered in constructing ditches from 18 inches to probably 3 feet in depth.

In the Alma College collections are some mastodon remains, including three fine upper teeth, which were found in the southeast part of the village of Alma. The locality is described as being in the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section 3, township 11 north, range 3 west. Professor Charles A. Davis, deceased, formerly professor at Alma College, later connected with the Bureau of Mines at Washington, D. C., as peat expert, informed the writer that many years ago he exhumed parts of two skeletons of mastodons. Part of the bones lay in a small deposit of marl and were well preserved; the others lay on the edge of the marl-bed and above it and were not so well preserved. It appears that the locality had been covered permanently with water in which peat was growing. Associated with the bones in the marl were the fruits of the tamarack (Larix laricina) and of the black spruce (Picea mariana). These trees are growing there to-day, and extend far north into British America; hence, when those mastodons were living in the region about Alma the climate may have been as warm as it is to-day or much cooler.

Professor C. A. Davis informed the writer that a large number of mastodon bones were found about 1885 by a farmer who lived half a mile west of Riverdale. This was in Seville Township, No. 12 north, range 4 west, apparently in section 31. The discovery was made by the owner of the land, who found a number of teeth of a mastodon attached to the roots of a small elm tree which he pulled out of a swale on his farm. The bones 86were not more than 18 inches below the surface. Professor Davis regarded it as remarkable that remains of the mastodon should be so near the surface in ponds and swales where peat is growing.

16. Bancroft, Shiawassee County.—Dr. A. C. Lane (7th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan, 1905, p. 553) reported that some ribs, tusks, teeth, and many bones of a mastodon had been found near Bancroft, at a depth of 4 feet, in marl, above which were muck, marl, and sand. Lane gives the locality as being on the line between sections 36 and 25, township 6 north, range 5 east, but this would be about 12 miles east of Bancroft. The range is probably 3 east. The locality appears to be on the Fowler moraine.

17. Venice, Shiawassee County.—In the agricultural school at East Lansing is a lower right hindermost molar, catalog No. 3392, which is said to have been found at Venice by Mr. Hiram Johnson. There are also parts of one or two tusks from the same place, probably of mastodon. Venice is just north of the Owosso moraine, and the mastodon must have lived there at a rather late time in the Wisconsin stage. A letter from Mr. Fayette Johnson, of Washington, D. C., son of Mr. Hiram Johnson, informs the writer that he saw the bones taken up about the year 1884. The place was about the center of section 21, township 7 north, range 4 east. This would be apparently on the Owosso moraine.

18. Fenton, Genesee County.—Alexander Winchell (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXVIII, 1864, p. 224) reported mastodon remains from this place. No details were given. Fenton is located on the Portland moraine, one of those built up by the Saginaw lobe.

19. Davison, Genesee County.—In the museum of the Michigan Agricultural School, at East Lansing, Michigan, is a large left femur, found near Davison, Genesee County. It was presented by Mr. A. B. Cullen, but no more exact information was furnished. A comparison of this femur with those of the mastodon and of a specimen of E. primigenius from Siberia indicates that the bone belonged to the American mastodon. The length is 40.5 inches. Davison is situated on the border of an old lake which lay along the front of the ice which built up St. Johns moraine (Taylor, Monogr. LIII, p. 241). At this stage the earliest of the glacial lakes, Lake Maumee, had not yet come into existence; but it must have been long after this time that the mastodon lived in the region about Davison.

20. Utica, Macomb County.—In 1864, Alexander Winchell (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXVIII, p. 224) reported mastodon remains from near this town. A mention of this discovery is given in volume XVII, page 425, of the “Collections and Researches made by the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society,” by George H. Cannon. It is here stated that remains had been unearthed on the farm of Hon. P. K. Leech, and that specimens of the jawbone and several teeth were in the cabinet of Hon. W. W. Andrus. A letter to the present writer from Mr. A. F. Leech, son of Mr. P. K. Leech, states that the remains had been found on the east half of the northeast quarter of section 31, township 3 north, range 12 east, in a swale which runs across the land described. These teeth and bones were destroyed in a fire many years ago. According to Leverett and Taylor’s Glacial Map of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, the locality where these remains were 87discovered is near the outer border of the glacial Lake Maumee, at a point where there was a delta. This delta is mentioned by Leverett and Taylor (Monogr. LIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 383). It is where Clinton River entered old Lake Maumee. It is evident that the animal did not live before the time of this lake; it probably existed long after this time, when the climate had much moderated.

21. Plymouth, Wayne County.—Alexander Winchell (First Bienn. Rep. State Geologist, 1861, p. 132) stated that a Mr. Shattuck had exhumed nearly an entire set of teeth of a mastodon, with a part of a tusk 7 feet in length. Winchell saw five of the teeth; the other bones appear to have been destroyed. The exact location of this place is not known, but Plymouth is within the border of the glacial Lake Maumee; and the existence of the mastodon was possible only well toward the close of the Wisconsin stage.

22. Wyandotte, Wayne County.—In the collection of the University of Michigan are many bones, including jaws with teeth, of a mastodon found in Monguegon Township, about 6 miles southwest of Wyandotte and about 2 miles northwest of Sibley. The locality more accurately given is the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 12, township 4 south, range 10 east. This was on the farm of Mr. James H. Vreeland. A county ditch was being made to drain what is known as the Big Marsh. As reported to the writer by Mr. R. A. Smith, Assistant State Geologist of Michigan, on a very coarse limestone gravel are 30 inches of blue clay and over this about 30 inches of muck. The bones were mostly in the blue clay; those lying in the muck were much decayed. Some teeth and an atlas are in the possession of Mr. Vreeland.

According to Leverett and Taylor’s map, this mastodon was buried within the borders of glacial Lake Lundy, just outside of that of Lake Rouge, a contemporary of Lake Algonquin. On page 442 of Leverett and Taylor’s monograph it is stated that the altitude of the beach of Rouge Lake is 589 feet. On the map just referred to the 600–foot contour-line runs at a considerable distance west of the locality of the mastodon find. The latter appears, then, to have been somewhere between the altitude of 589 and 600 feet above sea-level, without considering the depth the skeleton may have lain below the surface. The altitude of Lake Erie is 573 feet. It is evident that the lake had attained nearly, if not quite, its present level when this mastodon lived.

Dr. E. C. Case, who superintended the excavation of this specimen, informed the writer that the bones were found 4 feet from the surface.

23. See page 88.

24. Petersburg, Monroe County.—Alexander Winchell (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXVIII, 1864, p. 224) reported mastodon remains from this place. The town is in township 7 south, range 6 east. According to Leverett and Taylor’s map, Petersburg is within the beach which marks the old glacial Lake Warren. Probably, therefore, this mastodon lived after the retirement of this lake, unless it had lived during the time of Lake Wayne and been covered over by the deposits of Lake Warren when the waters of the latter made their advance on the land. The time of the mastodon was more probably after both lakes had ceased to exist.

8823. Saline, Washtenaw County.—Mr. N. A. Wood, of the University of Michigan, informed the writer that he had seen some mastodon remains which had been found here in 1880. No exact statements were given regarding the place. Saline is very close to the beach of old Lake Maumee, where this beach is crossed by Saline River and on the Defiance moraine.

25. See page 83.

26. Seven miles southeast of Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County.—In 1908 (Folio 155, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 9), Russell and Leverett stated that remains of a mastodon had been found a few years previously on the farm of Albert Darling, about 7 miles southeast of Ypsilanti, where laborers were digging a ditch across a swampy field. The lower jaw with molar teeth in place, the left tusk, teeth of the upper jaw, portions of the cranium, some vertebræ and ribs, and some of the larger bones of the limbs were found. With considerable restoration these parts were mounted and placed in the museum of Michigan University. The locality must be not far away from Huron River and within the beach of old Arkona Lake, a predecessor of the present Lake Erie.

27. See page 81.

INDIANA.

(Maps 5, 9.)

Mastodons Found in the Unglaciated Region.

1. Posey County.—On page 341 of Blainville’s “Ostéographie des Mammifères,” volume III, it is stated that Lesueur had shown Blainville drawings of a fine vertebra and a femur, with its epiphyses, of a mastodon which had been found along the Wabash River. His language indicates that this was somewhere below New Harmony. He stated that these bones were in the library at Vincennes, Indiana. In answer to my inquiry about these bones, President Horace Ellis, of Vincennes University, informed me that some bones which appear to be those mentioned are in his university.

These remains were found in digging a well, at a depth of 60 feet. One of the curators of the library at Vincennes, Mr. Badollet, states that with these bones were some skin and hair. We may suppose that there was some mistake about this.

Unfortunately, as in so many other cases, it is now impossible to determine just where these remains were found. New Harmony is situated on the border of the Illinoian drift, and this continues nearly 10 miles farther south. This drift is covered by loess. A well sunk here would, at a depth of 60 feet, be in probably Iowan loess. Nearer the river, in the lowlands, the depth given would probably be in Wisconsin outwash.

2. Dubois County.—Some details regarding the specimen found here are given in the author’s paper on the “Pleistocene of Indiana” (36th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 702). A part of a mastodon was found long ago near the mouth of Wolf Creek, at the Rock House Ford of White River. This appears to be in Harrison Township (1 north, range 4 west). The valley of White River is here occupied by alluvial terraces older than the Wisconsin drift (Leverett, Monogr. XXXVII, U. S. Geol. Surv., plate VI). There is here too, no doubt, much outwash from the Wisconsin glacier itself.

89The writer has received a photograph of a mastodon tooth which Mr. Marshall Roberts, of Jasper, Indiana, found in 1912 in East White River, in the northwest part of Harrison Township. The tooth is 195 mm. long and 87 mm. wide and has four crests and a large talon.

In Samuel L. Mitchill’s “Observations on the Geology of North America,” page 363, it is stated that a part of a mastodon had been found, in July 1817, “near the falls of the east branch” of White River. No exact conclusion can be drawn from the facts known.

3. Hindostan, Martin County.—Mastodon remains (36th Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 707) have been found at Hindostan, on the east bank of White River, about 4.5 miles directly southwest of Shoals. A mastodon tooth was found in White River at Shoals (op. cit., p. 709). It appears to be impossible to determine the age of this material.

4. Orange County, west of Orleans.—The writer has given an account (36th Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 710) of mastodon remains found here, on the farm of Mr. Marion F. Mathers, apparently near the line between the townships of ranges 1 and 2 west and 3 north, and about 2 miles south of the line between Orange and Lawrence Counties. The remains appear to have been found in a valley and about 4.5 feet below the surface. Being found thus in an unglaciated region, they might have been deposited at any time during the Pleistocene.

5. Sparksville, Jackson County.—Some years ago teeth and ribs of a mastodon were found on the bank of White River, at Sparksville. The valley here is filled with outwash from the Wisconsin drift, but there is possibly some outwash from the Illinoian.

6. Jackson County, 7 miles west of Tampico.—(See 36th Ann. Rep. State Geologist of Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 706.) A mastodon tooth was reported found on the bank of Judah Creek, a branch of Mill Creek, in section 9, township 4 north, range 4 east, not far from Muscatatuk River. This is at some distance outside of the border of the Illinoian drift. Along Mill Creek are alluvial deposits, but nearby is Chestnut ridge of probably Wisconsin age (32d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 192).

7. New Albany, Floyd County.—In the Fifth Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana, page 176, Mr. William W. Borden stated that mastodon remains had been frequently found on the bank of the Ohio River, at New Albany. As too often, there are lacking details as to localities and levels. It is quite probable that there is some outwash at this place from the Illinoian drift, and there is much from the Wisconsin.

Mastodons Found Within Area Covered by Illinoian Drift.

8. Princeton, Gibson County.—In 1910, three teeth of a mastodon were found in this village, at a depth of 6 feet, in a sewer which was being constructed in West Chestnut street. This region is covered by Illinoian drift. According to Leverett’s map (Monogr. LIII, 1914), Princeton is situated on Illinoian ground moraine covered by loess. Dr. E. W. Shaw, of the U. S. Geological Survey, who is familiar with the region in question, informs the writer that these teeth were almost certainly found in Iowan loess, deposited at some time between the Illinoian and the Wisconsin glacial stages.

9052. Vincennes, Knox County.—At the State University of Colorado, at Boulder, there is an atlas of a mastodon which was taken there by Professor M. M. Ellis, formerly of Vincennes, who stated that this, with other bones, had been found at Vincennes, associated with a skull of a fossil bison.

9. Knox or Gibson County.—In Blainville’s “Ostéographie des Mammifères,” page 340, it was stated that the lower jaw of a mastodon had been found at some place between Vincennes and New Harmony. The locality would be in either Knox or Gibson County. The valley of the Wabash in all this region is filled with outwash from the Wisconsin glacier, and most probably the animal represented lived during the Wisconsin stage; but our lack of knowledge of the conditions in which the jaw was found forbids any assumption of certainty in our conclusion.

10. Parke County.—In the Forty-first Annual Report of the State Museum of New York it is reported that there was received, about 1888, the tooth of a mastodon, found in this county, at the junction of Raccoon and Little Raccoon Creeks. These creeks unite on section 23 of township 14 north, range 8 west. The political name of the township is Florida. The region is covered by Illinoian drift; hence the tooth is quite certainly more recent than that epoch. The valleys of the creeks named are occupied by outwash from Wisconsin drift, and probably the teeth found lodgment there during the Wisconsin stage.

11. Brookville, Franklin County.—The writer has given an account of the remains of mastodons found near Brookville (36th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1912, p. 704). The information is derived from a report by Dr. Rufus Haymond, made in the First Annual Report, 1869, page 199. Two of these were found 8 or 9 feet below the surface, in the gravel of the upper terrace, along Whitewater River. One was discovered about half a mile below Brookville, the other about 3.5 miles below the village. According to Mr. A. E. Taylor’s account of this region (34th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana), the terrace in which the mastodon bones were buried is 100 feet above the present bed of Whitewater River. As Haymond speaks of skeletons being found at these localities, it is probable that something more than isolated teeth or bones were buried there. If so, the bones were in their original place of interment, and since that interment the terrace was built up higher by about 8 feet. According to Leverett (Monogr. LIII, p. 118), these terraces were made from the outwash of the Wisconsin glacier while it was forming the moraines which cross Wayne and the southern part of Randolph Counties. If this is true, these mastodons lived shortly after the culmination of the Wisconsin stage. This interpretation would imply that mastodons could live in very close proximity to the glacial front. However, not too much importance must be attached to this case, for it is possible that the animals were not correctly identified.

According to Haymond, another skeleton was found about 3.5 miles northeast of Brookville, in a piece of marshy ground which the owner was ditching. This discovery must have been made either on the outer (Hartwell) moraine of the Wisconsin glacier or along East Honnas Creek, where it breaks through the moraine. In either case, the animal must have been buried there after the retirement of the ice from that moraine.

9112. Dearborn County.—In 1872 (3d and 4th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 402), Professor R. B. Warder mentioned briefly that some remains of mastodon had been met with in this county. A part of a large pelvis was found at a salt spring on Tanner’s Creek, below Guilford. This may have belonged to either a mastodon or an elephant. A mastodon’s tooth is said to have been found on high ground on George Randall’s farm, 5 miles west of southwest of Aurora, lying on a stratum of blue clay 8 or 9 feet below the surface. This region is occupied by Illinoian drift and the mastodon probably lived there at some time after the Illinoian stage and before the Wisconsin. However, we can not be certain that the animal was not a mammoth, for no description was given of the tooth and it has almost certainly been destroyed.

According to L. C. Ward’s report on the soils of Dearborn County (32d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 232), this immediate region is occupied by what he calls limestone upland soil, which has resulted from the decay of Silurian limestones and shales. Nothing is said about Illinoian drift there. Nevertheless, by some means, this proboscidean was buried there during the Pleistocene period.

Warder mentioned other remains of proboscideans reported from Ohio County, adjoining Dearborn on the south, a piece of a tusk found near Patriot, a tusk on Laughery Creek above Hartford, and a tooth at Rising Sun, in the river bank; but these may have belonged to elephants. To an elephant may have belonged the tusks which Warder reported as having been found in the river bottom 5 miles below Vevay, in Switzerland County.

54. Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County.—Mr. M. G. Mock, of Houston, Texas, formerly of Muncie, Indiana, a careful collector of mastodon and elephant teeth, in a letter informed the writer that in August 1887 a large mastodon tooth was found near Lawrenceburg, but the exact locality was not given.

20. Charleston, Clark County.—In the Fifth Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana, 1874, page 176, Mr. William W. Borden reported the discovery of a skeleton of a mastodon on tract 55 of the “Illinois Grant,” about 2 miles southwest of Charleston Landing and about the same distance from the Ohio River. A part of the bones was sent to the old Louisville Museum; the others were, in 1874, in the possession of Mr. J. Coons, one of the finders. Probably the bones have long been lost or destroyed. According to Borden, they were found in a sand-bank. This region is occupied by Illinoian drift.

According to R. W. Ellis’s soil survey of this region (32d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 245, map), this area is occupied by what is called New Washington clay loam. This is regarded as the residual soil of the disintegrated limestone of the Jeffersonville and Niagara formations. Nothing is said about any glacial drift here, but the sand of the sand-pit mentioned must have been deposited during the Pleistocene.

Mastodons Found Between the Shelbyville and the Bloomington Moraines.

13. Greencastle, Putnam County.—The State collection at Indianapolis contains a last molar of a mastodon found somewhere near Greencastle. 92It is not known whether it was found on Wisconsin drift or on Illinoian, or in Wisconsin outwash along Eel River.

50. Greensburg, Decatur County.—From Dr. W. D. Matthew, American Museum Natural History, New York City, the writer has received information, accompanied by drawings, that teeth and part of the jaw of a mastodon were found near Greensburg, by Mr. Roscoe Humphrey. The drawings show two teeth, one having a length of 102 mm., the other of 135 mm. Mr. Humphrey states that the jaw and the teeth were found in a branch of Sand Creek, about 4.5 miles southeast of Greensburg. This is evidently on the Shelbyville moraine.

14. Danville, Hendricks County.—The collection of the State Museum at Indianapolis contains a lower second true molar labeled as having been found near Danville. The specimen is credited to Dr. Vinnage. As this region is covered by Wisconsin drift, it is probable that the animal lived after the Wisconsin ice had retired.

15. Attica, Fountain County.—Mr. J. E. Walker, of Attica, Indiana, has informed the writer that about October 1, 1895, a mastodon jaw was found near Newtown, in that county. Mr. Charles B. McKinney, of Newtown, wrote that the jaw was discovered in the bank of Coal Creek, about 4 rods from where the creek crosses into Montgomery County, in the northeast quarter of section 9, township 20 north, range 6 west. The bank rose 3 feet above the bed of the creek and was composed of a black loam; higher ground is found about 20 rods away. This jaw must have been buried originally where it was found or nearby and after the ice which formed the Champaign moraine had withdrawn further north. It may have been long after this withdrawal. The description of the jaw and teeth leaves no doubt as to the correct identification of the animal.

Former State Geologist John Collett, in 1880 (2nd Rep. Bur. Stat. Geol. Indiana, p. 386), stated that in digging a canal a few miles north of Covington a skeleton of a mastodon had been found embedded in wet peat. Collett reported that the bones yet contained their marrow. The identity of the species and the details as to location and depths are not given. Doubtless the age of the animal was Late Wisconsin.

Mastodons Found North of the Bloomington Morainic System and South of the Wabash River and the Mississinawa Moraine.

The whole region is occupied by deposits from the Wisconsin glacial sheet.

16. Bowers, Montgomery County.—Professor Donaldson Bodine of Wabash College, has informed the writer that about 1885 some remains of a mastodon were unearthed on the farm of Milton N. Waugh, near Bowers. The exact locality is said to be in section 12, township 20 north, range 3 west. This must be close to a stream named on the map Potato Creek. This lies north of the Bloomington morainic system or on its northern edge. The epoch of the animal is not earlier than Wisconsin.

According to Jones and Orahood’s soil survey of this county (37th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 149), the glacial drift is almost everywhere overlain by loess, varying in thickness from a few inches to nearly 3 feet. This loess was deposited after the ice had retired from that region.

17. Indianapolis, Marion County.—In the State Museum at Indianapolis there is a lower right last molar labeled as having been found in Indianapolis, 93at Pennsylvania and Thirtieth streets, by workmen who were digging a sewer. This was probably in outwash materials brought down by Fall Creek from the northeast during the withdrawal of the Wisconsin ice from the Bloomington moraine to the one which passes through Union City and Muncie, called the Union City moraine.

18. Anderson, Madison County.—In the Indianapolis Star of July 30, 1911, is an account of the finding of jawbones, with teeth, of a mastodon. The account was accompanied by reproductions of photographs, which make the identification certain. The remains were found on the farm of Louis Webb, but the exact location was not indicated. The animal certainly lived after the culmination of the Wisconsin stage.

Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv. LIII, p. 99) states that in parts of central Indiana the Wisconsin drift may be relatively thin, as little as from 15 to 20 feet. In western Tipton and southern Clinton Counties a buried soil about 20 feet below the surface seems to represent the land surface previous to the Wisconsin invasion. In southern Madison County a black mucky soil, carrying pieces of wood large enough to be called logs, underlies the till at from 15 to 40 feet. Such a soil would be the product of the interval between the Illinoian glacial stage and the Wisconsin, probably either Sangamon or Peorian. In such deposits there might be found vertebrate remains, possibly even of horses.

19. Fairmount Township, Grant County.—In 1883, A. J. Phinney, M. D., in describing the geology of Grant County (13th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 143), reported that some years previously the tooth of a mastodon was found in one of the marshes south of the lake in Fairmount Township, number 23 north, range 8 east. In another part of the report it is stated that the lake was in section 14. It covered at the time of writing about 10 acres, but had formerly covered about 30 acres. The drainage is now north into the Mississinawa River; but, before the Wisconsin ice had withdrawn to where the Mississinawa moraine now is, the drainage was toward the south into White River. At some time after the retirement of the ice from this region it became occupied by mastodons, elephants, giant beavers, and doubtless many other species of animals.

For 20 see page 91.

21. Muncie, Delaware County.—A. J. Phinney, in 1882 (11th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 131), reported that a mastodon tooth was found 4.5 miles west of Muncie, on the farm of Edward McKinley. No details as to depth or kind of soil were given. The tooth is said to have measured 4 by 5.5 inches, with a depth of 7 inches. Unless the roots were present and large it seems not unlikely that the tooth was that of an elephant. Phinney did not say that he saw the tooth. He reported other supposed mastodon remains which had been found in this county, but there is no assurance that they were correctly identified. Whatever proboscideans they were, they lived after the Wisconsin ice had retreated from that region.

Mr. M. G. Mock, of Houston, Texas, formerly of Muncie, Indiana, has been interested in making collections of fossils and curiosities. He has kept a note-book of his finds and has illustrated it with sketches. He has a lower right last mastodon molar which was found near Muncie. It is 8.5 inches long, and has 4 crests and 5 roots.

94He reports having seen a mastodon tooth with 3 crests, which was found June 1887, about 1.75 miles east of Muncie, at the mouth of Hog Creek.

Two teeth, of which Mr. Mock still owns one, were found August 8, 1894, 2.5 miles south of Muncie, in a ditch near Buck Creek, on the farm owned by Oliver McConnell.

53. Royerton, Delaware County.—Mr. M. G. Mock, above referred to, showed the writer a drawing of a mastodon tooth which was found May 24, 1890, near Royerton, 6 miles north of Muncie. With this were two other teeth; one 7 inches long and weighed nearly 4 pounds. These were discovered in excavating tile clay at a depth of about 3.5 feet.

22. Henry County.—In the collection of Princeton University are two lower true molars, apparently the first of each side. The length of each is 95 mm. They are labeled as having come from Henry County, Indiana, but there is nothing to indicate from what part of the county.

23. Losantville, Randolph County.—Losantville is, according to Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv. LIII, plate VI), on the Bloomington moraine of the Wisconsin. As indicated on the map, the drift is covered with silt formed in local ice-border pools. Hence the mastodon in question left his bones in a depression on the top of the Wisconsin drift-sheet, and later they were covered by a deposit of peat.

In Nautilus, volume IV, page 131, Elwood Pleas, of Dunreith, Indiana, gave a list of six species of mollusks found associated with the mastodon. All are yet living.

Dr. A. J. Phinney (Twelfth Ann. Rep. Ind. Geol. Surv., p. 181) stated that mastodon bones had been met in this county, but no details were furnished.

24. Dalton, Wayne County.—In the Earlham College collection there is a lower jaw found in Nettle Creek, near Dalton. It contains the last two molars. The last one has five crests and a talon. The front of the symphysis is rough, but there are no alveoles for tusks. Dalton is in the northwestern corner of the county and on the southern border of the Shelbyville moraine, where this joins the Bloomington moraine.

25. Jacksonburg, Wayne County.—Dr. John T. Plummer (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. I, vol. XLIV, 1843, p. 302) stated that he had obtained near Jacksonburg, 18 miles west of Richmond, a tooth. It had four cross-ridges and was so well preserved that a dentist attempted to make artificial human teeth from it. According to Leverett’s map, the tooth was probably on the surface of Wisconsin drift. It could not, therefore, have lived until after the Shelbyville moraine had been cleared of ice.

26. Richmond, Wayne County.—In the twelfth volume of the American Geologist, page 73, Professor Joseph Moore, then of Earlham College, stated that some sound teeth and decayed bones of a mastodon had been found 2 miles east of Richmond, in scooping out a fish-pond. A label on a lower last molar states that the remains were found on the Floyd farm. With them were found a fragment of an incisor of Castoroides. According to Leverett (Monogr. LIII, plate VI), the locality would be outside of the Bloomington moraine of the Wisconsin drift.

95

Mastodons Found Within the Mississinawa Moraine.

27. Penn Township, Jay County.—Mr. David McCaslin (12th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 169) stated that various remains of mastodon had been found in Jay County. He mentioned in particular fragments found in Penn Township (township 24 north, range 8 east) and which seemed to indicate the presence of an entire skeleton. It is, however, possible that this skeleton was that of an elephant. The Salamonie moraine passes diagonally through this township.

28. Fort Wayne, Allen County.—Richard Lydekker (Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., pt. IV, p. 17) stated that there is in the British Museum of Natural History a cast of the left half of the brain of an immature specimen of mastodon which had been found at Fort Wayne. The cast had been sent to that museum by the Chicago Academy of Science.

Professor C. R. Dryer (16th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 129) reported five skeletons of mastodons found in Allen County. No particulars were given. A note from Professor Dryer to the present writer states that he had been unable to obtain additional information. It is not unlikely that some of these remains belonged to elephants, but doubtless some were those of mastodons. It is to be regretted that so little of value is secured from such discoveries.

29. DeKalb County, 5 miles west of Waterloo.—In the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh there is a quite complete skeleton of a mastodon which was found in 1897, in a peat-bog about 5 miles west of Waterloo. Dr. W. J. Holland gave a brief account of this skeleton in 1905 (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. III, p. 464). The exact location of the place has not been ascertained by the writer. According to Leverett’s map (Monograph LIII, U. S. Geological Survey) this mastodon was buried on the eastern border of the Salamonie moraine, and it could not have lived there until well along in the latter part of the Wisconsin stage.

55. DeKalb County, 5 miles northeast of Waterloo.—Dr. W. J. Holland (Popular Science, New York, vol. XXXIII, 1899, p. 233) described the finding and disinterment of three mastodons and had a figure of one skeleton. One of the nearly complete skeletons was found resting on “hardpan,” partly embedded in a thin layer of shell marl and muck under the peat, at points not more than 3 feet below the surface.

56. Noble County.—Under this number may be mentioned the following discovery of mastodon remains: In the American Naturalist, volume II, 1868, page 56, was reported a communication made to the Chicago Academy of Science by Dr. Meyers, of Fort Wayne. He announced that he and Dr. Stimpson, of Chicago, had unearthed the skeletons of three mastodons somewhere in Noble County, in a basin-shaped depression in the middle of a corn-field, formerly a willow swamp. One of the animals was a young one. Some of the bones had been found by Mr. Thrush, in digging a ditch through his land.

The skeletons lay at a depth of 4 or 5 feet, in a stratum of peat which overlay blue clay containing lacustrine shells. In the peat were found fragments of boughs and branches of several kinds of wood in a good state of preservation, and some fragments had been gnawed by beavers.

9630. Ashley, Steuben County.—The American Museum of Natural History, New York, contains the fine skull of a mastodon, found in Steuben Township not far from Ashley. The finder of the skull, Mr. Walter F. Deller, of Ashley, informed the writer that it was discovered in a swamp which was being drained, about 5 feet from the surface. He states that the bones lay in a marl, itself overlain by muck, and on top of all some soil which had been washed in. So far as can be determined, the animal was buried between the Mississinawa and the Salamonie moraines. With the skull were found other parts of the skeleton, which shows that the remains were in their original place of burial.

Mastodons Found Outside of Mississinawa Moraine and Between Wabash and Kankakee Rivers.

31. Beaver Lake, Newton County.—In 1870 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. IV, p. 229), Frank H. Bradley reported that in draining Beaver Lake, in Newton County, mastodon remains had been found, in company with Boötherium. No details were furnished, and it is not known what was done with the specimens. It is probable that the musk-ox belonged to the species Symbos cavifrons. It occurs over the country much more abundantly than any other musk-ox.

Beaver Lake has disappeared from the maps, but it is shown on the geological map of Indiana, published in the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana. The lake occupied a part of the present township of McClellan (township 30 north, range 9 west). Doubtless this lake existed ever since the retirement of the ice from that region. The mastodon was probably found in making the ditch from the lake in a northwesterly direction into the Kankakee River.

32. Jasper County.—John Collett, at that time State geologist, reported in 1882 (12th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 73) that remains of a mastodon had been found in this county, but no particulars were furnished. He stated that remains of this species, as well as those of the mammoth, were buried in deposits of peat. A portion of the county is occupied by the Marseilles morainic system, the remainder by the Kankakee marsh, perhaps largely a lake during the latter part of the Wisconsin stage. On the maps the number 32 is placed arbitrarily.

33. Denham, Pulaski County.—In 1915 the U. S. National Museum secured a large part of the skeleton of a mastodon found about 2 miles west of Denham. The locality is described to the writer by Mr. W. D. Pattison, of Winamac, as being on the half-section line between the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter and the northeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 9, township 31 north, range 3 west. This would be not far west from the center of the section. The skeleton was thrown out by the shovel of the ditching machine, but most of the bones, including the skull, were obtained in quite good condition. They were found at a depth of about 9 feet, in a marly deposit, itself overlain by sandy materials.

On consulting Leverett’s glacial map of Indiana it is seen that this skeleton was found in a marshy tract, in which Monon River rises. It is represented by Leverett as a ground moraine plain, surrounded by plains 97covered by sand and displaying sand dunes. It forms a part of what has been called Kankakee Lake, but which, as Leverett says, may have been in late Pleistocene times not greatly unlike what it has been within Recent times. It must have been well along in the afternoon of the Wisconsin stage when this mastodon tempted the insecure footing of these swamps.

This skeleton has been mounted and is now on exhibition at the U. S. National Museum.

34. Rich Grove Township, Pulaski County.—Mr. J. W. Gidley, of the National Museum, and Mr. F. M. Williams, of Winamac, Indiana, in 1915, saw some mastodon bones which had been found here. No details have been reported.

49. Indian Creek Township, Pulaski County.—From Dr. E. S. Riggs, of Field Museum of Natural History, it has been learned that in June 1914, about half of the skeleton of a mastodon was found on the farm of Mr. William Battie, 5 miles west of Oak, Pulaski County. This would be in township 29 north, range 2 west. The skeleton was encountered by ditchers at a depth of 3 feet, in black loam. It was not secured for the Field Museum of Natural History.

35. Royal Center, Cass County.—Mr. Gidley and Mr. Williams, as mentioned under No. 34, saw also some mastodon remains which were from about 2 miles west of Royal Center.

48. Fulton, Fulton County.—The American Museum of Natural History, New York, contains several mastodon bones secured by Mr. Barnum Brown in 1915, but which had been found by Mr. Arthur Fry, in July 1913. These remains were met with in excavating for abutments for a bridge and had been thrown out of a drainage ditch. The bones were disassociated and scattered over a considerable area. They were all in black muck overlying compact quicksand and about 4 feet below the black loam surface soil. From Mr. Fry it is learned that the locality is 2 miles southeast of Fulton. This is in township 29 north, range 2 east, and quite certainly in section 36. Mr. Fry wrote that in digging up these bones logs were found that had been gnawed by beavers.

Dr. W. D. Matthew informs the writer that on cleaning up the materials there proved to be present at least four individuals. One was represented by a very complete skull with portions of the tusks. There was another skull; also two lower jaws which appeared not to belong to either of the skulls. From the shortness and the diameter of the tusks it is believed that all the individuals were females. Besides the skulls there were many bones belonging to the trunk and the limbs.

36. Macy, Miami County.—Near this place was found the fine skeleton of a mastodon which is mounted and on exhibition in the Public Museum at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A figure of this has been published by the writer (36th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 659).

This skeleton was found, according to Mr. H. L. Ward, director of the museum mentioned, in 1907, in the northwest quarter of section 29, township 29, range 4 east, between Macy and Deedsville. This locality is on the great moraine which lies north of Eel River and was produced by the ice fronts of the Michigan, the Saginaw, and the Lake Erie lobes. According 98to a sketch and some notes furnished to Mr. Ward by Mr. C. F. Fite, who secured the skeleton, it was lying at the lower end of an 8–shaped area of low muck land surrounded by rather high sandy land. The skeleton was buried at a depth of 4 or 5 feet, and the surface was miry and covered with water. Mr. Fite concluded from the position of the bones that the animal had become mired. He says in a letter to the present writer that the contents of the stomach had been preserved, but on exposure to the air became powdery like ashes.

Mr. Fite writes that he took up portions of another mastodon in the southwest quarter of section 26, township 29 north, range 5 east (Perry Township), and that he has the lower jaw and teeth. This animal was found in an old pond which had a growth of buttonwood. The bones were in a blue clay, itself overlain by a rich black soil.

Still another mastodon is reported by Mr. Fite from this region. This was found in the fall of 1915, in the northwest quarter of section 12, township 29 north, range 3 east. The remains were found at a depth of 4 feet and were in a pretty fair state of preservation, except the skull. The animal had been a large one.

37. Peru, Miami County.—In the collection of Yale University is a lower left last molar, No. 11689, labeled as having come from Peru, but there is no other information. Peru is on the Wabash River, a few miles south of Denver.

51. Jackson Township, Miami County.—Mr. Fite reports having found another mastodon in the southeast quarter of section 11, Jackson Township, Miami County (T. 25 N., R. 5 E.). This would be not far from Pipe Creek, between Somerset and Amboy, and some miles outside of the Mississinawa moraine. The writer has seen these bones, mostly vertebræ, and agrees with the identification.

38. Laketon, Wabash County.—Elrod and Benedict state (17th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 240) that in 1872 a nearly complete skeleton of a mastodon was found about 2 miles west of this place, in digging a ditch at the roadside. The exact location is in section 8, township 29 north, range 6 east, near the bank of Silver Creek. The political name of the township is Pleasant. This would be on the southern border of the great moraine already mentioned as running northeastward and southwestward, north of Eel River. After some litigation the skeleton was put on exhibition at Fort Wayne.

In throwing up an embankment for a bridge across Silver Creek, workmen found in the same township, as reported by Elrod and Benedict, bones of Elephas primigenius. They were under 5 feet of muck.

39. North Manchester, Wabash County.—Elrod and Benedict, as cited above, reported that a jawbone with two teeth in it had been found on the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 1, township 29, range 7 east. This is about 3 miles east of North Manchester. The description given of these teeth shows that the jaw was that of a mastodon. It was found beneath 2.5 feet of solid blue clay. According to Leverett’s map, the locality is not far west of the outer border of the Mississinawa moraine.

9940. Lagrange, Lagrange County.—Professor Donaldson Bodine, now deceased, formerly of Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, informed the writer that there are in Wabash College some teeth and other parts of a mastodon, which were found in 1910 in some dredging operations near Lagrange.

H. Pohlig (Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., etc., vol. XXVI, 1912, p. 187) described a lower jaw, found somewhere about Lagrange, which he referred to Tetracaulodon ohioticum. It contained a small tusk 230 mm. long and 40 mm. in diameter. There was present also an alveolus for the other tusk. He accepts the genus Tetracaulodon for mastodons “a quatre défenses permanentes sans émail représenté par le Mastodon ohioticum.” Individuals without lower tusks are regarded by him as females.

In Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester, New York, there is, or was, a lower jaw of a mastodon from Lagrange County.

The writer has received a photograph showing the right fore-leg, two ribs, two tusks, and a lower jaw of a mastodon found in 1884, in a swamp, 4 miles northwest of Lagrange. The remains were embedded in a clayey marl deposit, at a depth of from 4 to 10 feet. They are said to have been exhumed by Dr. H. M. Betts. The hindermost lower molar shows five crests and a heel. On the right side is a small lower tusk.

Lagrange is situated at the junction of moraines formed by the Saginaw and the Huron-Erie lobes of the Wisconsin glacier. From this the Lagrange moraine runs off northwestward (Leverett, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., LIII, p. 143). Parts of the county are occupied by till plains and others by sand and gravel plains and channels of glacial drainage. At the time these mastodons lived in Steuben and Lagrange Counties, the Wisconsin ice must have retired quite beyond the limits of the State.

Mastodons Found North of Kankakee River.

41. Lowell, Lake County.—Mr. M. W. Ponto, Lowell, Indiana, has sent to the U. S. National Museum a photograph of a lower right hinder molar (apparently not yet having come into use) of a mastodon. This was found at a depth of 2 feet 9 inches in a trench for a tile drain. The locality is in the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 36, township 33 north, range 9 west. This is on the southern border of what Leverett (Monogr. LIII, p. 175) regards as possibly the westward continuation of the Kalamazoo morainic system of the Lake Michigan glacial lobe.

42 to 44. Porter County.—In 1898 (22d Rep. Geol. Surv. Ind.), Professor W. S. Blatchley reported mastodons from various localities in this county; he probably did not see these remains, and the identifications must be regarded as somewhat doubtful. Nevertheless it is more probable that the bones and teeth belonged to the mastodon than to any of the elephants. The latter, however, have been found in this same county. It is rather remarkable that so little definite knowledge has been preserved regarding the proboscideans found in this corner of Indiana.

42. Hebron, Porter County.—One of the localities just mentioned is in section 25, township 33 north, range 7 west, about 3 miles southeast of 100Hebron. No other information has been obtained about this specimen. Other remains are said to have been found in a marsh, by the side of Cobb’s Creek, just east of Hebron.

43. Kouts, Porter County.—Another find of mastodon remains, as reported by Professor Blatchley, was near Sandyhook, northwest of Kouts. Mr. C. H. Wolbrandt, of Kouts, has informed the writer that a tooth, probably that referred to by Professor Blatchley, was found some years ago in a ditch being made in the Sandyhook marsh. The tooth was found in a mucky soil at a depth of about 2 feet.

The remains which were found east of Hebron and the tooth found near Kouts were buried near the northern border of the Kankakee marsh, which probably was, since the passing of the Wisconsin ice, no less a marsh than within historical times, and perhaps during some of the time a lake.

44. Valparaiso, Porter County.—Professor Blatchley, as quoted above, reported that some remains of a mastodon were found about 2 miles southwest of Valparaiso. The locality is in the southwest quarter of section 27, township 35 north, range 6 west. This would be on the Valparaiso moraine.

45. Valparaiso, Porter County.—The writer has learned from Mr. Jacob Davis, of Hebron, that in dredging at a point about 5 miles southeast of Valparaiso he met with a skeleton of a mastodon and secured a large number of bones at a depth of 8 feet; but some of them were carried off by curiosity hunters. It is depressing to think that such remains should be preserved for thousands of years only to be put to such trivial uses. This locality would be in the Kankakee marshes.

46. Olive Township, St. Joseph County.—In the museum at Notre Dame University are considerable remains of a mastodon, found about 1902 in Olive Township, about 12 miles west or southwest of Notre Dame. Professor Kirsch has sent a photograph of a tooth of Elephas primigenius which was found in Olive Township. Apparently the mastodon and the elephant were living together late in the Wisconsin stage.

47. Notre Dame, St. Joseph County.—From Rev. A. M. Kirsch the writer learns that remains of two mastodons have been found in the region about Notre Dame, within a few feet of the surface. All these localities are within the area of Kankakee marsh. These specimens are now in the fine collection of that university.

For 48, 49 see page 97; for 50 see page 92; for 51 see page 98; for 52 see page 90; for 53 see page 94; for 54 see page 91; for 55 and 56 see page 95.

ILLINOIS.

(Maps 5, 38.)

Outside of Area of Illinoian Drift.

1. Shawneetown, Gallatin County.—In 1875 (vol. VI, Geol. Surv. Illinois, p. 214), Professor E. T. Cox reported that teeth of a mastodon had been found the preceding summer close to the water’s edge in front of Shawneetown. They were embedded in a shallow deposit of bluish clay which rested upon yellow clay and gravel. Michael Robinson, of Shawneetown, states 101in a letter that he has in his cabinet teeth of mastodon and mammoth, found about that town. The bluffs bordering the Ohio River at Shawneetown were regarded by Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., XXXVIII, plate VI) as of Wisconsin age, consisting of outwash from the ice-sheet lying farther north.

A. H. Worthen (vol. VI, Geol. Surv. Illinois, p. 39) stated that a fine tooth of a mastodon, found in Gallatin County, had been presented to the State cabinet, but no exact history of it was known.

2. Chester, Randolph County.—A note in the Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, volume VII, 1883, page 351, taken apparently from a newspaper at Chester, states that a mastodon’s tusk and skull had been discovered in Chester. It was expected that Professor A. H. Worthen, State geologist of Illinois at that time, would arrive and conduct the exhumation. Later (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. VIII, p. 8) Worthen stated that a mastodon had been found at Chester; but no details were added. With so little knowledge as to exact locality and the surroundings the discovery is of little value.

Within Area Covered by Illinoian Drift.

3. Beaucoup, Washington County.—In 1857, the geologist J. W. Foster reported (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, vol. X, Nat. Hist., p. 163) that remains of a mastodon had been discovered by workmen in making an excavation along the Illinois Central Railroad, near the town of Beaucoup. The bones were at a depth of 18 feet in the prairie drift, below the yellow clay and in the older or reddish clay. No details were given as to what bones were found or what was done with them.

Most of this county is covered by Illinoian drift. Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., XXXVIII, p. 770) states that on the higher lands this has a depth of from 10 to 20 feet. One might suppose that at a depth of 18 feet some pre-Illinoian interglacial deposit had been encountered. It is not at all probable that the bones of the mastodon were inclosed in the drift itself.

4. East St. Louis, St. Clair County.—Dr. F. V. Hayden (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 316) announced the finding of a tooth of a mastodon in the bluffs opposite St. Louis. This was probably in St. Clair County.

In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is a lower right last molar of a mastodon, labeled as having been found in St. Clair County, but there is no other information.

In the collection of the St. Louis Academy of Science there are two teeth of a mastodon, right and left last upper molars, which had been brought in by a boy and presented to the Academy. He said that they had been found in East St. Louis and had been in the possession of the family for some time. The length of the left molar is 175 mm., the width 102 mm. While the valley of the Mississippi River is here filled by deposits laid down during the Wisconsin stage (Leverett, op cit., plate VI) and by later-formed alluvium, Illinoian drift enters into the bluffs, and perhaps pre-Illinoian interglacial soils. It is, therefore, of interest that there should be an exact record made of the place of discovery of every bone and tooth found, the 102character of the deposit, and the depth of burial. In all the cases here recorded no such records have been kept.