Chapter XXII · (continued 4)

E

East, the, N.'s attention turned toward, i. 78; N.'s comparison of Europe with, ii. 46; N.'s dreams of empire in. See also Napoleon. East Friesland, scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266. East Galicia, part of, ceded to Warsaw, iii. 239. East India Company, lends the island of St. Helena to the government, iv. 225. East Indies, England watches French policy concerning, ii. 267. East Prussia, Ney moves on, iii. 8. Ebelsberg, battle of, iii. 211. Ebrington, Lord, N.'s characterization of Cornwallis to, ii. 263; N.'s declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 311. Ebro, River, military movements on, iii. 133, 157, 159, 183; proposed exchange of territory on, 133; boundary of French annexed territory, 278. Ecclesiastical princes, N. on the status of, ii. 27. Ecclesiastical principalities, secularization of, on the Rhine, ii. 193. Ecclesiasticism, N.'s confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76. Eckmühl, the campaign of, iii. 202 et seq. Education, demands for, in Corsica, i. 117; N.'s interest in, system and reforms of, 176; ii. 225-228, 318, 408; iii. 26, 89-91; iv. 260. Égalité, Philip, member of the National Convention, i. 188. Eglé, Mme., guardian of the Beauharnais children, i. 314. Egypt, N.'s plans of conquest of, i. 424; ii. 17, 33, 46-54, 289; iii. 106; scandals of Mameluke administration in, ii. 17, 47; French schemes of conquest, 16, 46-54; iii. 112, 114; importance of, ii. 46; rebellion in, 47; the expeditionary forces, 48-54; scholastic branch of the expedition, 53; plunder of, 55-57, 67; departure of expedition from Toulon, 55; character of the population, 57; the Mamelukes, 58; terrors of the campaign, 59; the army disheartened, 61; Nelson follows the French fleet to, 62; N.'s rule in, 65-67; N.'s religious masquerading in, 65-67; establishment of printing-presses in, 66; insurrection suppressed in, 67; establishment of an Institute in, 66; dearth of news from France, 67, 78; rumors of N.'s death in, 68; despatches from France, Feb., 1799, 72; N. given leave to remain in, 73; importance of N.'s conquering, 73; Turkish preparations for the relief of, 74; attempted risings in, 76; Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the army in, 79; N. returns from, 80-85; the colonial idea, 81; the turning-point of success in, 81; Kléber prepares to evacuate, 143; Desaix recalled from, 177; desperate situation of the French in, 181; Kléber's administration in, 181; assassination of Kléber, 181; French disasters in, 210; restored to Turkey, 211; England to evacuate, 262; Turkey's suzerainty over, 262; question of reëstablishing French colonies in, 273; N. disclaims designs on, 280; N.'s irritation at England's occupation of, 280; Davout's campaign in, 323; N.'s immoralities in, 328; plan to allure Nelson to, 331; the object of the expedition against, 337; English commerce with, iii. 48; English expedition to seize, 100; French expedition against, in 1811, 308; the tactics of the army in, adopted in Russia, 359; N.'s desertion of the army in, likened to his conduct at Smorgoni, 375; work on, compiled by N.'s order, iv. 219; history of, 293. Eichstädt, portion of, acquired by Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; ceded to Bavaria, 391. Eisdorf, fighting at, iii. 406. Eisenach, military movements near, ii. 425, 427; the allies outwitted at, iv. 35. El Arish, siege and surrender of, ii. 69; massacre of the garrison, 70; treaty between Sir Sidney Smith and Kléber at, 181. Elba, N.'s literary labors at, i. 177; iv. 159, 230-232; secured to France, ii. 204; France to evacuate, 262; Countess Walewska follows N. to, iii. 11; iv. 143; the sentence of exile to, iv. 129; the monarch of, 129, 133, 151; N.'s journey to, 134-141; possibility of her not receiving the imperial exile, 135; imperialist and royalist sentiment in, 141; N. begins his new administration, 141; N.'s life in, 141 et seq.; Bourbon spies in, 142; visitors to, 143; scheme to deport N. from, 145; N.'s escape from, 152-154; the naval patrol at, 153; N.'s monograph on, 232. Elbe, River, the, the Prussian base on, ii. 428; key to the valley of, 437; English blockade of, 441; iii. 48; western boundary of Prussia, 56; commanded by fortress of Magdeburg, 56, 57; the kingdom of Westphalia created on, 56, 73; preparations to oppose English landing on, 72; French occupation of the coast near, 266; military movements on, 393, 396, 406, 407; iv. 2, 6-9, 18, 20-26; scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399; territory on, offered to Sweden, 399; French recovery of the lower part, 407; boundary of a neutral zone, 414; exhaustion of the French on, iv. 19; French garrisons on, 35. Elbing, military movements near, iii. 8, 13. Elchingen, Ney created Duke of, iii. 86. See also Ney. "Elective Affinities," iii. 172. Electoral Colleges, ii. 247. Eliot, Sir Gilbert, viceroy of Corsica, i. 261. Elliott, killed at Arcole, i. 399. Elsfleth, escape of the Black Legion to, iii. 234. Elster, River, the, military operations on, iii. 404, 405; iv. 20-21, 27-30, 33-34. Élysée, the, N. takes up residence at, iv. 159; N. returns from Waterloo to, 216, 218. Embabeh, battle of, ii. 59. Embargo, the, ii. 287, 389, 400, 441. Emigrants, plots by, i. 172, 277, 325; ii. 303; confiscation of property of, and harsh legislation against, i. 172, 305, 316; ii. 94, 219; the aristocrats of the, i. 213; N.'s speculation in lands of, 288; attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2, 36; N.'s secret dealings with, 9; Talleyrand among the, 33; encouraged to return, amnesty to, and indemnity for, 130, 245, 324, 411; N. complains of England harboring, 271; N. demands their expulsion from Naples, 357; return to France under Louis XVIII, iv. 146; banished again from France, 157. Emigration, the, i. 109, 152, 155, 268. Emperor of the Two Americas, the, iii. 120. Empire, the French use of the term, ii. 248. Empire of the West, N. threatens to resuscitate the, ii. 272. Engen, battle of, ii. 166. Enghien, Duc d', arrest and murder of, i. 179; ii. 241, 304-309, 312, 316, 331, 412; iii. 107; iv. 138; monarchical schemes and plots of, ii. 239, 240, 301-305; character, 301; married to Princess Rohan-Rochefort, 301; seeks service with England, 302; residence at Ettenheim, 302-306; prepares to retire to Freiburg, 302; N. examines papers of, 305; N. defends the execution of, 310; N. blames Talleyrand for his murder, 311; iii. 197; statements concerning N.'s connection with his murder, 196, 197; N.'s self-blame for murder of, iv. 233. England, France's emulation of, i. 22; hampered by parliamentary opposition and American disquiet, 22; the American uprising against, 23, 24; Paoli's relations with, asylum in, and aid from, 23, 124, 169, 196-198, 205-207, 260; gives aid to, establishes protectorate over, and takes possession of Corsica, 23, 119, 190, 205-207, 256-262; transformation of parties in, 24; N.'s study of history of, 78, 95, 114, 156; sympathy with France in, 142; French admirers of the constitution of, 143; constitutional government in, 152; closes the Scheldt, 194; republican ideas in, 195; effect of execution of Louis XVI in, 195; hostility between France and, 195, 324; ii. 32, 35, 144, 208, 269, 273-285, 400, 401, 441; iii. 64, 110, 378; N.'s ideas of serving, i. 207, 216, 317; ii. 15; iv. 255; subsidizes European powers, i. 221; ii. 146, 187, 208, 263, 351, 358, 360, 375, 401, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 399, 417, 422-425; iv. 30, 31, 55, 67, 76, 164; naval establishment, expenses, and activity, i. 221, 421; ii. 209, 290; iii. 236, 237; captures Ollioules, i. 225; in the defense and occupation of Toulon, 230, 239; naval operations and power on the Mediterranean (other than specifically mentioned items), 239, 257; ii. 15-19, 56, 262; iii. 111, 112; influence in Genoa, i. 243; prints counterfeit French money in Genoa, 246; fails to help the allies in Piedmont, 257; N.'s attitude toward, Sept., 1794, 257; naval supremacy, 257; ii. 15-17, 48, 63, 209, 290, 371, 375; iii. 47-49, 109-112, 267-268; iv. 41; alliances with Austria, i. 276; ii. 156, 160, 188; sends fleet to northern coast of France, i. 298; subsidizes French royalists, 325; the fleet driven from Leghorn, 373; seizes Porto Ferrajo, 398; insurrection in Corsica against rule of, 402; blamed by N. for embroiling France and Austria, 435; rupture of the coalition with Austria, 441; military condition in 1796, 449; desire for peace with France, and negotiations leading thereto, 449, 456; ii. 12, 86; iii. 271, 415; interest in the Netherlands and Belgium, i. 450; prestige, magnificence of empire, influence, independence, etc., of, 456; ii. 45, 55, 73, 209, 264, 297, 394, 401; iii. 45-49, 110-112, 189, 318, 420; iv. 38, 140; defeats Spain at Cape St. Vincent, i. 456; price of consols, March, 1797, 456; effect of the treaty of Leoben in, ii. 12; conquest of Dutch colonies, 12, 38; N.'s personal hostility to, 14, 16, 188, 280-285, 330, 441-444; iii. 49, 65, 66, 88, 109-114, 308-309, 329, 352, 408; iv. 75; speculations in Paris as to operations against, ii. 32; financial condition, 32, 208; Talleyrand expelled from, 33; defeats Holland at Camperdown, 38; acquires the Cape of Good Hope, 38; protects Sardinia, 39; N.'s schemes of invasion of, 48, 290-294, 328, 330-338, 358-362; N.'s views on political history of, 50; her Indian possessions, and French and Russian schemes to strike her through them, 52, 194, 209, 263, 273; iii. 110, 112-114; naval operations at Acre, ii. 71, 73; fleet at Alexandria, 79; joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 143; military operations in Holland, 91, 92; iii. 236, 272, 284, 294; completion of the work of the Revolution in, ii. 139; relations, negotiations, and alliances with Russia, 141, 210, 356, 357, 401, 406, 420; iii. 41, 49, 55, 71, 98-100, 102, 105, 117, 315, 321, 351, 392, 417; reception of Russian soldiers in, after Alkmaar, ii. 141; siege, capture, and occupation of Malta, and negotiations concerning its cession and tenure, 141, 193, 210, 262, 267, 273, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356, 401; attitude toward the Bourbons, 143; declines to negotiate with N., 143; prepares to invade France, 143; denounced by N. as author of the war of 1799, 143; debate in Parliament on N.'s accession as First Consul, 143; hatred of revolutionary excesses, 143; alliance with Portugal, 154; opposes spread of revolutionary ideas, 157; blockades Genoa, 165; formation of the "armed neutrality" against, 194; accused by Paul I of treachery, 193; the Continental System and the embargo, N.'s commercial warfare against, 203, 205, 269, 287, 288, 347, 375, 389, 399, 441; iii. 45-49, 55, 64-65, 67, 71, 99, 102, 109, 165, 239, 265, 268, 280, 284, 293-294, 303, 304, 307, 328, 420 (see also Berlin Decree; Continental System; Milan Decree); Portugal forced to withdraw from alliance with, ii, 205; reply to the "armed neutrality," 209; N.'s demands for colonial cessions, 210; concludes peace with France, Oct. 1, 1801, 211; retains Ceylon and Trinidad, 211; treaty of Amiens, 210, 263, 266, 270, 273 et seq.; iv. 264; treaty of commerce with the United States, 1794, ii. 212; recognizes neutrality of United States, 212; attempts to put down San Domingo insurrection, 237; surrender of Rochambeau to, 237; schemes for restoration of Charles X in, 240; to evacuate Egypt, 262; Paul I's antipathy to, 263; efforts to discredit France in Europe, 264 et seq.; disapproves N.'s reconstruction of Europe, 266; appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris, 267; refuses to admit French consuls, 270; protests against the slave-trade, 269; commerce of, 269, 276; iii. 46, 49, 120, 265-268, 280, 288, 294, 309, 316, 424; iv. 41; position with regard to the Alien Act, ii. 171; freedom of the press in, 270; complaints against, of harboring emigrants and Bourbons, 271; attacks of the French press on, 271, 294; N. attempts to muzzle the press in, 270, 356; N.'s answer to remonstrances from, 272; occupation of Alexandria, 280; suspects France's war preparations, 280, 282; N.'s treatment of her representative, 280; the royal message of March 8, 1803, 282; the militia called out, March 10, 1803, 282; diplomatic rupture with France, 285; publication of Lord Whitworth's despatches in, 284; declares war against France, May 18, 1803, 285; declares embargo on French ships, 287; commencement of hostilities, 287; attacks Spanish commerce, 289; panic in, 290; plans for defense, 291, 329; puts Caraccioli to death, 300; interest in Jacobin insurrection, 300; active diplomacy in, 301; the Duc d'Enghien seeks to enter the service of, 302; N.'s attempt to fix the death of Duc d'Enghien on, 311; Pitt's return to power, 329; nature of the war with, 329; expulsion of her envoys from Stuttgart and Munich, 330; naval aid from Portugal, 332; war with Spain, Dec., 1804, 332; acquires Trinidad, 332; blockades Brest, 333; Addington succeeded by Pitt, 337; justice of the war with, 352; European alliances, 351; bad faith of, 351; N. insists on no asylum for the Bourbons in, 356; fails to secure Prussia's alliance, 358; N.'s policy toward, 360; author of the Third Coalition, 360; Mack's ideas of her invading France, 365; naval shortcomings, 370; battle of Trafalgar, 373-376; reception of the news of Austerlitz in, 393; lethargy after Trafalgar, 399; declares war against Prussia, 400; Fox assumes power, 400; N. considers peace with, 400; Lord Yarmouth's negotiations, 404; N. offers European territory to, 404, 405; end of negotiations with, 405; alliance with Prussia and Russia, 406; demands the surrender of Sicily, 405; proposal to give Hanover to, 418, 420; state of war with Prussia, 422; her vulnerable point, iii. 441; "enemy's ships make enemy's goods," 441; the soul of continental coalitions, 441; right of search and impressment, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100; Orders in Council, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100, 101, 265, 267, 272, 321, 378; Turkey declares war against, iii. 20; sends fleet to Constantinople, 20; refuses subsidy to Russia, 20; Afghanistan incited against, 21; Persia stirred up against, 21; proposal for a new coalition, 22; naval operations in the Baltic, 24, 35, 36, 97, 98, 117; withholds subsidies, 35; troops in Pomerania, 36; Alexander promises to oppose, 41; opposed to Prussia's neutrality, 44; necessity for N.'s humbling, 44-49; France declares war against (1793), 47; "All the Talents" ministry, 46; Duke of Portland's ministry, 46; commercial rivalry with the United States, 46; the "rule of 1736," 46; understanding with the United States, 47; declares blockade from Brest to the Elbe, 42; war with France (1803), 47; decline of manufactures, 47; failure of commercial negotiations with Sweden and Russia, 48; French demands on, 55; Russia to mediate between France and, 55; seizes the Portuguese fleet, 67; gains entrance to and is expelled from Leghorn, 67; offers to seize Denmark's fleet, 69; Denmark ordered to declare war against, 69; threatens to make Spanish South American colonies independent, 71; bombards Copenhagen, 70; enmity of Alexander I to, 70; Parliament compared with the French tribunate, 83; decadence of primogeniture in, 84; seeks to conciliate Denmark, 98; Egyptian expedition, 100; expedition to Buenos Ayres, 100; Russia declares war against, 100, 102, 105; retaliates on Russia by Orders in Council, 100; announces blockade of European ports, 100, 101; decline of trade with the United States, 101; the war of 1812, 102, 322; Austria's secret sympathy with, 104; N. urges her restoration of the Danish fleet, 104; N.'s desire for peace with, 104, 112, 159, 271, 392; iv. 46; contempt for the blockade, iii. 109; withdraws troops from Sicily, 111; sends troops to Portugal, 111, 120, 122, 157, 283, 284; supposed assistance to Sweden, 114; proposed menace to, 113; blockades the Russian fleet, 117; promised coöperation of the Papal States against, 118; Portugal enforces the Berlin and Milan decrees against, 119; fate of her allies, 121; supports the House of Braganza, 121; outbreak of the Peninsular war, 123; benefits accruing from the troubles in Spain, 131; scheme to capture Cadiz, 133, 155; negotiations with Austria, 163; proposed humiliation of, 170; plans of N. and Alexander at Erfurt concerning, 177; N. fears an alliance between Turkey and, 177; exasperated at the capitulation of Cintra, 186; supposed plan to abandon Portugal, 187; tardiness at Corunna, 192; offers to subsidize Austria, 194; Austria appeals for assistance to, 225; escape of the Duke of Brunswick to, 234; expedition to Flushing, 236-237; necessity of bringing her to terms, 249; N.'s allegations against, 260; the lesson of Trafalgar, 264; paper blockade by, 268; the neutralization system, 267; licenses violations of the Orders in Council, 267; Louis opens negotiations with, 271; rejects Fouché's agent, 271; loss of trade with Portugal, Spain, and Triest, 272; threatened with loss of trade with Hanseatic towns and Holland, 272; United States prohibition of commercial intercourse with, 274; the Walcheren expedition, 272, 284, 294; N. proposes that she withdraw the Orders in Council of 1807, 272; proposal that she send joint expedition with France to establish Louis XVIII in America, 271; seizure of American ships by, 273; Fouché's English-Dutch conspiracy, 273; destruction of her wares on the French borders, 279; Denmark's hostility to, 280; divided councils in, 284; expedition to Sicily, 284, 294; finds support in Spanish popular feeling, 283; strength of forces in the Peninsula, 284; attitude toward affairs in the Peninsula, 288; depreciation of the currency, 294; expedition to Spain, 294; Mme. de Staël in, 299; N. hopes to meet her on the sea, 304; threatened with bankruptcy, 304; exchange of prisoners with, 307; her colonial interests, 309; Russia opens her ports to, 316; refuses N.'s offer of peace in Spain, 319; armistice with Russia, 321; threatens to bombard Constantinople, 321; under Castlereagh's leadership, 328; to be driven from Spain, 328; arouses Sweden against France, 350; negotiates peace between Turkey and Russia, 350; distracted condition of politics in, 377; naval defeats, 378, 379; United States declares war against, 378; assassination of Mr. Perceval, 378; negotiates treaty between Russia and Spain, July, 1812, 392-393; in grand European coalition against N., 392; Metternich's negotiations with, 395; returns to Pitt's policy, 399; abandons Hanoverian schemes, 399; proposal to bleed her colonies, 408; proposed isolation of, 408; the allies' reliance on, 422; guarantees a war loan, 417; treaty with Prussia, June 14, 1813, 417; treaty with Russia, June 15, 1813, 417; issues paper money, 417; to be kept out of the continental peace, 419; Metternich proposes that she continue the war, 419, 420; commercial agreement with Sweden, 424; influence in Holland, iv. 30, 41; determination to crush France, 31; at the Congress of Frankfort, 41; proposal that she hand back French colonies, 41; "maritime rights," 41, 45; prolongation of the war in Spain, 51, 52; desire to establish equilibrium in Europe, 67; signs treaty of Chaumont, 76; effect of the triple alliance on, 76; troops occupy Bordeaux, 87; party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; distinction in, between the two Napoleons, 133; N. contemplates taking refuge in, 135; N.'s eulogy of her civilization and chivalry, 140; negotiates secret treaty with Austria and France, 145; regency in, 161; lack of suitable leaders in, 161; her dynastic alliances, 161, 162; effects of N.'s restoration on, 162; member of the Vienna Coalition, 164; campaign of Waterloo, 170-173; losses at Waterloo, 214; claims the glory of annihilating N., 214; watches the harbor of Rochefort, 220; N. throws himself on the generosity of, 221; reasons for N.'s surrender to, 222-223, 227; asylum for political refugees, 223; intolerance of death penalty for political offenses, 225; resolves to banish N., 225-229; N. desires to acquire citizenship in, 226; sympathy for N. in, 227, 230; passes special acts for government of St. Helena, 228; N.'s last wishes for, 233; the Seven Years' War, 261, 297; character of the wars with France, 265; N.'s struggles with, 297; wars with the United States, 300. English Channel, the, marching French troops to, ii. 24; naval operations in, 52; obstacles to N.'s crossing, 291; N.'s hope to hold, 332; French plans for seizing, 334; Villeneuve ordered to, 359; Villeneuve's attempt to enter, 371. Enns, River, military operations on the, ii. 367; iii. 216. Entail, restoration of the right of, iii. 82; abolition of the law of, 84. Enzersdorf, military operations near, iii. 219, 220, 227. Enzersfeld, military movements near, iii. 217. Épernay, captured by the allies, iv. 94. "Epochs of My Life," i. 82. Eppes, Marmont at, iv. 79. Equality, N.'s affectation of love for, ii. 30; one of the meanings of the word, 221. Equality of citizenship, decreed, i, 110. Erasmus, tomb of, iv. 247. Erding, battle of, iii. 211. Erfurt, military movements near, ii. 425; the Duke of Brunswick at, 427; fall of, 436; meeting of N. and Alexander at, iii. 170 et seq.; treaty of, 177, 236, 244, 248, 315; N.'s maladroitness at, 177, 178; N.'s vacillation at, 180, 181; the conference at, 193, 194; Alexander redeems his promise made at, 236; offered to Alexander and refused by him, 288; the throne of, offered to the Duke of Oldenburg, 307; Alexander offers to exchange Oldenburg for, 328; French troops ordered to, 328; French forces at, 393; N. goes to, 401; plan of winter quarters at, iv. 23; Saxon and Bavarian troops at, 35; Murat deserts at, 56. Erlon, Gen. d., in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 170, 176, 186; battle of Quatre Bras, 181-187; N.'s expression of indignation at Ney to, 187; battle of Waterloo, 200, 202, 206. Erskine, Lord, on England's attitude with regard to France, ii. 144. Escoiquiz, Canon, tutor to Ferdinand VII, iii. 124; letter to N., Oct. 12, 1808, 124, 127; defends Ferdinand's position, 143; notified by N. of Ferdinand's deposition, 145; infamy of, 150. Escorial, Godoy's intrigues at the, iii. 127; Charles IV a virtual prisoner in, 142. Escudier, J. F., commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219. Esdraelon, battle on the plains of, ii. 72. Esla, River, military movements on the, iii. 188. Espagne, Gen. J. L. B., in battle of Aspern, iii. 220. Espinosa, defeat of Blake at, iii. 185. Essarts, Ledru des, evacuates Meaux, iv. 99; seduced by Marmont, 125. "Essay on Revolutions" (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259. Essen, Gen. H. H., in campaign of Eylau, iii. 13. Essenbach, military operations near, iii. 206. Essling, battle of, iii. 219-222, 225-228, 232; N. exposes himself at, 240-241; effect of rising of the river at, 383. Essling, Prince of. See Masséna. Essonne, River, military operations on the, iv. 116. Essonnes, N. at, iv. 105; Marmont at, 124; Marmont's defection at, 128. Establishment of St. Louis, the female academy at St. Cyr, i. 182. See also St. Cyr. Estates, the, meetings at Versailles, i. 96, 107. Estates, the three, i. 44; in the seventeenth century, 107. Estates-General, meetings of the, i. 86, 106, 107; fusion of the three bodies, 108; troops ordered to control the, 108. Esterhazy, Prince, at the marriage of Maria Louisa, iii. 256. Étoges, battle of, iv. 65; military movements near, 64, 94. Etruria, creation of the kingdom of, ii. 205; death of King Louis, 233; iii. 67; exchanged for Louisiana, ii. 272; under French protection, 357; N. calls for alliance with, iii. 66; neutrality of, 66; scheme to incorporate in Italy, 120; proposal that Lucien take the crown of, 129; abdication of the Queen Regent, 128; incorporated into the kingdom of Italy, 129; the crown offered to Ferdinand VII, 145; N.'s disposition of, 164. Ettenheim, residence of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 302; reputed emigrant conspiracy at, 303; Ordener's expedition to, 304; arrest of the Duc d'Enghien at, 305; Caulaincourt's mission to, iii. 107. Eulen Mountains, military movements near, iv. 413. Euphrates, proposed military operations on the, iii. 113. Europe, movement of civilization in, i. 2; the revolutionary epoch and spread of revolutionary ideas in, 2, 100 et seq.; ii. 44, 86, 156; absolutism, its decay and abolition, i. 67; iii. 278; iv. 162, 254, 292; aroused feelings, concerted movements, and coalitions against France, i. 142, 325, 441; ii. 51, 67, 86, 90, 136, 142, 145, 194, 209, 330, 348; iii. 72, 106, 377, 382, 394, 396, 400, 417; iv. 145, 146, 161-163; N. on the sovereigns of, i. 156; the Directory and, 324-338; neutrality of northern, 341; conditions of civilization and warfare in (1796), 349; the destinies of, dependent on fate of Italy, 351, 385; N. a citizen of, 404; schemes of reconstruction of the map of, 425; ii. 265, 355, 402; iii. 51, 55, 56, 72, 73, 199, 399, 422; iv. 3, 6, 144, 145; schemes of pacification of, i. 447; ii. 203, 213, 356; iii. 307, 382, 408, 414, 415, 419-421; iv. 75; France's foreign policy, in, ii. 2; schemes of Napoleonic and French empire over, 10, 29, 214, 272, 336, 354; iii. 108, 114, 408; N. on the freedom of, ii. 31; iii. 82; N.'s relations to, and influence on, ii. 37, 137, 213, 272; iii. 179; iv. 133, 298; upheavals in the politics of, ii. 40-45, 255; compared by N. with the Orient, 46; general armament of (1798), 68; N.'s visions of military domination in, 73; situation of affairs at close of 1799, 86; jealousy in, concerning the Mediterranean, 136; N. the destroyer of, 144; influence of England in, and her subsidies to the powers of, 145, 187, 209, 263, 351, 359, 360, 374, 400, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 417-425; iv. 30, 31, 55, 68, 76, 164; situation of affairs at beginning of 1800, ii. 152 et seq.; efforts of the Directory to extend the French system in, 155; Prussia's place in, 155; iii. 18; military situation in (1800), ii. 160; the "armed neutrality," 194; reduction of Austria as a power in, 194; the old dynasties and the dynastic idea in, 194, 269, 317; iii. 65, 153, 162, 199, 200, 416; iv. 44; anxiety in, as to permanency of peace of Amiens, ii. 261; destruction of the balance of power, 266; N.'s warning to, March 13, 1803, 284; N.'s views on continental conquest, 290; N.'s notification to, in the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 316; the embargo, blockades, and other commercial warfare in, 334, 347, 376, 441, 442; iii. 48, 49, 55, 98-102, 109, 140, 279, 280, 307, 328 (see also Berlin Decree; Continental System; Milan Decree); outbreak of war in 1805, ii. 348; N. arrayed against, 351; the price of the hegemony of, 392; Fox upholds existing sovereignties in, 404; necessity of colonial produce to, 441; Russia's ambition to be included in, iii. 45; general warfare in, 47; English monopoly of commerce, 46; law of colonial trade, 46; Alexander I on politics of, 52; St. Petersburg holds the peace of, 65; N.'s hopes of a coalition in, against England, 65; general Sanhedrim of, 76; influence of the peace of Tilsit on, 95; a moment of universal anarchy for, 104; the situation in, 117, 118; power of the word "legitimacy" in, 148; growth of the national idea in, 154, 162, 200, 268; iv. 292 (see also Germany; Prussia); the right of force in, iii. 164; the French idea of their great cause in, 214; views on N.'s second marriage, 256; publicity of N.'s domestic concerns throughout, 277; system of private confiscations, 296; rejoicings over the birth of the king of Rome, 301, 302; the condition of, set forth in N.'s reply to the Paris Chamber of Commerce, 303-305; N.'s coast system of protection 307; apprehensions of war in, 315, 318; tendency toward rupture of the peace of, 317; the Russian march of French troops over, 330; N.'s scheme for two powers in, 329; responsibility of Kutusoff for bloodshed in, 374; Austria a pivotal state in, 403, 409, 411; N. desires to avoid the reprobation of, 414; a neutral zone for, 414; peace congress of, 415; nervousness among the allies, iv. 5; Prussia acquires the hegemony of continental, 37; distrust among the allies, 40, 41; the commercial key to central, 42; struggle for manhood suffrage in, 43; exactions of the allies in central, 54, 55; the armed forces of, Jan. 1, 1814, 55; jealousies among the powers, 57, 58; England's desire to establish equilibrium in, 68; military outrages in, 102; mobilization of troops, 165; notified that the Empire means peace, 165; possible consequences of N.'s success at Waterloo, 213; the doctrine of legitimacy, 224; France the teacher of, 253; abolition of feudalism and ecclesiasticism, 254; progress of reform in, 263; a bellicose age in, 264; influence of Charles the Great on, 292; the armies of modern, 295; the alliances of, 295; the national politics of, 298. Eutritzsch, military operations near, iv. 29. Exagérés, the, i. 234. Executive Council, establishment of the, i. 188; military preparations by, 194. Exelmans, Gen. R. J. I., corresponds with the Emperor, iv. 148; in Waterloo campaign, 173. Extravagance, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 105. Eylau, the campaign of, iii. 12 et seq.; iv. 173; the causes of N.'s weakness at, iii. 26; the grand army after, 45; the lessons of, 341.

F

Family relations, under the Code, ii. 223. Fanaticism, iv. 263. Fauvelet, N.'s school friend, i. 178. Faypoult, G. C., French political agent in Genoa, ii. 10. Feltre, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; Clarke created Duke of, iii. 86. See also Clarke. Feraud, murder of, 284. Ferdinand, Archduke, commanding Austrian army in Germany, ii. 363; escapes into Bohemia, 366; at Ulm, 366; commanding in Bohemia, 380; invades Poland and captures Warsaw, iii. 199, 201; vicissitudes in Poland, 212; evacuates Warsaw, 212; on the way to Charles's assistance, 225. Ferdinand of Parma, ii. 205. Ferdinand I, King of Naples, ii. 357; iii. 319. See also Ferdinand IV. Ferdinand III, flees to Vienna, ii. 87. Ferdinand IV, position in 1797, i. 421; evacuates the Papal States, ii. 204; compelled to restore plunder, 204. Ferdinand VII (see also Asturias, Prince of), letters to N., iii. 137, 143, 149; seeks N.'s favor, 137, 150; enters Madrid, 138; doubtful recognition of his throne, 140; hinted order that he go to Bayonne, 142; at Vitoria, 143; revulsion of Spanish feeling against, 143; goes to Bayonne, 143, 144, 145; N.'s attitude toward, 142-151; orders for his arrest, 144; deposed, 144-148; character, 146, 149, 150; offers to surrender his crown, 146; the crown of Etruria offered to, 145; trial at Bayonne, 146; popularity in Spain, 146, 154; pension and grant to, 147; in virtual custody of Talleyrand, 148; cowed into submission, 147, 151; asks N.'s adoption and permission to appear at court, 261; release of, iv. 52; relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52. Fère-Champenoise, the Emperor at, iv. 87; military movements near, 91; retreat of the French through, 99. Fermo, consolidated with the kingdom of Italy, iii. 118. Ferrara, the Pope prepares to recover, i. 398; new scheme of government for, 402; surrendered to France, 422; ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438; incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21. Ferrol, reported junction of French and Spanish fleets at, ii. 359; blockade of, 359; Villeneuve's retreat to, 371; supposed English schemes at, iii. 187, 188. Fersen, Count, essays to represent Sweden at Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27. Fesch, Joseph, i. 32; childhood with N., 40; appointed to seminary at Aix, 44; N.'s correspondence with, 55, 79, 141; enters the priesthood, 64; returns to Corsica, 112; literary collaborator with N., 124, 147; member of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131; custodian of N.'s papers, 139; supplanted as head of family by N., 161; radical leader at Ajaccio, 184; leaves Corsica for Toulon, 207; in commissary department at Toulon, 208; storekeeper in commissary department, 225; escapes arrest, 254; at Aix, 291; conforms to the civil constitution, ii. 206; archbishop of Lyons and cardinal, 258; reënters the church, 258; Grand Almoner, 324; selects a physician for N., iv. 232. Feudal System, in Corsica, i. 9, 18; remnants of the, 67; absorption of its power in the French crown, 100; abolition of, 110, 152, 193; ii. 224; iii. 85, 189, 190; iv. 254; the oath of the Legion of Honor concerning, ii. 246; N.'s influence on, iii. 322; French hatred of, iv. 43. Feuillants, the, i. 153; form a ministry, 174; fall of the ministry, 179. Fichte, J. G., member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416; influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103. Fifth Regiment (French), N. offers himself to the bullets of the, iv, 155. Fifty-second Regiment (English), in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209. Figueras, captured by the French, iii. 132. Filangieri, Gaëtano, N.'s study of, i. 78. Finance, an occult doctrine of, iii, 390. Finisterre, Cape, Calder encounters Villeneuve off, ii. 359. Finkenstein, N. at, iii. 18, 24, 25; Persian envoy at, 18. Finland, Russian ambition to acquire, iii. 37, 98, 113, 168, 176; Russia's claims to, recognized at Tilsit, 55; acquired by Russia, 64, 236, 248, 268, 310, 316; Russian invasion of, 115, 116; Russia threatened with the loss of, 314; offered to Sweden by N., 321. Fioravente, Gen., captured at Verona, i. 443. First Consul, the office of the, ii. 127. Fischbach, military movements near, iv. 18. Fismes, N. aims to strike the Prussians at, iv. 77; Marmont rallies his troops at, 81, 82; junction of Marmont and Mortier at, 93; Marmont retreats to, 100. Fitz-James, Edward, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107. Fiume, reoccupied by Austria, i. 435; seized by N., 434; N. proposes to cede, iv. 423. Five Hundred, the, i. 270; their representation of public sentiment, ii. 1; inquiry in, as to N.'s independence, 3; its members proscribed, 8; Jacobin majority in, 94, 97; Bonapartes among, 95; Lucien Bonaparte elected president, 97, 105; N. at the meetings of, 18th and 19th Brumaire, 106, 111-120; counterplots against N. among, 109; opposition by, 110-120; meeting of Bonapartist members of, 118; adopts the Consulate, 123; deposition of members, 125; rewards among, for complacency, 125. Flahaut, Gen. A. C. J., sent to seek Marmont's advice, iv. 116; advises a return to Lorraine, 116; bearer of despatch from N. to Ney, 186. Flanders, N. in, i. 79; N. journey to, iii. 312. See also Austrian Netherlands; Batavian Republic; Dutch Flanders; Holland; Netherlands. Fleurus, battle of, i. 273; Jourdan's victory at, ii. 323; military operations near, iv. 173, 175, 180; N. at, 180, 185. Florence, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27, 30, 44, 45; position in the French empire, iii. 279; sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380. Flushing, Holland's indemnity for, ii. 154; English capture of, iii. 237; N. builds ships at, 237. Fombio, battle of, i. 359. Fontainebleau, Pius VII, at, ii. 340; treaty of, iii. 70; social vices at, 92; treaty of (Oct. 10, 1807), 104; N.'s court at, 108, 245, 301; diplomatic negotiations at, 118; treaty of (Oct. 28, 1807), for partition of Portugal, 119, 120, 121, 133, 149, 151; N.'s harsh treatment of Josephine at, 179; imprisonment of Pius VII at, 243, 377, 390, 391; the decree (of Oct. 18, 1810), iii. 279; the Concordat of, 391, 392; military movements near, iv. 68, 72, 104; N. at, 105, 116, 158; N. reviews the Guard at, 116, 117; treasonable utterances of the marshals at, 119; scene of N.'s abdication, 120-122; council of war at, 128; treaty of (April, 1814), 133-136, 137, 139, 144-146, 152; N. leaves, for Elba, 139. Fontanes, Marquis de, oration on Washington by, ii. 148; retires from presidency of the senate, iii. 294; grand master of the university, 294. Fontenaye, Mme. de, i. 315. See also Tallien, Mme. Forchheim, N.'s base, ii. 424. Forez Regiment, the, i. 143. Forfait, P. A. L., Secretary of the Navy, ii. 130. Förstgen, military operations near, iv. 20. Fort Bard, ii. 171. Fort Carré, N.'s confinement in, i. 253-255. Fortification, N.'s essay on, iv. 232. Fort Luco, fires on French ship at Porto di Lido, i. 443, 446. Fort Mulgrave, capture of, i. 230. Fouché, Joseph, describes atrocities at Toulon, i. 233; opposes Robespierre, 251; Minister of Police, ii. 92, 323, 412; joins the Bonapartist ranks, 106; detection of plots by, 110; N.'s confidence in, 149; attitude toward the conspirators of Nivôse, 241; suspected of Jacobinism, 241; disgraced, degraded, and banished, 241, 277; iii. 180, 275; character, ii. 277; iii. 193, 253, 267, 271; iv. 148; instigates Moreau's letter to N., ii. 299; urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304; ordered to supervise correspondence from the army, iii. 25; created Duke of Otranto, 87; licenses vice in Paris, 92; whips in the nobility to the imperial court, 93; favors Ferdinand VII, 125, 126; share in the matter of Josephine's divorce, 179, 180; raises national guards for service in the Netherlands, 237; on the second marriage of N., 253; advocates alliance with Russia, 253; member of extraordinary council on N.'s second marriage, 253; raises troops to repel the Walcheren expedition, 253; the superserviceable Mephistopheles of the empire, 271; intervenes in Holland's negotiations with England, 271; English-Dutch conspiracy, 275; returns from exile in Italy, 326; memorializes against war, 326; warns N. of the fate of Charles XII, 326; recalled to active service, 421; double intrigues of, iv. 149; neutrality of, 157; member of N.'s new cabinet, 159; military conspiracy of, 161; plots against N., 165, 166; attitude after Waterloo, 217, 218; member of the new Directory, 218; refuses responsibility for N.'s safety, 219. Fougé, Mme., N.'s relations with, ii. 329. Fouquier-Tinville, A. Q., execution of, i. 272. Fourcroy, A. F., member of the council of state, ii. 152, 214; organizer of the educational system of France, 227, 228. Fourth Artillery, treason in the, i. 173. Fourth Regiment, N.'s service in the, i. 149, 159. Fox, Charles James, on French military successes, i. 275; reports N. as favorable to peace, ii. 273; defends France in Parliament, 273; visits N. at Paris, 273; bias toward France, 282; lays aside French sympathies, 292; secretary of state, 394; becomes prime minister, 399; declares war against Prussia, 400; negotiations with N., 400, 404; supposed peace policy of, 401; upholds the claims of existing sovereignties in Europe, 404; compelled to adopt Pitt's program, 405; death, 405; iii. 46. Foy, Gen. M. S., Masséna's envoy to Paris, iii. 287, 289; brings orders for reinforcements, 289; in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 171; battle of Waterloo, 199. France, convention with Genoa regarding Corsica, i. 17, 21; emulation of England, 22; her colonial ambitions, possessions, and losses, 21, 450; ii. 4, 237, 271, 281; iii. 55, 85; iv. 295, 296; precedent for her aid to American colonies, i. 23; relation of the army to the throne, 67; N. studies her history and politics, 78, 95, 176; N.'s bitterness against, 80, 81, 92, 122, 136; outbreak of the Revolution of 1789 in, 100 et seq.; social conditions and customs, the domestic relations, etc., 100-110, 193, 266, 290; ii. 45, 194-198, 200, 213, 223, 318; iii. 75-79, 87-90, 159-161, 388-390, 392; iv. 48, 49, 259-262, 295-296; financial troubles, issues of paper money, financial policies and reforms, i. 105, 289, 327; ii. 48, 134, 186, 219, 229, 318, 409-411; iii. 25, 74, 78, 79, 197, 294, 295, 304-305, 388-390; iv. 259; declared a limited monarchy, i. 106; the rise of popular government, 109; destruction of feudalism, 110; iii. 85, 322; adoption of the tricolor, i. 109; the end of absolutism, 119; the title and position of the king, 119, 151, 158; Corsica and Navarre joined to, 120; disorganization of the army, 140; changes in, 140-144; patriotism, spirit of national unity, military enthusiasm, etc., 140, 155, 158, 195, 266-270, 326; ii. 146, 156, 225, 319; iii. 6, 7, 198, 323, 324, 386, 387; iv. 73, 171; the first stage of transformation in, i. 150; famine, 151; the problem of government, 151-154, 158; geographical reconstruction, 152; failure of reform, 153; split on the subject of monarchy, 153; the national oath, 155; fear of war, 155; vicissitudes of royalism in; Bourbon and anti-Bourbon sentiment and intrigues, 155, 268, 278, 297; ii. 8, 22, 95, 130, 235, 301; iv. 49, 50, 81, 113-115, 126; desertion of troops to Austria, i. 173; anarchy, 173, 234; outbreak of insurrection, June 20, 1792, 174; the republic, 176; expected coalition against, 187; efforts at and failures of constitutional government, 187, 268; ii. 92, 101, 112, 121, 245; iii. 294, 295; iv. 157, 159, 166, 257 (see also specific constitutions mentioned infra); abolition of the monarchy, i. 189, 194, 267; ii. 317; declaration of the republic, i. 189; establishment of an executive council, 189; political parties, 188; the republican calendar, 188; ii. 258, 346, 406; the dictatorship, i. 194; preparing for foreign war, 194; declares war against England, 195; N.'s personal relations with and influence on; the likes and dislikes of the French people for N., 209-211, 323, 369; ii. 29, 97, 133, 142, 152, 185, 199, 215, 218, 272, 293, 329; iii. 1, 2, 25, 65, 73-75, 79, 80, 160, 168, 315, 316, 379, 380, 386, 387; iv. 41-45, 48-50, 53, 54, 101, 102, 123, 124, 131-133, 146, 147, 150, 152, 233, 255, 256, 259, 260, 263, 293, 298; civil war, i. 212 et seq.; ii. 142, 145; massacres, i. 234; militarism, 249-251, 306; ii. 73; iii. 160; difficulties of a new political program, i. 267-271; confiscation of lands, 268; adoption of ancient Roman governmental systems, 270; the Directory, 270, et seq.; land and labor troubles, 272; purging of the army, 275; military successes, 275; territorial ambitions, 276; suspected influences in the army, 278; the constitution of 1795, 278, 293, 297, 299, 304-308, 309, 330-333; ii. 1, 92, 96; reaction in, i. 280; condition of the press, 281; ii. 145, 254, 271, 294; growth of science, literature, and the arts, i. 281; iii. 26, 88-91, 297, 300; woman in, i. 290; British views of affairs in, 297; English fleet on northern coast, 298; military dictatorship, 305; parties, 305; the regicides in, 309; coalitions against, 324; ii. 40, 86, 90, 136; cursed by absolutism, i. 327; the popular conception of its boundaries, 327; struggle for and achievement of liberty and civil rights, 326-329; ii. 126, 136, 261, 293, 317; iii. 82, 83; iv. 38, 160, 295; the 13th Vendémiaire, i. 328; foreign policy, 329; intestinal troubles, 329; military dictator of Europe, 333; condition at opening of 1796, 333; a new lease of national life for, 340; military strength and recuperative power, 344-349; ii. 9, 13, 14, 160; iii. 27, 28, 323, 324, 387-389; iv. 47, 48, 50, 59, 60, 102, 103, 105, 148; vicissitudes of her naval power, i. 345-349; ii. 331, 334, 359, 360, 370, 375; iii. 314, 315; iv. 75; apex of revolutionary greatness, i. 351; preëminence in Europe, 351; rejoicings over Lodi, 361; foreign populations well disposed toward, 387; Eastern policy, 423; ii. 47; dissatisfaction with treaty of Leoben, i. 441; desire for peace, ii. 1, 140, 187, 243, 394; iii. 112, 197; iv. 19, 52, 157; suicide among naval officers, ii. 3; internal administration, offices and office-holders, and public works, 3, 127, 149-159, 217-228, 271, 273; iii. 74, 91, 160, 249, 296, 297, 301; iv. 48, 296; the 18th of Fructidor, ii. 8; martial law in, 8; punctiliousness in exacting war indemnities, 13; exasperation at England's mastery of the seas, 16; aspirations toward "liberty of the seas," 16; educational methods and reforms, 34, 225-228; iii. 26, 89-91; iv. 261, 296; N. constructive commander-in-chief, ii. 36; makes war only against tyrannical dynasties, 42; schemes of world-conquest, 46; popular ideas concerning the Egyptian campaign, 67; N. summoned to take supreme command, 80; elections, May, 1799, 91; relations between Church and state, religious sentiment, the clergy, etc., 91, 131, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, 258, 318, 398; iii. 67, 90, 119, 306, 388, 391; iv. 147, 160, 253, 259, 296; fears of a revival of the Terror, ii. 92; the draft in, 93; iii. 387 (see also Conscription); arbitrary tariff in, ii. 93; thirst for glory and booty in, 93, 105, 268, 361; iii. 6, 82, 323; iv. 49, 248; the constitution of 1799, ii. 96, 100, 118, 126, 136, 148, 149, 150, 162, 242, 246, 261; "the pear is ripe," 98, 103; need of a Cromwell, 119; feelings of the various parties, 122; adoption of the Roman consular system, 123; the plebiscite of Dec. 15, 1799, 128, 136; the new charter, 129; compulsory loans, 134; disgust at demagogues, 134; results of the upheaval of Brumaire, 133; taxation methods and reforms, 135, 153, 220, 349; iii. 78, 305, 389; end of the provisional Consulate, ii. 137; two policies open to N., 137; confidence in the new administration, 140; English preparations to invade, 143; the inveterate foe of England, 146; salaries of the First Consul, consuls, and other officers, 150; the legislative system, 149-153, 242; iii. 83 (see also titles of its various branches); the judicial system, and legal abuses and reforms, ii. 149-153, 222-224, 306, 319; iv. 260, 295; isolation against England and Austria, ii. 156; N.'s scheme of leadership among nations, 156; her fate identified with that of N., 158; inefficiency of the department of war, 165; use of the term "citizen," 194; public festivals, 195; use of the term "empire," 194, 248; the center of a system of republics, 205; characteristics and temperaments of her people, 205, 254, 261, 315; iii. 260; iv. 44, 171, 254; satisfaction with the peace of Amiens, ii. 213; N.'s reorganization of, 213 et seq.; aspirations toward a European empire, 214; position in Europe in 1801, 214; political centralization, 218, 293; iii. 160; iv. 92, 97, 260, 294; usury in, ii. 219; iii. 75, 77; iv. 48; speculation in, ii. 219; the Ministry of the Interior, 218; crime in, 218; confiscation of crown and emigrants' lands, 219; levy of forced contributions by, 220; revival of the public credit, 220; commerce, agriculture, and industries in, 220, 272, 349; iii. 75, 76, 160, 249, 265, 295, 303, 304, 377; iv. 48; compared with the Roman empire, ii. 222; tendency toward one-man government, 229; discontent of the republicans, 230; tendency toward a paternal government, 235; the Consulate compared with the Roman empire, 235; plebiscite on question of hereditary consulship, 245, 247; prerogatives of the government, 248; her cup of satisfaction full, 248; N. the personification of, 251; autocratic power of the government, 254; restoration of public confidence, 259; sanctions N.'s schemes of European reorganization, 265; arbitrary shipping regulation, 270; protective policy, 270; restores the slave-trade, 270; sequestrations of English property in, 270; influence of the bourgeoisie, 278; prepares naval armaments, 280; importation of English goods into, forbidden, 288; disregard for treaty stipulations, 288; seizure of English prisoners of war in, 288; declares embargo on British ships, 287; failure of the Revolution to give political freedom to, 293; effect of Moreau's fate on the moderate republicans, 300; police system, 300, 412; iv. 260; law of treason in, ii. 306; indignation over the death of the Duc d'Enghien, 311; the days before the empire, 317 et seq.; N.'s conception of the empire, 317, 318; question of consular heredity, 317; reforms in, 318; creation of the empire, 322 et seq.; the constitution of 1804, 322; the question of hereditary empire, 322; imperial titles in, 322; creation of marshals, 323; N.'s civil list, 323; the imperial heraldic device, 323; N.'s distinction between the state and the empire, 324, 396, 404; scheme of a great empire, 330; her generals and admirals contrasted, 334; blockades European ports, 334; destruction of the Pope's hopes for ecclesiastical matters in, 346; restoration of the Gregorian calendar, 346; European apprehensions as to her assumptions, 348; decline in government bonds, 349; iii. 24; iv. 48; union of the crowns of Italy and, ii. 352; position in the European balance, 354; iii. 46; military commanders, ii. 364; naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 375; preëminence of, 393; the court of (1806), 406, 411; the imperial catechism, 408; venality of officials, 410; iii. 295; continental conquests, ii. 441; right of search and impressment, 441; the supports of the empire, iii. 24; likened to a cephalopod, 24; founding of military factories, 25; declares war against England (1793), 47; colonial trade, rule of 1756. 47; closes harbors to English ships, 47; to mediate between Russia and Turkey, 55; desire for naval allies, 66; effect of the treaty of Tilsit in, 72; her European relations, 73; lays other countries under commercial tribute, 74; journeys of the Emperor and Empress through, 74; the Semitic question in, 75-77; iv. 259; panic of 1805, iii. 78; appreciation of government bonds, 79; prosperity, 80; creation of hereditary legislators, 82; the right of entail, 82, 85; the aristocracy, 85-87; creation of a noble class, 86, 87; salaries of ministers and ambassadors, 87; the prefecture, 89; restriction of commerce with the United States, 102; lack of an heir to the throne, 112; proposed supremacy in Europe, 114; secret compact with Spain for partition of Portugal, 119; negotiates for rights in Spanish colonies, 133; welcome to the grand army in, 182; rival schools of history in, 196; the army and nation exhausted, 224; discontent in, 233, 249, 325; iv. 49-52; cession of Austrian territory to, iii. 239; growing independence of the nobility, 250; absolutist tendency, 256; enthusiasm over N.'s second marriage, 258-261; transplantation of the ecclesiastical establishments from Rome to, 258, 263; creation of the papal departments of Rome and Trasimenus, 262, 263; overpowered by England at sea, 264; monopolies in, 267; violations of the Continental System in, 266; scheme to incorporate new lands into, 266; seizure of American vessels by, 275, 321; part of the North Sea coast incorporated into the empire, 278, 287; enlargement of the empire, 279; vassal states, 279; a central bureaucracy in, 279; proposal to incorporate Spain into, 282; the natural extensions of, 282; principle of punishment by confiscation, 295; Russian discrimination against goods from, 288; enthusiasm in, over birth of the King of Rome, 302; the successor to the Frankish dominion of Charles the Great, 304; military expenses, 305; revenue from contributions, 304; the war method of replenishing the treasury, 305, 308; exchange of prisoners with England, 307; expeditions against Sicily, Egypt, and Ireland, 308; Russia's virtual declaration of war against, 312; effect of the Continental System on industry, 323; "flying columns," 323; admiration for the empire in, 323; general confidence in, 326; intrigues leading to the Russian campaign of 1812, 328-332; scarcity of provisions in, 329; Malet's conspiracy, 361, 376; revolutionary spirit in, 375, 376; effect of the Russian failure in, 377; civil officials whipped into line, 379; relief for soldiers' families, 379; plan of regency for, 380; reception of stragglers from Russia in, 386; the stimulus of bad news in, 386; seizure of communal domains, 389; proposed "guard of honor," 390; N. threatens to abolish the legislature, 390; value of the Austrian alliance to, 390; possibility of N.'s becoming king of, 400; proposed territorial concessions by, 408; scheme to confine her to the west bank of the Rhine, 423; exhaustion of, iv. 1; demoralization of the marshals, 13; military reverses, 19; revulsion of feeling of Bavaria and Saxony regarding, 19; England's determination to crush, 31; death throes of the empire, 37; her "natural boundaries," 41; the Frankfort proposals as to territorial changes, 42-45; hatred of dynastic rule, 43; failure of popular sovereignty, 43; hatred of feudalism, 43; movement for the expulsion of the invaders, 44; publication of the allies' proclamation in, 45; losses of the wars of 1812-1813, 47; the home guard, 50; radical agitation in, 49; "sedentary" volunteers, 50; panics, 51; imperialist sentiment in, 52-55; invaded by the allies, 53 et seq.; disaffection in the National Guard, 53; schemes of the allies for invasion of, 54, 57, 68; the allies determine to confine her to her royal limits, 68; the Czar's determination to conquer, 68; proposal that she continue the war with England, 75; attempt to confine N. to the boundaries of royal, 77; marauding excesses of the allies, 85; irregular warfare in, 99; empty arsenals in, 106; the dissolution of the empire, 110; proposed forms of government for, 114; under three forms of government, 115; the provisional government seeks the Emperor's death by assassination, 119; regeneration of, 121; proposed perpetuation of the empire, 120; N. renounces the throne of, 131; pensions N., 131; the virtue of the French burgher, 141; fails to pay N.'s pension, 142, 144, 150; formation of the new upper chamber, 146; restored to position of a great power, 146; Louis XVIII's constitution, 146; change of public opinion, 146-150; comparative expenses of the kingdom and the empire, 147; return of the emigrants to, 147; restriction of the suffrage, 147; release of prisoners of war, 147; "paternal anarchy" in, 147, 149; abolition of orphan asylums, 148; N.'s march through, on his return from Elba, 158-162; visions of a reunited, 157; N.'s plans for, on returning from Elba, 157; returned emigrants banished from, 157; N. the "liberator" of, 157; the apostle of popular sovereignty in, 159; abolition of privilege and divine right, 160, 257; the new cabinet, 159; reconstruction of the House of Peers, 160; promulgation of the Additional Act, 160; plebiscite in, 160; the specter of war in, 161, 166; bitterness of the nobles, 166; pledged to self-defense only, 168; reconstituted corps of marshals, 167; the "French fury," 171; Austrian and Prussian schemes for the humiliation of, 214; Carnot advises a dictatorship for, 217; organization of a new Directory, 218; demands for N.'s abdication, 218; appointment of committee of public safety, 218; the allies in, 219; the White Terror, 222; reconstruction, 224; confiscation of the imperial domain, 233; the Revolution in, 253-255; the teacher of Europe, 254; the heir of Rome, 253; enthusiasm for principle, 254; the Third Estate, 259, 261; overthrow of the old régime, 260; Protestantism in, 259; the new régime, 260; tendency toward revolution, 261; the Terror, 262; conspiracies in, 263; rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264; trial of a single-headed government, 265; abandonment of the people to N.'s purposes, 265; character of the wars with England, 265; the French tradition, 290; present conditions of government, 295; hopes for the future, 295; progress between 1802 and 1815, 296; N. the forerunner of modern, 295; the Seven Years' War, 297. See also names of persons or places connected with events in, passim. Francis I (Emperor of Austria), scheme of territorial aggrandizement, i. 325; opposes the army of the Rhine, 342; greed for Italian territory, 425, 438; ii. 141; prepares for flight into Hungary, i. 437; offers N. a principality and settled income, ii. 19; declines to send diplomatic agent to Paris, 42; N. writes personal letter to, 142; military plans for 1800, 160; letter from N. to, June, 1800, 187; his claims of empire, 329; dismemberment of his empire, 352; advised of N.'s seizure of the crown of Italy, 352; declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363; attempts negotiations with N., 368; inaugurates peace negotiations, 381; secures an armistice, 389; interview with N. after Austerlitz, 389; iii. 38; iv. 30; proposes to continue the war, ii. 390; abandons his Germanic crown, 404; outwitted by Andréossy, 444; resolves on neutrality, 445; attitude during the Eylau campaign, iii. 21; N. offers Silesia to, 22; his "divine right," 38; character, 38; the Czar's influence with, 166; N. demands that he disarm, 169; compact between Russia and France against, 176; reproached by N. from Erfurt, 178; decides to strike N. during his Spanish difficulties, 194; abused by N., 213, 251; treatment of Hungary, 214; seeks aid of Frederick William, 225; fails to secure advantage after Aspern, 225; obstinacy of, 225; his position after Wagram, 232; hopes of continuing the war, 235; assumes command of the army, 235; trusts to dilatory negotiations, 236; concedes N.'s demands, 236; gets no support from Alexander, 236; proposal that he abdicate, 238, 251; peace negotiations between N. and, 238; angered at the treaty of Schönbrunn, 244; at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256; asks aid against Russian aggression, 314; alarmed at Russian successes on the Danube, 320; acquires Galicia, 331; dean of the sovereigns at Dresden, 330; N. seeks to hold his adhesion, 375; lukewarmness toward N., 385; dread of N., 394; letter from N., 395; N.'s reply to his peace proposals, 408; N.'s dread of, 413; at Gitschin, 415; conference with Nesselrode, 415; political use of his daughter, 416; seeks alliance with Alexander, 419; letter from Metternich, June 29, 1813, 420; ratifies the treaty of Reichenbach, 422; reception of N.'s attempts to bribe Austria, 423; fears French invasion of Vienna, iv. 3; letter from N., Sept., 1813, 21; declines to treat after Leipsic, 31; anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40; distrust of his allies, 40; discovers the royal ancestry of the Buonapartes, 44; proposed cession of Alsace to, 67; to Maria Louisa on the situation, 68; N. demands the Frankfort proposals from, 74; narrow escape from capture at Bar-sur-Aube, 95; joins the Army of the South at Lyons, 97; relations with his allies, 97; letter from N. to, March 28, 1814, 104; at Dijon, 113, 128; N. seeks the aid of, through Maria Louisa, 128; Maria Louisa takes refuge with, 135, 143; seeks the dissolution of his daughter's marriage, 135; desires N.'s exile, 138; keeps his daughter a virtual prisoner, 143; besought for N.'s release, 231. Francisco, Don (Infante of Spain), ordered to Bayonne, iii. 146. Franconia, treaty with France, 1796, i. 450; French occupation of, ii. 405; iii. 165; the campaign in, 13; exploits of the Black Legion in, 234. Frankfort-on-the-Main, occupied by Custine, i. 194; member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403; French demonstrations near, 424; the principality transferred from Dalberg to Prince Eugène, iii. 266; furnishes new levies, 394; parley of the allies at, iv. 40-46; 67, 70; N. adheres to the proposals of, 70, 73, 75. Frasnes, military operations at, iv. 176, 184, 189. Fraternity, decreed, i. 110. Frederick VI, signs treaty of Fontainebleau, iii. 70; hopes to acquire Sweden, 280; assists in the Continental System, 280. Frederick August I, Elector of Saxony, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443; proposed exchange of Poland for Saxony, iii. 50; made king of Saxony, 56; acquires the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56; interview with N. at Dresden, 394; peculiar relations toward N., 375, 394, 408; offers his troops to Austria, 399; difficult position of, 399; declares himself favorable to France, 407; love for his capital, iv. 25; sent prisoner to Berlin, 34; released by N. from his engagements, 39. Frederick the Great, opinion of Paoli, i. 18; defeats Austria, 324; his military genius and principles of warfare, 348, 379, 394; ii. 419; iv. 266, 267; contrasted with N., i. 348, 394; ii. 163; attitude toward Austria, 41; statue at the Tuileries, 147; territorial acquisitions, 413; N.'s visit to, and spoliation of the tomb of, 438; self-coronation, iii. 37; end of his system, 103; N. repudiates the military ideas of, 154; N.'s analysis of the wars of, iv. 232; N.'s study of, 266. Frederick William I, his civil and military administration, ii. 414; school system of, 414. Frederick William II, reign of, ii. 414. Frederick William III, Sieyès's mission to, ii. 41; N. offers the friendship of France to, 155; character and personality, 155, 400, 414, 422, 442; iii. 44, 45, 52, 57, 62; iv. 6; refuses to make alliance with N., ii. 194; neutrality of, 194, 311, 361, 414; motive in joining the "armed neutrality," 194; N.'s threatening message to, 282; friendly to France, 347; letter to N., May, 1805, 356; swears friendship with Alexander I, 377; joins the third coalition, 376; signs away Prussian independence, 400; threatens to abdicate, 417; proposes the organization of a North German Confederation, 418; mobilizes the army, 420; demands the French evacuation of Germany, 421; declares war, 422; at Naumburg, 424; reluctance for war, 427, 428; military blunders, 429; in battle of Auerstädt, 433, 434; sues for peace, 435; flight from Jena, 436; refuses to accept an armistice, 442; desperation of, 442; precarious situation at Königsberg, iii. 9; N. opens negotiations with, 18; refuses N.'s overtures, 18; refuses to negotiate separate peace, 36; desperate situation, 37; his "divine right," 38; N.'s attitude toward, 42, 44, 104; armistice arranged with, 42; meeting with the Emperors at Tilsit, 42-45, 49-52; humiliation of, 57; calls on his queen for aid, 57; spoils interview between N. and his Queen, 59; death of, 63; residence at Memel, 107; in need of comforts, 107; sequestration of his Westphalian estates, 162; friendship with Alexander, 194; at St. Petersburg, 194; proposes alliance with Austria, 225; refuses aid to Francis, 225; secret armament by, 225; denounces Schill, 233; withdraws from offer of alliance, 236; sounds Austria, 320; offers alliance to Alexander, 320; at Dresden, 330; N. seeks to hold his adhesion, 375; Prussian disregard of, 382; nominally degrades York, 384; forced to a decision, 395; negotiates with N., 396; removes the court to Breslau, 396; grief at death of the Queen, 397; mobilizes the army, 397; declares war, 398; proposed allotment of territory to, 409; mediocrity in military affairs, iv. 6; in military council at Trachenberg, 6; anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40; distrust of his allies, 40; dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, 41; seeks the retention of Prussian acquisitions, 67; letter to Blücher, Feb. 26, 1814, 75; at Congress of Châtillon, 76; attitude toward Francis, 98; favors movement on Paris, 98; violates armistice before Paris, 110; his relations with Alexander, 113; enters Paris, 113; at the peace council in Paris, 114; approves the Bourbon restoration, 114; deceived by the Parisians' reception, 114; alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet, 135; system of promotion in the army, 171. Frederick William IV (crown prince), a suitor for a Napoleonic princess, iii. 331; persuades York to rejoin Blücher, iv. 80. Frederick, king of Würtemberg, at the Erfurt conference, iii. 172; marries his daughter to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 399. Free trade, demand for, in Corsica, i. 116. Freiburg, Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to, ii. 302; military movements near, ii. 430. Fréjus, N. lands at, ii. 83; iv. 139; N.'s triumphant progress to Paris from, ii. 84; place of N.'s embarkation changed from St. Tropez to, iv. 139; arrival of N. at, 139. "French Citizen," the, change of name to "French Courier," iii. 88. "French Courier," the, iii. 88. French Empire, the, the Emperor the head of, ii. 395; distinguished from France, 404. French language, N.'s use of the, i. 86. Frère, Gen., success at Segovia, iii. 156. Fréron, Louis S., in siege of Toulon, i. 232, 233; bloodthirsty character, 233; N.'s friendship with, 236; opposes Robespierre, 251; influence among the Thermidorians, 254; social life in Paris, 289; a Dantonist, 289; uses influence in N.'s behalf, 292, 296; flirtation with Pauline Buonaparte, 322; commissioner at Marseilles, 322. Friant, Gen., marches toward Ingolstadt, iii. 207; in battle of Borodino, 344. Fribourg, the plundering of, ii. 40. Frick Valley, to be ceded to Austria, ii. 40. Friedland, battle of, iii. 30-33; the campaign reviewed, 32-37; Alexander's pliableness after, 351; battle of, compares with that at Beresina, iv. 37. Friedrichshamn, treaty of, iii. 248. Friedrichstadt, fighting at, iv. 9. Friends of the Constitution, the, i. 154. Frischermont, the farms of, iv. 195; the French position at, 196. Friuli, retreat of Wurmser's troops through, i. 384; Quasdanowich's strength in, 386; Archduke Charles in, 425; campaign in, 430 et seq.; ceded by Austria to Italy, ii. 390; creation of hereditary duchy of, 395; Duroc created Duke of, iii. 86. See also Duroc. Fromentières, military operations near, iv. 64. Fructidor, the 18th of, ii. 8; N.'s responsibility for, 22, 31, 144; Talleyrand's views of, 34; counterstroke to, 92; amnesty for the victims of, 130; ruptures negotiations at Lille, 144. Fructidorians, attitude toward N., ii. 22; the radical wing of the, 42. Fuenterrabia, N. seeks information concerning, iii. 128. Fulton, Robert, tries to interest N. in steam, ii. 335. Fuentes de Onoro, battle of, iii. 289. Fusina, the French army at, i. 443.

G

Gaëta, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396. Gaffori, i. 116; fails to arouse enthusiasm in Ajaccio, 118. Galicia, Russian troops in, ii. 363; Austria's forces on the frontier of, iii. 23; Russian invasion of, 236; N. demands cession of, 239; part of, ceded to Russia, 239; territory of, ceded to grand duchy of Warsaw, 239, 310, 311; Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320; ceded to Austria, 331; Poniatowski commanding in, 402; Alexander proposes to exchange Alsace for, iv. 67. Galitzin, Prince, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15; invades Galicia, 236; letter from Alexander I, 311; Alexander's friendship with, 351; character, 351. Gallican Church, the, N.'s study of, i. 150; a voluntary, ii. 206; N.'s threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68; regulation of its relations with Rome, 262, 263; N.'s failure to change, iv. 260. Gallo, Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 437; Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 19; bribed by N., 19. Gambling, suppression of, iii. 92. Ganteaume, Adm., member of the council of state, ii. 152; commanding at Brest, 333; plan of naval operations for, 334; fails to run the blockade of Brest, 333. Gap, N.'s welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 154. Garat, D. J., Bonapartist agent in Naples, ii. 89; royalist intrigues of, iv. 106. Garda, Lake, military operations near, i. 372, 379-383, 412-414. Gareau, rapacity of, i. 376. Garfagnana, given to Elisa (Buonaparte), ii. 395. Gasparin, A. E., member of Convention commission for Corsica, i. 219. Gassendi, N.'s host in Nuits, i. 146. Gassicourt, Cadet de, story of Lannes's death-bed, iii. 224; prepares poison for N., iv. 218. Gaudin, M. M. C., appointed to the treasury, ii. 130, 220; member of N.'s new cabinet, iv. 159. Gaza, capture of, ii. 69. Gembloux, N. at, iv. 179; military movements near, 185; Grouchy ordered to, 185, 187, 191. Genappe, N.'s flight through, iv. 211. Gendarmerie, formation of the system of, i. 142. Geneva, N. in, ii. 27; to be ceded to France, 40; Berthier sent to, 140; Mme. de Staël's exile in, iii. 26; Augereau confronting Bubna at, iv. 57; surrenders to the allies, 67. Geneva, Lake of, French forces on the, ii. 169. "Genius of Christianity" (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259. Genoa, relation of Corsica to, i. 10; loses its hold on Corsica, 15; convention with France regarding Corsica, 17, 20; cedes Corsica to France, 22; the Buonaparte family in, 28; Paoli's fears concerning, 116; claims to Corsica, 120, 126; N.'s relations with and attitude toward, 122, 246-248, 253, 346; ii. 10, 15; relations with France, i. 239, 243-244; English influence in, 243; seizure of French vessel in harbor of, 243; counterfeit French money in, 246; her neutrality violated, 245; preparations for war with, 246-248, 253; N.'s scheme of operations against Sardinia and, 247; neutrality, 248; the road opened to, 257; reopening of commerce with Marseilles, 257; political status in 1796, 345; levy of enforced contributions from, 345; ii. 153; military operations against (1796), i, 357; French proposition to revolutionize, 373; guerrillas from, 373; coercive measures against, 373; makes alliance with the Directory, 403; disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439; French intervention in, ii. 10; sends an embassy to Montebello, 11; revolution in, 11; disappearance of Genoa the Superb, 11; commercial greatness, 15; plunder of, 16; transformed into the Ligurian Republic, 21; trampled under foot by N., 144; the French line at, 160; Austria's plans against, 160; English expedition against, 160, 164; Masséna forced back into, 165; siege of, 165, 169, 172, 175; the key of, 172; surrender of, 175; N. learns of Masséna's disaster at, 176; accepts a consular constitution, 233; contributes men to France in war of, 1803, 289; Masséna's defense of, 323; French acquisition of, 355, 357; position in the French Empire, iii. 279. Gentili, member of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133; delegate to the National Assembly, 133; places Ionian Islands under French protection, ii. 16. Gentz, Friedrich von, manifesto against N., iii. 200; on the campaign of 1813, iv. 40. George III, recalls Paoli to England, i. 261; incurs the ill will of Paul I, ii. 141; receives personal letter from N., 142; pasquinades on, 146; quarrel with Pitt over Catholic emancipation, 208; character, 270; fears for absolutism, 270; on treaty of Amiens, 276; message to Parliament, March 8, 1803, 282; Elector of Hanover, 287; effect of his imbecility, 329; letter from N., Jan. 2, 1805, 351; negotiations for the return of Hanover to, 400, 418, 420; use of German troops in the American colonies, 419; ousts the "All the Talents" ministry, iii. 46; joint letter from N. and Alexander to (1808), 181; retirement of, iv. 161; rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264. George IV (Prince Regent), attitude toward France (1795), i. 297; regency of, iv. 161; character, 161; besought for asylum for N., 221. Georgia, France undertakes to drive the Russians from, iii. 21. Gera, military movements near, ii. 432. Gérard, Gen. E. M., created baron, iii. 297; battle of Borodino, 344; seizes Montereau, iv. 73; moves toward Vitry, 93; attachment to N., 118; strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; in the Waterloo campaign, 171 et seq.; at Châtelet, 174; crosses the Sambre, 174, 179; battle of Ligny, 181, 183, 190; at Walhain, 192. Gerasdorf, military operations near, iii. 228; Archduke Charles advances to, 218. German Church, N.'s threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68. Germanic Diet, Prussia's growing ascendancy in the, i. 425. German Empire, N.'s scheme to rival the, ii. 337; abolished, 391. German-Roman Empire, decadence of, ii. 41. Germany, honors to Paoli in, i. 23; N.'s study of, 78; opposition of, to democracy, 247; cedes the left bank of the Rhine to France, 276; growth of liberal ideas in southern, 276; neutrality of northern, 276; secularization of Church lands in, 276; ii. 264; republican schemes for, i. 329; to be forced to yield the Rhine frontier, 334; military operations in (1795), 342; Jourdan's disasters in, 385; N. enters, 434; N.'s influence in, 448; claim to Malta, ii. 18; Augereau's blundering in, 37; plundering in, 38; French military arrogance in, 40; attitude of the Directory toward the ecclesiastical principalities of, 41; anti-revolutionary sentiment in, 43; Jourdan ordered to command in, 87; Archduke Charles commanding in central, 141; the seat of liberalism in, 155; billeting of French troops in, 156; France's pecuniary demands upon, 156; N.'s plan for a campaign in central, 164; Moreau levies contributions on, 186; adjustment of the temporal and spiritual principalities of, 193, 264; reduction of Austria's ascendancy in, 193; France's rights in, according to Peace of Lunéville, 193; Franco-Russian agreement concerning, 211; the Code Napoléon in, 223; effect of the Concordat in, 264; question of indemnifying displaced princes, 264; England's active diplomacy in, 264 et seq.; 301; N.'s policy of reorganization in, 265; rearrangement of territories, 265, 352, 391; development of national spirit, regeneration, and unification in, 265, 352; iii. 95, 161, 200, 213, 320, 330, 383, 385, 394, 397, 423; iv. 1, 19, 37, 40, 57, 298; strength of the military party and anti-French sentiment in 1875, ii. 269; N.'s eye to invasion of, 291; Moreau's levies on, 296; homage to N. by the princes of, 329; N.'s claim to, 354; Alexander I's scheme for partition of, 356; N. threatens to invade, 361; Archduke Ferdinand commanding in, 363; high-handed proceedings of the French army in, 376; extension of the French empire in, 398; humiliation of, 398 et seq.; state of religion and morality in, 398; scheme for unity of the Church in, 402; good-will to N. in western, 402; the Germanic empire abolished, 404; French occupation of southern, 405, 418; Russia's pretensions in, 418; N.'s intention to evacuate, 421; Frederick William demands the evacuation of, 422; Austria asks for rearrangement of, iii. 22; its composite character, 56; French nobility endowed with lands in, 87; liberal movement in, 103; Austria looks for indemnities in, 195; hopes of the Hapsburgs to regain lost territory in, 199; Archduke Charles's address to, 199; insurrections in, 233; hatred of N. in, 240; French occupation of the coast, 266; French evacuation of southern, 266; confiscation in, 296; Mme. de Staël's book on, 300; withdrawal of French troops from, 307; influence of Prussia in, 320; proposed new boundaries for, 320; feelings toward N. in, 322; withdrawal of the Hapsburgs from the leadership of, 330; conspiracies in, 375; revolutionary feeling in, 382; Russian proclamation to, 398; Sweden sends troops to, 399; Austria aims at recovering ascendancy in, 423; purpose of the allies to restore states in, iv. 21; the retreat from, 35; proposed influence for N. in, 41; Prussia's ambition for leadership in, 88; N.'s influence in the creation of modern, 299; the federation of, 298. "Germany in her Deepest Humiliation," ii. 417. Gernstädt, military operations near, ii. 433. Gerry, Elbridge, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34. Ghent, flight of Louis XVIII to, iv. 161. Giacominetta, N.'s childish love, i. 41. Gibraltar, i. 22; Nelson sails for, ii. 359; Nelson waters his ships at, 372; importance of, iii. 111. Gibraltar, Straits of, Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371. "Gilded Youth," the, i. 271. Gilgenburg, Ney and Bernadotte escape to, iii. 10; military movements near, 13, 14. Ginguené, P. L., Bonapartist agent in Turin, ii. 89. Gironde, Department of the, exempt from legislation concerning Jews, iii. 77. Gironde, River, N. proposes to seek asylum on American ship in the, iv. 221. Girondists, the, form a ministry, i. 172; the fall from the ministry, 174; leaders of, 189; position in the National Convention, 188; struggle between the Jacobins and, 189; favor Louis XVI, 194; failure of their policy, 212; defeat the Jacobins in Marseilles, 213; movement of Marseillais on Paris, 213; retreat from Avignon, 216; their cause discussed in the "Supper of Beaucaire," 216, 219; prepare Toulon for siege, 221; deliver the fleet at Toulon to Lord Hood, 221; murders of, at Toulon, 233; overawed by Danton and Marat, 234; effects of their policy, 249; failure of, 266, 267; their part in organizing the Directory, 271; influence on the new constitution, 278; royalism among, 309. Girzikowitz, military operations near, ii. 386. Gitschin, Francis I. at, iii. 415. Glatz, siege of, iii. 20. Glogau, held by the French, iii. 402; relieved by Victor, 413. Glory, the French passion for, ii. 249, 361; iii. 6. Gneisenau, Gen. August, institutes military reforms in Prussia, iii. 103; military ability, iv. 14, 59, 183; spurs up Bernadotte at Leipsic, 31; aims to annihilate N., 57; warns Blücher against over-confidence, 62; in Waterloo campaign, 172, 177; orders the Prussian retreat to Wavre, 183, 184; his title to fame, 182, 183; holds Blücher's troops, 194; doubts Wellington's ability to stand at Waterloo, 194; in battle of Waterloo, 211, 212. Godoy, Manuel de, prime minister of Spain, ii. 204, 289; relations with Queen Louisa, 204, 289, 332; iii. 71, 124, 144, 150; the "Prince of the Peace," ii. 289; iii. 124; proposed kingdom for, in Portugal, 67, 120; Spanish revolt against, 71; treachery to N., 71; ill-gotten wealth, 124; relations with N., 124, 131; waning power and downfall of, 124, 128, 134, 135, 146; causes arrest of Ferdinand, 126; Ferdinand's charges against, 126; becomes aware of N.'s policy, 132; skill in diplomacy, 131; refuses to assent to French seizure of Portugal, 133; appalled at the French invasion, 133; contemplates a Bourbon monarchy in America, 134; clamor for his death, 135; capture of, 135; seeks protection of Ferdinand, 136; destruction of his property, 135; proposed trial of, 135, 136, 144; hinted order that he come to France, 140, 141; summoned to Bayonne, 145; popular hatred of, 146; at Compiègne, 148; infamy of, 150. Goethe, Johann W. von, meetings with N., iii. 172; decorated at Erfurt, 176; on N., 319, 322; the idealist among thinkers, iv. 242. Gohier, M., member of the Directory, ii. 92; represents Jacobin element in the Directory, 94; falls under Josephine's influence, 97; president of the Directory, 97; joins the Bonapartist ranks, 97; proposed resignation of, 101; seeks counsel with Barras, 106; refuses to resign, 108; imprisonment of, 108, 115. Gohlis, military operations near, iv. 29-32. Goldbach, River, military operations on the, ii. 385-388, 392. Golden Book, the. See Venice. Goltz, at Tilsit, iii. 49, 57; interview with N., 60. Golynim, military operations near, iii. 4. Görz, ceded to France, iii. 239. Göss, castle of, treaty of Leoben signed in, i. 437. Gosselies, military operations near, iv. 175, 176. Gotha, imprisonment of St. Aignan at, iv. 42. Göttingen, Bernadotte ordered to, ii. 362; patriotism in the university, iii. 398. Gourgaud, Gen., accompanies N. to Paris, iv. 105; advises a return to Lorraine, 116; requests interview with Souham, 126; accompanies N. to Rochefort, 219; goes to London to seek English asylum for N., 223; accompanies N. to St. Helena, 227; mission to secure N.'s release, 231; assists N. on his history, 232. Government, Rousseau's views on, i. 8; the centralization of, ii. 218; the mystery of, iii. 389. Gradisca, storming of, i. 433. Graham, Gen., commanding English troops in the Netherlands, iv. 57. Grain, monopoly of trade in, i. 105. Grand army, the, N.'s distrust of, iii. 45; passes from Prussia to Spain, 182; Murat commanding the remnants of, 373; demoralization of, 373; crosses the Niemen, 384. Grandmaison, charges plots among the Five Hundred, ii. 115. Granville, Lord, on affairs in France, i. 297. Grasse, N.'s march through, on return from Elba, iv. 154. Graudenz, precarious situation of the garrison of, iii. 10; Bennigsen attempts to succor, 10; demanded by N. as a pledge, 36. Gravina, Adm., escapes from Trafalgar, ii. 374. Great Britain, the modern empire of, ii. 55. See also England. "Great Elector," the office of, ii. 126, 322. Great Görschen, fighting at, iii. 405. Great Raigern, military operations near, ii. 382. Great St. Bernard Pass, the passage of the, ii. 169-171. "Great Terror," the, i. 250. Greece (ancient), influence on French art, iii. 88; effects of ambition in, iv. 261; the history of, 293. Greece, Nelson seeks the French fleet at, ii. 61; proposal that France take, iii. 50; N. plans the liberation of, 51; the national awakening of, iv. 300. Grégoire, Henri, influence on the Consulate, ii. 195; royalist intrigues of, 195. Gregorian calendar, restoration of the, ii. 346. Gregory VII, ii. 340. Grenadier Guards, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201. Grenier, Gen., in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191; division commander under Eugène, iii. 393. Grenoble, Pius VII a prisoner at, iii. 119, 242; N.'s march to, on return from Elba, iv. 154; imperial proclamation at, 156; obeys N.'s summons to surrender, 156; N.'s welcome at, 156; N. at, 165. Grenville, Lord, letter to Talleyrand from, ii. 143; on N.'s wickedness, 144. Grisons, the, quarrel between the Valtellina and, ii. 11; Austrian violation of neutrality in, 72; Kray's communications via, to be cut, 164. Grodno, Jerome at, iii. 336. Gros, A. J., painter, ii. 351; created a baron, 354. Grosbois, residence of Barras, ii. 119. Grossbeeren, battle of, iv. 14, 16, 19. Gross-Ebersdorf, military operations near, iii. 217. Grouchy, Gen. E., in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191; at Tilsit, iii. 52; commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812, 324; in battle of Vauchamps, iv. 64; recreated marshal, 167; movements and orders in the Waterloo campaign, 170 et seq., 179, 186, 191-194, 200, 213, 267; letter to N., June 17, 1815, 187, 191; suspected unwillingness of, 187; Gérard to coöperate with, 190; uneasy conscience of, 191; garbled account of Waterloo by, 191; at Walhain, 192, 213; criticism of, 192; at Wavre, 194; N.'s reliance on, 207, 213; ordered to retire on Namur, 211, 214; responsibility for disaster at Waterloo, 213; victory at Wavre, 214; leads his army back to France, 214. Guadarrama Mountains, N. crosses the, iii. 186-188. Guadeloupe, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333. "Guardian Angel, The," near Craonne, the Emperor's night at, iv. 78, 79. "Guard of honor," the proposed, iii. 390. Guards (English), in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209. Guastalla, given to Pauline (Buonaparte), ii. 395; granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133. Guastalla, Duchess of, Pauline created, iii. 279. Gudin, Gen., in battle of Pultusk, iii. 4; in the Eckmühl campaign, 208. Guérin, Pierre N., created baron, iii. 297. Guernsey, Russian soldiers transported to, ii. 141. Guiana, Pichegru escapes from, ii. 161. Guidai, engaged in Malet's conspiracy, iii. 376. Guieu, Gen., in the Rivoli campaign, i. 410, 414. Guilleminot, Gen., mediator between Russia and Turkey, iii. 105; in battle of Waterloo, iv. 199. Guillotine, the, work of, i. 251. Güldengossa, military operations near, iv. 28. Günzburg, Mack essays to cross the Danube at, ii. 366. Gustavus Adolphus, scene of his defeat of Wallenstein, iii. 404. Gustavus IV, king of Sweden, hated by his subjects, iii. 35; in Pomerania, 36; weakness of, 36; gives place to Charles XIII, 280. Guyot, battle of Waterloo, iv. 203. Gyuläi, Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381. Gyulay, Gen., battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 32.

H

Hadrian I, Charles the Great's donation to, revoked by N., iii. 215. Hague, The, removal of the capital to Amsterdam from, iii. 277. Hal, Wellington's troops at, iv. 190, 195. Halberstadt, the Black Legion's escape through, iii. 234. Halkett, Hugh, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210. Halle, Bernadotte's victory at, ii. 436; the Black Legion's escape through, iii. 234; patriotism in the university, 398; Blücher's advance to, iv. 26, 27. Hamburg, negotiations between France and Prussia concerning, ii. 154; laid under contribution, 286, 287; closed to British commerce, 287; seizure of Rumbold at, 330; proposal to give it to Prussia, 400; French occupation of, 443; Spanish troops in, iii. 159; Bernadotte's force in, 202; smuggled commerce of, 265; scheme to incorporate with France, 266; position in the French Empire, 279; sends deputation to Paris, 380; rising against the French garrison, 402; captured by Vandamme, 407; Danish troops sent to, 407; occupied by Davout, 413; the status quo to be maintained in, 414; N. offers the city to Austria, 424; end of N.'s defensive line, iv. 1; Davout besieged at, 55. Hameln, attempt to besiege, ii. 416; capitulation of, 436. Hamilton, Alexander, U. S. treasury system, iv. 259. Hanau, Oudinot's command in, iii. 203; battle of, iv. 35; compared to Krasnoi, 36. Hannibal, N.'s allusion to, i. 357; his passage of the Alps, ii. 169, 186. Hanover, N. threatens to seize, ii. 282; George III, Elector of, 287; French occupations of, 287, 331, 418, 443, iii. 202, 266; Prussia negotiates with France for, ii. 356, 362; the French garrison replaced by Prussians, 362; ceded to Prussia, 390, 400, 405; negotiations for its return to George III, 400, 418, 420; attempt to drive the French from, 416; troops in Pomerania, iii. 36; allotted to Jerome, 266; Jerome deprived of part of, 278; excepted from the scheme of Prussian aggrandizement, 398; England abandons scheme for extension of, 399; Prussia promises to cede part of Saxony to, 417; proposed cession of Hildesheim to, 417; restored to its former ruler, iv. 40; campaign of the Hundred Days, 170 et seq. Hanover, the House of, ii. 317. Hanseatic towns, free cities, ii. 405; Joachim I's aspirations concerning, 416; proposal to include in North German Confederation, 418; hesitate to reply to Prussia, 420; neutrality of, iii. 46; virtual dependence on France, 66; smuggled commerce of, 265; scheme to incorporate them with France, 266; N. offers to evacuate, 272; offered to Louis for Brabant and Zealand, 270; England threatened with loss of trade with, 272; N. refuses to cede points concerning, 392; proposal that France evacuate the, 407; proposed independence of the, 415; iv. 30. Happiness, N. on, i. 137. Hapsburg, House of, end of its policy of territorial expansion, ii, 193; effect of the Bayonne negotiations on, iii. 163 et seq.; seeks indemnity for lost domains, 195; hopes of regaining lost territory, 199; demoralization in, 215; matrimonial alliance with N., 249, 251; iv. 43; democratic blows at the dignity of, iii. 256; iv. 37; withdraws from the leadership of Germany, iii. 330. Harcourt, on affairs in France, i. 297. Hardenberg, Prince K. A. von, aims at consolidation of Prussia, ii. 358; dismissal of, 400; iii. 42, 49, 50; Prussian minister, ii. 415. iii; 37; at Tilsit, 50; proposes the partition of Turkey, 50; seeks refuge in Vienna, 178; effect of his reforms, 319; Metternich's negotiations with, 394; hostility to N., 396. Harel, share in the execution of d'Enghien, ii. 310. Hassenhausen, engagement at, ii. 433. Hatzfeldt, Prince, court-martialed and sentenced to death, ii. 439; the sentence commuted, 439. Haugwitz, Count, Prussian envoy to France, ii. 381, 399; policy after Austerlitz, 389; concludes treaty with France, 399; demand for the disgrace of, 417. Hauterive, Duhoux d', royalist leader, i. 298; reviews French situation in 1801, ii. 214. Havelburg, French troops at, iii. 393. Havre, France's alleged naval preparations at, ii. 284. Hébert, J. R., leader of the Exagérés, i. 234; terrorist, 250. Heddersdorf, defeat of the Austrian, by Hoche at, i. 440. Heidenheim, the French position at, ii. 365. Heilsberg, Ney retreats from, iii. 10; Bennigsen reaches, 10, 14; battle of, 29; N. concentrates his army at, 29; the Russians abandon, 32; N.'s peril at, 33. Heinrichsdorf, engagement near, iii. 30. Heliopolis, battle of, ii. 181. Helvetian Republic, the, alliance with France, ii. 40; formation of, 40, 86; neutrality violated by Austria, 72; N. Grand Mediator of the, 234; English efforts to discredit France in, 264; in vassalage to France, iii. 279. Henry, Prince of Prussia, ii. 415. Henry III, N. likened to, ii. 340. Henry IV, heads the Bourbon dynasty, i. 176; N. discerns likeness to himself, ii. 350; N. emulates in uxoriousness, iii. 258. Herat, proposed Franco-Russian expedition via, ii. 194. Herbois, Collet d', member of the National Convention, i. 188, 233. Hercules, Pillars of, "the new," iii. 308. Hereditary nobility, abolished, ii. 223. Heredity, N. on, i. 137. Herodotus, N.'s study of, i. 78. Hesse, French march through, ii. 362; furnishes contingent to N.'s army, iii. 324. Hesse-Cassel, excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403, 442; proposal to include in the Confederation, 418; hesitates to reply to Prussia, 420; French occupation of, 443; neutrality of, 443; organized into the kingdom of Westphalia, iii. 56. Hesse-Cassel, House of, extinction of, ii. 443. Hesse-Darmstadt, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403; quota of men, 404; turns from N. to the allies, iv. 40. Heymès, Col., records N.'s orders to Ney at Quatre Bras, iv. 176, 184. High Admiral, creation of the office of, ii. 322. Highways, N.'s scheme of, ii. 279. Hildesheim, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 265; proposed cession of, to Hanover, iii. 417. Hill, Lord, joins Wellington in the Peninsula, iii. 283; occupies Bordeaux, iv. 87; in Waterloo campaign, 172. Hiller, Gen., military operations on the inn, iii. 199; movements to support, 204; movements before Ratisbon, 208; driven back to Landshut, 208; flees to Neumarkt, 208; Bessières pursues, 209; crosses the Danube at Mautern, 212; battle of Ebelsberg, 211; defeats Wrede at Erding, 211; effects junction with Charles at Bisamberg, 212, 216; drives Eugène over the Adige, iv. 39. Hilliers, Baraguey d', capture of his command in Russia, iii. 359. History, the functions and study of, i. 1, 2; iv. 251; N.'s study and theory of, i. 78, 127, 150. "History of Corsica," i. 91, 93, 123, 126. Hoche, Gen. Lazare, defeats Wurmser at Weissenburg, i. 273; commanding Army of the West, 346; military genius, 350; ii. 181; campaign in the Netherlands, i. 427; defeats Austria on the Rhine, 439; expedition to Ireland, 449; considered for minister of war, ii. 6; distrusted by the people, 6; death of, 9. Hofer, Andreas, exploits in the Tyrol, iii. 234; capture, trial, and death of, 241; his family ennobled, 241, 242; his patriotism and fame, 241; compared to Tell, 242. Hohenems, acquired by Würtemberg, ii. 391. Hohenlinden, battle of, ii. 190-194. Hohenlohe, Prince of, commanding at Chemnitz, ii. 424; at Blankenhain, 427; defeated by Bernadotte at Schleiz, 428; in battle of Jéna, 433, 434; retreats to Prenzlau, 434; surrender of, 436. Hohen-Thann, military movements near, iii. 206. Hohenzollern, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403. Hohenzollern, House of, ii. 317; N. in the palace of the, 437; its territories, 442; N. contemplates its extinction, 442; provisions for French evacuation of its lands, iii. 62; N.'s attitude toward, 106, 319; humiliation of, 163. Holitsch, interview between Francis I and N. near, ii. 389. Hollabrunn, Bagration's stand at, ii. 379; Soult at, 379. Holland, honors to Paoli in, i. 23; N.'s study of the history of, 156; expected enmity of, 187; closes the Scheldt, 194; becomes the Batavian Republic, 276; conquest and occupation by France, 324; ii. 5, 233; republican schemes for, i. 329; plunder of works of art from, 369; organization of the Orange party in, 499; efforts to check democracy in, 499; English conquests of colonies from, ii. 12; proposal to make her a dependency of France, 12; loss of colonies by, 38; compulsory enrolment in the republican system, 38; Brune's campaign in, 87, 93, 323; loyalty to N., 146; indemnity for Flushing, 154; the Code Napoléon in, 223; iii. 277; a new constitution imposed on, ii. 233; indemnity to House of Orange, 262; French guarantees to, 289; share in the war of 1803, 290; independence of, 354; N.'s claim to, 354; Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377; Louis made king, 397; iii. 96, 269; enlistments from, under the French eagles, 3; Louis's reign in, 25, 270, 277; vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, 54; relations of France with, 73; smuggled commerce of, 140, 265; Louis's loyalty to the Dutch, 148, 149; Oudinot ordered to coerce, 266; England's paper blockade of, 267; visit of N. to, 268; violates the Continental System, 269-271; N. reduces Louis to the position of a French governor, 271; geographically a part of France, 270, 282; N.'s scheme for the annexation of, 271; England threatened with loss of trade with, 272; N. offers to evacuate, 272; opposition to N. in, 275; seizures of American ships in, 275; Fouché's English-Dutch conspiracy, 275; Louis abdicates, 276; removal of the capital to Amsterdam, 277; annexed to France, 277; popularity of Louis in, 277; prosperity under French rule, 277; the national movement in, 278; "the alluvium of France," 282; English expedition to, 294; incorporated into the French Empire, 294; N. refuses to cede any part of, 392; riots in, 392; Eugène to guard, 393; proposal that France evacuate, 407; mediocrity of soldiers of, iv. 20; N. offers to restore independence of, 30; English influence in, 30, 41; recalls the Prince of Orange, 40; proposed independence of, 41. Holland, Lord, advocates N.'s cause in Parliament, ii. 143. Holstein, threatened French invasion of, iii. 69; Denmark's loss of, 70. Holy Alliance, the, iii. 425; iv. 225. Holy Inquisition, abolished in Spain, iii. 189. Holy League, the, i. 177. Holy Roman Empire, dismemberment of the, ii. 266; abolition of, 418; desire to substitute a Western empire for, 395; title of the heir to, iii. 261. Hood, Lord, seizure at Toulon, i. 221. Hortense, Queen, at Malmaison, iv. 218. See also Beauharnais, Hortense de. Hostage Law, the, ii. 94, 134. Hougomont, the farm-house of, iv. 195, 197; fighting at, 199-202, 207. Hoyerswerda, N. moves toward, iv. 17. Hugo, Victor, on N., i. 377; at school in Madrid, iii. 292. Humanity, the cause of, i. 266. Hyères, retreat of the Corsican expedition to, i. 262. Hulin, Gen. P. A., presides at trial of Duc d'Enghien, ii. 307-310; transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132. Humboldt, William von, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415; reorganizes the educational system of Prussia, iii. 103; at Congress of Prague, iii. 422. Hundred Days, the campaign of the, iv. 171 et seq.; N.'s monograph on, 232; the political question of the, 296. Hungary, Francis I prepares for flight into, i. 437; French machinations in, ii. 42; importance of securing to the allies, 381; Archduke John in, iii. 213, 217, 225, 226, 230; N.'s policy of winning the people of, 214; Leopold II's reign, 214; Francis I's treatment of, 214.

I

Iberian Peninsula, proposed appropriation of, iii. 111. Ibrahim Bey, in the battle of the Pyramids, ii. 60; fails to assist the Rhodes expedition, 77. Île Dieu, landing of Count of Artois on, i. 304. Iller, Gen., commanding in the Tyrol, ii. 188. Iller, River, Austrian forces on the, ii. 363. Illyria, Austrian recruiting in, i. 386; Marmont in, iii. 225; constitution of, 239; military government of, 279; proposed surrender of, to Austria, iii. 320, 392, 407, 415, iv. 30. Imagination, N's prophetic utterance on a disordered, i. 138. Imperial Guard, at Kronach, ii. 428; discontent among the, iii. 5; strength in Poland, 6, 7; at Eylau, 15; battle of Heilsberg, 29; battle of Friedland, 30; exclusiveness of, 87; service in Spain, 133, 265, 283; accompanies N. from Spain to Paris, 189; strength in March, 1812, 323; omission of N. to use them at Borodino, 346; at Smolensk, 362; at Krasnoi, 363; on march from Smolensk to Lithuania, 5; N.'s address to, near Orcha, 366; demoralization of, 365; jealousy of the proposed "guard of honor," 390; at Rippach, 404; in battle of Lützen, 404; the allies' belief in N.'s use of, iv. 4; at Lauban, 7; feat of marching, 8; battle of Dresden, 8, 9; its losses, 78; N. reviews the, 117, 118; in Waterloo campaign, 171-211; battle of Ligny, 183; battle of Waterloo, 196, 207, 208; personnel and morale, 208; "dies but never surrenders," 210. Imperial University, founding of the, iii. 89. Imposts, the regulation of, i. 44. "Inconstant," the, N.'s escape from Elba in, iv. 153. India, N.'s attention turned toward, i. 78; N.'s aspirations for a career in, 207, 216, 317; ii. 15; N. given leave to march on, 73; importance of N.'s conquering, 73; Russia's ambition in, 154, 194, 263; Franco-Russian plans for invasion of, 194, 209; N.'s dreams of empire in, 289; iii. 308, 352; iv. 256; N.'s plans for attacking England in, ii. 334; proposed French expedition to, 441; proposed Franco-Persian invasion of, iii. 21; England's vulnerable heel, 109, 112-114; the highway to, 111. Indus, River, the, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209. Industry, improved condition of, ii. 259; N. advises encouragement of, 347. Infantado, Duke del, leader of Ferdinand VII's party, iii. 124; commissioned governor of New Castile, 126. Infantry, N.'s early views concerning, i. 56, 59. "Influence of the Passions," N.'s study of Mme. de Staël's, ii. 53. Ingolstadt, Bernadotte marches to, ii. 365; Davout to concentrate at, iii. 204-208. Inn Quarter, ceded to Austria, ii. 40; embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, iii. 239. Inn, River, the, military movements on, ii. 190, 363, 367; iii. 199, 204, 211, 234. Innocent II, contrasted with Pius VII, iii. 264. Innsbruck, seized by the Tyrolese, iii. 201; garrisoned by Austrians, 201; Lefebvre drives Tyroleans from, 213. Inquisition, the Holy, blamed for disorders in Spain, iii. 158. Institute of France, reorganization of, i. 281; Talleyrand a member of, ii. 33, 47; elects N. a member, 98, 335; part of the educational system of France, 226. Institutions, N.'s study of, i. 78. International law, the law of colonial trade, iii. 46, 47, 48; neutral ships and neutral goods, 46-49; the "rule of 1756," 46, 47; right of search, 47, 100; contraband of war, 47; sanctity of all flags on high seas, 55; the law of neutrals, 264, 267, 280; use of "simulated papers," 267, 274. International understandings, a hoped-for system of, iv. 295. Invalides, Hospital of the, trophies from Aboukir deposited at, ii. 147; inauguration of the empire at, 327; distribution of Legion of Honor crosses at, 361; relics of Frederick the Great sent to, 437. Ionian Islands, taken under French protection, ii. 16; worship of N. in, 16; France retains, 21; suzerainty of Turkey over, 262; occupied by Russia, 330; compensation for, iii. 56; England's naval watchfulness over, 112; military government of, 278. Ireland, Hoche's expedition to, i. 449; plans of French invasion of, ii. 49, 67, 354, 371; arrest and dismissal of French consuls in, 270; N. foments disturbance in, 272; volunteer forces in, 291; English troops sent to Portugal from, iii. 122; French expedition against (1811), 308. Iron Mask, the Man in the, i. 27. Isar, River, military movements on the, ii. 190; iii. 205-209. Isenburg, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403. Iser Mountains, military movements near, iv. 7. Islam, N. professes the religion of, ii. 66. Isola Rossa, patriot success at, i. 119. Isonzo, River, military operations on the, i. 433; proposed boundary for Italy, ii. 23. Istria, ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438; Austrian forces in, ii. 170; ceded by Austria to Italy, 391; creation of hereditary duchy of, 396; Bessières created Duke of, iii. 86. See also Bessières. Italian Church, N. threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68. Italian Republic, N. president of the, 252. Italy, affinity with Corsica, i. 9, 10, 24, 25; the root of the Buonaparte family in, 27; expected enmity of, 187; movements of the French fleet against, 191; N.'s plan of campaign in, 239, 244-246; suspension of offensive operations in, 256; opening the roads into, 257, 344; uneasiness in, at English proximity, 261; French schemes against English influence in, 261; growth of liberal ideas in, 276; N. claims the honors of the campaign in, 292; adoption of N.'s plan of campaign against (1795), 293; Austria's gaze on, 325; N.'s peculiar relations to, and knowledge of, 340-345, 368; the battle-field of rival dynasties, 345; status in 1796, 345; revolutionary spirit in, 345; wealth, 345, 368, 375; cost of the war in, 351; N.'s successes in (1796), 351; French pillage in, 351, 423, 446; ii. 13, 17, 32; the destinies of Europe dependent on fate of, i. 351; "an artichoke," 352; the garden of, 357; crushed at Lodi, 361; levying contributions in, 361, 366-369, 374, 375; the fate of Europe dependent on campaign in, 385; N.'s personal views of his campaign in, 394; N.'s negotiations with, 397-404; relations with France, 397-404; the campaign in, 406 et seq.; Austria's fourth attempt to retrieve position in, 406; the key of, 411; Spain's mastery of, 421; Austria's greed for territory in, 425; Austria's determination to fight in, 425; spread of the revolutionary movement in, 428; N.'s organization of native forces in, 431; scheme of a central republic for, 438; general disarmament of, 442; N. has free hand in rearrangement of, ii. 7; N.'s schemes to master, 9; lands in, ceded to Austria, 21; attitude of the Directory toward, 23; N.'s reports on the people of, 23; N. the deliverer of, 26; the enlightenment of, 37; France's policy toward, 38; keeping open gateways into, 40; Polish troops in, 42; N.'s forces in, 42; reasons for success of revolutionary propaganda in, 44; proposed movements of the allies in, 72; Joubert's command in, 72; French disasters in, 80, 140; dissolution of the republics in, 83; France foments quarrels in, 87; Schérer's blunders in, 88; Russian military operations in, 90, 92; Francis I determined to hold northern, 141; N.'s bad faith with the states of, 144; French and Austrian troops in, 160; N.'s plan of campaign in, (1800), 162 et seq.; the reserve army ordered to, 164; Lecourbe ordered to, 168; Austrian successes and forces in, 170; open to N.'s armies, 170; Austria agrees to evacuate northern, 182; Austria seeks concessions in, 189; Masséna's maladministration in, 190; Murat commanding in central, 190; Brune's and Macdonald's movements in, 192; Austria's line in, as fixed at Lunéville, 193; alleged plans of N. to secure principality in, 194; N.'s problems in, 203 et seq.; influence of France in, 207; Franco-Russian agreement concerning, 211; the Code Napoléon in, 223; iv. 40; reorganization of the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 233; N.'s grip on, 263; Austria's share in, 265; Moreau's soldiers drafted into, 295; the second campaign in, 295; restriction of the temporal power in, 325; necessity for reorganization, 347; union of the crowns of France and, 352; coronation of N. as king, 353; N.'s scheme of independence for, 355; N. ignores Russian interference in, 356; Prince Eugène Beauharnais viceroy of, 358; N.'s sojourn in, 357; Austria's ambition concerning, 358; Eugène Beauharnais to organize troops in, 362; Austria's interest in, 363; Archduke Charles commanding in, 363; Prussia bound to secure the independence of, 377; Austrian troops withdrawn to Vienna from, 380; N. proposes to add Venetia to, 389; acquires Friuli and Istria, 391; acquires Dalmatia, 391, 405; N. exacts tribute from, 396; Venetia incorporated into, 395, 405; enlistments from, under the French eagles, iii. 3; French dominion recognized at Tilsit, 54; temporal appointment of bishops in, 68; ecclesiastical difficulties in, 67, 305; relations of France with, 73; proposal to lay under commercial tribute to France, 74; French nobility endowed with lands in, 87; N.'s royal progress through, 109; N.'s firm hold on, 109; as a highway to India, 111; lack of an heir to the throne, 112; abolition of the hostile strip between Naples and, 118; annexation of Papal States, to, 68, 118; Etruria incorporated with kingdom, 120, 129; N. visits (Nov., 1808), 128; N. offers the crown to Lucien, 129; Austria looks for indemnities in, 195; hopes of the Hapsburgs to regain territory in, 199; defeat of Prince Eugène by Archduke John in, 201; Archduke John in, 211; consolidation of, under the Napoleon family, 215; extinguishment of Austria's hopes in, 215; the city of Rome incorporated with, 242; Machiavelli and Daunou on the attitude of the Church of Rome toward, 262; breaking the chains of ecclesiastical oppression in, 264; substitution of military despotism, 264; allotment of Austrian lands to, 266; England's paper blockade of, 267; Eugène made viceroy of, 279; "the flank of France," 282; confiscation in, 296; furnishes contingent to N.'s army, 324; N. ruler of, 382; Roman Catholic influence in, 391; N. refuses to cede any part of, 392; Eugène ordered to raise a new army in, 408, 414; proposal to liberate her from France, 416; Austria seeks to regain ascendancy in, 423; iv. 30, 41; N. offers to guarantee the unity of, 30; sowing the seeds of unity for, 37; effect of the battle of Leipsic on, 37; confusion in, 39; Alfieri's work in, 39; humiliation of, 39; proposed independence of, 41; fails to support N., 56, 59; lost to France, 56; N. renounces the throne of, 131; feels the Austrian yoke, 144; revulsion of feeling toward N. in, 144; plots against N., 150; social reforms in, 255; after-effects of the Revolution, 255; N.'s task in, 255; French influences in, 299; Austria driven from, 300. Ivan, body physician to the Emperor, iv. 130. Ivrea, attacked by Lannes, ii. 171; capture of, 172. Izquierdo, Spanish minister to France, iii. 120; conducts negotiations between Spain and France, 133; reports failure of his mission, 133.