Chapter XXII · (continued 3)

B

Babylon, the history of, iv. 293. Bacciocchi, Mme., literary coterie, ii. 258; acquires the duchy of Lucca, 354. See also Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa. Bacciocchi, Pasquale, marries Elisa Buonaparte, i. 322. Bachelu in battle of Waterloo, iv. 199, 204. Bacon, Francis, N.'s study of, ii. 53. Badajoz, Soult's capture of, iii. 286; English siege and storming of, 289-291, 319. Baden, violation of her neutrality, i. 179; ii. 331, 363; makes peace with France (1796), i. 385, 450; relations with Russia, ii. 266; strengthening of, 266; residence of the Duc d'Enghien in, 301; French expedition to, 304; news of the Duc d'Enghien's arrest in, 305; friendly relations with France, 377; acquires territory after Austerlitz, 391; subservience to France, 394, 402; created a separate kingdom, 398; member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 403; supplies contingent for N.'s army, ii. 404; iii. 322; allotment of Austrian lands to, 266; turns from N. to the allies, iv. 40; position in Germany, 298. Bagration, Gen. Peter, holds Murat at Hollabrunn, ii. 379; in battle of Austerlitz, 387; in campaign of Eylau, iii. 14; called in by Barclay de Tolly, 335; movements on the Dnieper and Pripet, 336; contemplated junction with Barclay, 336; establishes communication with Drissa, 336; driven east by Davout, 338; junction with Barclay at Smolensk, 336, 338; plan of junction with Barclay at Vitebsk, 338; battle of Smolensk, 339. Bailly, Jean Sylvain, mayor of Paris, i. 109. Balcombe, Mr., entertains N. at St. Helena, iv. 229. Balearic Isles, N. offers them to England, ii. 404, 405. Balkan Peninsula, Russia's ambitions in, iii. 310; rescue of the people of, iv. 300. Baltic Sea, the, England's operations in and on, ii. 209, 210; iii. 24, 35, 36, 98, 117; gateway of, 69; Spanish military movements on, 149; N.'s mastery of ports on, 266; efficient blockade of, impossible, 280. Baltimore, Jerome Bonaparte's residence in, ii. 257. Bamberg, Austrian troops at, ii. 365; N.'s military route through, 422; concentration of troops in, iii. 203. Bank of England, suspends specie payments, i. 456; scarcity of money in, iii. 304. Bank of France, organization of, ii. 135, 219; the Récamiers and the, 411, 412; compelled to lower its rate, iii. 74; plethora of silver in, 304. Barbary, plots of the pirates to seize N., iv. 150. Barbé-Marbois, F., proscribed, ii. 8; minister of finance, 214; state treasurer, 220; minister of the treasury, 410. Barbets, guerrilla bands of, i. 373. Barcelona, French troops at, iii. 132; Duhesme besieged in, 183; besieged by Vives, 184. Barclay de Tolly, M. A., proposed movement against, iii. 335; calls in Bagration, 335; retreats to Drissa, 336; junction with Bagration at Smolensk, 336-338; plans to meet Bagration at Vitebsk, 338; battle of Smolensk, 338-340; takes stand behind the Uscha, 340; retreats toward Moscow, 339; charged with German bias, 342; succeeded by Kutusoff, 343; retained as military adviser, 343; restored to chief command, 399, 410; battle of Bautzen, 411; with the Army of the South, iv. 3; battle of Leipsic, 28; advises pursuit of N., 98. Barère, Bertrand, exiled, ii. 356. "Bargain of Famine," the, i. 96, 101. Barham, Adm., naval administration of, ii. 370. Baring, Major, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201, 204. Barnabe, declares Brumaire illegal, ii. 235. Barras, Jean-Paul-François-Nicolas, relations with N. and influence on his career, i. 225, 236, 289, 293, 296, 299, 319, 329; ii. 22, 31, 35; iv. 220, 285, 288; in siege of Toulon, i. 231; opposes Robespierre, 251; influence among the Thermidorians, 254; leader of military committee of the Convention, 272; a Dantonist, 289; in social life, 290, 329; commander-in-chief of Convention forces, 299; claims the honors of the 13th Vendémiaire, 301, 303; resigns his command, 305; member of the Directory, 309, 332; character, 309, 329; ii. 35, 91; intimacy with Josephine Beauharnais, i. 315; connection with N.'s marriage, 317; bribed by Venetian ambassador, 440; dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441; learns of Pichegru's treachery, ii. 6; plan to bring troops to Paris, 6; clamors for peace, 19; derides Carnot's suggestions, 19; responsibility for the 18th Fructidor, 22; responsibility for the 13th Vendémiaire, 22; approves the treaty of Campo Formio, 24; charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43; intrigue with N., Talleyrand, and Sieyès for a new constitution, 49; suggests that N. assume a dictatorship, 49; warns N. to leave France for Egypt, 52; resignation and fall of, 101, 107, 115, 119; N.'s charges against, before the Ancients, 113. Barry, Mme. du, relations with Talleyrand, ii. 33. Bar-sur-Aube, military movements near, iv. 60, 74, 90, 96, 104; narrow escape of Francis at, 95; N.'s march through, 104. Bar-sur-Ornain, Oudinot at, iv. 103. Bartenstein, French occupation of, iii. 12; military movements near, 15; treaty of, iii. 22, 23, 36. Barthélemy, F., member of the Directory, ii. 1; imprisonment of, 8. Basel, treaty of, i. 276; ii. 204; iii. 124; alteration of boundary at, ii. 21; republican propaganda in, 40; invasion of France via, iv. 57, 58; headquarters of the allies at, 66; Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, 95; tomb of Erasmus in, 247. Bassano, defeat of Wurmser at, i. 384; Alvinczy defeats Masséna at, 386, 387; battle of, 386, 387; creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; Maret created Duke of, iii. 87. See also Maret. Basseville, N. J. H., killed in Rome, i. 261, 375, 422. Bastia, made a seat of government, i. 25; N. at, 90; radical influences in, 116; patriot success in, 120; tradition concerning N.'s connection with events at, 120; share in annexation of Corsica to France 122; Paoli's return to, 125; revolutionary movements in, 131; declared the capital of Corsica, 134; disorders in, 162; N. sails from, May 2, 1792, 171; N. flees to, 202; under domination of Salicetti, 204; French power in, 207; imprisonment of Corsicans in, 252; English capture of, 260; Nelson at, ii. 62. Bastille, the, destruction of, i. 108, 109, 158; celebrations of the storming of, 174; ii. 195. Batavian Republic, the, formation of, i. 276; an appanage of France, 325; naval defeat at Camperdown, ii. 38; dependence on France, 38; levy of troops and war material on, 38; Anglo-Russian force forced to evacuate, 93; loyalty to N., 146; a new constitution for, 233; regains colonies, 233, 262; English efforts to discredit France in, 264. See also Holland; Netherlands. "Battle of Dorking," ii. 290. Battle of Five Days, iii. 210. "Battle of the Nations," iv. 37. Bautzen, battle of, iii. 410, 411; iv. 4; fatal results of the French victory at, iii. 411; N. moves toward, iv. 17; the Young Guard ordered to, 17; N. nicknamed from, 20; boy soldiers at, 21; the armistice after, 42. "Bautzen Messenger-Boy," the, iv. 20. Bavaria, treaty with France (1796), i. 450; Austria's gaze on, 325; ii. 194, 358, 363; Austria's scheme to dismember, 88; Suvaroff driven from Italy to, 142; Moreau ordered to drive the Austrians into, 164; the campaign in, 190 et seq.; negotiations with France, 211; acquires Passau, 266; relations with Russia, 266; Alexander I's scheme of giving to Austria, 356; N. threatens to enlarge, 361, 390; Austrian troops in, 365; the Elector driven from Munich by Austria, 377; friendly relations with, subservience and military support to France, 377, 394, 402, 404, 422; iii. 3, 195, 203, 279, 322, 387; acquires Ansbach, ii. 390; created a separate kingdom, 389, 391, 398; acquires territory after Austerlitz, 390; member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 403; joins in the war against Prussia, 422; defeated at Innsbruck, iii. 201; N.'s success in, 225; Maria Louisa's progress through, 256; allotment of Austrian lands to, 266; losses of her soldiers in Russia, 337; Roman Catholic influence in, 390; hesitates to furnish new levies, 394; Augereau commanding troops of, 402; national spirit in, iv. 19; revulsion of feeling against France, 19, 22, 26, 40, 56; part in the campaign at Leipsic, 35; position in Germany, 298, 299; battle of Hanau, 35; the campaign of Waterloo 69, et seq. Bayanne, Cardinal, at Paris, iii. 68; his demands on behalf of the Pope, 118. Baylen, capitulation of, Dupont at, iii. 157, 159, 166. Bayonne, formation of new French army at, iii. 120, 126, 132; N. goes to, 142; Ferdinand VII at, 144; trial of Ferdinand at, 145; end of negotiations at, 147; convocation of Spanish notables at, 149; ultimate failure of N.'s work at, 151; N. at, Nov. 3, 1808, 184; effect of negotiations at, 185; the decree of 1808, 274; Soult shut up in, iv. 40. Bayreuth, N. at, ii. 422; Ney at, 428; Davout's force in, iii. 202. "Beaucaire, the Supper of," i. 216, 219. Beauderet, military movements near, iv. 185. Beauharnais, Marquis Alexandre de, marriage to Josephine de la Pagerie, i. 313; service in America, 314; separated from his wife, 314; commander of the Army of the Rhine, 314; partial reconciliation with Josephine, 314; elected to States-General, 314; president of National Assembly, 314; denunciation, imprisonment, and execution, 314. Beauharnais, Eugène de, birth of, i. 313; early life, 315; interposes to reconcile Josephine and N., ii. 85; viceroy at Milan, 258; ordered to organize troops on the Adige, 362; marries Augusta of Bavaria, 399; expels the English from Leghorn, iii. 67; letter from N. to, 68; presents ultimatum to Pius VII, 68; formally adopted by N., 130; viceroy of Italy, 130; defeated by Archduke John, 201; letter from N. to, 208; commanding in Italy, 211; character, 211; at Villach, 217; at Bruck, 225; drives Archduke John into Hungary, 226; battle of Wagram, 228; guards the Marchfeld, 235; executes Hofer's sentence, 241; offers amnesty to the Tyroleans, 241; informs Josephine of the impending divorce, 246; share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253; acquires principality of Frankfort, 266; viceroy of Italy, 279; a grand duchy created for, 322; strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324; contemplated movement by, 336; battle of Borodino, 344; defeats Kutusoff at Malojaroslavetz, 355; battle of Wiazma, 360; the hero of the retreat from Moscow, 362, 363; at Krasnoi, 364; junction with Ney, 364; succeeds Murat in command, 385, 393; reorganizes the army, 393; withdraws to Berlin, 393; retires behind the Elbe, 393; establishes headquarters at Leipsic, 393; N.'s instructions to, 393; to guard Holland, 393; Alexander advances against, 395; strength in the Saxon campaign of 1813, 402; junction with N., 404; ordered to raise a new army in Italy, 407, 414; driven over the Adige by Hiller, iv. 39; checkmated in Italy, 56; battle of Roverbello, 56; concludes armistice, 56. Beauharnais, François de, French minister at Madrid, connection with Ferdinand's conspiracy, iii. 127; conducts intrigues for the Portuguese throne, 129; opens the eyes of Godoy, 132; advises Ferdinand to go to Bayonne, 142. Beauharnais, Hortense, birth of, i. 313; early life, 315; interposes to reconcile Josephine and N., ii. 85; marries Louis Bonaparte, 257; iii. 269. See also Buonaparte, Hortense. Beauharnais, Josephine, social life in Paris, i. 290; N.'s infatuation for, and marriage, 312-323; ii. 341; birth and early life, i. 313-315; characteristics, 313-320; imprisonment, 315; returns to Martinique, 313; returns to France, 314; intimacy with Barras, 315. See also Bonaparte, Josephine. Beauharnais family, proposed alliance between Ferdinand VII and, iii, 125-128; share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253. Beaulieu, J. P., commanding Austrian army in Lombardy, i. 352-361; attacks Laharpe at Voltri, 352, 353; falls back on Acqui, 354; N.'s operations against, 355-366; military genius, 358; defense of Milan, 358-361; outflanked at Piacenza, 359; retreats to the Mincio, 361; seizes Peschiera, 361, 372; thwarts N.'s plan, 361; violates Venetian neutrality, 372; his army scattered, 378. Beaumont, military operations near, iv. 170. Becker, Gen., accompanies N. to Rochefort, iv. 219; urges N.'s value as a general, 219. Beet-root sugar, production encouraged, iii, 79; N.'s interest in, 304. Belce, Canon, vice-president of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133. Belgium, proposals to establish a republic in, i. 194; plunder of works of art from, 369; N.'s policy concerning, 429; ceded to France by treaty of Leoben, 438; England's efforts to release, 450; France's interest in, 450; England's concessions as to, ii. 12; incorporated with France, 153; the Code Napoléon in, 223; public works in, 349; visit of N. and Maria Louisa to, iii. 269; mediocrity of soldiers of, iv. 20; the allies refuse to give the country to France, 67; N. entreated to abandon, 70; N. refuses to give up, 74; campaign of Waterloo, 169 et seq.; provisions for defense of, 172; weakness of her troops, 195, 201. See also Austrian Netherlands. Belle Alliance, French van at, iv. 190; N. at, 193, 194, 196; topography, 195; the French position at, 196; fighting at, 210. Bellegarde, Gen. H. de, supersedes Melas, ii. 188; on the Mincio, 188. "Bellerophon," the, Napoleon embarks on, iv. 220, 221, 222, 287; sails for Torbay, 221; goes to Plymouth Sound, 222; in Torbay, 227. Bellesca, organizes rebellion in favor of Don John, iii. 122. Belleville, defense of, iv. 109, 110. Belliard, Gen. A. D., carries the news of surrender of Paris to the Emperor, iv. 105, 115; advises a return to Lorraine, 116; transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132. Bellingham, John, assassinates Mr. Perceval, iii. 378. Bellinzona, Austrian force at, ii. 170; Moncey arrives at, 172. Bellowitz, military operations near, ii. 386. Belluno, Lusignan driven beyond, i. 432; creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395; Victor created Duke of, iii. 86. See also Victor. Belt, the, difficulties of Bernadotte's crossing the, iii. 117. Belbedere, Gen., forces near Burgos, iii. 184. Benevento, Talleyrand created Prince of, ii. 396 (see also Talleyrand); destruction of magazines at, iii. 188. Bennigsen, Gen. L. A. T., assassin of Paul I, ii. 380; commanding Russian forces at Breslau, 380; battle of Pultusk, iii. 4, 8; general-in-chief of the Russian army, 8, 9; position at Szuczyn, 8; turns back Ney from Königsberg, 8; attempts to reach Dantzic, 9; attempts to destroy Ney, 10; defeated at Mohrungen, 10; military genius, 9, 27; campaign of Eylau, 13 et seq.; captures French courier at Eylau, 14; retreats to Königsberg, 18; hampered for men and funds, 20; moves against Ney on the Passarge, 28; retires behind the Alle, 29; strength, summer of 1807, 28; battle of Heilsberg, 29; injurious delays by, 30; battle of Friedland, 31; abandons Heilsberg, 32; confesses defeat, 32; retreats across the Niemen, 31; reinforcements for, 32; proposes an armistice, 34, 36; commanding in Poland, iv. 3; reaches Teplitz, 22; in battle of Leipsic, 32. Berchtesgaden, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; ceded to Austria, 391; embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, iii. 239. Beresina, battle of, compared with that of Friedland, iv. 37. Beresina, River, the crossing of the, iii. 363, 366, 374. Berg, Grand Duchy of, quota of men, ii. 404; French seizure of lands near, 420; vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, iii. 54; the Grand Duchess quarrels with Queen Hortense, 179; scheme to incorporate it with France, 266; Louis Napoleon created Grand Duke, 279; the French regency of, 421; French influence in, 423. Bergamo, the revolutionary movement in, i. 428, 436, 437. Bergen, battle of, ii. 93. Bergères, Blücher retreats to, iv. 65. Berlier, M., assists in preparation of the Code, ii. 222. Berlin, consternation in (1797-98), ii. 41; Sieyès' mission to, 41; French party in, 155; the visits of Alexander I to, 376, 438; war feeling in, ii. 417; N. refuses to treat outside of, 435; N.'s entry into, 438; N. receives Polish deputation in, 444; French occupation of, iii. 12; centralization in, 374; Eugène at, 393; the Prussian court removed to Breslau from, 396; patriotism in the university, 398; defense of, 399; proposed allotment of, to Jerome, 409; threatened by Oudinot, 413; England's diplomacy in, 417; French demonstrations against, iv. 2; Bülow commanding at, 3; overestimate of its strategical value, 5; Blücher's road to, blocked by Lauriston, 8; failure of Oudinot and Macdonald in movements against, 13-20; N. determines to march on, 17, 18; possible movement toward, 26. Berlin Decree, the, ii. 441; iii. 45, 48, 49, 101, 119, 273, 321. Berlin University, iii. 103. Bern, treaty of Leoben to be ratified at, i. 439; proposed congress at, ii. 19, 20; capture of the city, 40; French intervention in, 40; the plundering of, 40; French military arrogance in, 41; attempt to restore the constitution of, iv. 68. Bernadotte, Gen. J. B. J., military successes of, i. 273; a product of Carnot's system, 332; commanding Army of the Sambre and Meuse, 426; storms Gradisca, 433; communicates Pichegru's treachery to Barras, ii. 6; ambassador to Austria, 42, 51; charges of venality concerning his mission, 43; recalled, 43; characteristics, 43, 93; iii. 317; iv. 2, 3, 55; marries Désirée Clary, ii. 43; iii. 280; ordered to the middle Rhine, ii. 87; develops the conscription schemes of Carnot, 93; secretary of war, 93; counterplots on the 18th Brumaire, 109; plans to head a force at St. Cloud, 109; created marshal, 323; ordered to Göttingen, 362; commanding in Germany, 365; marches to Ingolstadt, 365; watches the Russian army, 366; violates Prussian neutrality at Ansbach, 376; in battle of Austerlitz, 383-385; Prince of Ponte Corvo, 396; iii. 86; at Lobenstein, ii. 428; defeats Hohenlohe at Schleiz, 428; at Naumburg, 429; absence from Jéna and Auerstädt, 432; relations with N., 432; iii. 280, 317; at Apolda, ii. 434; defeats Prussians at Halle, ii. 436; sacks Lübeck, ii, 440; strength in Poland, iii. 7; position at Elbing, 8; action at Mohrungen, 10; escapes to Gilgenburg, 10; threatens Königsberg, 10; in campaign of Eylau, 13; threatens Denmark, 69; Denmark yields to, 70; income, 87; fails to join the Russian forces in Finland, 117; restrains Spanish operations on the Baltic, 149; his advance-guard of Spanish troops, 159; troops in Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck, 202; to concentrate in Dresden, 203; ordered to Linz, 216, 225; relieved by Lefebvre at Linz, 225; in battle of Wagram, 228, 230; disgraced at Wagram, 228, 237; heads troops for service in the Netherlands, 237; kindly treatment of Pomerania, 280; failure on the Marchfeld, 281; chosen as successor to Charles XIII, 280; installation at Stockholm, 281; assumes title of Prince Charles John, 280; popularity in Sweden, 280; republicanism of, 281; ambition to acquire Norway, 281, 399; iv. 55; changes from Roman Catholic to Lutheran, iii. 317; character of his rule, 317; eager to escape from French protection, 317; varied character of his life, 317; virtual king of Sweden, 317; unwillingly grants a liberal constitution, 317; ambition to acquire the French crown, 321; iv. 2, 3, 14, 15, 26, 55, 57, 85, 114; temporizes with France and Russia, iii. 321; assists Russia against N., 350; Metternich seeks to embroil him with Alexander, 394; N. attempts to win over, 399; Pomerania offered to, 399; joins the coalition, 399; iv. 2, 3; his troops evacuate Hamburg, 407; commanding Army of the North, 3; in military council at Trachenberg, 6; battle of Grossbeeren, 14; at Jüterbog, 18; battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19; crosses the Elbe, 22; contemplated movement against, 23; N. seeks to engage, 25, 26; proposed junction with Schwarzenberg, 26; at Merseburg, 27; at Oppin, 28; offers terms to Davout, 55; ordered to the lower Rhine, 56; at Liège, 85; receives flag of truce from Joseph, 85; the allies dread betrayal by, 85. Bernadotte, Mme., i. 294. Bernburg, French forces at, iii. 393. Berneck, defeat of Junot by the Black Legion at, iii. 234. Berner Klause, the, i. 412. Berry, military movements near, iv. 77, 78. Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Duc de, doubtful courage of, ii. 301; refrains from entering France, 301; suspected of plotting in Brittany, 303. Berry-au-Bac, abandoned by Marmont, iv. 81; Marmont at, 85. Berthier, Gen. Alexandre, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; service in the Alps, 346; at Lodi, 361; in the Rivoli campaign, 413; carries treaty of Campo Formio to the Directory, ii. 24; plunders Venetia, 38; proclaims the Roman Republic, 39; ordered to kill hostile tribesmen, 70; ordered to prepare for triumphal entry into Cairo, 76; accompanies N. on his return from Alexandria, 81; action on the 18th Brumaire, 104; forms the army of reserve, 140; sent to Geneva, 140; method of computing his army, 169; plans for crossing the Alps, 169; urges capture of Fort Bard, 171; created marshal, 323; Master of the Hounds, 324; muzzles the press in Prussia, 417; letter from N., Aug. 25, 1806, 420; personal attendance on N., 425; in battle of Eylau, iii. 16; iv. 174; at Tilsit, iii. 52, 59; income, 87, 296; created Prince of Neufchâtel, 86, 96, 279; appointed vice-constable, 96; at Bayonne, 144; chief of staff, 203, 323, 402; orders to, iii. 203; deficiency of military knowledge, 204; fails in execution of his orders, 205; charged with treachery, 206; on N.'s habit of work, 210; discovers attempt to assassinate N., 240; N.'s proxy to marry Maria Louisa, 254-256; created Prince of Wagram, 256; letter from Ney to, Nov. 5, 1812, 360, 361; informs Macdonald of the Russian disasters, 384; alleged hostility to Jomini, iv. 2; battle of Dresden, 11; at Nangis, 73; receives flag of truce from Schwarzenberg, 73; persuades N. to resume negotiations, 74; capture of one of his couriers, 96; at council at St. Dizier, 103; advises a return to Lorraine, 116; Marmont sends treasonable documents to, 119; at the abdication scene, 121; transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132; nicknamed "Peter," 147; faults at Eylau and Wagram, 173. Berthollet, C. L., plunders Italian scientific collections, i. 369; accompanies N. on his return from Alexandria, ii. 81; member of the senate, 151. Berton, L. S., i. 61. Bertrand, Gen. H. G., base conduct at Vienna, ii. 369; in campaign of 1813, iii. 402; in battle of Bautzen, 410; beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413; battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18; driven by Blücher to Bitterfeld, 22; battle of Leipsic, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35; takes Weissenfels, 35; defends the Rhine at Kastel, 54; begs N. to abandon Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine, 70; at the abdication scene, 121; accompanies N. to Elba, 134, 138; sends positive instructions to Grouchy, 187, 191; escorts N. from the field of Waterloo, 211; accompanies N. to Rochefort, 219; accompanies N. to St. Helena, 227. Bertrand, Mme., present at N.'s death-bed, iv. 235. Bessarabia, alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55. Bessières, Gen. J. B., service in Egypt, ii. 53; created marshal, 323; in battle of Austerlitz, 387; in Eylau campaign, iii. 15, 16; created Duke of Istria, 86; income, 87; character, 93; N.'s opinion of, 93; invades Spain, 132, 134, 143; instructions to, concerning Spanish policy, 140; ordered to arrest Ferdinand, 144; besieges Santander, 156; defeats the Spaniards at Medina de Rio Seco, 156; occupies Old Castile and Aragon, 155; ordered to connect with Junot, 157; at Miranda, 183; pursues Hiller, 209; battle of Essling, 220; commanding the Young Guard, 324; killed at Rippach, 404, 406; importance of his loss to N., 404. Bethencourt, Gen., crosses the Simplon, ii. 172; near Domo d'Ossola, 172. Beugnot, regent of Berg, iii. 421; anecdote concerning, 421, 422. Beurnonville, Marquis de, N.'s envoy to Prussia, ii. 156; royalist intrigues of, iv. 115, 140. Beys, the Egyptian, ii. 58. Biberach, battle of, ii. 167. Biberich, anecdote of N. at the castle of, iii. 422. Bible, N.'s study of the, iv. 231. Bicêtre, prison of, imprisonment of a milliner in, iii. 92. Bielostok, united to Russia, iii. 56, 62. Bilbao, Lefebvre near, iii. 183. Bisamberg, junction of Archduke Charles and Hiller at, iii. 212, 216; military operations near, 228, 229. Biscay, N.'s contemplated movements in, iii. 184; military government of, 279. Bismarck, Prince Otto von, policy in, 1875, ii. 269. Bitterfeld, Bertrand driven by Blücher to, iv. 22. Biville, landing of the Cadoudal conspirators at, ii. 298. Black Elster, River, military movements on the, iv. 20. Black Forest, the, Dessaix defeats the Austrians in, i. 4 40; military operations in, ii. 166, 365. Black Legion, the, organization of, iii. 234; defeats Junot at Berneck, 234; defeats the Saxons at Nossen, 234. Black Sea, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209. Blake, Gen., defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iii. 156; advances from Durango, 184; concerted French movement against, 185; driven back to Valmaseda, 184; N.'s scheme to annihilate, 184; defeated at Espinosa, 185; joins La Romana, in Asturias, 185; annihilation of his army by Suchet, 289. Blankenburg, Louis XVIII retreats to, ii. 5. Blankenhain, Prince Hohenlohe at, ii. 428. Blasowitz, military operations near, ii. 385. Blois, N.'s private treasure at, iv. 50, 134; imperial regency established at, 115; French garrison at, 118; dissolution of the imperial government at, 135. Blücher, Marshal G. L. von, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415; Prussian commander, 419; military movements near Eisenach, 427; battle of Auerstädt, 433; reaches Lübeck, 437; duplicity to Klein, 436; surrender of, 437; in campaign of 1813, iii. 399; at Striegau, iv. 3, 6; violates the armistice, 3, 6; commanding the army of the East, 6; gives N. an advantage, 6, 7; secures an independent command, 6; pursued by N., 7; at Bunzlau, 7; retreats behind the Deichsel, 7; crosses the Katzbach, 8; battle of Katzbach, 15; pursues Macdonald, 15; Macdonald fails to hold, 17; operations in Silesia, 17; attacks Macdonald at Fischbach, 18; Macdonald ordered to check his advance, 20; advances on Dresden, 20; northward movement, 21; marches to Kemberg, 22; drives Bertrand to Bitterfeld, 22; contemplated movement against, 23; N. seeks to engage, 25, 26; joint movements with Bernadotte and Schwarzenberg, 26; advances to Halle, 26; battle of Leipsic, 28, 30, 33; acquires two Swedish corps, 56; crosses the Rhine, 57; aims to annihilate N., 57; crosses the Saar, 58; invests the Mosel fortresses, 58; advances on Arcis, 58; effects union with Schwarzenberg, 60; defeated at Brienne, 60; battles of La Rothière and Troyes, 60; predicts a speedy entry into Paris, 61; leads the advance down the Marne, 62; attempts to cut off Macdonald, 61; strength, Feb. 9, 1814, 61; French movement from Sézanne against, 62, 63; battle of Montmirail, 63; retreat across the Marne, 63; defeated at Vauchamps, 64; retreats to Bergères, 65; drives Marmont to Fromentières, 64; N. deals him "a blow in the eye," 70; Marmont ordered to hold, 71; at Méry, 73; collects his army at Châlons, 73; Oudinot sent against, 73; pursued by N., 75; makes diversion in favor of main army, 75; advances on Paris, 76; letter from Frederick William III, Feb. 26, 1814, 75; N. in pursuit of, 76; moves on Meaux, 76; recruits his forces at Soissons, 77; retreats up the Ourcq, 76; checked by Marmont and Mortier, 76; crosses the Marne, 76; cut off from Schwarzenberg, 77; driven north, 77; battle of Craonne, 78; retreats from Craonne to Laon, 78; dissensions in his army, 77-80, 84; battle of Laon, 79; recalls York, 80; regains communication with Schwarzenberg, 80; dismayed at the capture of Rheims, 84, 85; besieges Compiègne, 84; resumes the offensive, 92, 93; Marmont's plan of operations against, 93; crosses the Aisne, 93; effects junction with Schwarzenberg, 94, 95, 97; captures a courier to the Empress, 96; advised of the movement on Paris, 98; "Marshal Forward," 98; crosses the Marne, 99; fears of, in Paris, 108; captures Montmartre, 111; desires to take the field, 169; plan of the campaign of Waterloo, 169; quality of his troops, 171; N.'s position with regard to Wellington and, 171; relative strength in Waterloo campaign, 172; awaits developments, 173; relations with Wellington, 176, 177; possible change of strategy, 176; defensive movements, 178; at Fleurus, 179; retires from Fleurus, 180; his tactics criticized by Wellington, 181; meeting with Wellington at Bry, 180; battle of Ligny, 181, 182; gets "a —— good licking," 183, 184; wounded at Ligny, 185; Grouchy's pursuit of, 187; apprehended movement to join Wellington, 187; promises support to Wellington, 190; Grouchy aims to prevent union between Wellington and, 191; movement to Wavre, 191-194; disaster at Ligny, 193; possible retreat via Louvain, 194; fails to come to Wellington's assistance, 204; Wellington's faint-hearted coöperation with, 213; his lines of retreat, 214; determination to kill N., 220, 223; character: ambition, iv. 7; ardor and courage, 59, 98, 177, 181, 182; desire for glory and revenge, 68, 220, 223; duplicity, ii. 436; head-strong temper, iv. 6, 7, 14; influence over troops, 171, 172; over-confidence, 62, 63; self-indulgence, 172. Bober, River, military movements on the, iv. 7, 16. Bocognano, N. in hiding near, i. 202, 203. Bohemia, Archduke Ferdinand escapes into, ii. 366; Archduke Ferdinand commanding in, 380; N.'s line of retreat through, 392; plan of Austrian operations in, iii. 199; N.'s reasons for not pursuing Archduke Charles into, 210; gathering of Austrian troops in, 414; boundary of a neutral zone, 414; beacons flash the declaration of war through, 423; Austro-Russian troops in, iv. 3; advance of Russian troops toward, 6; the allies' communication with, threatened, 9; guarding the passes from, 18; refuge of the allies in, 24; army of, moves on Paris, 98. Bohemian Forest, military movements in the, iii. 204, 210, 216. Bois, Pierre du, proposes French seizure of Egypt, ii. 46. Bologna, seizure and ransom of, i. 374, 375; the Pope prepares to recover, 398; armistice of, 401; new scheme of government for, 402; N. at, 409, 419; military operations at, 409, 419; surrendered to France, 421; ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438; corporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21. Bonaparte. See Buonaparte. Boniface, Pope, crowns Pepin, ii. 325. Bonifacio, N. at, i. 193. Bonnier, M., member of the Congress of Rastatt, ii. 89; killed at Rastatt, 89. Bontemps, M., arrest of, ii. 27. Bordeaux, condition in 1793, i. 222; exempt from legislation concerning Jews, iii. 78; opens its gates to English troops, iv. 87; proclamation of Louis XVIII., 87; N. seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 220; immunity from the White Terror, 223. Borghese, Prince, marries Pauline (Buonaparte) Leclerc, ii. 258; separates from Pauline, iv. 142. Borghese, Princess Pauline (Buonaparte), looseness of her life, iv. 142; acquires the duchy of Lucca, ii. 354; dismissed from Paris, iv. 142; accompanies N. to Elba, 139-142; alleged scandalous relations with N., 142. See also Buonaparte, Pauline. Borghetto, battle of, i. 372. Borgo, Pozzo di. See Pozzo di Borgo. Bormida, River, road to Italy opened through the valley of, i. 257; the country of, ii. 177; Melas crosses, 178; military operations on the, 181. Borodino, Bonaparte at, ii. 392; battle of, iii. 343, 344, 346-348; rescuing the wounded from the field of, 358. Borrissoff, the French retreat through, iii. 363, 366, 370; Russian plan of operation at, 366; captured by Tchitchagoff, 367, 368; battles at, 369-372. Borstell, Gen., battle of Dennewitz, iv. 19. Bosporus, proposed expedition to the, iii. 113. Botanical Garden, lecture system of the, i. 281. Bothnia, repulse of the Russians from, iii. 116. Bou, Mme., i. 184. Boudet, Gen. Jean, in battle of Essling, iii. 219, 220. Bouillé, Marquis F. C. A. de, i. 314. Boulay de la Meurthe, Antoine, presents temporary plan of the Consulate, ii, 123; member of the council of state, 152; reviser of the Code, 222. Boulogne, the Army of England, flotilla, and military preparations at, ii. 48, 290, 291, 331, 358; N. at, 48; N.'s ceremonial at, July, 1804, 328; real purpose of the flotilla, 334; distribution of Legion of Honor crosses at, 360; the army ordered east from, 362. Bourbon-Condé, Louis-Antoine-Henri de. See Enghien, Duc d'. Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance, Corsica joins the, i. 21. Bourbons, the, influence of, i. 22; N.'s attitude toward, 177; ii. 29, 194, 205, 271, 301, 312, 356; iv. 156; discredit royalty, i. 268; their motto, 297; France's demands on Austria concerning, ii. 43; hopes and rumors of restoration of, and plots therefore, 94, 122, 158, 194, 255, 317; iv. 51, 67, 68, 113, 114, 164, 165; Talleyrand's predilection for, ii. 122; England's attitude toward, 143, 144, 271, 356; iv. 68; a blow at the, ii. 207; N. complains of England's protection of, 271, 356; foster the Jacobin spirit of insurrection, 300; responsibility for the execution of Ney, 300; the Duc d'Enghien, 301; intrigues against N.'s life, 304; iv. 141, 144; N.'s attempt to fix death of Duc d'Enghien on, ii. 312; causes of the French dislike for, 317; their "divine right," 317; their founder, 350; scheme to establish a monarchy in America, iii. 134, 141; Metternich's desire to restore the, iv. 67, 68; rising in Vendée, 102; restoration of, 109, 113-115, 132, 146; enthusiasm for, in Paris, 115; revulsion of feeling in France and by Alexander against, 125, 126; fickle imperialists support Louis XVIII, 132; maintain spies in Elba, 142; N. on the illegitimacy of their throne, 156. The Neapolitan, impending downfall, ii. 357; banished, 390, 395, 401; iii. 214; proposal that they retain power in Sicily, ii. 401. The Spanish, scheme to emancipate Spain from rule of, ii. 44; incapacity and degradation, iii. 70; N.'s attitude toward, 142; deposed, 145-148, 150, 164; proposals to restore the throne to, 271, 416. Bourgeoisie, the, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101, 107; N. seeks the support of, ii. 278. Bourmont, Gen., deserts before Charleroi, iv. 174. Bourrienne, L. A. F. de, on the question of N.'s birth, i. 37; shares mathematical honors with N., 56; shares N.'s poverty in Paris, 174; obtains diplomatic position at Stuttgart, 174; anecdotes of N. by, 175; describes N.'s personality, 284; N.'s friendship for, 295; improved fortunes of, 295; N.'s confidences with, ii. 51; on N.'s plans of escaping from Egypt, 83; N. expresses his satisfaction to, concerning the 18th Brumaire, 110; rebukes N. at St. Cloud, 113; character, 277; dismissed, 277; on Mme. de Staël, iii. 298; venality of, iv. 106. Bourse, N.'s failure to govern the, ii. 410; rise in values after the Austrian marriage, iii. 264. Bowles, Col. Geo., conversation with Wellington, iv. 184. Boyer, Gen. J. P., prepares a "triumphal" return to Cairo, ii. 76. Brabant, visit of N. and Maria Louisa to, iii. 269; French occupation of, 270; N.'s offer to exchange it for Hanseatic towns, 270. Braganza, House of, decline of, iii. 119; flight to Brazil, 134; N. proposes to restore Portugal to, 319. Brandenburg, proposed allotment of, to Jerome, iii. 409; the Army of the North in, iv. 2; contemplated operations in, 7. Brandenburg, House of, the imperial crown for the, ii. 420; owes its safety to the Czar, iii. 73. Braunau, the Austrian camp at, ii. 365; captured by Lannes, 367; Russian troops at, 368; French occupation of, 405. Bray, Macdonald before, iv. 72. Brazi, Don John embarks for, iii. 121. Breisgau, grant to Grand Duke of Tuscany in, ii. 193; Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to the, 302, 303; part of, acquired by Baden, 391; Würtemberg acquires part of, 391. Breitenlee, Austrian advance through, iii. 220. Bremen, closed to British commerce, ii. 287; laid under contribution, 287; proposal to give it to Prussia, 400; Bernadotte's force in, iii. 202; scheme to incorporate with France, 266; position in the French empire, 279; French forces at, 393. Brenta, River, military operations on the, i. 384, 390-392, 406. Brescia, seized by France, i. 371; the French position at, 379; captured by Quasdanowich, 380; evacuated by the enemy, 381; the revolutionary movement in, 428, 435. Breslau, Russian troops at, ii. 380; the Prussian court moves from Berlin to, iii. 396; patriotism in the university, 398; French occupation of, 413; pursuit of the allies to, 413; French evacuation of, 414, 415; military movements near, iv. 3. Brest, naval preparations at, ii. 48, 68, 333, 359, 360, 441; blockade of, iii. 48; junction of Nelson and Cornwallis before, ii. 359; the fleet ordered to the English Channel from, 359; Villeneuve's mission to relieve, 360; the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, iii. 111; imprisonment of Schill's followers in, 233; naval station at, 380. Brest-Litovski, military operations near, iii. 353. "Briars, The," N. a guest at, iv. 229, 230. Bribery, N.'s first lesson in, i. 203. Bridge of Arts, the, iii. 74. Brienne, N. at, i. 37, 46-59, 146, 210; iv. 60; N.'s mock battles at, i. 53; iv. 60; Lucien Buonaparte at, i. 81; Lucien quits, and Louis remains at, 88; Louis fails of admission to, 96; N.'s garden at, 210; N.'s contemporaries at, 216; battle of, iv. 60, 61; military movements near, 95, 96. Brienne, Mme. Loménie de, N.'s early friend, i. 52, 105. Brigandage, suppression of, in Corsica, i. 14, 15. Brigido, Col., at battle of Arcole, i. 390. Brindisi, embargo on, ii. 287. Brinkmann, on N.'s influence in France, ii. 133. Brissot, J. P., leader of the Girondists, i. 189. Brittany, foundation of the Jacobin Club in, i. 107; violence and civil war in, 207, 222, 277, 305; ii. 91, 146; N. conciliates, 146; suspected plot of the Duc de Berry in, 303. Brixen, Joubert at, i. 434; apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; ceded to Bavaria, 391. Broglie, Duc de, on the Emperor's court at Fontainebleau, iii. 245. Broussier, Gen., marches to relief of Paris, iv. 102. Bruck, Prince Eugène at, iii. 225. Brueys d'Aigalliers, Vice-Adm. François-Paul, commanding French fleet in the Adriatic, ii, 18; ordered to Corfu, 62; ordered to Alexandria, 62; in the battle of the Nile, 62-66. Bruix, Adm. E., sent to conquer the Mediterranean ii. 79; interview with Barras, 107; argument in favor of the slave-trade, 236. Brumaire, the plot of the 18th of, ii. 102 et seq., 119 et seq., 315; iv. 258. Brune, Gen. G. M. A., plunders Bern, ii. 40; military genius, 88; campaign in Holland, 87, 93, 96, 323; battle of Bergen, 93; supersedes Masséna in Italy, 190; advances to Trent, 192; created marshal, 323; venality of, iii. 81. Brunet, Gen., commanding the Army of Italy, i. 213. Brünn, military operations near, ii. 367, 369, 379, 383-386; iii. 229; N. establishes headquarters at, ii. 379. Brunswick, French occupation of, ii. 443; organization of the Black Legion, iii. 234; the Black Legion's escape through, 234; restored to its former ruler, iv. 40. Brunswick, Charles F. W., Duke of, commander-in-chief of the Prussian army, ii. 419, 424, 427; at Naumberg, 424; decline of his influence, 428; at Erfurt, 427; plan of opposition to the French, 428; in battle of Jena, 429-433; death of, 433, 443; proclamation against the French republic, 443; appeals to N.'s mercy, 443. Brunswick, Frederick W., Duke of, deprived of his throne, iii. 234; organizes the Black Legion, 234; exploits with the Black Legion, 234; escapes to England, 234. Brunswick, House of, Sieyès suspected of plotting with the, ii. 95. Bruslart, governor of Corsica, plots against N., iv. 150. Brussels, proposed invasion of France via, iv. 57; York retires to, 80; military operations near, 170, 179, 180, 190, 192, 194, 195; topography of, 195. Brutus, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147. Bruyères, killed at Reichenbach, iii. 410. Bry, meeting of Wellington and Blücher at, iv. 180. Bubna, Gen., emissary from Francis to N., iii. 238, 395; iv. 21; suggests an armistice, iii. 408; procrastinates, 417; confronting Augereau at Geneva, iv. 57; in the campaign of 1814, 62; driven from Lyons by Augereau, 67. "Bucentaur," the, destruction of, ii. 24. "Bucentaure," the, at Trafalgar, ii. 374. Budberg, Russian councilor, iii. 52. Budweis, Archduke Charles at, iii. 216. Buenos Ayres, English expedition against, iii. 100. "Buffer" states, ii. 402; iii. 55. Bug, River, proposed French occupation to the, ii. 442; military operations on the, iii. 2, 117, 358. Bulgaria, alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55. Bull-fights, N. proposes to introduce them into Paris, ii. 409. Bülow, Gen. F. W. von, junction of Bernadotte with, iii. 399; commanding Army of the North, iv. 3; holding Berlin, iv. 3; strength, 3; belittled by N., 5; military ability, 14; battle of Grossbeeren, 14; battle of Dennewitz, 18; coöperates with Graham in the Netherlands, 57; captures Soissons, 77; commanding reserve forces, 177; in Waterloo campaign, 177; near Beauderet, 185; at St. Lambert, 194; battle of Waterloo, 204-207. Bunbury, Sir Henry, on commission to notify N. of his sentence, iv. 226. Bunzlau, Blücher at, iv. 7. Buonaparte, Carlo Maria di (father of N.), early life of, i. 29, 30; ennobled, 29; marriage, 30; submission and French naturalization, 32; character, 22, 44; death, 34, 63; ambitions and advancements, 43-47, 57, 63; mission to Versailles, 44-47; claim against the Jesuits, 47, 63; breaks down, 57; his "infamy," 97; N. renounces the royalist principles of, 136; his paternity of N. denied, iv. 137. Buonaparte, Caroline (sister of N.), birth, i. 33; at Nice, 244; early life, 322; gift to her brother on departure for Egypt, ii. 53; married to Murat, 195, 258; resents N.'s abuse of Murat, iv. 56. See also Murat, Mme. Buonaparte, Princess Charlotte, proposal to marry her to the Prince of Asturias, iii. 129; sent to Madame Mère, 130. Buonaparte, Hortense, life in Holland, iii. 26; death of her eldest son, 52; quarrels with the Grand Duchess of Berg, 179; share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253; Louis complains of, 270; criticized by Mme. de Staël, 298. See also Beauharnais, Hortense. Buonaparte, Jerome (brother of N.), birth, i. 33, 64; sent to school in Paris, 309; marriage to Elizabeth Patterson, ii. 257; residence in the United States, 257; deserts his wife Elizabeth, 257; service in the West Indies, 257; fails to secure divorce from his American wife, 396; marries Catherine of Würtemberg, 399; iii. 93, 94; assists in the sack of Poland, ii. 440; commanding corps of Würtembergers and Bavarians, iii. 3; King of Westphalia, 56, 279; Pius VII refuses to annul his marriage, 68; assumes the title of Napoleon, 82; relations with N., 82; ordered to raise levies in Westphalia, 132; at the Erfurt conference, 171; defeated by the Black Legion, 234; deprived of part of Hanover, 278; supplies quota to N.'s army, 322; in the Russian campaign, 336; at Grodno, 336; military blunders and incompetence, 336; proposed allotment of Brandenburg and Berlin to, 409; flees to France, iv. 40; takes refuge in Switzerland, 135; assigned to the House of Peers, 160; battle of Waterloo, 199, 211. Buonaparte, Joseph (grandfather of N.), ennobled, i. 28. Buonaparte, Joseph (brother of N.), childish relations with N., i. 40; educated for the priesthood, 44, 55; goes to Autun, 44; character, 49; iii. 130, 131; iv. 106; desire for military service, i. 55; search for a career, 55, 57, 79, 83, 89, 96, 134, 140, 288, 292-295; attends his father in his last illness, 58, 63; his politics, 83; studies law at Pisa, 89; early struggles, 96; claims share in framing Corsican appeal to National Assembly, 118; appointed mayor's secretary at Ajaccio, 123; at Marseilles, 127; member of the Constituent Assembly at Orezza, 131, 134; represents Ajaccio in district Directory, 134; disappointments to, 134; political offices and schemes, 140, 144; member of Corsican Directory, 161; reminiscences of, conversations, confidences, and relations with N., 178; iii. 45, 82, 109, 140, 148, 149, 190; leaves Corsica for Toulon, i. 207; trades on his brother's commission in the National Guard, 208; made commissary-general, 238; marriage of, 254; deprived of employment, 284, 287; settles in Genoa, 288, 291; proposed land speculation for, 288; N.'s correspondence with, 290-297, 312; ii. 66; iii. 18, 184, 299; iv. 61, 73, 77, 91, 216; plans for diplomatic appointment, i. 292, 294; marriage, 295; enamoured of Désirée Clary, 312; receives diplomatic appointment, 309; French minister at Rome, ii. 28, 39; demands Provera's dismissal from Rome, 39; demands his passports, 39; sends information to N. in Egypt, 80; political and social preferment, 96; member of the Five Hundred, 95; plenipotentiary to negotiate with Cobenzl, 188; France's representative at Lunéville, 193; his skilful diplomacy, 256; negotiates the treaty of Amiens, 263; N. confides the Duc d'Enghien's case to, 307; at Malmaison, 308; seeks clemency for the Duc d'Enghien, 308; coolness between N. and, 308; the right of imperial succession in his family, 322; created Elector and imperial prince, 322; on his brother's strength with the army, 334; at N.'s coronation, 342; declines the crown of Italy, 352; in battle of Austerlitz, 387; made king of Naples, 395; dominion over Sicily, 401; advised to show himself terrible at first, 439; reports N.'s Indian scheme, 442; Pius VII refuses to recognize his sovereignty, iii. 68; assumes the title of Napoleon, 82; residence at Naples, 129; interview with N. at Venice, 129-131; the crown of Spain offered to, 131; reform of Neapolitan politics, 130; ambition, 131; ordered to Bayonne, 149; king of Spain, 150, 169, 142, 279, 382, 421; assumes government at Madrid, iii. 154; entreats N. assistance in Spain, 158; lacks male descendants, 160; asserts his sovereignty, 190; driven from Madrid, 190; the Spaniards swear allegiance to, 191, 192; accompanies N. on his second marriage journey, 258; his Spanish territory contracted, 278; signs a conditional abdication, 282; bickerings with Soult, 287; Wellington moves to Madrid against, 290; temporary government at Valencia, 377; acting regent in Paris, iv. 58, 61; gives up hope, 81; sends flag of truce to Bernadotte, 85; enjoined to save the Empress and her son from Austrian capture, 91; member of the Empress-Regent's council, 106; proclaims his brother's approach to Paris, 109; prepares for defense of Paris, 109; deputy emperor, 111; overtakes the Empress at Chartres, 111; empowers Marmont to treat for surrender, 111; Napoleon's rage at, 115; takes refuge in Switzerland, 135; assigned to the House of Peers, 160; president of the council of state, 169; advised to hold the legislature in hand, 216. Buonaparte, Josephine, marital relations with N., i. 452-455; ii. 66, 84, 198, 256, 328; iii. 11, 26, 27, 160, 161, 179-181, 246, 247, 252-253; character, licentious conduct, jealousy, etc., i. 452-455; ii. 55, 84; iii. 11, 27, 92, 246, 247; domestic and social life, the imperial court, etc., i. 452-455; ii. 254-257, 279; iii. 91-94, 145; the divorce, its causes and decretal, i. 453, 454; ii. 66, 84, 256, 328; iii. 99, 160, 161, 179-181, 245-247, 252, 253; letters from N., i. 320, 452, 455; iii. 43, 60, 110; visits Rome, ii. 28; joins N. in Paris, Dec., 1797, 28; royalist intrigues with, 36; bids farewell to N. at Toulon, 55; influence over Gohier, 97; in pecuniary straits, 122; brings about marriage between Hortense and Louis Bonaparte, 257; fear of Talleyrand, 308; attitude in the Duc d'Enghien's case, 308; accompanies N. to Boulogne, 328; ecclesiastically married to N., 341; the coronation, 342-346; forbidden to follow her husband to Poland, iii. 27; reproaches N. with his amours, 27; travels through France, 74; accompanies N. to Bayonne, 142; N.'s harsh treatment at Fontainebleau, 179; self-abasement of, 246; withdraws to Malmaison, 247; conducts negotiations for N.'s Austrian marriage, 253; N. visits, after the divorce, 257; never preferred to power, 327. Buonaparte, Letizia, death of, i. 34; tradition concerning birth of N., 39, 40; character, 40; iv. 137, 287; letter from N. to, i. 64; vicissitudes of fortune, 64, 65, 80, 96, 225, 291; ii. 95; iv. 287; her opinion of N., i. 84; settles near Toulon, 262; disapproves N.'s marriage, 321; social influence, ii. 96; remark of Mme. Permon to, 130; distrusts N.'s elevation, 258; residence in Corsica, 258; refuses to attend the coronation, 342; Princess Charlotte's sojourn with, iii. 130; attacks on her good name, iv. 137; visits N. at Elba, 142; thrift, 287; knowledge of N.'s limitations, 287. Buonaparte, Louis (brother of N.), birth, i. 33; prospects, 80; loses appointment to artillery school, 88; remains at Brienne, 88; N. aids and protects, 89, 96, 140, 144, 147, 149, 150; fails to secure admission to Brienne, 96; certificate to his republicanism, 136; confirmed, 147; follows his brother's fortunes, 159, 263; idle career, 184; promoted adjutant-general of artillery, 238; ordered to Châlons as a cadet, 238; officer of home guard at Nice, 254; falls from favor, 254; lieutenant of artillery, 262; deprived of employment, 284; ordered to Châlons, 288, 291; promoted, 309; marries Hortense Beauharnais, ii. 257; iii. 269; his son Napoleon, ii. 282; created Constable of France, 323; iii. 96; at N.'s coronation, ii. 342; declines the crown of Italy for his son, 352; made king of Holland, 397; iii. 25, 96, 269; ordered to hold the Rhine, ii. 424; character, iii. 25; reprimanded by N. for economy, 25; character of his reign, 25, 148, 270, 271, 276-278; letters from N., 140, 148, 276; relations with N., 82; assumes title of Louis Napoleon, 82; the Spanish crown offered to, 140; refuses the crown, 140, 207; loyalty to the Dutch, 140; violates the Continental System, 266; N.'s affection for, 269; promoted general, 269; made councilor of state, 269; share in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, 269; arrogates the royal dignity to himself, 270; N.'s quarrel with, 269-277; N. offers to exchange the Hanseatic towns for Brabant and Zealand, 270; contemplates resistance to N., 270; reduced to the position of a French governor, 270, 271; prepares to defend Holland, 271; summoned to Paris, 270; complains of his queen Hortense, 270; virtually a prisoner in France, 270; submits to N., 271; permitted to return to Amsterdam, 271; opens negotiations with England, 271; continues to oppose N., 275, 276; flight to Teplitz, 276. Buonaparte, Louis Napoleon (nephew of N., son of Louis; crown prince of Holland), created Grand Duke of Berg, iii. 279. Buonaparte, Lucien (great-uncle of N.), condition, i. 40; affection for his family, 65; illness of, 79, 84-89; political opinions, 115; death, 161. Buonaparte, Lucien (brother of N.), birth, i. 33; goes to Autun, 43; relations with N., 55, 89, 115; advancement for, 57; at Brienne, 81; turns toward the priesthood, 81; leaves Brienne, 88, 115; efforts to enter at Aix, 96; memoirs of N., 97, 98, 207, 316-319; ii. 265; independence of, i. 140; radical leader at Ajaccio, 184; letter to Costa, 187; in diplomatic service, 197; denounces Paoli, 197; at Toulon, 207; appropriates N.'s birth certificate, 208; in commissary department, 208, 225; "the little Robespierre," 238; marriage, 254; deprived of employment, 284; destitution of, 288, 289; imprisoned at Aix, 291; liberated, 309; foments quarrels in Italy, ii. 87; political and social preferment, 95; member and president of the Five Hundred, 97, 105, 114-118; on the 19th Brumaire, 115-118; makes a dramatic scene at St. Cloud, 116; summons Bonapartist members of the Five Hundred to meet, 118; harangues the mutilated chambers, 123; minister of the interior, 131; suggests plebiscite on the question of life consulship, 245; declines to marry the queen of Etruria, 257; exiled, 257; second marriage, 257; democracy of, 257; in literary society, 257; at summit of his career, 257; French minister to Madrid, 257; dispute between N. and Joseph concerning marriage of, 308; the savior of N.'s fortunes on the 18th Brumaire, 315; the right of imperial succession in his family, 322; created an imperial prince, 322; at Rome during N.'s coronation, 342; proposal that he take the crown of Etruria, iii. 129; opposes hereditary consulate for N., 129; residence at Rome, 129; marries Mme. de Jauberthon, 129; refuses kingly honors, 129, 130; refuses to divorce his wife, 129, 130; character, 129, 135; interview with N. at Mantua, 129, 130; sails to the United States, 277; captured by the English, 277; Mme. de Staëls complaint of N. to, 298, 299; fosters revolution in Rome, iv. 144; assigned to the House of Peers, 160; member of the council of state, 169; advises a dictatorship after Waterloo, 217; endeavors to solve the difficulties after Waterloo, 217; N. dictates his abdication to, 218. Buonaparte, Maria-Anna (sister of N.), i. 33. Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa (sister of N.), birth, i. 33; educated at Saint-Cyr, 55, 60, 62, 71; defective education, 71, 182; N. visits at St. Cyr, 176; quits St. Cyr and returns to Corsica, 182, 184; at Nice, 244; suitor for, 291; marriage to Felice Bacciocchi, 322; ii. 258; acquires Massa-e-Carrara and Garfagnana, 395; created Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Princess of Lucca and Piombino, iii. 279. See also Bacciocchi, Princess. Buonaparte, Nabulione, i. 33, 36; forms of the name, 38, 39. Buonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon. Buonaparte, Napoleon Louis Charles (nephew of N., son of Louis), N.'s partiality for, ii. 282; iii. 269; proposal to create him king of Italy, ii. 352; death of, iii. 52, 160, 269. Buonaparte, Pauline (sister of N.), birth of, i. 33; at Nice, 244; suitor for, 291; flirtation with Fréron, 322; marries Gen. Leclerc, ii. 236; marries Prince Borghese, 258; acquires Guastalla, 395; adviser to Maria Louisa, iii. 257; created Duchess of Guastalla, 279. See also Leclerc, Mme.; Borghese Princess. Buonaparte family, the, i. 8, 20-34; ennobling and coat armor of, 28; vicissitudes of fortune, 35, 58, 63, 65, 80, 83-90, 96, 114, 115, 134, 161, 164, 184, 185, 205, 215, 236, 284, 288, 291, 322; N. regards himself as head of, 88, 161, 211, 309, 322; claim against the government, 89, 115; the "infamy" of, 97; Salicetti's influence over, 116; influence in Corsica, 139, 202; N.'s devotion to, 140, 161, 244; outburst against, in Ajaccio, 205; driven from their estates, 205; leave Corsica for Toulon, 208; residence in Toulon, 208, 212; flight to Marseilles, 212; driven from Toulon, 216; social diplomacy of, 262; news of N.'s return from Egypt brought to, ii. 83; political preferment among members of, 95; meeting to consider the hereditary consulship, 244; the women of, 258; domestic life, 279; relations with the First Consul, 279; social triumph of, iii. 93; urge divorce from Josephine, 125; allotment of crowns among, 133, 139; consolidation of Italy under, 167; agree on the Austrian marriage, 254; arrogance of its members, 270, 278; fraternal instincts, 322; Austrian discovery of their royal descent, iv. 44; proscribed, 223; France again under, 233. Burgau, ceded to Bavaria, ii. 391. Burgos, Murat assumes command at, iii. 134; Ferdinand VII at, 143; siege and fall of, 183, 185; French movement toward, 185; failure of Marmont to capture, 290. Burgundy, N. visits, i. 146. Burke, Edmund, influence of his oratory, i. 195; on Malmesbury's mission to Paris, 449. Burrard, Gen. H., defeats Wellesley's plans at Vimeiro, iii. 157; retired from active service, 186. Busaco, battle of, iii, 284, 285; the cantinière of, 291. Buttafuoco, Matteo, treachery of, i. 17, 22; invites Rousseau to Corsica, 19; relations with Choiseul, 21; represents Corsica at Versailles, 115; attitude toward Corsican patriots, 117; popular hatred of, 121, 133, 135; succeeded by Salicetti, 133, 136; N.'s diatribe against, 133, 136; N.'s "Letters" to, 145; his marriage condemned by N., 311. Buxhöwden, Gen., advance of Russian troops under, ii. 367; joins Kutusoff at Wischau, 379. Bylandt, Count de, advises Holland to defy France, iii. 271; in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201.

C

Cabanis, influence on the Consulate, ii. 195. Cabarrus, Jeanne M. I. T., i. 315. See also Fontenaye, Mme. de; Tallien, Mme. Cadiz, Nelson loses an eye at, ii. 62; Villeneuve makes for, 359, 371; Collingwood blockades, 371; Nelson's fleet off, 373; threatened invasion by England, iii. 133, 155; seizure of a French fleet at, 155; Soult before, 286, 289; Soult abandons, 290; becomes the capital of the nationalists, 290. Cadore, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395; Champagny created Duke of, iii. 87. See Champagny. Cadoudal, Georges, complaints of England's harboring of, ii. 271; conspiracy to seize N., 297 et seq.; leader of the Chouans, 297; arrest and execution, 299, 303; N.'s clemency toward his co-conspirators, 328; funeral mass celebrated for, iv. 146. Cæsar, Augustus, N. likened to, iii. 43. Cæsar, Julius, N.'s study of and admiration for, resemblances between N. and, i. 161, 395, 423; ii. 147, 158, 159, 230; iii. 319; iv. 130, 232, 266; N. disclaims the rôle of, ii. 112, 117; his work for civilization, 157; iii. 319. Caffarelli, Gen., bearer of N.'s letter to Pius VII, ii. 339; in battle of Austerlitz, 387. Cagliari, expedition against, i. 191. Cahors, birthplace of Murat, ii. 195. "Caia," and "Caius," ii. 329. "Ça Ira," i. 244, 266. Cairo, military operations at, i. 352; ii. 60; Magallon consul at, 47; the march from Alexandria to, 59; capture of, 61; failure of the promised plunder at, 61; fortification of, 67; N. at, 69, 76; retreat of the army from Acre to, 75; N.'s "triumphal" return to, 76; surrender of, 211. Calahorra, the Spanish forces near, iii. 184, 185. Calais, parallel between Magdeburg and, iii. 62. Calder, Adm. Sir Robert, encounters Villeneuve off Cape Finisterre, ii. 359; reinforces blockade of Brest, 359; encounter with Villeneuve, 371. Caldiero, occupied by Alvinczy, i. 388; Alvinczy retreats from, 390. Calendar, the Republican, i. 248. Calonne, C. A. de, taxation problems of, i. 105. Calotte, the constitution of the, i. 94. Calvi, French influence and power in, i. 116, 207; the Buonapartes seek asylum in, 205; N. at, 205; imprisonment of Corsicans in, 252; English capture of, 261. Cambacérès, J. J. R., dreads a new Terror, ii. 93; appointed consul, 130; minister of justice, 130; organizer of the Code Napoléon, 222, 226; scheme for reform of the tribunate, 242; suggests plebiscite on question of life consulship, 244; Chancellor of France, 323; at N.'s coronation, 342; demurs to action against the Duc d'Enghien, 304; created Duke of Parma, iii. 86; salary, 96; arch-chancellor, 96; on N.'s appearance after the treaty of Schönbrunn, 245; member of extraordinary council on N.'s second marriage, 253; member of the Empress-Regent's council, iv. 106; character, 106; member of N.'s new cabinet, 159. Cambronne, Gen. P. J. E., aids in N.'s escape from Elba, iv. 153; in battle of Waterloo, 209. Campan, Mme., appointment in the imperial court, ii. 324. Campbell, Sir Neil, British commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. 134; N.'s relations with, 134, 142, 150; accompanies N. to Elba, 140; ambassador to N.'s court at Elba, 144; leaves Elba for Florence, 150, 153. Camperdown, battle of, ii. 38. Campo Formio, treaty of, i. 456; ii. 18-22, 24, 31, 37, 42, 145, 148, 187; iii. 329. Canada, lost to France, i. 17, 22. Canals, Bonaparte's scheme of, ii, 279. Canino, Prince of. See Buonaparte, Lucien. Cannes, N.'s march through, on return from Elba, iv. 153, 154. Canning, George, denounces N., ii, 144; foreign secretary in Portland cabinet, iii. 69; responsibility for the bombardment of Copenhagen, 70, 97; despatches the fleet to the Baltic, 98; demands the secret articles of Tilsit, 98; fall of, 272; policy of action against N., 284; enforces Orders in Council, 378. Canonical institution, the question of, iv. 390. Canova, Antonio, makes statue of Empress Maria Louisa, iii. 300. Cantonal assemblies, ii. 247. Cape of Good Hope, taken by England from the Dutch, ii. 12, 38; ceded to the Batavian Republic by treaty of Amiens, 233; England's rights in, 262; N.'s ambitions concerning, 289; iii. 308. Cape St. Vincent, battle of, i. 456; ii. 62. Cape Verd Islands, proposition to deport N. to, iv. 145. Caprera, expedition against, i. 192. Caprino, battle at, i. 412, 413. "Captain," Nelson's ship in battle of Cape St. Vincent, ii, 62. Capuchins, attempt to oust them from Corsican domains, i. 168. Caraccioli, Adm. F. C., execution of, ii. 300. Cardinals, the College of, transplanted to France, iii. 258, 263. Carinthia, N. in, i. 434; revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 42; part of, ceded to France, iii. 239. Carinthian Mountains, pursuit of Archduke John across the, iii. 212. Carlsbad, Talleyrand at, iv. 224. "Carmagnole," the, i. 244, 266. Carniola, Charles guards road into, i. 432; ceded to France, iii. 239. Carnot, Lazare N. M., minister of war, i. 233, 279; favors N., 299, 320; reorganizes the French army, 240, 325, 332, 333, 379; military policy of, 249; removal of, 279; escape of, 285; ii. 8, 27; member of the Directory, i. 186, 330-333; character, 330-333; at battle of Maubeuge, 332; plans the Italian campaign (1795), 346; N.'s correspondence with, May, 1796, 364; advises restoring the Milanese to Austria, 451; relations with N., ii. 8; desire for peace with Austria, 19; Barras derides his suggestions, 19; writes a justificatory pamphlet, 91; development of his conscription scheme, 93; reappointed minister of war, 130, 153; influence on the fall of the Directory, 130; military genius, 153; detaches Lecourbe's force from Moreau's army, 168; possible successor to N., 186; influence on the Consulate, 195; member of the tribunate, 243; remonstrates against adulation of N., 295; opposes the creation of the Empire, 321; pensioned, iii. 297; commissioned to write on fortification, 297; invited to join in insurrection, iv. 149; member of N.'s new cabinet, 159; advises a dictatorship for France after Waterloo, 217; member of the new Directory, 218. Caroline, Queen of Naples, iii. 124; on Maria Louisa's imprisonment at Schönbrunn, iv. 143. Carpentras, lost to the Pope at peace of Tolentino, ii. 326. Carrier, J. B., crimes of, i. 234; opposes Robespierre, 251. Carrion-Nisas, A. H., "Peter the Great," ii. 350. Cartagena, Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371; rebellion in, iii. 154. Carteaux, Gen., seizes Valence, i. 214; besieges Avignon, 214; takes Marseilles, 220; captures Ollioules, 225; besieges Toulon, 224, 225; ignorance of military affairs, 227; removed from command, 228. Cassel, Blücher's military movements in, ii. 427; restored to its former ruler, iv. 40. Castaños, Gen. F. X. de, causes Dupont's surrender at Baylen, iii. 156; position on the Ebro, 184, 185; concerted French movement against, 185; collects his troops at Siguenza, 185. Casteggio, battle of, ii. 176. Castellane, journal of, iii. 361. Castelnuovo, disarmament of, i. 442. Castiglione, battle of, i. 382; ii. 140; Augereau's victory at, 323; celebration of the battle of, 228; Augereau created Duke of, iii. 86. See also Augereau. Castile, French occupation of, iii. 286; weakness of French forces in, 289; reinforcements for Masséna ordered from, 289. Castlereagh, Lord, secretary for war in Portland cabinet, iii. 69; policy of action and bitterness against N., 284; iv. 145, 162; prime minister of England, iii. 328; inspires action by Bernadotte, 350; becomes foreign secretary, 378, 417, 422; dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, iv. 42; character, 42, 67; at headquarters of the allies at Basel, 66; influence in European councils, 67, 68; under Metternich's influence, 68; uneasiness at N.'s message to Francis, 75; on the European policy of 1814, 89; protests against the use of the imperial style by N., 133; negotiates secret treaty between England, Austria, and France, 145; protests to Talleyrand against violation of treaty obligations, 153; retires from Congress of Vienna, 173; letter from Lord Liverpool, June 20, 1815, 224. Catalonia, French occupation of, iii. 156; Duhesme evacuates, 157; military government of, 279; French possession of, 377. Catharine of Würtemberg, marries Jerome Bonaparte, ii. 399; iii. 93, 94. Cathcart, Gen. W. S., besieges Copenhagen, iii. 70; heads English embassy to Russia, 351; influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417; English minister at St. Petersburg, 417; at Congress of Prague, 423. Catherine II, policy of, i. 22; iii. 51, 309; death of, i. 425, 452; N. shatters a gift of, ii. 20; N.'s admiration for, 347; share in partition of Poland, iii. 309; her life and work, iv. 251. Catherine, Grand Duchess (of Russia), mentioned for marriage with N., iii. 180, 181; marries the Duke of Oldenburg, 181, 278, 310. Catholic emancipation, the question of, ii. 208. Cato, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147. Cattaro, Alexander I's scheme for acquiring, ii. 356; Russian occupation of, 405; compensation for, iii. 56. Caulaincourt, A. A. L. de, leads expedition to Offenburg, ii. 304; Master of the Horse, 324, 425; relations with N., 425; iii. 107; iv. 87, 105, 115, 134, 159; conducts negotiations with Russia, iii. 87, 107-110, 113, 116-118, 165, 168, 169, 244, 310, 315, 318, 408-411; connection with the d'Enghien murder, iii. 107; N.'s instructions to, 115; discusses partition of Turkey, 116; explains Bernadotte's dilatoriness, 117; reproved by N., 165; friendship with the Czar, 165, 168; ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181; conducts N.'s matrimonial negotiations in Russia, 247, 248; explains the Austrian marriage to Alexander, 255; recalled, 318, 326; knowledge of Russia, 325, 326; French commissioner at Poischwitz, 414; at Congress of Prague, 423; letter from Metternich, November, 1813, iv. 42, 45; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 42; letter to Metternich, Dec. 2, 1813, 46; conducts negotiations at Châtillon, 67-71, 74, 78, 87; demands authority to treat after La Rothière, 69, 70; blamed for not saving his country at Châtillon, 70; letter from Maret, 87; at council at St. Dizier, 103; seeks peace at any price, 103; seeks audience with Alexander, 116, 117; at the abdication scene, 121, 122; on commission to present abdication to Alexander, 124, 125, 126; urges the regency, 126; transfers his allegiance, 129; N.'s declaration to, concerning his generals, 128; memoirs of, 130; records N.'s first attempt at suicide, 130; member of N.'s new cabinet, 159; member of the new Directory, 218. Cautillon, attempt to assassinate Wellington, iv. 234; N.'s bequest to, 234. Cavallos, defends Ferdinand's position, iii. 143. Cavalry, N.'s views on, and use of, i. 59; ii. 178. Cayenne, wholesale deportations to, ii. 8. Celibacy, N. on, i. 138. Ceracchi, charged with conspiracy, ii. 235; execution of, 241. Ceraino, military operations near, i. 412. Cerbeau, Du, i. 143. Cervoni, i. 220, 233. Ceva, battle of, i. 352-335. Ceylon, retained by England, ii. 211, 262; France guarantees its return to Holland, 289. Chaboulon, Fleury de, sent to Naples, iv. 152; reveals the state of France to N., 152. Chabran, Gen., forces in Savoy, ii. 169; crosses the Little St. Bernard, 171. Chabrol, imperial prefect, iv. 106. Chaillot, suspected plot of royalists at, ii. 303. Châlons, N. leaves Paris for, iv. 53; French concentration at, 58; N. reaches, 58; N. plans pursuing Blücher to, 65; Blücher collects his army at, 73; N. plans to attack Schwarzenberg at, 77; Marmont ordered to, 91, 93; the allies open new communications via, 97. Cham, Archduke Charles makes a stand at, iii. 210, 216. Chamartin, the French troops at, iii. 187, 189. Chambers of Commerce, establishment of, ii. 220. Chambéry, N. at, ii. 27, 30; reinforcements for Augereau at, iv. 94. Champagny, L. A., created Duke of Cadore, iii. 87; appointed Minister of External Relations, 96, 132; plenipotentiary at Altenburg, 238, 239; succeeded in the Foreign Office by Maret, 318; mission to Francis at Dijon, iv. 128. Champaubert, battle of, iv. 63, 66. Championnet, Gen., overthrows the Neapolitan throne, ii. 87; disgraceful conduct at Naples, 92. Channel tunnel, the, ii. 290. "Chant du Départ," the, iv. 118. Chaptal, J. A., member of the council of state, ii. 152. Chardon, Abbé, on N.'s boyhood, i. 45. Charenton, Marmont and Mortier driven back to, iv. 99. Charette, institutes royalist retaliation on republican prisoners, i. 277. Charleroi, military operations near, iv. 171, 173-177, 179, 180, 196, 208; N. at, 175, 177, 211, 239. Charles, Archduke, defeats Jourdan, i. 385; defeated by Moreau, 385; campaign in the Tyrol, 425, 428; ordered into Friuli, 426, 430; military genius, 426; iii. 215; guards Carniola, i. 432; battle on the Tagliamento, 432; on the river Mur, 434; cut off from succor, 436; letter from N., 435; defeats Jourdan at Ostrach and Stockach, ii. 88; effect of his successes, 89; defeats Masséna at Zürich, 93; defeated by Masséna at Zürich, 141; withdraws temporarily from service, 160; resumes command after Hohenlinden, 192, 358; commanding Austrian army in Italy, 363; reaches Marburg, 367; position on the Adige, 367; commanding Austrian troops from Italy, 380; the throne of Spain offered to, iii. 166; reorganizes the Austrian army, 198; declares war against France, 199; to operate in Bohemia, 199; plans to rouse the German people, 199; procrastinates, 199; offensive movement in the Danube valley, 204; N.'s plan for meeting, 203; mistakes in the campaign of Eckmühl, 204-207; crosses the Isar, 205; a lost opportunity, 204; plan of offense, 205; marches against Davout, 205; marches on Ratisbon, 205, 208; force at Ludmannsdorf and Rohr, 207; force at Moosburg, 207; retires to Ratisbon, 209; in battle of Eckmühl, 209; retires before Davout, 209; N.'s reasons for not pursuing after Eckmühl, 210; crosses the Danube, 210; makes a stand at Cham, 210, 216; sues for peace, 211, 216; junction with Hiller at Bisamberg, 212, 216; seizes Ratisbon, 216; at Budweis, 216; indecision of, 216; his line on the Danube, 216; advance toward Wagram, 218; attempts to break N.'s bridges, 219; in battles of Aspern and Essling, 219-223; conduct after Aspern, 223-225; seeks the offices of diplomacy, 224; battle of Wagram, 226-232; withdraws toward Znaim, 230; orders Archduke John to attack, 230; pursued by N. and Marmont, 235; asks an armistice, 235; quarrels with the Emperor and John, 235; resigns his command, 235; at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256. Charles Emmanuel, succeeds Victor Amadeus, i. 356; retires to Sardinia, ii. 39, 87, 141. Charles Emmanuel IV, invited by Russia to return to Turin, ii. 141. Charles Ludwig Frederic, of Baden, marries Stephanie Napoleone, ii. 399. Charles the Great, his work for civilization, ii. 157; N.'s emulation of, 157; iii. 304, 306; French longings for a modern, ii. 214; restoring the empire of, 233; reversion to state and titles of the reign of, 323; coronation of, 325; gift to the Papacy, 346; his system of "marches," iii. 55; N. resumes the grant of, 118; magnificence of his empire, 131; Spanish territory of, 133, 134; his donation to Hadrian I revoked by N., 215; his ideal, 319; N. compared with, 319; iv. 292; the second, iii. 330; imitation of his times, iv. 165; influence on Europe, 292. Charles IV (of Spain), attachment to Godoy, ii. 204; king of Spain, 289; subserviency to France, and relations with N., iii. 71, 126-128, 141; conspires against his son's succession, 71; unites with N. in coercing Portugal, 119; scheme to acquire Portugal, 120; character, 124; announces his son's conspiracy, 127; blames the French minister at Madrid, 127; correspondence with N., 128, 131, 133; pardons Ferdinand, 127; proposes to cut off Ferdinand's succession, 127; N. reveals his policy to, 133; panic-stricken at the French invasion, 133; deposes Godoy, 135; last days of his kingdom, 135; abdicates, 136; repudiates his abdication, 138, 145; seeks Murat's protection, 138; virtual prisoner in the Escorial, 142; deposed, 144-148; summoned to Bayonne, 145; refuses Ferdinand's offer to surrender the crown, 145; pensioned, 147; restrains Gen. Solano's movements, 149; at Compiègne, 148; goes to Marseilles, 149; weakness of, 150; goes to Italy, 149. Charles V, magnificence of his empire, iii. 131. Charles X. See Artois, Count of. Charles XII of Sweden, military despotism of, ii. 118. Charles XIII, king of Sweden, ii. 416; succeeds Gustavus IV, iii. 280; makes Bernadette his successor, 280; under N.'s protection, 280; feebleness of his rule, 317. Charters, destruction of feudal, i. 109, 110. Chartres, flight of the Empress and Joseph through, iv. 111. Chartres, Duc de (Louis Philippe), scheme to place him on the French throne, iv. 148. Chateaubriand, F. A., friendship with Mme. Bacciocchi, ii. 258; literary works, 259; envoy to Valais, 260; a disciple of Rousseau, 259; envoy to Rome, 260; supposed sponsor for the Concordat, 260; influence, 260; his name omitted from the honor list of 1810, iii. 300; on the new constitution, iv. 160. Château-Thierry, French occupation of, iv. 63; Blücher's retreat through, and sack of, 63, 64; Macdonald's failure at, 72; military movements near, 94. Châtelet, military operations near, iv. 174, 177, 179. Chatham, Earl of, compared with Carnot, i. 331; policy toward France, ii. 208. Châtillon, Congress of, iv. 68-75, 79, 87, 88; Caulaincourt's carte blanche at, 69, 70, 88; rumored preliminaries of peace at, 73; sends ultimatum to N., 74, 76; closes, 76; capture of some of the diplomats of, 95. Chaumont, surrenders to one Würtemberg horseman, iv. 51; treaty of, 76, 164; military operations near, 90. Chemnitz, the Saxon army at, ii. 424; contemplated movements at, iv. 23. Chénier, André, ii. 350. Chénier, M. J., driven from the tribunate, ii. 243; "Cyrus," 350; suppresses his writings, iii. 88; rewards for his literary work, 297; opposes the empire, 300; made inspector-general of the university, 301. Cheops, Pyramid of, N., in the, ii. 66. Cherasco, capture of, i. 354, 355. Chevreuse, Mme. de, pert remark to N., and banishment, iii. 94. Chimay, Princess de, i. 315. See also Tallien, Mme. China, N.'s attention turned toward, i. 78. Chiusa Veneta, capture of fort at, i, 433. Choiseul, C. A. G., refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 16; his policy toward Corsica, 20-22; disgrace of, 43; N.'s hatred for, 50; scheme of Egyptian conquest, ii. 46. Chouans, the, rebellion of, i. 277, 325, 449; legislation against, ii. 94; the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297 et seq. Christian VII, imbecility of, iii. 70. Christianity, N.'s confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76, 77. Church, the, N.'s attitude toward, and relations with, i. 76, 77, 146, 147, 264; ii. 159, 173, 205, 206, 215, 246, 258, 265, 398, 407; iii. 68, 69, 85, 89, 118, 119, 154, 190, 215, 242, 243, 249, 258, 259, 262-264, 305, 306, 315, 377, 390; demands for reform of, in Corsica, i. 116, 117; enforced contributions by, at Ajaccio, 127; attitude of the French governments toward, and relations with the nation, 244; ii. 91, 131, 216, 258, 325 et seq.; N.'s study of the Gallican, i. 150; reorganization of its property, 152; changes in, 162; sequestration of lands of, 161, 268, 269; Louis XVI's support of, 268; N.'s speculation in sequestered lands of, 288; plotting in, 297; question of allegiance of the clergy, 401; relation to education, ii. 226-228; influence in Austria and Germany, 264; reconstruction in France, 318; scheme for unity of, in Germany, 402; archbishops created counts, iii. 87; degradation in Spain, 123; pillaged in Spain, 158; repressed in the Tyrol, 201; the bishops' court pronounces N.'s first marriage null, 253; attitude toward N.'s second marriage, 258, 259; the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to Paris, 258, 264. Cicero, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147. Cintra, Junot surrenders at, iii. 157, 159, 186. Cisalpine Republic, the, formation of, ii. 10, 21; pillage of, 38; treaty with France, March, 1798, 38; the Valtellina incorporated with, 40; recognized by Prussia, 43; dissolution of, 83; picks a quarrel with Sardinia, 87; reëstablishment of, 173, 186, 231; tribute levied on, 186; question of a president for, 230; English efforts to discredit France in, 264. Cispadane Republic, the, i. 401, 402; question of a constitution for, ii. 10. Citadella, battle of, i. 388. "Citizen," use of the term in France, ii. 194. Citizenship, liberty, equality, and fraternity in, i. 110; the primary duty of, 306. Ciudad Rodrigo, Spanish defense of, iii. 284; storming of, 290, 319. Civil Code, introduced into Warsaw, iii. 67. See also Code. Civil liberty, developed in inverse ratio to political liberty, ii. 223. "Civism," i. 170, 180, 315. Clacy, captured by N., iv. 79. Clanship, i. 10. Clarke, Gen., letter from N., Nov. 19, 1796, i. 399, 400; at Montebello, 452; meeting with N., 451; mission to Vienna, 451; French agent in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 20; recalled to Paris, 20, 23; forbidden to enter Vienna, 42; guardian to King Louis's widow, 233; drives British ships from Tuscan harbors, 287; created Duke of Feltre, iii. 86; ordered to fortify the Spanish frontier, 126; minister of war, iv. 106; member of the Empress-Regent's council, 106, 108; advises the flight of the Empress, 108; prepares for defense of Paris, 109; N.'s rage at, 115. Clary, Eugénie Bernardine Désirée, proposal to wed N. to, i. 295, 312; affianced to Duphot, ii. 39, 43; marries Bernadotte, 43. Clergy, the, position at outbreak of the revolution, i. 100, 101, 107; attitude in Corsica, 115, 116; N.'s attitude toward, and relations with, 124, 146, 147, 422, 423; ii. 11; revolution among the clergy of Dauphiny, i. 143, 152; constitutional reforms for, 153; upheaval among, 162; attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2, 36; transported to Cayenne, 8; Talleyrand a leader among, 33; released from the Jacobin ban, 131; abolition of celibacy of, 206; conformists and nonconformists to the civil constitution, 205, 215; a "consecrated constabulary," 217; restoration to the ecclesiastical fold, 346; encourage rebellion in Spain, iii. 154. See also Church; Papacy; Pius VII; Rome. Cleves, Prussia's price for, ii. 266; ceded to France, 390. Cleves and Berg, the Grand Duchy of, ii. 404; French garrison in, 404. Clichy Club, the, ii. 3, 5, 7, 23. Coalition of 1813, centrifugal forces in, iv. 55-58. Cobenzl, Count L., Austrian plenipotentiary at Campo Formio, ii. 20; at Congress of Rastatt, 28; negotiates with France after Marengo, 189; on universal conquest, iii. 43. Coblentz, headquarters of French royalists, ii. 121. Coburg, military operations near, ii. 428. Cockburn, Adm. Sir George, conveys N. to St. Helena, iv. 227, 230. Code Civil, its contravention by Jewish legislation, iii. 76. Code Napoléon, the, ii. 221-225; iv. 296; introduced into Parma and Piacenza, ii. 354; abolition of the law of entail and primogeniture, iii. 85; N.'s excuse for overruling, 85; introduced into Holland, 277; in Italy, iv. 40. Code of Commerce, the, ii. 224; iii. 74. Code of Criminal Procedure, the, iii. 224. Coignet, Private, N.'s friendly familiarity with, ii. 196. Coignet, writes of the entry into Berlin, ii. 438; on the march to Russia, iii. 326; reports demoralization after Dresden, iv. 12. Coigny, Mlle. de, married to Savary, ii. 412. Coimbra, military movements near, iii. 285. Colborne, Sir J., in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209. Col di Tenda, the French line at, ii. 160. College of Cardinals, increased French representation in the, iii. 118. College of France, the, ii. 226. Colli, Gen., commanding Piedmontese troops, i. 353, 354; reinforcements for, defeated, 354. Collingwood, Adm. Cuthbert, his knowledge of the enemy's movements, ii. 370; blockades Cadiz, 371; at Trafalgar, 373. Cologne, Macdonald entrusted with defense of, iv. 54. Colombier, Caroline du, N.'s first love, i. 77, 149. Colombier, Mme. du, i. 75, 149. Colonization, Talleyrand's views on, ii. 33. Colonna, represents Corsica in the National Assembly, i. 117, 118; member of the Directory of Corsica, 133. Colonna-Cesari, leads Corsican expedition against Sardinia, i. 192, 193. Column of Vendôme, erection of the, iii. 74. Comédie Française, members accompany N. to Erfurt, iii. 174. Commerce, condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102; influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46; encouragement of, 220; revived by the peace of Amiens, 236; improved condition of, 259; the scope of British, 270. Committee of Public Safety, usurps supreme power, i. 207; aided by Carnot, 223; Corsicans denounced in, 252; keeps N. under surveillance, 255, 256; plans expedition against Rome, 261; abolished, 279, 289; the new, 291, 292, 297; appoints N. on military commission, 292; proposes to transfer N. to Constantinople, 297; considers policy of excluding English goods from the Continent, ii. 441; difficulties with Mme. de Staël, iii. 297. Communal list, the, ii. 126. Compiègne, Spanish royal exiles at, iii. 148; meeting of the Emperor with his Austrian bride at, 257, 258, 261, 268; Blücher besieges, iv. 84. Compignano, Countess of. See Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa. Compulsory loans, ii. 134. Compulsory military service, i. 213. Concordat, the, ii. 207, 215, 301, 326 et seq., 402; iv. 259, 294, 296; service in honor of, ii. 215; its effect in France, 216; "the vaccine of religion," 216; contempt of the Army of the Rhine for, 235; the supposed sponsor for, 260; effect in Germany, 264; extension to Venice refused by Pius VII, iii. 68; Venetia admitted to, 118; undoing the work of, 119; rupture of, 306. Concordat of Fontainebleau, the, iii. 391, 392. Condé, evacuation of, i. 222. Condé, the Great, ii. 301. Condé, Prince of, ii. 308. Condorcet, J. A. N. de C., believer in equality of the sexes, ii. 226. Conegliano, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; Moncey created Duke of, iii. 86. See also Moncey. Confederation of the Rhine, the, organization of, ii. 401-406, 417; Hesse-Cassel refused admission to, 442; levies of troops for France in, iii. 21, 196, 203, 322, 387, 394; recognized at Tilsit, 54; Saxony united with, 56; relations with France, 73, 74, 279, 382; additions to, 239; called to arms by Prussia, 398; proposed abandonment of French protectorate over, 407; proposed dissolution of, 415; proposed dynastic independence for sovereigns of, 422; purpose of the allies to free, iv. 21; resolved into its elements, 40; forced by allies to raise military contingents, 54. Confiscation, opposition to the reintroduction of, ii. 242; principle of punishment by, iii. 295, 296. Coni, surrendered to France, i. 355. Connewitz, military operations near, iv. 27, 28. Consalvi, Cardinal, negotiates the Concordat, ii. 207; memorialist of Pius VII, 347; dismissed from the papal service, 397. Conscription, the, i. 275, 379; ii. 87, 93, 248, 306, 362, 409, 422; iii. 3, 21, 24, 25, 76, 77, 126, 132, 198, 291, 323, 326, 386, 387, 390, 414; iv. 21, 47-51, 99, 165; development of Carnot's scheme, ii. 93; N.'s influence on the laws of, 248; how enforced, 306; Jewish evasions of the, iii. 76; Jews made subject to, 77. Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, founded, i. 281. Conservatory of Music, reorganization of, i. 281. Constable, creation of the office of, ii. 322. Constabulary, abolition of the, i. 142. Constance, city of, ceded to Baden, ii. 391. Constance, Lake, the Austrian camp on, ii. 365. Constant, N.'s valet, iv. 134. Constant de Rebecque, Henri-Benjamin, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94; member of the tribunate, 151, 242; driven from the tribunate, 243; president of the council of state, iv. 159; supports the chambers, 217. Constantine, Grand Duke, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 387; Bennigsen writes to, after Friedland, iii. 32; leader of the peace party, 35; at Tilsit, 52; with the Army of the South, iv. 3. Constantine the Great, N. likened to, ii. 329. Constantinople, proposal to send N. to, i. 296; N.'s eye on, 423; proposed mission for Talleyrand to, ii. 66; Russia to aid in defense of, 73; N. given leave to march on, 72, 73; fleet sent to relief of Acre from, 73, 74; Russian ambition to acquire, 356; iii. 28, 64, 108, 113; a British fleet at, 20; French influence at, 33, 99; proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, 55; revolution in, 162; England threatens to bombard, 321. Constitutional checks, i. 106. Constitution of 1799, prohibition against First Consul's military leadership, ii. 162. Consular Guard, the, at Marengo, ii. 179, 180; strengthening of, 277. Consulate, proposed formation of a, ii. 102; a disguised monarchy, iv. 287. Continental System, the, ii. 288, 375, 400; iii. 98, 101, 160, 165, 197, 239, 249, 255, 262-281, 283, 287, 294, 303, 304, 310, 316, 323, 328-330, 377, 409, 420, 425; iv. 294; England's policy against, iii. 100-102. Copenhagen, battle of, ii. 209; bombardment of, iii. 70, 97-100, 280. Coppet, Mme. de Staël's residence at, ii. 411; iii. 298. Corday, Charlotte, assassination of Marat, i. 234. Cordova, French capture and abandonment of, iii. 156. Corfu, N. proposes to seize, i. 447; France's jealous care of, ii. 32; Adm. Brueys ordered to, 62; blockade of, 67; Russian occupation of, 353, 356, 357, 405; French occupation of, iii. 99, 109, 111; English naval watch on, 111; proposed expedition to Egypt from, 114. Corizier, wounded at Acre, ii. 76. Corneille, Pierre, N.'s study of, iii. 173; iv. 231. Cornet, starts the proceedings of the 18th Brumaire, ii. 103. Cornwallis, Lord Charles, character, ii. 263; negotiates the treaty of Amiens, 263. Cornwallis, Adm. William, junction of Nelson and, before Brest, ii. 359. Corona, military operations at, i. 410, 414. Correggio, A. A., plunder of the works of, i. 369, 374. Corsica, external relations, i. 8-16, 24, 26; physical features and population, 8-16, 39, 263; Rousseau's views on, 9, 19; the Buonaparte family in, 8, 27 et seq.; feudalism in, 9, 18; Paoli's share in history of, 15 et seq., 117-125, 127, 130, 132, 196-198, 204-207; national heroes and patriotism in, 14, 42, 115, 117; Jews in, 16; French schemes concerning, expeditions against, and occupations of, 16-25, 79, 120, 122, 125, 154, 165, 201-208, 261, 342, 403, 421; N.'s love for, residences in, schemes concerning, and peculiar relations to, 17-19, 50-53, 58, 81, 82, 87-92, 96, 112, 116, 117, 122-124, 133, 160-170, 183-187, 209-211, 233, 253, 254, 257, 340, 341; ii. 158, 250; Montesquieu's views on, i. 19; joins the Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance, 21; ceded by Genoa to France, 22; England's interests in, protectorate over, conquest and abandonment of, 23, 119, 124, 196, 205-208, 256-262, 402, 421; disaffection, riots, and rebellion in, 25, 42, 83, 111-122, 139, 147, 166-170, 198, 254, 403; compared with Sardinia, 25; N.'s history of, 76, 86, 91-98; introduction of silkworm culture into, 80; the betrayal of, 98; the Revolution in, 111-122; scheme of liberation, 112 et seq.; plan for elective council in, 114; rival parties and classes, schemes and intrigues in, 114-122, 162, 163, 166, 169-170, 185, 190, 199-210; desired reforms for, 116; representation in the National Assembly, 116-122; the council of twelve nobles in, 118; Genoa's claims to, 120, 121, 126; ecclesiastical and religious troubles, 128, 162, 168; democracy in, 131; meeting of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131-134; Bastia declared the capital, 134; the National Guard in, 133, 139, 157-159, 185, 192; N. leaves for Auxonne, 141; N. mobbed in, 147; customs in, 158; N. leaves, 170; expedition against Sardinia from, 189-193; enforcement of the Convention's decrees in, 197; Salicetti deserts the cause of, 201; N. appointed inspector-general of artillery for, 202; new commissioners sent to, 204; the Buonapartes leave, 207; success of revolt against the Convention, 216; Convention commission for, 219; N.'s expedition against, 233, 256-258, 262; employment of refugees from, 252; Salicetti blamed for insurrection in, 254; wretched internal plight, 260; charges against refugees from, 263; N.'s last visit to, ii. 82. Corsican Feuillants, the, i. 163. Corsican Jacobins, the, i. 163. Corso, Cape, Paoli's landing at, i. 125. Corte, the town of, i. 15; removal of seat of government from, 25; Carlo Buonaparte at, 29-32; a Paolist center, 116; Joseph Buonaparte at, 161; N. ordered to, 186, 203; meeting between Paoli and N. at, 190; N. a suspect at, 202. Corunna, the junta of, iii. 158; Moore's retreat to, and death at, 189; England's tardiness at, 192. Cossacks, military achievements of, iii. 9, 10, 13, 20; harass the retreating French army, 362, 364; relieve Hamburg, 402; in battle of Leipsic, iv. 29; in the campaign of 1814, 62; advance to Nemours and Fontainebleau, 72; at the battle of Laon, 79; fears of, in Paris, 108. Costa, letter from N. to, i. 186; letter from Lucien to, 186. Council of Ancients, the, i. 270. Council of Juniors, the, i. 270. Council of State, the, ii. 127, 149-152; stripped of its supremacy, 247; approves N.'s action against the Duc d'Enghien, 305; its functions, iii. 83. "Count of Essex," the, i. 86. "Courier," the London, publishes Spanish manifesto of N., iii. 283. Coustou, Abbé, attends Carlo Buonaparte's death-bed, i. 64. Coxe's "Travels in Switzerland," N.'s study of, i. 150. Cracow, ceded to the grand duchy of Warsaw, iii. 239; Schwarzenberg seeks shelter in, 393. Crancé, Dubois de, i. 223; reorganization of the French armies by, 325; organizes national conscription, 379. Craonne, battle of, iv. 78. Crema, withdrawal of the Austrians from Milan to, ii. 173. Croatia, Austrian recruiting in, i. 386; part of, ceded to France, iii. 239. Cromwell, Oliver, N. disclaims the rôle of, ii. 112, 117; the need of a second, in France, 119; N. compared with, 230. Cronstadt, Alexander fears for, iii. 98. Crôsne, Sieyès accepts the estate of, ii. 130. Crottendorf, military operations near, iv. 28. Crusades, the, ii. 46. Cuneo, associated with N. in Corsica, i. 117. Custine, Gen. A. P., occupies Frankfort, i. 194; defeat of, 194. Cyprus, Sir Sidney Smith puts into, ii. 82. "Cyrus," by Chénier, ii. 350. Czartoryski, A. G., memoirs of, ii. 356; Russian minister of foreign affairs, 356; on the Russian policy in 1805, 381; friendship with Alexander I, ii. 445; iii. 309, 383; on the hereditary disease of the Romanoffs, iii. 50; retirement of, 309; schemes in regard to restoration of Poland, 309, 315, 383; transfers faith from Alexander to N., iii. 315. Czernicheff, Count, aide-de-camp to Alexander I, iii. 329; N. offers terms to, 329.

D

Dagobert, N. in the iron chair of, ii. 328. Dalberg, Archbishop, scheme to unify the German Church, ii. 402; Prince-Primate, 402; at the Erfurt conference, iii. 171; receives Ratisbon in exchange for Frankfort principality, 266; his territory erected into a grand duchy for Eugène, 322; estimate of N.'s influence, 322; characterization of Talleyrand, iv. 107; at peace council in Paris, 114; member of the executive commission, 114, 115; attainted, 157. Dalmatia, ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438; alterations of boundaries near, ii. 21; ceded by Austria to Italy, 391; creation of hereditary duchy of, 395; assigned by N. to Italy, 405; N. offers to exchange, iii. 22; French dominion recognized at Tilsit, 54; Soult created duke of, 86 (see also Soult); French strength in, 113; proposed surrender of, to Austria, iv. 407. Dalrymple, Sir H. W., retired from active service, iii. 186. Damascus, garrison of El Arish ordered to, ii. 69; reinforcements for Acre from, 71. Danican, Auguste, royalist leader, i. 298; the 13th Vendémiaire, 302. Danilevsky, on the allies reaching Paris, iv. 110. Danton, G. J., becomes head of the Jacobin commune, i. 187; member of the National Convention, 188; dictator of France, 194; overawes the Girondists, 234; murder of, 250. Dantzic, military movements near, iii. 7, 10, 13; siege of, 12, 19; surrender of, 22, 28; freedom restored to, 56; independence of, 73; Lefebvre created Duke of, 86 (see also Lefebvre); Davout ordered to hold, 266; French military stores in, 333; Murat's position at, untenable, 385; measures for the relief of, 393; held by the French, 402; Rapp commanding at, 402; proposed new capital for Prussia, 409; proposed division of the domain, 409; proposed cession of, to Prussia, 415, 423. Danube River, the, rebellion against Turkey on, ii. 48; Kray retreats toward, 166; proposed Indian expeditions via, 209; military operations on, 363, 366, 367, 441; iii. 105, 113, 117, 163, 202-204, 206, 210, 212, 213, 216-221, 226, 227, 314; Mack essays to cross at Günzburg, ii. 366; the French march from the Rhine to, 376; annihilation of Mortier on, 378; N.'s line of retreat to, 425; Russian successes on the lower, iii. 20; N. plans redistribution of territories on, 50; proposed Russian acquisitions on, 55; topographical features, 217; the crossing at Lobau, 217, 218, 221, 226, 227; defeat of Russians by Turks on, 248; Russia warned not to cross, 314; Russian successes on, 320; withdrawal of Russian troops from, 321; effect of the rising of, at Essling, 383. Danubian Principalities, proposed partition of, iii. 50; Alexander's ambition to acquire, 105, 108, 116, 117; N. offers to exchange them for Silesia, 106, 108, 112. See also Moldavia; Wallachia. Dardanelles, the, Alexander I's scheme for seizing, ii. 356. Darmagnac, Gen., invades Navarre, iii. 132; seizes Pamplona, 132. Darmstadt, relations with Russia, ii. 266; strengthening of, 266; quota of men, 404. Daru, P. A. N., advises wintering in Moscow, iii. 352. Daunou, P. C. F., dreads a new Terror, ii. 94; ideas of government, 127; named as consul, 130; member of the tribunate, 151; influence on the Consulate, 195; driven from the tribunate, 243; attempt to admit him to the senate, 243; upholds Machiavelli's theses concerning the Church of Rome, iii. 262. Dauphiny, the peasantry of, i. 143; N. travels in, 143; revolutionary feeling among the clergy of, 143, 152; anti-royalist feeling in, iv. 154. David, Abbé, arrest of, ii. 296. David, Jacques L., painter, ii. 351. Davidowich, Gen. P., defeated at Roveredo, i. 384, 385; strength in the Tyrol, 387; defeats Vaubois, 387, 388, 392; retreats to the Tyrol, 392. Davout, Gen. L. N., service in Egypt, ii. 53, 323; service in the Army of England, 291; created marshal, 323; character, 364; iii. 93; watches the Russian army, ii. 366; in battle of Austerlitz, 380, 382, 386, 387; at Nordhalben, 428; at Naumburg, 429; in battle of Jena, 430-434; captures Wittenberg, 436; sacks Poland, 440; at Golynim, iii. 5; strength in Poland, 7; in the Eylau campaign, 13, 15-17; in battle of Heilsberg, 29; pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31-33; created Duke of Auerstädt, 86; income, 87; N.'s opinion of, 93; recalled from Poland to Silesia, 165; commanding in Saxony, 198; Archduke Charles plans to attack, 198; his command in the fifth Austrian war, 202; forces in Stettin, Bayreuth, Hanover, and Magdeburg, 202; to concentrate at Bamberg, 203; commanding on the Isar, 204; Archduke Charles marches against, 205; to concentrate at Ingolstadt, 204-207; movements before Ratisbon, 205; on the Laber, 207; in battle of Eckmühl, 208; forces back Archduke Charles, 208; battles of Aspern and Essling, 220-222; battle of Wagram, 230, 231; ordered to hold Baltic positions, 266; revenue of, 296; occupies Swedish Pomerania, 321; letter from N., 324; strength, March, 1812, 324; reproved for his reports of Prussia, 326; slowness of action at opening of the Russian campaign, 336; drives Bagration eastward, 338; battle of Borodino, 344; on the retreat from Moscow, 357-359, 363; battle of Wiazma, 359; at Krasnoi, 365; division commander under Eugène, 393; in campaign of 1813, 402; occupies Hamburg, 407, 413; Vandamme goes to his assistance, 413; to threaten Berlin, iv. 2; N.'s instructions to, 5; mediocrity of his troops, 20; besieged in Hamburg, 55; invited to join in insurrection, 149; member of N.'s new cabinet, 159; advises N. after Waterloo, 217; suggests N.'s use of force, 218. "Day of the Paris sections, the," i. 302-312. Debry, J. A. J., N.'s friendship with, i. 293; ii. 88, 89; member of Congress of Rastatt, 88; wounded at Rastatt, 88, 89; accusations against, 89. De Bussy, in the La Fère regiment, iv. 78; gives N. worthless information at Craonne, 78. Décadi, decadence of the festival, ii. 258. Decrès, Adm., French minister of marine, ii. 291; letter from N., Sept. 13, 1805, 291; warns N. against his career of conquest, iii. 325; member of N.'s new cabinet, iv. 159. Defermon, J., ii. 214. Dego, battle of, i. 352, 353, 355; iv. 65. Deichsel River, Blücher retreats behind the, iv. 7. Delacroix, French minister of foreign affairs, i. 449; French agent in the Netherlands, ii. 38. Demagogues, disgust with, in France, ii. 134. De Maistre, N. refutes his theory of social order, iii. 89; on the supineness of Pius VII, 264. Democracy, a pure, i. 131, 397; Germany's opposition to, 247; its good and bad qualities, iv. 265. Denfort, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107. Denmark, joins the "armed neutrality," ii. 194; iii. 46, 66; proposed commercial war against England, 55; N. calls for alliance with, 66; importance of her sea power, 69; ordered to declare war against England, 69; England offers to seize her fleet, 69; refuses England's offer, 69; yields to Bernadotte, 70; losses of Norway, Schleswig, and Holstein, 70; yields to England, 70; humiliation of, 70; vassalage to France, 70, 279; England seeks to conciliate, 98; bombardment of Copenhagen, 97-100, 280; Alexander I demands reparation for, 100; N. urges England's restoration of her fleet, 104; Spanish troops in, 159; seizure of American ships by, 275; hostility to England, 280; holds Norway, 280; friendly to France, 281; despatches troops to Hamburg, 407; shifts her assistance from Russia to France, 407; strengthening the alliance between France and, 421. Dennewitz, battle of, iv. 18, 19. Denon, D. V., accompanies N. on his return from Alexandria, ii. 81. Departmental list, the, ii. 126. De Pradt, in charge of Polish affairs, iii. 375; interview between N. and, at Warsaw, 375, 382; royalist intrigues of, iv. 106, 108. Desaix, Louis-Charles-Antoine, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; crosses the Rhine near Strasburg, 440; defeats the Austrians in the Black Forest, 440; service in Egypt, ii. 53, 60, 78, 81; battle of the Pyramids, 60; ordered to leave Egypt, 81, 177; reaches Stradella, 177; battle of Marengo, 176-186; killed, 181, 187; contrasted with Ney, iv. 213. Desenzano, military operations near, i. 411. Desgenettes, Dr., heroism at Jaffa, ii. 75. Des Mazis, N.'s friendship for, i. 62, 65; appointed to the regiment of La Fère, 66. Dessau, captured by Lannes, ii. 436. Dessolles, Gen., ii. 164. "Destiny," N.'s, i. 79. Deutsch-Wagram, Archduke Charles advances to, iii. 218. See also Wagram. D'Hilliers, Gen., service in Egypt, ii. 53. "Dialogue on Love," by N., i. 77, 145. Diderot, Denis, co-author with Raynal, i. 75. Diebitsch, Gen. H. K. F. A., encounters a Prussian force, iii. 384; military adviser to Alexander, iv. 98. Dieppe, landing of the Cadoudal conspirators near, ii. 298. Diet, the, reduction of Austria's power in, ii. 193. Digeon, Gen. A. E. M., seduced by Marmont, iv. 125. Digne, N.'s march through, on return from Elba, iv. 154. Dijon, N. visits, i. 146; formation of an army of reserve at, ii. 140; surrenders to the allies, iv. 67; Francis in, 113, 128. Diodorus Siculus, N.'s study of, i. 78. Diplomacy, the language of, i. 21. Dippoldiswalde, military movements near, iv. 11. Directory, the, establishment of, i. 270, 305, 309, 329-331; social life under, 280, 281; Europe and, 324-338; financial war policy, 340; assumes to dictate military plans, 348, 354; plans to belittle N., 363, 372; entrusts N. with diplomatic powers, 364; yields to N.'s plans, 364, 373; contributions sent to, 366, 367; plans for campaign in Germany, 384; attitude toward Italy, 397-405; N.'s relations with, 363-373, 397-405, 419, 422-427, 439, 441, 451; ii. 7, 26, 30, 34-37, 42, 49-52, 67, 72, 80, 88-99, 108; iv. 248, 249; ratifies the treaty of Leoben, i. 441; letters from N., April 19, 1792, 441; May 27, 1797, 447; Pitt's negotiations for peace with, 449; refuses to treat with England, 450; antagonism to the, ii. 2; plot of Louis XVIII and Pichegru against, 5, 6, 7; Moreau's relations with, 6; gains complete control on the 18th of Fructidor, 8; reliance on the army, 8; effects of the 18th Fructidor on, 22; attitude toward Italy and Venice, 23; approves the treaty of Campo Formio, 24, 30; relations with Talleyrand, 34; members of, 35; attitude toward emigrants, 36; attitude toward clergy, 36, 41; attitude toward royalists, 36, 205; attitude toward the German ecclesiastical principalities, 41; Eastern policy, 47; Jacobinism in, 49, 94; fails to secure alliance with Turkey, 67; misunderstanding between the United Irishmen and, 67; weakness, 68, 91; desires the escape of the army in Egypt, 79; reconstruction of, 83, 91, 92; blunders in Italy, 87, 89; corruption in, 91, 92; Gohier president of, 97; N. pays official visit to, on return from Egypt, 97; relations with Moreau, 100; last days and downfall, 103 et seq.; iv. 257, 258, 286; Carnot's influence on its fall, ii. 130; suppresses freedom of the press, 145; incorporates Belgium with France, 153; attitude toward Prussia, 155; relations with Sieyès, 155; liberty of conscience under the, 206; suspends diplomatic relations with the United States, 212; pretensions toward the United States, 211; financial maladministration, 219; recourse to forced contributions, 219; plans for invading England, 290; system of licenses for English goods, iii. 280; difficulties with Mme. de Staël, 297; organization of a new, iv. 218. Divine right, kings by, ii. 407; abolition of, in France, iv. 257. Divorce, N.'s share in codifying the law of, ii. 222; under the Code, 224; N.'s advocacy of easy, 237. Dnieper River, military operations on the, iii. 315, 336, 338, 339, 342, 364. Dniester River, Turkish movements on the, ii. 441. Doctoroff, Gen., in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 388; in battle of Eylau, iii. 15. Dôle, publications of N.'s literary work at, i. 145. Dolgoruki, Prince, mission from Alexander I to N., ii. 382. Dolgoruki, Princess, on N.'s receptions, ii. 196. Dölitz, military operations near, iv. 29, 32. Domination, the power of, iv. 248, 249. Domo d'Ossola, Bethencourt near, ii. 172. Don, River, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209; the Cossacks of the, iii. 13. Donaueschingen, the Austrian headquarters at, ii. 160; abandoned by Kray, 166. Donauwörth, military movements near, iii. 203; N. reaches, 205. Donzelot, Gen F. X., in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201, 202, 203, 209, 210. Dora Baltea River, Austrian force on the, ii. 170. Dora Ridaria River, Austrian force on the, ii. 170. Dornburg, military movements near, ii. 432, 434. Dorothea, Empress-Dowager of Russia, disapproves N.'s proposed marriage to Anne, iii. 248; hatred of N., 248. Douay, N. ordered to, i. 79, 80. Doulaincourt, N. at, iv. 105. Doulevant, N. at, iv. 104. Doumerc, Gen. J. P., moves from Sézanne against Blücher, iv. 62. Dover, scheme of naval demonstration off, ii. 332. Drac, River, iv. 155. Draft, use of, in France, ii. 93. Drave, River, military movements on the, i. 435; iii. 217. Dresden, death of Moreau before, ii. 299; N. at, iii. 65, 66, 67, 375, 389, 394, 409, 416, 417, 423; iv. 7-10, 12, 13, 17-21; Bernadotte to concentrate in, iii. 203; Saxon troops in, 203; N.'s strategy at, 216; seized by the Duke of Brunswick, 234; meeting of the allied sovereigns at, 330; the climax of the Napoleonic drama, 330; iv. 16; N.'s incognito journey through, iii. 375; interview between N. and Metternich at, 389; interview between N. and Frederick Augustus at, 394; French forces at, 393; Eugène to hold, 393-394; welcomes Alexander and Frederick William III, 399; discontent at military occupation, 399; retreat of the allies behind, 406; destruction and rebuilding of the bridges at, 406, 407; French occupation of, 408, 409; defense of, iv. 2, 13, 17, 18; held by Saint-Cyr, 7; French advance to Zittau from, 6; menaced by the allies, 7; battle of, 8-13, 17-19; demoralization of the army after, 12; N.'s mistakes after, 14-16; N.'s physical ailments at, 12, 16; N.'s successes at, 20, 21; Schwarzenberg moves on, 18; Oudinot at, 21; Blücher advances on, 20; boy soldiers at, 21; N.'s retreat from, 22-24; N.'s scheme to hold, 23; Frederick's love for, 25; French garrison in, 25-27; Maret's influence over N. at, 69; N. acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at, 135. Drissa, weakness of, iii. 336; Bagration establishes communication with, 336. Drouot, Gen. A., in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 387; battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 32; advises a return to Lorraine, 116; attachment to N., 118; strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; accompanies N. to Elba, 134; advises against the escape from Elba, 153. Düben, N. at, iv. 25. Dubois, Gen., in battle of Waterloo, iv. 203. Duclos's "Memoirs of the Reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV," N.'s study of, i. 150. Duero, River, military movements on the, iii. 157, 159, 290. Dufresne, ii. 214. Dugommier, Gen. J. F., appointed commander-in-chief before Toulon, i. 229; influence at Toulon, 232. Dugua, Gen. C. F. J., service in Egypt, ii. 53; in battle of the Pyramids, 60. Duhesme, Gen. P. G., invades Spain, iii. 132; at Barcelona, 132; occupies Catalonia, 155, 156; evacuates Catalonia, 157; besieged in Barcelona, 183; in battle of Waterloo, iv. 205. Dulaure's "History of the Nobility," N.'s study of, i. 150. Dumanoir, Adm., at Trafalgar, ii. 374. Dumolard, J. V., interpellates the government as to N.'s independence, ii. 3. Dumoulin, Jean, comes to N.'s aid at Laffray, iv. 156. Dumouriez, Charles F., takes part in the conquest of Corsica, i. 120; on the northeastern frontier, 184; wins battle of Jemmapes, 194; defection of, 198; correspondence with Nelson, ii. 303; suspected of royalist plots, 303, 305. Dünaburg, preparations for the siege of, iii. 333; Ney advances toward, 336. Duncan, Adm. Adam, wins the battle of Camperdown, ii. 38. Dunette, Gen., marches to relief of Paris, iv. 102. Dunkirk, besieged by Duke of York, i. 222. Duphot, Gen. L., affianced to Désirée Clary, ii. 39, 43; killed at Rome, 39. Dupont, Gen. Pierre, in battle of Friedland, iii. 31; ordered to invade Spain, 128; invades Spain, 132; advances on Andalusia, 156; holds the Tagus, 156; capitulates at Baylen, 156, 157, 159, 167. Durango, Blake advances from, iii. 184. Duroc, Gen. G. C. M., wounded at Acre, ii. 76; N.'s aide-de-camp, 101; N.'s envoy to Prussia, 156, 282; Grand Marshal of the Palace, 324; offers Hanover to Prussia, 362; personal attendance on N., 425; proposes terms after Tilsit, iii. 36; blamed for Queen Louisa's failure, 62; proposes indemnity for Maria Louisa, 67; created Duke of Friuli, 86; at Bayonne, 144; foresees France's discontent, 326; killed at Reichenbach, 410-411; N.'s grief for, 411; N. contributes to monument to, iv. 5; N. proposes to take the name of, 221. Dürrenstein, destruction of Mortier's division at, ii. 368, 378. Durutte, Gen. J. F., sent to Ligny, iv. 181; battle of Waterloo, 201, 202, 205, 206, 210. Düsseldorf, Jourdan's army at, i. 347; Jourdan crosses the Rhine at, 385. Dutch Flanders, ceded to France, i. 276. Duteil, N.'s acquaintance with, i. 95; N. seeks aid from, 157; grants N. permission to sail for Corsica, 180. Duteil, Gen. J., general of artillery before Toulon, i. 229; on N.'s ability, 232. Dutheil, N. F., devises plan of campaign for Austria and England, i. 342. Dutot, takes N.'s place in the West, i. 293. Duval's "William the Conqueror," ii. 350. Duvernet's "History of the Sorbonne," N.'s study of, i. 150. Dwina, River, fortifications on the, iii. 315; military movements on the, 337, 341, 359. 361. Dyle, River, military movements on the, iv. 188, 190.