Chapter XIII · NOTES
Reading edition
In the East Indian Islands. Sumatra, the Battas, Favre, Wild Tribes, 5; viii. Mélusine, 410; ii. Churchill’s Voyages, 180; Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 336 note (Marsden, however, says nothing about it, and the most recent traveller denies it. Modigliani, Batacchi, 152, 181); Philippine Islands, the Montescos, Featherman, ibid., 499; Floris, the Rakka, ii. Journ. Ind. Arch., 174 (these statements are discredited in a note by the editor of the Journ. Ind. Arch., I do not know on what ground); ii. Yule, 236, 240, citing various authorities.
In Australia. Dawson, 67; iii. Journ. Ethn. Soc., 29; ii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 179; xiii. ibid., 135, 298; xxiv. 171, 182; iii. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 248; Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 157, 160 note, 161; Letourneau, L’Év. Rel., 35, citing Taplin; ii. Curr, 18, 63, 119, 331, 341, 346, 361, 367, 404, 432, 449; iii. 21, 138, 147, 159.
In Africa. Congo tribes, iii. Mélusine, 433; Maniana, Winwood Reade, 160, citing Mollien; Manyuema, Andree, Anthropophagie, 41, citing Wissmann.
In South America. Various tribes in Brazil, ii. Churchill’s Voy., 133, 135; ii. Dobrizhoffer, 271; iii. Mélusine, 459; Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 332, 344, 348, 355; xxiv. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 248, 249, 253; of Peru, i. Garcilasso, 56; ii. 274; i. Anthr. Rev., 38; Brinton, Amer. Race, 290; Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 423; of Guiana, Featherman, ibid., 221.
There is a Gipsy tradition of a supernatural race of cannibals of this kind, where the habit may be a trait borrowed from some tribe with which they have actually come into contact in their wanderings. Von Wlislocki, Volksgl. Zig., 31.
Let me add an observation here. Among many savage nations it is not usual to wait the convenience of the aged before dining off their bodies. They are slain for the purpose. Relics of the custom of putting the aged to death are still found in Europe. It is remarkable that in Scandinavia, as witnessed by Du Chaillu, the displacement of the old man in favour of his son takes place at the table. This, though not a funeral rite, points to cannibalism of the kind discussed in the text. Du Chaillu, i. Midnight Sun, 393. See also Gomme, in i. Folklore, 197; vii. Rev. Trad. Pop., 153, 287; xii. Archivio, 504; i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 205.
Notes in this chapter
Note 1 · Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 31, 417. Mr. Featherman throws doubt on this latter instance, because it “is reported by a Jesuit missionary.” SureNote 2 · iii. Bancroft, 414, citing various authorities; 297 et seqq., quoting Torquemada.Note 3 · Winwood Reade, 160; Featherman, Nigritians, 260, 262; Du Chaillu, Eq. Africa, 84, 88.Note 4 · Schneider, 135, apparently quoting the report of an English engineer, not named, from Das Ausland, 1888.Note 5 · Featherman, Oceano-Mel., 243.Note 6 · Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 355.Note 7 · Powers, 181.Note 8 · Wallace, 346. See also Brinton, Amer. Race, 267; Müller, Amer. Urrel., 289; iii. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 158, 193.Note 9 · i. Bancroft, 76.Note 10 · Codrington, 221; x. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 285; F. Bonney, in xiii. ibid., 135; A. W. Howitt, in xvi. ibid., 30, 35. The Koniaga practice alsoNote 11 · Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 74.Note 12 · Garnett, ii. Women, 263.Note 13 · Statements of Miss Garnett and the Rev. Dr. Gaster, cited iii. Folklore, 154.Note 14 · Mr. W. R. Paton in a letter to me dated 17th June 1892. As to repetition of the Kólyva cakes, see Rodd, 126; Garnett, i. Wom., 99. The timesNote 15 · Plutarch, Rom. Quest., 65; Jevons, xci.; De Gubernatis, ii. Myth. Plantes, 134; Pliny, xviii. 30.Note 16 · ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 83.Note 17 · ii. Rivista, 65.Note 18 · Ostermann, 489, 482.Note 19 · C. Guerrieri, in i. Rivista, 314. A plateful is set aside for the dead, and afterwards eaten by one of the family.Note 20 · Monseur, 41. My knowledge of the Welsh custom depends on the statement of a Radnorshire woman to my brother-in-law, the Rev. W. E. T. MorganNote 21 · O. Nemi, in i. Rivista, 959.Note 22 · Garnett, ii. Women, 496.Note 23 · Featherman, Tur., 205.Note 24 · Codrington, 272.Note 25 · Featherman, Aram., 621. In Barbary cooked food is distributed among the poor on the evening of the burial. This is called the supper of the Note 26 · Featherman, Tur., 540. To these we may perhaps add the Patagonian custom of killing the horses of the deceased and distributing their flesh Note 27 · Atkinson, 227; iii. Arch. Cambr., 4th ser., 332; Gent. Mag. Lib. (Manners and Cust.), 70; ii. Cymru Fu N. and Q., 271, 275. See also ii. AntNote 28 · iv. Folklore, 392.Note 29 · iii. Pennant, 150.Note 30 · Aubrey, Remaines, 23, 24.Note 31 · Aubrey, Remaines, 35. Ellis reprints from Leland’s Collectanea a letter from a Mr. Bagford, dated 1st Feb. 1714-15, giving a slightly variedNote 32 · iii. Arch. Cambr., N.S., 330. Traces of a similar custom are found in Derbyshire. There no wine is drunk at a funeral until after the party Note 33 · Burton, Sindh, 350, 354.Note 34 · iii. Mélusine, 409, quoting M. Dubois’ work as cited in the Annales de la Propagation de la Foi for 1830. Mr. Frazer cites this case (ii. GoNote 35 · Dr. M. Hoefler, in ii. Am Urquell, 101. In an article on the Sin-eater in iii. Folklore, 150, I quoted Wilkie’s description of the Lowland SNote 36 · Quoted in ii. Brand, 153 note.Note 37 · Denis H. Kelly, in i. Journ. Kilkenny Arch. Soc., N.S., 31 note. Smoking round the corpse was a part of the ceremony in North Wales in the lNote 38 · Mr. W. R. Paton, in letters to me as before, and in letter dated 25th May 1894. Bread or money is distributed by the beadle at the gate of tNote 39 · Guhl and Koner, 594.Note 40 · Possibly this is because no fire is lighted in the house of death, as in Calabria, where all food for this reason is provided by the relatioNote 41 · i. De Nino, 130; Finamore, Trad. Pop., 94. In country-places of Sanseverino, when the relatives and neighbours have wept over the body, as sNote 42 · Töppen, 95, 103.Note 43 · ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 81, 82.Note 44 · Featherman, Turanians, 520.Note 45 · i. Hanway, 101.Note 46 · Batchelor, 205.Note 47 · i. De Groot, 115, 197, 227, 229; i. Doolittle, 180.Note 48 · ii. Doolittle, passim.Note 49 · F. Grabowsky, in ii. Internat. Archiv, 180; iii. Journ. Ind. Arch., 150.Note 50 · Von Wlislocki, Volksgl. Zig., 99.Note 51 · Sibree, 240, quoting Rev. R. T. Batchelor, in Antananarivo Annual.Note 52 · Featherman, Tur., 108.Note 53 · Codrington, 255, 259, 271, 284.Note 54 · i. Macdonald, 111.Note 55 · Featherman, Nigr., 375. Why the fowl should be spared if it refuse to eat I do not quite understand. Compare, however, similar divination inNote 56 · ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 322.Note 57 · Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 34.Note 58 · Prof. Haddon, in xix. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 421.Note 59 · F. Fawcett, in v. Folklore, 30.Note 60 · Featherman, Tur., 506 note, quoting Fahne’s Livland; ibid., 459. The Koraiks of Siberia also kill and eat the reindeer which have drawn the Note 61 · Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 461.Note 62 · vi. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 614, quoting Hall.Note 63 · Tanner, 288, 293.Note 64 · Featherman, Tur., 541.Note 65 · Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 399.Note 66 · Featherman, Tur., 230, 244.Note 67 · Julian Ralph, in lxxxiv. Harper’s Mag., 176.Note 68 · Ellis, Yoruba, 159.Note 69 · Georgi, 92.Note 70 · Featherman, Tur., 265.Note 71 · Sir J. Lubbock, in iii. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 318; Canon Greenwell, in lii. Archæologia, passim.Note 72 · Featherman, Nigr., 694.Note 73 · Ellis, Yoruba, 158.Note 74 · Marshall, 177, 185.Note 75 · i. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 145, 200.Note 76 · Featherman, Oceano-Mel., 406.Note 77 · Featherman, Nigr., 291; Sibree, 241, quoting Guillain, Documents sur la partie occid. de Madagascar; Bourke, 263, quoting Smyth, Aborig. of Note 78 · Codrington, 268; iii. L’Anthropologie, 349, citing and reviewing Van Hoevell in the Tijdschrift voor indische taal-land- en volkenkunde; ModNote 79 · Backhouse, 105.Note 80 · Dr. Sims in Anthropologia, 213; i. Bancroft, 347; i. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 151.Note 81 · Stevens, 373 note, citing Bull. Amer. Ethnol. Soc.Note 82 · i. Bancroft, 76.Note 83 · A. Skrzyncki, in v. Am Urquell, 208.Note 84 · F. Grabowsky, in ii. Internat. Arch., 199, citing several authorities.Note 85 · i. Bancroft, 731, 744.Note 86 · A. W. Howitt, in xiii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 190.Note 87 · Fison and Howitt, 244. Other Australian examples may be found in i. Curr, 89, 272; ii. 249, 476; iii. 22, 28, 65, 79, 147, 273; xxiv. Journ.Note 88 · xxi. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 482, citing a Government despatch.Note 89 · Mouat, 327.Note 90 · Dawson, 65, 63.Note 91 · Kane, 243; i. Journ. Ethn. Soc., 249; i. Bancroft, 126; i. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 145.Note 92 · Mouat, 327; E. H. Man, in xii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 86, 142, 401, 402; Prof. Owen, in ii. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 37; E. Palmer, in xiii. JNote 93 · Issedones, Herod. iv. 26. Krumen of the Grain Coast, W. Africa, Featherman, Nigr., 291. Andaman Islanders, ii. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 37. Note 94 · Herod. iii. 24; Strabo, xvii. 11, § 5; v. Wilkinson, 389; i. De Groot, 127; Codrington, 262, 268, 288 note; Ellis, Yoruba, 161.Note 95 · i. Risley, 331; ii. 71; Dalton, in vi. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 37; Featherman, Tur., 42, 89.Note 96 · Wissmann, 275.Note 97 · Julian Ralph in lxxxiv. Harper’s Mag., 177.Note 98 · iii. Internat. Arch., 70, citing Rubruk and Plan Carpin; iii. Journ. Ethn. Soc., 29; ix. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 485, citing Smyth, Aborigines of VNote 99 · C. J. Branch, in xxvi. Contemp. Rev., 761, 762. A few references follow, but many might be added. Featherman, Nigr., 345, 358; Oceano-Mel., Note 100 · Deut. xiv. 1.Note 101 · Wilken, Haaropfer, 19, citing Tijdschr. v. h. Aardrijksk. Gen., and Tijdschr. v. Ind. T. L. en Vk.Note 102 · Andree, i. Ethn. Par., 148; Ellis, i. Pol. Res., 407, 410.Note 103 · Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 155, 157; i. Curr, 272; ii. 179, 203, 249, 346, 443; iii. 21, 29, 165, 549; xxiv. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 178, 181, 185Note 104 · Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 153.Note 105 · Von den Steinen, 507.Note 106 · Letourneau, L’Év. Rel., 187, citing the Dix-neuvième Siècle for 26th Dec. 1890.Note 107 · i. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 190, 124, 100, 109, 112, 143, 159, 164, 183.Note 108 · Wilken, Haaropfer, 19, citing Francis, Herinneringen uit den levensloop van een Indisch Ambtenaar.Note 109 · Featherman, Aram., 620.Note 110 · Powers, 181. The Greeks also scratched their faces until they bled, as a token of mourning. Robertson Smith, Rel. Sem., 304.Note 111 · Andree, i. Ethn. Par., 150. Other instances of similar mutilation are given by Andree.Note 112 · Tylor, ii. Prim. Cult., 364. The evolution of sacrifices from gifts upwards is treated by Dr. Tylor in the context.Note 113 · Burton, Sindh, 281.Note 114 · i. Crawfurd, 97.Note 115 · Burton, Sindh, 281; Bellew, 226.Note 116 · Dr. Daniell, in iv. Journ. Ethn. Soc., 19.Note 117 · Brinton, Lenâpe, 54, 23.Note 118 · Cyrus Thomas, Ohio Mounds, 11, 19, 22; i. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 127, 169, 170.Note 119 · Turner, Nineteen Years, 230.Note 120 · Featherman, Nigr., 694.Note 121 · Rodd, 127. Mr. Rodd goes on to notice “that MM. Pottier and Reinach in their work on The Necropolis of Myrina draw attention to the fact thaNote 122 · Cicero, Leg. ii. 24, 60.Note 123 · i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 45, quoting ii. Calcutta Review, 419.Note 124 · Hunter, Rur. Bengal, 153, 210; and the authors cited above, p. 318.Note 125 · i. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 131.Note 126 · Featherman, Tur., 88.Note 127 · i. Risley, 125.Note 128 · Daily News, 20th Feb. 1892.Note 129 · Burton, ii. Gelele, 78 note; Ellis, Ewe, 159; Yoruba, 163.Note 130 · ii. Internat. Arch., 181.Note 131 · i. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 183.Note 132 · i. Gray, 295.Note 133 · Rev. S. Ella, in iv. Rep. Aust. Ass., 641.Note 134 · Dalton, 160, 216, 252, 273, 317, 321; Risley, passim.Note 135 · Hunter, Rur. Bengal, 188. No one reading the Indian evidence can be left in any uncertainty as to the meaning of the red lead. See Crooke, 1Note 136 · i. Risley, 243; ii. 96, 222, 263. Cf. i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 152.Note 137 · i. Doolittle, 67-105; i. Gray, 193-209.Note 138 · Th. Volkov, in iii. L’Anthropologie, 541, 544, 545. A red cloth hung on a girl’s tent constitutes an offer of marriage among the TransylvaniNote 139 · Dalton, 220; i. Risley, 138.Note 140 · i. Risley, 449, 450.Note 141 · i. Risley, 456, citing Grierson’s Behar Peasant Life.Note 142 · ii. Risley, 189.Note 143 · i. Risley, 475.Note 144 · Ibid. 532.Note 145 · ii. Risley, 201.Note 146 · i. Risley, 532.Note 147 · Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 32.Note 148 · The Weekly Sun, 28 Jan. 1893, quoting from Mr. Creagh’s notes of his visit contributed to a newspaper published in British North Borneo. I aNote 149 · Landes, Contes Annam., 207 (Story No. 84).Note 150 · Codrington, 395 note.Note 151 · H. F. Feilberg, in iii. Am Urquell, 3, citing Haukenaes.Note 152 · Castrén, Vorlesungen, 323.Note 153 · Antè, p. 247. In a Lapp story the hero, betrothed to the sun’s sister and separated from her, goes in search of her. When he finds her she iNote 154 · De Mensignac, 21, quoting Arago’s Voyage autour du Monde. As to the use of red paint, meaning blood, by Australian natives, see decisive exaNote 155 · Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 267.Note 156 · F. Fawcett, in v. Folklore, 24; ii. Journ. Ind. Arch., 358.Note 157 · Dalton, 216.Note 158 · Lewin, 129, 177.Note 159 · iii. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 81.Note 160 · xxx. Sacred Bks., 49.Note 161 · Dr. Leitner, in v. Asiatic Q. Rev., 2d ser., 153.Note 162 · Paulitschke, 248, citing Massaja.Note 163 · Dorsey, Cegiha Lang., 342.Note 164 · ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 330.Note 165 · ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 314, 319; Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 32, 33.Note 166 · Krauss, Sitte und Brauch, 275-6, 459.Note 167 · A. G. Contis, in iv. Mélusine, 125.Note 168 · Rodd, 105; Schroeder, 83.Note 169 · ii. Witzschel, 235; Spiess, Obererz., 37.Note 170 · Bérenger-Féraud, 195; Schroeder, 82, 235.Note 171 · ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 46.Note 172 · Monseur, 36.Note 173 · vii. Rev. Trad. Pop., 682, citing Manuel des Cérémonies (1494); Schroeder, 83.Note 174 · Featherman, Aram., 62, 75.Note 175 · Schroeder, 82; Pigorini-Beri, 14; Ralston, Songs, 269; vii. Mélusine, 4; viii. Rev. Trad. Pop., 542; iii. Zeits. des Vereins, 267; Krauss, SNote 176 · Kolbe, 147; Winternitz, in Congress (1891) Report, 281, quoting Romanoff, Rites of the Greek Church; Odd Ways, 82, 87, 102, 108.Note 177 · See an account of an Armenian wedding in London, according to the rites of the Armenian National Church, Daily News, 28 Jan. 1892.Note 178 · Bellew, 222.Note 179 · Dalton, 193; i. Risley, 325. Among some allied tribes, when the bride is conducted to her husband’s dwelling she is seated on a pile of unhuNote 180 · ii. Risley, 8.Note 181 · Lewin, 202.Note 182 · G. Dumoutier, in viii. Rev. Trad. Pop., 405.Note 183 · xxvii. Sacred Bks., 441; xxviii. 429.Note 184 · i. Doolittle, 86.Note 185 · Griffis, 249. This does not appear to be now, at all events, the operative part of the ceremony. Similar variations have affected the ceremoNote 186 · vi. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 26; iii. Journ. Ind. Arch., 490; iv. 431; iii. L’Anthropologie, 193; Trumbull, 192, 193; ii. Risley, 325.Note 187 · iv. Rev. Trad. Pop., 362.Note 188 · Schroeder, 235.Note 189 · Th. Volkov, in ii. L’Anthropologie, 558.Note 190 · A. de Lazarque, in ix. Rev. Trad. Pop., 580.Note 191 · F. Pulci, in xiii. Archivio, 417.Note 192 · Featherman, Tur., 88.Note 193 · R. Parkinson, in ii. Internat. Archiv., 38.Note 194 · Burton, Sindh, 345.Note 195 · Featherman, Tur., 30; i. Risley, 497; Hodgson, 178. So among the Mussulman Malabars of Ceylon the bridegroom’s sister ties a consecrated corNote 196 · Hunter, Rur. Bengal, 207.Note 197 · ii. Risley, 69.Note 198 · Lubbock, 84, citing Hale’s United States Exploring Exped. Compare the Kewat ceremony, i. Risley, 456.Note 199 · Ellis, i. Polyn. Res., 272.Note 200 · R. Parkinson, in ii. Internat. Archiv, 39; Hertz, 38 note, citing Abel Rémusat.Note 201 · Dr. W. Svoboda, in v. Internat. Arch., 193, citing the Jesuit Barbe.Note 202 · F. Fawcett, in v. Folklore, 23.Note 203 · Featherman, Tur., 490.Note 204 · O. Knoop, in iii. Zeits. f. Volksk., 230.Note 205 · Du Chaillu, ii. Midnight Sun, 240.Note 206 · Zingerle, Sagen, 457; Töppen, 76; A. Herrmann, in v. Am Urquell, 110.Note 207 · Schwela, in iii. Zeits. f. Volksk., 478.Note 208 · Rogers, 112.Note 209 · Gregor, 95.Note 210 · ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 66, 50. At Nagialmagy, in Hungary, young married women assemble on Saint Joseph’s day and the day following, on theNote 211 · Filippo Seves, in xii. Archivio, 527.Note 212 · Ostermann, 347; i. Rivista, 560.Note 213 · Bérenger-Féraud, 200, 194. A species of bride-dance seems to be practised at Heideboden, in Hungary, and perhaps also in various places of INote 214 · Herod. iv. 172; Lubbock, 535, quoting Mela; Diodorus Sic. v. 1.Note 215 · Fison and Howitt, 201-5. The punishment for a guilty wife among some of the North American tribes was similar to that of the Kurnai. See FeaNote 216 · ii. Garcilasso, 442. Elsewhere (i. 59) he speaks of the participants as “the nearest relations of the bride and her most intimate friends.” Note 217 · Mrs. French Sheldon, in xxi. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 365. A relic of the same custom is found in Guatemala, where the marriage is consummatedNote 218 · Capt. J. S. King, in vi. F.L. Journ., 124.Note 219 · Krauss, Sitte und Brauch, 382, 456, 608.Note 220 · iv. Rep. Austr. Ass., 672. See Morgan, Anc. Soc., 424.Note 221 · Featherman, Aram., 75.Note 222 · Volkov, in ii. L’Anthropologie, 538, 539 note, quoting several authorities.Note 223 · Macpherson, 133. Cf. the customs of other tribes, i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 124, 139, 177.Note 224 · Marsden, 256.Note 225 · Codrington, 238.Note 226 · Casalis, 207; Featherman, Nigr., 642.Note 227 · Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 472, 459.Note 228 · Stoll, 8. See note, ante, p. 362.Note 229 · i. Bancroft, 411.Note 230 · See Lubbock, 131, 535; MacLennan, 341; Westermarck, 72. An exception must be made for the Babylonian and similar cases which do not appear rNote 231 · i. Risley, 229.Note 232 · i. Risley, 231. A similar distinction of guilt is drawn by the Dhánuks (i. ibid., 221), the Ghasiyas of South Mirzapur (i. N. Ind. N. and Q.Note 233 · i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 168.Note 234 · Featherman, Drav., 184.Note 235 · Featherman, Aoneo-Mar., 590.Note 236 · Herod. i. 216.Note 237 · Forbes, in xiii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 426; Trumbull, 54.Note 238 · Robertson Smith, Kinship, 137.Note 239 · Risley, passim. So also the Chukmas of the Chittagong Hills; Lewin, 187. And the Chinese; i. Gray, 219.Note 240 · Gen. xxxviii. 8; Deut. xxv. 5.Note 241 · B. W. Schiffer, in v. Am Urquell, 224: Dalyell, 313, citing Leo of Modena.Note 242 · Sacred Bks., xxv., 337, 361, 365; ii., 164.Note 243 · Sibree, 246.Note 244 · Casalis, 199.Note 245 · Risley, passim; Dalton, 16, 63, 138, 273, 321.Note 246 · Elliot, i. N.-W. Prov., 136. See also, ibid., 5, 121, 274, 326; N. Ind. N. and Q., passim.Note 247 · ii. N. Ind. N. and Q., 24.Note 248 · i. Ibid. 157.Note 249 · i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 84.Note 250 · Biddulph, 76, 82; iii. N. Ind. N. and Q., 168.Note 251 · Fosberry, in i. Journ. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 189.Note 252 · Featherman, Drav., 558, 244. See Marco Polo, li., as to another Tartar tribe.Note 253 · Marsden, 220, 228. Cf. ii. L’Anthropologie, 257.Note 254 · Modigliani, 553.Note 255 · Modigliani, Isola delle Donne, 212, 215.Note 256 · Parkinson, in ii. Internat. Arch., 39.Note 257 · Man, in xii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 139, 141.Note 258 · Featherman, Oceano-Mel., 308.Note 259 · Featherman, Nigr., 288, 290, 596, 762; Paulitschke, 205.Note 260 · Ellis, Yoruba, 185.Note 261 · Westermarck, 513, 514, quoting Shooter.Note 262 · Featherman, Aoneo-Mar., 390. This liability is perhaps annexed to the inheritance; but it is certainly regarded as a liability rather than aNote 263 · Stoll, 7.Note 264 · Featherman, Aoneo-Mar., 319.Note 265 · Grinnell, Blackfeet L.T., 218; Dorsey, Omaha Soc., 258, 367.Note 266 · i. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 184, 185.Note 267 · Powers, 356.Note 268 · Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 100.Note 269 · Turner, Samoa, 98; iv. Rep. Austr. Ass., 642.Note 270 · Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 87.Note 271 · iv. Rep. Austr. Ass., 628.Note 272 · ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 601.Note 273 · Rev. B. Danks, in xviii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 292.Note 274 · Boas, in vi. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 615, quoting Lyon.Note 275 · Dawson, 7, 27. See as to the natives of Northern Queensland, xiii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 298; as to various tribes of South Australia and itsNote 276 · Garnett, ii. Wom., 234.Note 277 · Saxo, 87; Elton’s version, 106; i. Corp. Poet. Bor., 105. These mythological cases as testimony to an obsolete custom of polyandry may be coNote 278 · ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 314, 320; vi. Journ. Ind. Arch., 319.Note 279 · iii. N. Ind. N. and Q., 168.Note 280 · i. Bancroft, 731.Note 281 · Cooper, 153.Note 282 · Grinnell, Blackfeet L.T., 217.Note 283 · Featherman, Aoneo-Mar., 213, 175, 274, 308, 319; Chiapo-Mar., 268, 16, 168; Brinton, Amer. Race, 96.Note 284 · Dorsey, Omaha Soc., 261.Note 285 · Fisher, in i. Journ. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 286. As to the Walla-Wallas, see Kane, 267, 270.Note 286 · Brinton, Amer. Race, 48.Note 287 · iv. L’Anthropologie, 641.Note 288 · i. Risley, 6, 17, 32, 135, 170, 192, 268, 307, 416; ii., 65, 69, 96, 186, 229, 293.Note 289 · Shortt, in vii. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 240.Note 290 · Featherman, Tur., 558.Note 291 · xxv. Sacred Bks., 291.Note 292 · Paulitschke, 204.Note 293 · Chatelain, 119.Note 294 · Lev. xviii. 18.Note 295 · Featherman, Oceano-Mel., 297, 406.Note 296 · Rev. S. Ella, in iv. Rep. Austr. Ass., 628.Note 297 · ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 331.Note 298 · Volkov, in ii. L’Anthropologie, 568.Note 299 · i. De Groot, 3; xxviii. Sacred Bks., 238, 264; xxvii. 442.Note 300 · Robertson Smith, Kinship, 148, 176; cf. 66.Note 301 · MacLennan, Studies, 103, citing Latham’s Descriptive Ethnology.Note 302 · ii. L’Anthropologie, 117, quoting a communication by M. Crampe to the Société de Géographie. Cf. the customs of giving up a child or paying Note 303 · i. Risley, 150.Note 304 · Marsden, 225, 236, 262; Modigliani, Batacchi, 35.Note 305 · Featherman, Tur., 63.Note 306 · ii. Risley, 282.Note 307 · iii. Zeits. f. Volksk., 391, 479.Note 308 · xxvii. Sac. Bks., 77; xxviii., 299. In case of divorce, however, she returns to the parental home, ii. De Groot, 507.Note 309 · ii. Risley, 80; App., 97.Note 310 · i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 132.Note 311 · Lev. xxi. 1-4; xxii. 10-13.Note 312 · Aulus Gellius, xiii. 10.Note 313 · Featherman, Tur., 107.Note 314 · Featherman, Tur., 263.Note 315 · Ibid., Tur., 283.Note 316 · iii. Zeits. f. Volksk., 433.Note 317 · Volkov, in ii. L’Anthropologie, 553.Note 318 · Krauss, Sitte und Brauch, 278, 275, 277.Note 319 · Codrington, 237.Note 320 · Burton, Sindh, 272.Note 321 · Smith, Guinea, 144.Note 322 · ii. Kerr, 237.Note 323 · Featherman, Aram., 422.Note 324 · Hickson, 282.Note 325 · On the Couvade generally the reader may consult Tylor, Early Hist., 291; H. Ling Roth, in xxii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 204; Ploss, i. Kind, 14Note 326 · Modigliani, 555; Ploss, i. Kind, 36.Note 327 · Codrington, 228.Note 328 · Von den Steinen, 334, 338, 503, 434.Note 329 · Addy, 91. Compare the tale, cited suprà, p. 11, of the mother whose digging-stick broke when her child was taken away. In a Chinese tale a gNote 330 · Tylor, Early Hist., 292, quoting Du Tertre.Note 331 · Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 64.Note 332 · Grimm, Teut. Myth., 1845.Note 333 · Temme, Altmark, 87, 78.Note 334 · ii. Am Urquell, 123.Note 335 · De Zmidgrodzki, in vi. Rev. Trad. Pop., 40; Temme, Altmark, 88.Note 336 · i. Kohlrusch, 340.Note 337 · Temme, Altmark, 74.Note 338 · Schiffer, in iv. Am Urquell, 170.Note 339 · Tylor, Early Hist., 304, citing Wuttke.Note 340 · Grimm, Teut. Myth., 1796; ii. Witzschel, 249. Other German examples will be found in Grimm, Teut. Myth., 1779, 1786, 1799, 1845; Temme, AltmNote 341 · ii. Am Urquell, 198.Note 342 · Ploss, i. Kind, 216.Note 343 · Knoop, Posen, 116.Note 344 · Kaindl, 6.Note 345 · Marchesa di Villamarina, in i. Rivista, 72.Note 346 · Bérenger-Féraud, 171; i. Strackerjan, 48; vi. Am Urquell, 93; ii. Bull. de F.L., 151.Note 347 · ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 9.Note 348 · Julie Filippi, in ix. Rev. Trad. Pop., 465.Note 349 · Ostermann, 381.Note 350 · viii. Journ. Am. F.L., 22.Note 351 · ii. Bull. de F.L., 152.Note 352 · Lady Vere de Vere, in i. Rivista, 447.Note 353 · Ostermann, 381; i. Rivista, 635; ii. 45.Note 354 · Von Wlislocki, in iii. Am Urquell, 93.Note 355 · Dr. Krauss, in vii. Internat. Archiv, 168, 188, 191, 193, 196. See also Wilken, ii. Haaropfer, 68, quoting Grimm.Note 356 · Kaindl, 25, 40.Note 357 · Pigorini-Beri, 287.Note 358 · ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 9.Note 359 · Diod. Sic., iv. The Roman form seems to have been similar; Lubbock, 96, citing Müller, Das Mutterrecht.Note 360 · Krauss, Sitte und Brauch, 600, quoting Jukic; 599.Note 361 · ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 13, 39; Kolbe, 176.Note 362 · Brayley, 36. A Swedish superstition requires a mother of a child begotten before marriage, herself to hold the child at the font, otherwise Note 363 · A. Weidemann, in iii. Am Urquell, 259.Note 364 · Girald. Cambr., Topog. xxiii.; Saxo, 82, 200; Elton’s version, 99, 245.Note 365 · Paulitschke, 193, citing Abbadie, Géog. de l’Ethiopie.Note 366 · Lubbock, 97, quoting Parkyn.Note 367 · Hearn, 105.Note 368 · xxv. Sac. Bks. 352.Note 369 · As to adoption generally, in addition to the citations above, see, among others, Paulitschke, 209; Robertson Smith, Kinship, 44, 149; Aulus Note 370 · Ramage, 241. Mr. Ramage’s journey took place in 1828, and the incident referred to occurred at some previous date not indicated. May we hopeNote 371 · Strack, 86, citing The Book of the Pious.Note 372 · L. F. Sauvé, in ii. Mélusine, 254; Le Braz, 231; A. de Cock, in x. Rev. Trad. Pop., 249.Note 373 · Callaway, Tales, 284.Note 374 · Daily News, 14th July 1894.Note 375 · Ellis, Ewe-speaking Peoples, 208; Yoruba, 176, 300.Note 376 · Dalton, 64.Note 377 · ii. Binger, 260; Ellis, Yoruba, 299.Note 378 · Fison and Howitt, 157 note.Note 379 · i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 82.Note 380 · The provisions of the Irish laws are carefully analysed, D’Arbois, i. Droit Celt.Note 381 · Professor Kovalevsky, in the interesting paper mentioned ante, p. 230 note, which he read to the British Association at Oxford last year, gaNote 382 · Bartels, 205, quoting some writer I have not traced. The want of exact references is too frequently a serious blot on German scholarship. DrNote 383 · Dyer, 171, quoting a paper by Mr. Chanter in ii. Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association (1867), 39.Note 384 · Prof. Mikhailovskii, in xxiv. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 126.Note 385 · Featherman, Nigr., 134, citing A Walk across Africa, by J. A. Grant (1803).Note 386 · v. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 426.Note 387 · vii. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 338, 350, 346.Note 388 · ii. Sax. Leechd., 136.Note 389 · Featherman, Drav., 246; Chiapo-Mar., 464; Papuo-Mel., 502; Nigr., 36, 750; xxiv. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 66.Note 390 · Richardson, The Folly of Pilgrimages, 70.Note 391 · i. Doolittle, 149. In Sardinia it is a common remedy, not merely in cases of bite by the famous spider, but for other diseases also, to buryNote 392 · Suprà, p. 94; i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 6.Note 393 · E. Regàlia, in xiii. Archivio, 489.Note 394 · ii. De Groot, 507, 621.Note 395 · Andree, ii. Ethnog. Par., 11, citing Wuttke.Note 396 · Landor, 225, 227. See Batchelor, 211, as to other Ainu tribes.Note 397 · Anthony Jully, in v. L’Anthropologie, 400.Note 398 · Julian Ralph, in lxxxiv. Harper’s New Monthly Mag., 177.Note 399 · Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 179.Note 400 · Codrington, 269.Note 401 · Du Chaillu, Eq. Afr., 18.Note 402 · i. De Groot, 90, 93, 64, 89.Note 403 · ii. De Groot, 441; ii. Gray, 25, 305.Note 404 · iv. Internat. Arch., 9. The Hawaiian practice of flinging the dead into a volcano or into the sea perhaps belongs to the class of superstitiNote 405 · Taylor, 208.Note 406 · Fison and Howitt, 170.