Volume 1 — CHAPTER XII. (continued 2)

In our discussion of the origin of the Ethiopian fauna, we have supposed that a close connection once existed between Madagascar and Ceylon. This was during a very early tertiary epoch; and if, long after it had ceased and the fauna of Ceylon and South India had assumed somewhat more of their present character, we suppose the approximation or union of Ceylon and Malaya to have taken place, we shall perhaps be able to account for most of the special affinities they present, with the least amount of simultaneous elevation of the ocean bed; which it must always be remembered, requires a corresponding depression elsewhere to balance it.

Concluding Remarks on the Oriental Region.—We have already so fully discussed the internal and external relations of the several sub-regions, that little more need be said. The rich and varied fauna which inhabited Europe at the dawn of the tertiary period,—as shown by the abundant remains of mammalia wherever suitable deposits of Eocene age have been discovered,—proves, that an extensive Palæarctic continent then existed; and the character of the flora and fauna of the Eocene deposits is so completely tropical, that we may be sure there was then no barrier of climate between it and the Oriental region. At that early period the northern plains of Asia were probably under water, while the great Thibetan plateau and the Himalayan range, had not risen to more than a moderate height, and would have supported a luxuriant sub-tropical flora and fauna. The Upper Miocene deposits of northern and central India, and Burmah, agree in their mammalian remains with those of central and southern Europe, while closely allied forms of elephant, hyæna, tapir, rhinoceros, and Chalicotherium have occurred in North China; leading us to conclude that one great fauna then extended over much of the Oriental and Palæarctic regions. Perim island at the mouth of the Red Sea, where similar remains are found, probably shows the southern boundary of this part of the old Palæarctic region in the Miocene period. Towards the equator there would, of course, be some peculiar groups; but we can hardly doubt, that, in that wonderful time when even the lands that stretched out furthest towards the pole, supported a luxuriant forest vegetation, substantially one fauna ranged over the whole of the great eastern continent of the northern hemisphere. During the Pliocene period, however, a progressive change went on which resulted in the complete differentiation of the Oriental and Palæarctic faunas. The causes of this change were of two kinds. There was a great geographical and physical revolution effected by the elevation of the Himalayas and the Thibetan plateau, and, probably at the same time, the northward extension of the great Siberian plains. This alone would produce an enormous change of climate in all the extra-tropical part of Asia, and inevitably lead to a segregation of the old fauna into tropical and temperate, and a modification of the latter so as to enable it to support a climate far more severe than it had previously known. But it is almost certain that, concurrently with this, there was a change going on of a cosmical nature, leading to an alteration of the climate of the northern hemisphere from equable to extreme, and culminating in that period of excessive cold which drove the last remnants of the old sub-tropical fauna beyond the limits of the Palæarctic region. From that time, the Oriental and the Ethiopian regions alone contained the descendants of many of the most remarkable types which had previously flourished over all Europe and Asia; but the early history of these two regions, and the peculiar equatorial types developed in each, sufficiently separate them, as we have already shown. The Malayan sub-region is that in which characteristic Oriental types are now best developed, and where the fundamental contrast of the Oriental, as compared with the Ethiopian and Palæarctic regions, is most distinctly visible.

TABLES OF DISTRIBUTION.

In constructing these tables, showing the distribution of various classes of animals in the Oriental region, the following sources of information have been chiefly relied on, in addition to the general treatises, monographs, catalogues, &c., used for the compilation of the Fourth Part of this work.

Mammalia.—Jerdon's Indian Mammalia; Kelaart's Fauna of Ceylon; Horsfield and Moore's Catalogue of the East India Museum; Swinhoe's Catalogue of Chinese Mammalia; S. Müller's Zoology of the Indian Archipelago; Dr. J. E. Gray's list of Mammalia of the Malay Archipelago (Voyage of Samarang); and papers by Anderson, Blyth, Cantor, Gray, Peters, Swinhoe, &c.

Birds.—Jerdon's Birds of India; Horsfield and Moore's Catalogue; Holdsworth's list of Ceylon Birds; Schlegel's Catalogue of the Leyden Museum; Swinhoe on the Birds of China, Formosa, and Hainan; Salvadori on the Birds of Borneo; Lord Walden on the Birds of the Philippine Islands; and papers by Blyth, Blanford, Elwes, Elliot, Stoliczka, Sclater, Sharpe, Swinhoe, Verreaux, and Lord Walden.

Reptiles.—Günther's Reptiles of British India; papers by same author, and by Dr. Stoliczka.

TABLE I.

FAMILIES OF ANIMALS INHABITING THE ORIENTAL REGION.

Explanation.

Names in italics show families peculiar to the region.

Numbers correspond with those in Part IV.

Names enclosed thus (......) barely enter the region, and are not considered really to belong to it.

Order and Family Sub-regions Range beyond the Region.

Hindostan. Ceylon. Indo-China. Indo-Malaya.

MAMMALIA.

Primates.

1. Simiidæ — — W. Africa

2. Semnopithecidæ — — — — Tropical Africa

3. Cynopithecidæ — — — — All Africa, S. Palæarctic

6. Lemuridæ — — — Ethiopian

7. Tarsiidæ — Celebes

Chiroptera.

9. Pteropidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian

11. Rhinolophidæ — — — — The Eastern Hemisphere

12. Vespertilionidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

13. Noctilionidæ — — — — Tropical regions

Insectivora.

14. Galeopithecidæ —

16. Tupaiidæ — — —

17. Erinaceidæ — — — Palæarctic, S. Africa

21. Talpidæ — Palæarctic, Nearctic

22. Soricidæ — — — — Palæarctic, Ethiopian, N. America

Carnivora.

23. Felidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

25. Viverridæ — — — — Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic

27. Hyænidæ — Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic

28. Canidæ — — — — All regions but Australian [?]

29. Mustelidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

31. Æluridæ — Palæarctic

32. Ursidæ — — — — Palæarctic, Nearctic, Chili

Cetacea. Oceanic

Sirenia.

42. Manatidæ — — — — Ethiopian, N. Pacific

Ungulata.

43. (Equidæ) — Palæarctic, Ethiopian

44. Tapiridæ — Neotropical

45. Rinocerotidæ — — Ethiopian

47. Suidæ — — — — Palæarctic, Ethiopian, Neotropical

49. Tragulidæ — — — — W. Africa

50. Cervidæ — — — — All regions but Ethiopian and Australian

52. Bovidæ — — — — All regions but Australian and Neotropical

53. Elephantidæ — — — — Ethiopian

Rodentia.

55. Muridæ — — — — Cosmopolite, excl. Oceania

56. Spalacidæ — — Palæarctic, Ethiopian

61. Sciuridæ — — — — All regions but Australian

67. Hystricidæ — — — — S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian

70. Leporidæ — — — All regions but Australian

Edentata.

72. Manididæ — — — — Ethiopian

BIRDS.

Passeres.

1. Turdidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

2. Sylviidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

3. Timaliidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian

4. Panuridæ — Palæarctic

5. Cinclidæ — — — — Not Ethiopian or Australian

6. Troglodytidæ — — American and Palæarctic

8. Certhiidæ — — — Palæarctic, Nearctic, Australian

9. Sittidæ — — — — Palæarctic, Nearctic, Australian, Madagascar

10. Paridæ — — — — The Eastern Hemisphere and North America

11. Liotrichidæ — —

12. Phyllornithidæ — — — —

13. Pycnonotidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Moluccas

14. Oriolidæ — — — — The Eastern Hemisphere

15. Campephagidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian

16. Dicruridæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian

17. Muscicapidæ — — — — The Eastern Hemisphere

18. Pachycephalidæ — — Australian

19. Laniidæ — — — — The Eastern Hemisphere and North America

20. Corvidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

23. Nectariniidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian

24. Dicæidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian

30. Hirundinidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

33. Fringillidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

34. Ploceidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian

35. Sturnidæ — — — — The Eastern Hemisphere

36. Artamidæ — — — — Australian

37. Alaudidæ — — — — All regions but Neotropical

38. Motacillidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

43. Eurylæmidæ — —

47. Pittidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian

Picariæ.

51. Picidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

52. Yungidæ — Palæarctic

53. Indicatoridæ — — Ethiopian

54. Megalæmidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Neotropical

58. Cuculidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

62. Coraciidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian

63. Meropidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian

66. Trogonidæ — — — — Neotropical, Ethiopian

67. Alcedinidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

68. Bucerotidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Austro-Malayan

69. Upupidæ — — — Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic

71. Podargidæ — — — — Australian

73. Caprimulgidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

74. Cypselidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

Psittaci.

76. (Cacatuidæ) — Australian

78. Palæornithidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Austro-Malayan

Columbæ.

84. Columbidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

Gallinæ.

86. Pteroclidæ — Ethiopian, Palæarctic

87. Tetraonidæ — — — — Eastern Hemisphere and North America

88. Phasianidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Palæarctic, North America

89. Turnicidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian, S. Palæarctic

90. Megapodiidæ — Australian

Accipitres.

94. Vulturidæ — — — All regions but Australian

96. Falconidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

97. Pandionidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

98. Strigidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

Grallæ.

99. Rallidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

100. Scolopacidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

103. Parridæ — — — — Tropical regions

104. Glareolidæ — — — — Eastern Hemisphere

105. Charadriidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

106. Otididæ — — — Eastern Hemisphere

107. Gruidæ — — — All regions but Neotropical

113. Ardeidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

114. Plataleidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

115. Ciconiidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

117. Phænicopteridæ — — Ethiopian, Neotropical, S. Palæarctic

Anseres.

118. Anatidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

119. Laridæ — — — — Cosmopolite

120. Procellariidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

121. Pelecanidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

124. Podicipidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

REPTILIA.

Ophidia.

1. Typhlopidæ — — — — All regions but Nearctic

2. Tortricidæ — — — — Austro-Malaya, S. America

3. Xenopeltidæ — — Celebes

4. Uropeltidæ —

5. Calamariidæ — — — — All the warmer regions

6. Oligodontidæ — — — — S. America, Japan

7. Colubridæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

8. Homalopsidæ — — — — All the regions

9. Psammophidæ — — — Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic

11. Dendrophidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian, Neotropical

12. Dryiophidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Neotropical

13. Dipsadidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Australian, Neotropical

14. Scytalidæ — Tropical America

15. Lycodontidæ — — — — Ethiopian

16. Amblycephalidæ — — Neotropical

17. Pythonidæ — — — — The tropical regions, and California

18. Erycidæ — — Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic

19. Acrochordidæ — —

20. Elapidæ — — — — Tropical regions, Japan, S. Carolina

23. Hydrophidæ — — — — Australian, Panama, Madagascar

24. Crotalidæ — — — — America, E. Palæarctic

25. Viperidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Palæarctic

Lacertilia.

30. Varanidæ — — — — Africa, Australia

33. Lacertidæ — — — — The Eastern Hemisphere

34. Zonuridæ — America, S. Europe, Ethiopian

45. Scincidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

48. Acontiadæ — Ethiopian, Moluccas

49. Geckotidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

51. Agamidæ — — — — The Eastern Hemisphere

52. Chamæleonidæ — — Ethiopian

Crocodilia.

54. Gavialidæ — — N. Australia

55. Crocodilidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Neotropical, N. Australia

Chelonia.

57. Testudinidæ — — — — All continents but Australia

59. Trionychidæ — — — — Japan, E. of N. America, Africa

60. Cheloniidæ Marine

AMPHIBIA.

Pseudophidia.

1. Cæciliadæ — — — Ethiopian, Neotropical

Urodela.

5. Salamandridæ — North temperate zone

Anoura.

7. Phryniscidæ — Ethiopian, Australian, Neotropical

9. Bufonidæ — — — — All continents but Australia

11. Engystomidæ — — — — All regions but Palæarctic

16. Hylidæ — All regions but Ethiopian

17. Polypedatidæ — — — — Neotropical and all other regions

18. Ranidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

19. Discoglossidæ — — — All regions but Nearctic

FISHES. (FRESHWATER).

Acanthopterygii.

3. Percidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

12. Scienidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

33. Nandidæ — — — — Neotropical

35. Labyrinthici — — — — S. Africa, Moluccas

36. Luciocephalidæ —

39. Ophiocephalidæ — — — —

46. Mastacembelidæ — — — —

52. Chromidæ — Ethiopian, Neotropical

Physostomi.

59. Siluridæ — — — — All warm regions

73. Cyprinodontidæ — — — — S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian, American

75. Cyprinidæ — — — — Not in S. America and Australia

78. Osteoglossidæ — All tropical regions

82. Notopteridæ — — — — W. Africa

85. Symbranchidæ — — — Australian (? Marine) Neotropical

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA (PART).

Diurni (Butterflies.)

1. Danaidæ — — — — All warm regions and to Canada

2. Satyridæ — — — — Cosmopolite

3. Elymniidæ — — Ethiopian, Moluccas

4. Morphidæ — — Neotropical, Moluccas, and Polynesia

6. Acræidæ — — — — All tropical regions

8. Nymphalidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

9. Libytheidæ — — — — Absent from Australia

10. Nemeobeidæ — — Not in Australia or Nearctic regions

13. Lycænidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

14. Pieridæ — — — — Cosmopolite

15. Papilionidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

16. Hesperidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

Sphingidea.

17. Zygænidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

19. Agaristidæ — — — — Australian, Ethiopian

20. Uraniidæ — — — — All tropical regions

22. Ægeriidæ — — — — Absent from Australia

23. Sphingidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

TABLE II.

GENERA OF TERRESTRIAL MAMMALIA AND BIRDS INHABITING THE ORIENTAL REGION.

Explanation.

Names in italics show genera peculiar to the region.

Names inclosed thus (...) show genera which just enter the region, but are not considered properly to belong to it.

Genera truly belonging to the region are numbered consecutively.

MAMMALIA.

Order, Family, and Genus. No. of Species. Range within the Region. Range beyond the Region.

PRIMATES.

Simiidæ.

1. Simia 2 Borneo and Sumatra

2. Hylobates 7 Sylhet to Java and S. China

3. Siamanga 1 Malacca and Sumatra

Semnopithecidæ.

4. Presbytes 28 Simla to Aracan and E. Thibet, Ceylon, and Java Moupin, Palæarctic [?]

Cynopithecidæ.

5. Macacus 22 The whole region S. Palæarctic

6. Cynopithecus 1 Philippines Celebes

(Sub-Order) LEMUROIDEA.

Lemuridæ.

7. Nycticebus 3 E. Bengal to Java, and S. China

8. Loris 1 Ceylon and S. India

Tarsiidæ.

9. Tarsius 1 Sumatra, Borneo and Philippines N. Celebes

CHIROPTERA.

Pteropidæ.

10. Pteropus 6 The whole region Tropics of E. Hemisp.

11. Xantharpyia 1 The whole region Austro-Malaya, Ethiop., S. Palæarctic

12. Cynopterus 3 The whole region Tropical Africa

13. Megærops 1 Sumatra

14. Macroglossus 1 Java, Borneo, Philippines Austro-Malaya

15. Harpyia 1 Philippines Austro-Malaya

Rhinolophidæ.

16. Aquias 2 Nepal to Java

17. Phyllotis 1 Philippines

18. Rhinolophus 10 The whole region Warmer parts of E. Hem.

19. Hipposideros 8 The whole region Austro-Malaya

20. Phyllorhina 4 Indo-Malay subregion Austro-Malaya, Tropical Africa

21. Asellia 1 Java, Sumatra Amboyna, Egypt

22. Petalia 1 Java

23. Cœlops 1 India (Bengal)

24. Rhinopoma 1 All India Egypt, Palestine

25. Megaderma 2 The whole region Ternate, N. Ethiopian

26. Nycteris 1 Java Ethiopian

Vespertilionidæ.

27. Scotophilus 10 The whole region Austral., Nearc., Neotrop.

28. Vespertilio 12 The whole region Cosmopolite

29. Keriovula 8 The whole region S. Africa, N. China

30. Trilatitus 2 Indo-Malaya ?

31. Noctulina 3 Nepal to Philippines ?

32. Miniopteris 3 Java, Philippines, and China S. Africa, S. Palæarctic, Australian

33. Murina 2 Himalayas to Java ?

34. Nycticejus 8 All India Trop. Africa, Temp. Amer.

35. Harpiocephalus 2 Java and Philippines

36. Taphozous 4 The whole region Ethiop., Austro-Malayan, Neotropical

37. Myotis 3 Himalayas

38. Plecotus 1 Darjeeling Timor, S. Palæarctic

39. Barbastellus 1 Himalayas Europe

40. Nyctophilus 1 Mussoorie Australian

Noctilionidæ.

41. Chiromeles 1 Indo-Malaya, Siam

42. Nyctinomus The whole region Madagascar, America

INSECTIVORA.

Galeopithecidæ.

43. Galeopithecus 2 Indo-Malay and Philippines, excl. Java

Tupaiidæ.

44. Tupaia 7 S. and E. of India to Borneo

45. Hylomys 2 Tenasserim to Java and Borneo

46. Ptilocerus 1 Borneo

Erinaceidæ.

47. Erinaceus 2 Hindostan and Formosa Palæarctic, S. Africa

48. Gymnura 1 Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo

Talpidæ.

49. Talpa 2 Himalayas to Assam, & Formosa Palæarctic

Soricidæ.

50. Sorex 21 The whole region All regions but Austral. and S. America

CARNIVORA.

Felidæ.

51. Felis 20 The whole region All regions but Austral.

(Lynx 1 Central India) Palæarctic, Ethiopian

52. Cynælurus 1 S. and W. India S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian

Viverridæ.

53. Viverra 2 The whole region Ethiopian, Moluccas

54. Viverricula 2 India to China and Java

55. Prionodon 2 Nepal to Borneo and Java

56. Hemigalea 2 Malacca and Borneo

57. Arctitis 1 Nepal to Sumatra and Java

58. Paradoxurus 8 The whole region Ke Islands (? introduced)

59. Paguma 3 Nepal to Malaya and China

60. Arctogale 1 Tenasserim and Malaya

61. Cynogale 1 Borneo

62. Herpestes 7 The whole reg., excl. Philippines S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian

63. Calogale 4 India to Cambodjia Ethiopian

64. Calictis 1 Ceylon ?

65. Urva N. India

66. Tæniogale 1 Central India

67. Onychogale 1 Ceylon

Hyænidæ.

68. Hyæna 1 Hindostan, open country S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian

Canidæ.

69. Canis 2 All India Almost Cosmopolite

70. Cuon 1 India to Java

71. Vulpes 4 All India All Continents but S. America and Australia

(Nyctereutes 1 China) Japan and Amoorland

Mustelidæ.

72. Martes 2 India, Ceylon, Java, and China Palæarctic, Nearctic

73. Mustela 3 Himalayas to Bhotan and China Palæarc., Ethiop., Nearc.

74. Gymnopus 2 Nepal to Borneo

75. Barangia 1 Sumatra

76. Lutra 5 The whole region Palæarctic

77. Aonyx 2 N. India, Malaya W. and S. Africa

78. Arctonyx 1 Nepal to Aracan

(Meles 1 S. China) Palæarctic genus

79. Mydaus 1 Sumatra, Java

80. Mellivora 1 Hindostan Ethiopian

81. Helictis 4 Nepal, Formosa, China & Java

Æluridæ.

82. Ælurus 1 E. Himalayas to E. Thibet Palæarctic ?

Ursidæ.

83. Ursus 2 Himalayas to China Palæarctic, Nearctic

84. Helarctos 1 Indo-Malaya

85. Melursus 1 Ganges to Ceylon

CETACEA.

Delphinidæ.

86. Platanista 2 Ganges to India

SIRENIA.

Manatidæ.

87. Halicore 1 Coasts of W. India, Ceylon, and Indo-Malaya E. Africa, N. Australia

UNGULATA.

Tapiridæ.

88. Tapirus 1 Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo Neotropical

Rhinocerotidæ.

89. Rhinoceros 5 Nepal to Bengal, Siam, & Java Ethiopian

Suidæ.

90. Sus 6 The whole region Palæarc., Austro-Malaya

Tragulidæ.

91. Tragulus 5 India and Ceylon to Cambodja and Java

Cervidæ.

92. Cervus 15 The whole region Palæarc., Amer., Moluc.

93. Cervulus 4 The whole region

(Moschus 1 Himalayas above 8,000 feet) Central Asia, Palæarctic

Bovidæ.

94. Bibos 3 India to Burmah, Formosa, and Java

95. Bubalus 1 N. and N. Central India Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic

96. Portax 1 Peninsula of India

97. Gazella 1 Deserts and plains of India Palæarctic deserts

98. Antilope 1 Open country of India

99. Tetraceros 2 Hilly districts all over India

100. Nemorhedus 3 E. Himalayas and Sumatra N. China and Japan

101. Capra 1 Neilgherries Palæarctic, Nearctic

PROBOSCIDEA.

Elephantidæ.

102. Elephas India to Siam, Sumatra & Borneo Ethiopian

RODENTIA.

Muridæ.

103. Mus 50 The whole region The E. Hemisphere

104. Acanthomys 1 India Ethiopian, Australian

105. Phlæomys 1 Philippines

106. Platacanthomys 1 S. W. India

107. Meriones 2 India and Ceylon Palæarctic, Ethiopian

108. Spalacomys 1 India

109. Arvicola 2 Himalayas Palæarctic, Nearctic

Spalacidæ.

110. Rhizomys 3 Nepal to Canton, Malacca and Sumatra Abyssinia

Sciuridæ.

111. Sciurus 50 The whole region Cosmop., excl. Austral. region

112. Sciuropterus 9 India, and Ceylon to Java, Formosa N. and E. Palæarctic

113. Pteromys 9 India & Ceylon to Borneo, Java, Formosa Japan

(Arctomys 2 W. Himalayas above 8,000 ft.) Palæarctic and Nearctic

Hystricidæ.

114. Hystrix 3 India and Ceylon, to Malacca & S. China S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian

115. Atherura 2 India to Malaya West Africa

116. Acanthion 2 Nepal to Borneo and Java

Leporidæ.

117. Lepus 5 India and Ceylon to S. China and Formosa All regions but Austral.

ENDENTATA.

Manididæ.

118. Manis 2 Nepal to Ceylon, S. China and Java Ethiopian

BIRDS.

PASSERES.

Turdidæ.

1. Brachypteryx 8 Himalayas, Ceylon and Java

2. Oreocincla 8 N. W. Himalayas to E. Thibet, Ceylon, Burmah, Malaya, Formosa Palæarctic, Australian

3. Turdus 26 The whole region Almost Cosmopolite

4. Geocichla 9 India & Ceylon to Java, Formosa Celebes, Lombock, to N. Australia

5. Monticola 3 The whole region Palæarctic, Ethiopian, Moluccas

6. Orocætes 2 N. W. Himalayas, and India

7. Zoothera 3 W. Himalayas to Aracan, Java Lombock, Timor ?

Sylviidæ.

8. Orthotomus 13 The whole region

9. Prinia 11 The whole reg., excl. Philippines

10. Drymæca 13 The whole reg., excl. Philippines

11. Cisticola 6 The whole region

12. Suya 5 Nepal to S. China and Formosa

13. Megalurus 3 Central India, Java, Philippines

14. Acrocephalus 9 India to Ceylon, S. China, and Philippines Palæarc., Ethiop., Austral.

(Dumeticola 2 Nepal and E. Thibet)

15. Locustella 4 Nepal, Hindostan, S. China Palæarctic

16. Horites 2 Himalayas, Formosa

17. Phylloscopus 10 All India and Ceylon, to China, Philippines Palæarctic, Ethiopian

(Gerygone 1 Philippine Islands)

(Hypolais 1 All India, ? migrant)

18. Abrornis 26 The whole reg., excl. Philippines

19. Reguloides 2 Himalayas and Central India

(Regulus 1 N. W. Himalayas and E. Thibet)

(Sylvia 2 India and Ceylon) Palæarctic genus

(Curruca 2 India) Palæarctic genus

(Cyanecula 1 India) Palæarctic genus

20. Calliope 2 Himalayas and Central India, Philippine Islands

21. Ruticilla 8 Himalayas to China and Formosa

22. Chæmarrhornis 1 Himalayas to Burmah

23. Larvivora 10 W. Himalayas to Ceylon, Malacca and China

24. Notodela 3 Himalayas to Pegu, Java, Formosa

25. Tarsiger 2 Nepal and W. Himalayas

(Grandala 1 Nepal and E. Thibet, high)

26. Copsychus 6 The whole region Madagascar

27. Kittacincla 5 The whole region

28. Thamnobia 2 N. W. India, Hindostan, and Ceylon

(Dromolæa 1 N. W. India)

(Saxicola 2 N. W. India)

29. Oreicola ? 1 Burmah

(Cercomela 1 N. W. India, a desert genus)

30. Pratincola 5 The whole region

(Accentor 2 Himalayas, in winter) Palæarctic genus

Timaliidæ.

31. Pomatorhinus 20 The whole region Australian

32. Malacocercus 14 All India to Burmah, Philippines Arabia, Nubia

33. Chatarrhæa 5 India, Burmah, Philippines Palestine, Abyssinia

34. Layardia 3 India and Ceylon

35. Acanthoptila 1 Nepal

36. Garrulax 22 The whole region

37. Janthocincla 8 Himalayas to E. Thibet, Sumatra, Formosa

38. Gampsorhynchus 1 Nepal

39. Grammatoptila 1 N. India

40. Trochalopteron 22 N. W. Himalayas, India, China, Formosa

41. Actinodura 3 E. Himalayas, 3,000 to 10,000

42. Pellorneum 3 India, Ceylon, Tenasserim

43. Dumetia 2 India and Ceylon

44. Timalia 10 Malacca to Java

45. Stachyris 6 N. W. Himalayas to China, Formosa, Sumatra

46. Pyctoris 3 India, Ceylon, and Up. Burmah

47. Mixornis 8 Himalayas to Borneo and Java

48. Malacopteron 3 Malacca to Java

49. Alcippe 16 The whole region New Guinea

50. Macronus 1 Malacca to Java

51. Cacopitta 5 Java, Borneo, Sumatra

52. Trichastoma 9 Nepal, Malacca to Java Celebes

53. Napothera 5 Malacca to Java

54. Drymocataphus 6 Malacca to Java, Ceylon Timor

55. Turdinus 4 Tenasserim, Malacca

56. Trichixos 1 Malacca, Borneo

57. Sibia 6 N. W. Himalayas to Tenasserim, Formosa

Panuridæ.

58. Paradoxornis 3 Nepal to Aracan and E. Thibet, 3,000-6,000 ft.

59. Suthora 8 Himalayas to E. Thibet, China, Formosa N. W. China, E. Thibet

60. Chlenasicus 1 Sikhim

Cinclidæ.

61. Cinclus 2 Himalayas, China, and Formosa Palæarctic and American

62. Eupetes 2 Malacca and Sumatra New Guinea

63. Enicurus 9 N. W. Himalayas (to 11,000 ft.) to Java and West China

64. Myiophonus 6 All India (to 9,000 ft. in N. W. Himalayas) S. China, Formosa, Java, Sumatra Turkestan

Troglodytidæ.

65. Tesia 2 Eastern Himalayas

66. Pnoepyga 6 N. W. Himalayas to E. Thibet, Java

67. Troglodytes 1 Himalayas to E. Thibet Palæarctic and American

68. Rimator 2 Darjeeling

Certhiidæ.

69. Certhia 2 Himalayas Palæarctic and Nearctic

70. Salpornis 1 Central India

71. Rhabdornis 1 Philippine Islands

(Tichodroma 1 Himalayas in winter) Palæarctic genus

Sittidæ.

72. Sitta 5 Himalayas to S. India, S. China Palæarctic and Nearctic

73. Dendrophila 2 All India and Ceylon to Pegu and Java

Paridæ.

74. Parus 16 The whole region Palæarctic and Nearctic

75. Melanochlora 2 Nepal to Malacca and Sumatra

76. Psaltria 1 West Java

77. Ægithaliscus 6 W. Himalayas to China Afghanistan

78. Sylviparus 1 W. Himalayas to Central India and E. Thibet

79. Cephalopyrus 1 N. W. Himalayas

Liotrichidæ.

80. Liothrix 3 Nepal to S. W. China

81. Siva 3 Himalayas: 3,000-7,000 ft.

82. Minla 4 Nepal to E. Thibet; moderate heights

83. Proparus 6 N. W. Himalayas to E. Thibet: high Perhaps also Palæarctic

84. Allotrius 7 N. W. Himalayas to Tenasserim, E. Thibet and Java

85. Cutia 2 Nepal and Sikhim

86. Yuhina 4 Himalayas to E. Thibet, high Perhaps Palæarctic

87. Ixulus 4 Darjeeling to Tenasserim

88. Myzornis 1 Nepal and Sikhim

Phyllornithidæ.

89. Phyllornis 10 The whole region; excluding China and Philippines

90. Iora 5 The whole reg., excl. Philippines

91. Erpornis 2 Nepal and Hainan

Pycnonotidæ.

92. Microscelis 5 Burmah, China, Malaya Japan

93. Pycnonotus 40 The whole region Ethiopian

94. Hemixus 2 Himalayas and Hainan

95. Hypsipetes 15 The whole region Madagascar

96. Criniger 11 India, Ceylon, Malaya, Hainan Africa, Moluccas

97. Setornis 3 Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo

98. Iole 4 Aracan and Malaya

Oriolidæ.

99. Oriolus 12 The whole region Palæarc. Ethiopian, Celebes, Flores

100. Analcipus 3 Himalayas, Malaya, Formosa, Hainan

Campephagidæ.

101. Pericrocotus 22 The whole region Lombock; the Amoor, migrant

102. Graucalus 7 India, Ceylon, Malaya, Philippines, Hainan and Formosa Australian

103. Campephaga 1 Philippine Islands Celebes to N. Guinea

104. Volvocivora 7 The whole reg., excl. Philippines

105. Lalage 2 Malaya and Philippines Celebes to Pacific Is.

106. Cochoa 3 Himalayas and Java

Dicruridæ.

107. Dicrurus 17 The whole region Ethiop. and Australian

108. Bhringa 2 Himalayas to Burmah and Java

109. Chibia 1 India to China Pekin in summer

110. Chaptia 3 India to Borneo and Formosa

111. Irena 3 S. India and Ceylon, Assam to Malaya and Philippines

Muscicapidæ.

112. Muscicapula 6 Cashmere to W. China, S. India

113. Erythrosterna 7 The whole region, excluding Philippines Palæarctic and Madagascar

114. Xanthpygia 2 Malacca to China N. China and Japan

115. Hemipus 1 India and Ceylon

116. Pycnophrys 1 Java

117. Hemichelidon 3 N. India to Ceylon, and China; ? Philippines Eastern Asia

118. Niltava 3 Himalayas to W. China

119. Cyornis 14 The whole region Celebes and Timor

120. Cyanoptila 1 Hainan to Japan Japan and N. China

121. Eumyias 8 The whole reg., excl. Philippines

122. Siphia 9 N. W. India, Ceylon, Formosa, E. Thibet

123. Anthipes 1 Nepal

124. Schwaneria 1 Borneo

125. Hypothymis 1 The whole region Celebes

126. Rhipidura 7 All India and Ceylon, Malaya, Philippines Australian

127. Chelidorhynx 1 N. India

128. Cryptolopha 1 The whole region Celebes

129. Tchitrea 6 The whole region N. China, and Japan, Flores, Ethiopian

130. Philentoma 4 Malaya and Philippines

Pachycephalidæ.

131. Hylocharis 2 Aracan to Malaya & Philippines Celebes, Timor

Laniidæ.

132. Lanius 16 The whole region Nearc., Palæarc., Ethiop.

133. Laniellus 1 Java

134. Tephrodornis 5 India, Ceylon, and Malaya; Hainan

Corvidæ.

135. Pityriasis 1 Borneo, Sumatra

136. Platylophus 4 Malaya

137. Garrulus 4 Himalayas, S. China, Formosa Palæarctic

138. Cissa 3 Himalayas and Aracan to Java

139. Urocissa 7 N. W. Himalayas, Ceylon, Burmah, China, Formosa N. China and Japan

140. Temnurus 3 Malaya and Cochin China

141. Dendrocitta 8 All India to S. China, Formosa, and Sumatra

142. Crypsirhina 2 Java and Burmah

143. Nucifraga 2 Himalayas and E. Thibet; 8,000-10,000 feet Palæarctic genus

144. Pica 2 China and Himalayas of Bœtan Palæarctic and Nearctic

145. Corvus 9 The whole region Cosmop., excl. S. Am.

(Fregilus 2 Himalayas, high) Palæarctic genus

Nectariniidæ.

146. Æthopaga 13 Himalayas to W. China & Java, Central India Celebes

147. Chalcostetha 1 Malaya and Siam Celebes to New Guinea

148. Arachnothera 12 The whole reg., excl. Philippine Celebes, Lombock, New Guinea

149. Arachnecthera 7 The whole region, excl. China Celebes to New Ireland

150. Nectarophila 4 India, Ceylon, Malaya, Philipp. Celebes

151. Anthreptes 1 Malaya and Indo-China Celebes

Dicæidæ.

152. Dicæum 10 The whole region Australian

153. Pachyglossa 1 Nepal Celebes

154. Piprisoma 1 India and Ceylon

155. Prionochilus 4 Malaya

156. Zosterops 8 The whole region Ethiopian, Australian

157. Chalcoparia 1 Aracan to Malaya

Hirundinidæ.

158. Hirundo 10 The whole region Cosmopolite

159. Cotyle 5 India to China Palæarc., Ethiop., Amer.

160. Chelidon 3 India, Borneo Palæarctic

Fringillidæ.

(Fringilla 1 Himalayas, in winter) Palæarctic genus

(Acanthis 1 N. W. Himalayas, in winter) Palæarctic genus

(Procarduelis 1 High Himalayas) Palæarctic genus

(Chlorospiza 1 China) Palæarctic and Ethiopian

161. Passer 6 The whole region Palæarctic and Ethiopian

(Fringillauda 1 High Himalayas) Palæarctic genus

(Coccothraustes 2 High Himalayas) Palæarctic and Nearctic

(Mycerobas 1 High Himalayas) Palæarctic genus

162. Eophona 1 China Palæarctic

(Pyrrhula 4 Himalayas, winter) Palæarctic

(Carpodacus 4 Himalayas and Central India, in winter) Palæarctic and Nearctic

(Loxia 1 Snowy Himalayas) Palæarctic and Nearctic

(Propyrrhula 1 Darjeeling, in winter) [?] Palæarctic

163. Hæmatospiza 1 S. E. Himal., 5,000 to 10,000 ft.

(S. Fam. Emberizinæ)

164. Euspiza 4 N. W. India to Burmah, & China Palæarctic and Nearctic

165. Emberiza 7 All India and China, in winter Palæarctic genus

Ploceidæ.

166. Ploceus 4 India & Ceylon, Burmah, Malaya Ethiopian

167. Munia 20 The whole region Austro-Malayan

168. Estrilda 2 India and Ceylon, Burmah, Java Ethiopian, Australian

169. Erythrura 1 Java, Sumatra Moluccas to Fiji Islands

Sturnidæ.

170. Eulabes 7 The whole reg., excl. Philippines Flores, Papua

171. Ampeliceps 1 Tenasserim to Cochin-China

172. Gymnops 1 Philippine Islands

173. Pastor 1 All India to Burmah S. Palæarctic

174. Acridotheres 6 The whole region Celebes

175. Sturnia 12 The whole region N. China & Japan, Celebes

176. Sturnus 3 India and China Palæarctic

177. Sturnopastor 3 Cen. India to Burmah & Malaya

178. Calornis 2 Malaya and Philippines [?] Celebes, Moluccas to Samoan Islands

179. Saroglossa 1 W. and Central Himalayas

Artamidæ.

180. Artamus 3 The whole region Australian

Alaudidæ.

(Otocorys 1 N. India, in winter) Palæarctic and Nearctic

181. Alauda 7 India and China Palæarctic and Ethiopian

182. Galerita 2 Central India Palæarctic

183. Calandrella 2 India and Burmah Palæarctic and Ethiopian

(Melanocorypha 1 N. W. India) Palæarctic

184. Mirafra 5 India, Ceylon, and Java Ethiopian

185. Ammomanes 1 Central India Palæarctic and Ethiopian

186. Pyrrhulauda 1 India and Ceylon Ethiopian

Motacillidæ.

187. Motacilla 6 India and Ceylon to China and Philippines Palæarctic and Ethiopian

188. Budytes 2 China and Philippines Palæarctic & Ethiopian, Moluccas

189. Calobates 1 The whole region Palæarctic

190. Nemoricola 1 India, Ceylon, and Malaya

191. Authus 3 India and China Cosmopolite

192. Corydalla 8 The whole region Palæarctic, Australian

193. Heterura 1 Himalayas

Eurylæmidæ.

194. Eurylæmus 2 Malaya

195. Serilophus 1 Himalayas

196. Psarisomus 1 Himalayas

197. Corydon 1 Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo

198. Cymbirhynchus 2 Aracan, Siam, and Malaya

199. Calyptomena 1 Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo

Pittidæ

200. Pitta 11 The whole region Australian, Ethiopian

201. Eucichla 3 Malaya

202. Hydrornis 3 Himalayas and Malaya

PICARIÆ.

Picidæ.

203. Vivia 1 N. W. Himalayas to E. Thibet, 3,000-6,000 ft.

204. Sasia 2 Nepal to Malaya and Borneo

205. Picus 14 The whole region, excl. Philippines Palæarctic, American

206. Hyopicus 1 Himalayas N. China

207. Yungipicus 12 The whole region N. China, Japan, Celebes

208. Reinwardtipicus 1 Penang to Sumatra and Borneo

209. Venilia 2 Nepal to Sumatra and Borneo

210. Chrysocolaptes 8 India, Ceylon, Malaya, Philippines

211. Hemicercus 5 Malabar, Pegu to Malaya

212. Gecinus 12 All India and Ceylon to Pegu and Malaya Palæarctic

213. Mulleripicus 5 Malabar, Aracan to Malaya and Philippines Celebes

214. Brachypternus 5 India, Ceylon, and China

215. Tiga 5 India to Malaya

216. Gecinulus 2 S. Himalayas to Burmah

217. Miglyptes 3 Malaya

218. Micropternus 8 India and Ceylon, to Borneo and S. China

Yungidæ.

219. Yunx 1 Central and S. China Palæarctic, S. Africa

Indicatoridæ.

220. Indicator 2 Himalayas and Borneo Ethiopian

Megalæmidæ.

221. Megalæma 27 The whole region, excl. Philippines

222. Xantholæma 4 All India and Ceylon to Pegu and Malaya

223. Psilopogon 1 Sumatra

224. Caloramphus 2 Malacca, Sumatra and Borneo

Cuculidæ.

225. Phœnicophaës 1 Ceylon

226. Rhinococcyx 1 Java

227. Dasylophus 1 Philippine Islands

228. Lepidogrammus 1 Philippine Islands

229. Carpococcyx 1 Borneo, Sumatra

230. Zanclostomus 1 Malaya

231. Rhopodytes 7 Nepal to Ceylon, Hainan and Malaya

232. Taccocoua 4 All India, Ceylon, Malacca

233. Poliococcyx 1 Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo

234. Rhinortha 1 Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo

235. Centropus 14 The whole region Ethiopian, Australian

236. Cuculus 10 The whole region Palæarc., Ethiop., Aust.

237. Cacomantis 9 The whole region Australian

238. Chrysococcyx 5 The whole region Ethiopian, Australian

239. Surniculus 2 India, Ceylon and Malaya

240. Hierococcyx 6 The whole region Celebes, N. China and Amoorland

241. Coccystes 2 The whole region, excl. Philippines Ethiopian

242. Eudynamis 2 The whole region Australian

Coraciidæ.

243. Coracias 2 India, Ceylon and Burmah. Celebes Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic

244. Eurystomus 1 The whole region Ethiopian, Australian

Meropidæ.

245. Nyctiornis 3 S. India to Himalayas, Burmah, Sumatra, and Borneo

246. Merops 5 The whole region S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian, Australian

Trogonidæ.

247. Harpactes 10 The whole region, excl. China

Alcedinidæ.

248. Halcyon 10 The whole region S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian, Australian

249. Pelargopsis 7 The whole region, excl. China Celebes and Timor

250. Carcineutes 2 Burmah, Siam, and Malaya

251. Ceyx 6 India and Ceylon, Malaya and Philippines Moluccas & New Guin.

252. Alcedo 5 The whole region Palæarctic, Ethiopian, Austro-Malayan

253. Alcyone 1 Philippines Australian genus

254. Ceryle 2 India to S. China Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic, American

Bucerotidæ.

255. Buceros 4 Nepal to Malaya, S. India, Philippines

256. Hydrocissa 7 India, Ceylon and Malaya

257. Berenicornis 1 Sumatra W. Africa

258. Calao 2 Tenasserim, Malaya Austro-Malaya

259. Aceros 1 S. E. Himalayas

260. Cranorrhinus 2 Malacca to Borneo and Philippines Celebes

261. Penelopides 1 Philippines

262. Rhinoplax 1 Sumatra, Borneo

263. Meniceros 3 India and Ceylon to Tenasserim

Upupidæ.

264. Upupa 3 India, Ceylon and Burmah Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic

Podargidæ.

265. Batrachostomus 6 India, Ceylon and Malaya Moluccas

Caprimulgidæ.

266. Caprimulgus 13 The whole region The Eastern Hemisphere

267. Lyncornis 4 Burmah, Malaya, & Philippines Celebes

Cypselidæ.

268. Cypselus 8 The region, excl. Philippines The Old World & S. Amer.

269. Dendrochelidon 3 Ceylon, India, Malaya, Philipp. Austro-Malaya

270. Collocalia 3 The whole region Madagascar, Moluccas, Pacific Islands

271. Chætura 3 Ceylon, India, Malaya, Hainan America, Africa

PSITTACI.

Cacatuidæ.

(Cacatua 1 Philippines) Australian genus

Palæornithidæ.

272. Palæornis 14 N. W. India to Ceylon, Siam & Malaya Ethiopian

273. Prioniturus 1 Philippine Islands Celebes

274. Cyclopsitta 1 Philippine Islands Papuan Islands

275. Psittinus 1 Malaya, excl. Java

276. Tanygnathus 1 Philippine Islands Austro-Malaya

277. Loriculus 9 Ceylon, India, Malaya, Philippines Celebes and Moluccas, Flores

COLUMBÆ.

Columbidæ.

278. Treron 21 The whole region Ethiopian, Moluccas

279. Ptilopus 3 Malaya and Philippines Australian

280. Carpophaga 10 India and Ceylon to Hainan and Philippines Australian

281. Columba 7 Ceylon and India to Tenasserim Palæarc., Ethiop., Amer.

282. Janthænas 3 Philippine, Andaman & Nicobar Islands Japan, Moluccas to Samoan Islands

283. Macropygia 6 Nepal, Java, Hainan, Philippines Austro-Malaya, Australia

284. Turtur 8 The whole region Old World, Austro-Malay.

285. Chalcophaps 2 India, Ceylon, Malaya, Hainan, Philippines, Formosa Austro-Malaya, Australia

286. Phapitreron 2 Philippine Islands

287. Calœnas 1 Nicobar and Philippine Islands Austro-Malaya

288. Phlegœnas 2 Philippine and Sooloo Islands Austro-Mal. & Polynesia

289. Geopelia 1 Philippine Islands, Java Austro-Malaya & Austral.

GALLINÆ.

Pteroclidæ.

290. Pterocles 2 Central and S. India S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian

Tetraonidæ.

291. Francolinus 3 Ceylon and India to S. China S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian

292. Ortygornis 3 Ceylon to Himalayas, Sumatra & Borneo

293. Perdix 12 India, Malaya, Philippines, China Palæarctic

294. Coturnix 9 The whole region The Eastern Hemisphere

295. Rollulus 2 Malacca, Siam, Borneo, Philipp.

(Caccabis 1 W. Himalayas) Palæarctic genus

Phasianidæ.

296. Pavo 2 Ceylon to Himalayas, S. W. China and Java

297. Argusianus 4 Siam, Malacca, Borneo

298. Polyplectron 5 Upper Assam to S. W. China & Sumatra

(Lophophorus 3 Cashmere and E. Thibet) Palæarctic genus

(Tetraophasis 1 E. Thibet) Palæarctic genus

299. Ceriornis 5 N. W. Himalayas to W. China S. E. Palæarctic

(Pucrasia 3 N. W. Himalayas to N. China and Mongolia) Palæarctic genus

300. Phasianus 3 W. Himalayas, S. China, Formosa S. Palæarctic

301. Euplocamus 13 N. W. Himalayas to China. Sumatra and Borneo

302. Gallus 4 The region, excl. China Celebes and Timor

303. Galloperdix 3 Central India to Ceylon

Turnicidæ.

304. Turnix 9 The whole region S. Palæarc., Ethiopian, Australian

Megapodiidæ.

305. Megapodius 2 Nicobar Is., Philippines, N. W. Borneo Celebes to Samoan Is., N. Australia

ACCIPITRES.

Vulturidæ.

306. Vultur 1 Himalayas S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian

307. Gyps 3 India and Siam S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian

308. Pseudogyps 1 India and Burmah N. Ethiopian

309. Neophron 1 All India S. Palæarctic, Ethiopian

Falconidæ.

310. Circus 4 India and China Almost Cosmopolite

311. Astur 4 The whole region Almost Cosmopolite

312. Accipiter 2 The whole region Almost Cosmopolite

313. Buteo 2 India to China Cosmopolite; excl. Austl.

314. Aquila 4 India to China Nearc, Palæarc., Ethiop.

315. Nisaëtus 2 India and Ceylon S. Palæar., Ethiop., Aus.

316. Lophotriorchis 1 Indo-Malaya Neotropical

317. Neopus 1 India to Burmah and Malaya Celebes and Moluccas

318. Spizaëtus 5 India to Malaya and Formosa Neotropical, Ethiopian, Austro-Malayan

319. Circaëtus 1 Indian peninsula Palæarc., Ethiop., Timor

320. Spilornis 5 The whole region Celebes

321. Butastur 3 The whole region N. E. Africa, Celebes, New Guinea

322. Haliæetus 2 The whole region Cosmopolite; excl. Neotropical region

323. Haliastur 1 India to Malaya Austro-Malaya, Austral.

324. Milvus 3 The whole region The Eastern Hemisphere.

325. Elanus 2 India, Malaya Africa, Australia

326. Machærhamphus 1 Malacca S. W. Africa & Madag.

327. Pernis 1 India Palæarctic and Ethiopian, Celebes

328. Baza 3 India to Malaya Moluccas and N. Austrl.

329. Hierax 4 N. India, Burmah, Malaya

330. Poliohierax 1 Burmah E. Africa

331. Falco 8 The whole region Almost Cosmopolite

332. Cerchneis 3 The whole region Almost Cosmopolite

Pandionidæ.

333. Pandion 1 The whole region Cosmopolite

334. Polioaëtus 2 India to Malaya Indo-Malaya & Polynesia

Strigidæ.

335. Athene 9 The whole region The Eastern Hemisphere

336. Ninox 7 The whole region N. China and Japan

337. Bubo 4 India, Ceylon, Malaya and Philip. Cosmop. exc. Austr. reg.

338. Ketupa 3 The whole region

339. Scops 7 The whole region Almost Cosmopolite

340. Syrnium 6 The whole region Cosmop. exc. Austr. reg.

(Asio 2 India) Palæarc., Ethiop. Amer.

341. Strix 4 The whole region Cosmopolite

342. Phodilus 2 Nepal, Malaya

Peculiar or very characteristic Genera of Wading and Swimming Birds.

GRALLÆ.

Rallidæ.

Rallina 10 The whole region Austro-Malaya

Parridæ.

Hydrophasanus 1 The whole region

Charadriidæ.

Æsacus 1 The whole region Austro-Malayan, Austral