Volume 1 — INDEX TO VOL. I.

A. Aardvark of East Africa, figure of, 261 Accipitres, European Eocene, 163 Accipitres, classification of, 97 range of Palæarctic genera of, 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, 312 range of Oriental genera of, 385 range of Australian genera of, 484 Acerotherium, European Miocene, 119 N. American Tertiary, 136 Achænodon, N. American Tertiary, 138 Acotherium, European Eocene, 126 Adapis, European Eocene, 125 Ælurogale, European Eocene, 125 Æpyornis, of Madagascar, 164 Æshna, from the Lias, 167 Agnopterus, European Eocene, 163 Agriochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 138 Agrion, from the Lias, 167 Alcephalus, Indian Miocene, 122 Aldabra Islands, land-tortoises of, 289 Aletornis, N. American Eocene, 163 Algeria, Post-Pliocene deposits and caves of, 111 Allen, Mr. J. A., on Zoological regions, 61 objections to his system of circumpolar zones, 67 objections to his zoo-geographical nomenclature, 68 Altai mountains, fossils in caves, 111 Amblyrhiza, Pliocene of Antilles, 148 America, recent separation of North and South, 40 extinct mammalia of, 129 North, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 129 Amomys, N. American Tertiary, 134 Amphechinus, European Miocene, 117 Amphibia, means of dispersal of, 28 classification of, 100 peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186 of Central Europe, 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205 of Siberian sub-region, 220 Amphibia, of the Manchurian sub-region, 226 table of Palæarctic families of, 237 of the Ethiopian region, 255 of West Africa, 264 South African, 268 of Madagascar, 280 table of Ethiopian families of, 298 of the Oriental region, 317 of the Indian sub-region, 326 of Ceylon, 327 of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340 table of Oriental families of, 369 of the Australian region, 397 resemblances of Australian and South-American, 400 of New Guinea, 416 of New Zealand, 457 Amphibos, Indian Miocene, 122 Amphicyon, European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 N. American Tertiary, 134 Amphimericidæ, European Miocene, 119 Amphimoschus, European Miocene, 120 Amphisorex, European Miocene, 118 Amphitragulus, European Miocene, 120 Anastoma, European Tertiary, 169 Anchilophus, European Eocene, 125 Anchippodus, N. American Eocene, 139 Anchippus, N. American Tertiary, 135 Anchitheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 135 Anchitherium, European Miocene, 119 European Eocene, 125 N. American Tertiary, 135 Ancient fauna of New Zealand, 459 Ancylotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 121 Andaman Islands, zoology of, 333 probable past history of, 334 Andreas, European Miocene, 165 Animal kingdom, primary divisions of, 85 Animals, development of, affecting distribution, 7 dispersal and migration of, 10 rapid multiplication of, 10 Anisacodon, N. American Tertiary, 137 Anoa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428 Anoplotheriidæ, European Miocene, 119 Anoplotherium, European Miocene, 119 European Eocene, 126 S. American Eocene, 148 Anseres, arrangement of, 98 peculiar Palæarctic genera, 250 peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313 peculiar Australian genera of, 485 Antelopes in the Indian Miocene deposits, 122 birthplace and migrations of, 155 Palæarctic, 182 Antelotherium, Indian Miocene, 122 Anthracotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 137 Anthracotherium, European Miocene, 110 Antiacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133 Antilles, Pliocene Mammalia of, 148 Antilope, Post-Pliocene, 112 in Brazilian caves, 144 Antiquity of the genera of insects, 166 of the genera of land and freshwater shells, 168 Aphanapteryx of Mauritius, 164 Aphelotherium, European Eocene, 125 Aquila, European Miocene, 161 Archæopteryx, Bavarian Oolite, 163 Arctic zone not a separate region, 68 Arctocyon, European Eocene, 125 Arctodus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Arctomys, European Pliocene, 113 Arctotherium in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146 Argus pheasant, figure of, 339 peculiarity, in display of plumage, and confirmation of Mr. Darwin's views, 340 Artiodactyla, European Eocene, 126 N. American Tertiary, 137 S. American Pliocene, 146 Arvicola, European Pliocene, 113 in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 S. American Eocene, 148 Auchena, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Auckland Islands, birds of, 455 Australia, physical features of, 387 Australia and S. America, supposed land connection between, 398 Australian region, description of, 387 zoological characteristics of, 390 mammalia of, 390 birds of, 391 reptiles of, 396 amphibia of, 397 fresh-water fish of, 397 summary of vertebrata of, 397 supposed land-connection of with S. America, 398 insects of, 403 lepidoptera of, 404 coleoptera of, 405 land shells of, 407 sub-regions of, 408 early history of, 465 Australian sub-region, mammalia of, 438 illustration of mammalia of, 439 birds of, 440 illustration of fauna of, 441 Austro-Malayan sub-region, physical features of, 388 zoology of, 409 Aye-aye, figure of, 278 Azores, visited by European birds, 17 birds of, 207 butterflies of, 207 beetles of, 207, 209 peculiarly modified birds of, 207 stragglers to, 208 how stocked with animal life, 208 B. Babirusa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428 Badger, figure of, 195 Balæna, European Pliocene, 112 Balænodon, European Pliocene, 112 Baly, Mr., on Phytophaga of Japan, 230 Banca, its peculiar species and solution of a problem in distribution, 356 Barriers, as affecting distribution, 6 permanence of, as affecting distribution, 7 to the dispersal of birds, 17 Bates, Mr., on Carabidæ of Japan, 228 on Longicorns of Japan, 230 Bathmodon, N. American Tertiary, 136 Bathrodon, N. American Tertiary, 133 Batrachia, Tertiary, 165 Bats, powers of flight of, 15 classification of, 87 of New Zealand, 450 Bears, probable cause of absence of, from tropical Africa, 291 Beaver, N. American Tertiary, 140 Beetles, families selected for study, 103 from the Lias, 167 of Azores, 207 of Japan, 228 Belemnoziphius, European Pliocene, 112 Belt, Mr., his theory of a great Siberian lake during the glacial epoch, 218 on change of climate caused by diminution of obliquity of ecliptic, 466 Birds, means of dispersal of, 15 dispersal of by winds, 16 American, found in Europe, 16 reaching the Azores, 17 barriers to dispersal of, 17 limited by forests, 17 classification of, 93 Miocene of Greece, 116 extinct, 160 fossil of Palæarctic region, 161 European of Miocene period, 161 Eocene of Europe, 162 relations of, 162 extinct of North America, 163 recently extinct in New Zealand, 164 Cretaceous of N. America, 164 remains of in Brazilian caves, 164 recently extinct in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 164 cosmopolitan groups of, 176 numerous genera, Palæarctic, 183 of the European sub-region, 193 northern range of in Europe, 193 of the zone of pine forests, 194 of Iceland, 198 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 203 of Malta, 206 (note) of Azores, 207 of the Cape Verd Islands, 215 of Siberian sub-region, 219 Oriental found in Siberia, 219 extreme northern Asiatic, 219 of northern Asiatic forests, 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, 223 Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224 Oriental genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224 characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226 table of Palæarctic families of, 235 of West Africa, 243 list of Palæarctic genera of, 243 of the Ethiopian region, 253 of the East African sub-region, 260 S. African, 267 genera of, peculiar to Madagascar, 275 common to Madagascar and Oriental or Ethiopian regions, 276 species common to Madagascar and Africa or Asia, 277 table of Ethiopian families of, 295 table of Ethiopian genera of, 306 of the Oriental region, 316 of the Indian sub-region, 323 Oriental genera of in Central India, 324 Palæarctic and Ethiopian genera in Central India, 325 of Ceylon, 327 of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330 of Indo-Malayan sub-region, 337 illustration of peculiar Malayan, 339 of the Philippine Islands, 346 table of Oriental families of, 366 table of Oriental genera of, 375 of Australian region, 391 specially organized Australian families of, 392 of the Papuan Islands, 410 peculiarities of, 413 brilliant colours of, 413 remarkable forms of, 414 of the Moluccas, 418 peculiarities of, 421 of Timor group, 423 of Celebes, 428 of Australia, 440 of New Zealand, 451 peculiar to New Zealand, 452 of Norfolk Island, 453 of Lord Howe's Island, 453 of the Chatham Islands, 454 of the Auckland Islands, 455 table of families of Australian, 471 table of genera of Australian, 478 Black ape of Celebes, 427 Blanford, Mr. W. T., on the "Indian" region, 60 on relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321 Blapsidium, Oolitic insect, 167 Blyth, Mr., on zoological regions, 60 on the relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321 Borneo, probable recent changes in, 357 Bos, Post-Pliocene, 112 Indian Miocene, 122 Bourbon, zoology of, 280 reptiles of, 281 Bovidæ, European Miocene, 120 Brachymys, European Miocene, 120 Bramatherium, Miocene of Perim Island, 122 Brazilian cave-fauna, 143 remarks on, 145 Breyeria borinensis, carboniferous insect, 168 Britain, peculiar species in, 197 British Isles, zoology of, 197 Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, 340 Brontotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 137 Brontotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137 Bubo, European Miocene, 162 Bulimus, Eocene, 169 Bunælurus, N. American Tertiary, 134 Buprestidium, Oolitic insect, 167 Butterflies, arrangement of, 103 Palæarctic, 187 of Central Europe, 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205 of Azores, 207 peculiar to Siberian sub-region, 220 of Japan and North China, 227 of the Ethiopian region, 255 number of Ethiopian species, 256 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342 of the Australian region, 404 of the Austro-Malay sub-region, 404 of the Moluccas, 419 of Celebes, peculiarities of, 434 of New Zealand, 457 C. Cadurcotherium, European Eocene, 125 Cælodon, in Brazilian caves, 145 Cælogenys, in Brazilian caves, 144 Cænopithecus, European Eocene, 124 Cainotherium, European Miocene, 120 European Eocene, 126 Calamodon, N. American Eocene, 139 Callithrix in Brazilian caves, 184 Canaries, birds of, 208 beetles of, 209 Canidæ, European Miocene, 118 European Eocene, 125 N. American Tertiary, 134 remarkable S. African, 267 Canis, European Pliocene, 112 Post-Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 European Eocene, 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, 129 N. American Tertiary, 134, 135 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146 Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, 122 birth-place and migrations of, 155 Palæarctic, 182 Camelidæ, essentially extra-tropical, 112 N. American Tertiary, 138 Camelopardalis, Miocene of Greece, 116 Indian Miocene, 122 Camelotherium, S. American Pliocene, 147 Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and of, 266 Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, 214 Cape-hare, S. African, 267 Cardiodus, S. American Pliocene, 147 Cariama, Brazilian caves, 164 Carnivora of European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 European Eocene, 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, 129 N. American Tertiary, 134 of Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146 Carnivora, classification of, 88 antiquity of, 153 of the Palæarctic region, 182 list of Palæarctic genera of, 240 list of Ethiopian genera of, 302 range of Oriental genera of, 373 list of Australian genera of, 476 Caroline Islands, birds of, 444 Carterodon in Brazilian caves, 145 Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, 85 Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, 88 Castor, European Pliocene, 113 European Miocene, 120 Casoryx, N. American Tertiary, 138 Cathartes, Brazilian caves, 164 Cave-fauna of Brazil, 143 Cavia, European Miocene, 121 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147 Cebochœrus, European Eocene, 126 Cebus in Brazilian caves, 144 Celebes, physical features of, 389 mammalia of, 426 birds of, 428 insects of, 434 origin of fauna of, 436 Centetidæ, European Miocene, 118 Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, 397 Cercolabes in Brazilian caves, 145 Cercopithecus in European Pliocene, 112 Cervidæ, European Miocene, 120 birth-place and migrations of, 155 Cervus, European Pliocene, 113 Indian Pliocene and Miocene, 122 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 138 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147 Cetacea, European Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 119 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 140 Cetacea, classification of, 89 range of Oriental genus, 374 Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, 327 Ceylonese sub-region, 326 mammalia of, 327 birds of, 327 reptiles of, 327 amphibia of, 327 insects of, 327 past history of, as indicated by its fauna, 328 Chalicomys, European Pliocene, 113 Chalicotherium, European Miocene, 119 Indian Miocene, 122 fossil in N. China, 123 Chamæleo, N. American Eocene, 165 Chamois, figure of, 195 Chatham Islands, birds of, 454 Chelonia, classification of, 100 Chelydra, European Pliocene, 165 Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, 336 Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, 63 China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European Miocene, 362 North, mammalia of, 222 Chinchillidæ in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Pliocene of Antilles, 148 Chiroptera, classification of, 87 list of Palæarctic genera of, 239 list of Ethiopian genera of, 300 range of Oriental genera of, 371 list of Australian genera of, 475 Chiroptera, European Eocene, 125 in Brazilian caves, 144 Chlamydotherium in Brazilian caves, 145 Chœromorus, European Miocene, 119 Chœropotamus, European Eocene, 126 Chœrotherium, Indian Miocene, 122 Choneziphius, European Pliocene, 112 Chough, Alpine, figure of, 195 Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, 67 Classification as affecting the study of distribution, 83 Clausilia, Eocene, 169 Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, 11 gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, 41 Coleoptera, families selected for study, 103 Palæarctic, 188 number of Palæarctic species, 189 of Central Europe, 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205 of the Cape Verd Islands, 215 of the Ethiopian region, 256 S. African, 268 of Madagascar, 282, 283 of the Oriental region, 319 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342 of the Australian region, 405 affinity of Australian and South American, 406, 407 of Celebes, 435 of New Zealand, 457 Collocalia, European Miocene, 161 Colobus, European Miocene, 117 Colonoceras, N. American Tertiary, 136 Colossochelys of Indian Miocene, 123, 165 Columbæ, classification of, 96 range of Palæarctic genera of, 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, 311 range of Oriental genera of, 384 range of Australian genera of, 485 Comoro islands, zoology of, 281 Continents, distribution of, 37 recent changes of, 38 Continental extension in Mesozoic times, 156 Corvus, European Miocene, 161 Coryphodon, European Eocene, 126 Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, 175 Cricetodon, European Miocene, 120 Cricetus, European Pliocene, 113 Crocodiles, Eocene, 165 Crocodilia, classification of, 100 Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, 456 Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, 209 Crowned-pigeon, figure of, 415 Cryptornis, European Eocene, 163 Ctenomys, S. American Pliocene, 147 Cuba, extinct mammalia of, 148 Curculionidium, Oolitic insect, 167 Cyclostoma, Eocene, 169 Cyllo sepulta, European Cretaceous, 167 Cynælurus, in Brazilian caves, 144 Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, 427 Cyotherium, European Eocene, 125 D. Daptophilus, N. American Tertiary, 134 Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous insects in Madeira, 211 on the relation of flowers and insects, 463 Dasyprocta, European Miocene, 121 in Brazilian caves, 144 Dasypus, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Dasyurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157 David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, 221, 222 on birds of N. China, 226 Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, 138 Palæarctic, 182 probable cause of absence of from tropical Africa, 291 Delphinus, European Pliocene, 112 Dendrocygna, European Miocene, 162 Desman of S. Russia, figure of, 219 Diceratherium, N. American Tertiary, 137 Dichobune, European Eocene, 126 Dicotyles, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 137 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146 birthplace and migrations of, 155 Dicrocerus, European Miocene, 120 Didelphys, European Eocene, 126 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 in Brazilian caves, 145 Dididæ, 164 Dinocerata, N. American Tertiary, 139 Dinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139 Dinornis, allied form in European Eocene, 163 of New Zealand and Australia, 164 Dinornithidæ of New Zealand, 164 Dinotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 Miocene of Perim Island, 123 Dinyctis, N. American Tertiary, 134 Dinylus, European Miocene, 117 Diplacodon, N. American Tertiary, 136 Diprotodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157 Dispersal of animals, 10 of mammalia, 10 of reptiles and amphibia, 28 Distribution, affected by climate, 5 affected by physical features, 5 contrasts of, in similar climates, 5 similarities of, in diverse climates, 6 barriers as affecting, 6 study of, dependent on a good classification, 83 of animals an adjunct to geology, 8 of animals requires certain preliminary studies, 8 of animals dependent on physical geography, 35 of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, 40 of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, 43 of animals, as affected by organic changes, 44 of animals, hypothetical illustration of, 46 of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, 49 of animals, problems in, 51 of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, 42 Dodo of Mauritius, 282 Dolichopterus, European Miocene, 162 Dommina, N. American Tertiary, 134 Dorcatherium, European Miocene, 120 Dremotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, 193 Dromatherium, N. American Triassic, 134 oldest American mammal, 160 Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, 340 opithecus, European Miocene, 117 E. East Africa, geographical features of, 258 wide range of genera and species over, 259 few special types in, 260 East African sub-region, description of, 258 genera and species ranging over the whole of, 259 mammalia of, 260 birds of, 260 reptiles of, 260 amphibia and fishes of, 260 insects of, 260 few peculiar types in, 260 illustration of zoology of, 261 East Australia, peculiar birds of, 440 East Thibet, mammalia of, 222 Eaton, Rev. A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, 211 Echimyidæ, in Brazilian caves, 145 Echinogale, European Miocene, 118 Ectognathus, N. American Eocene, 139 Edentata, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Pliocene, 140 of Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Edentata, classification of, 90 probable birthplace of, 155 range of Ethiopian genera of, 305 range of Oriental genus of, 375 Elephants, fossil of Indian Miocene, 123 fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, 130 birthplace and migrations of, 155 Elephant shrews, S. African, 267 Elephas, Post-Pliocene, 112 fossil in N. China, 123 N. American Tertiary, 138 Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, 415 Elornis, European Miocene, 162 Elotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137, 139 Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, 204 on true relations of the birds of Central India, 323 Embasis, N. American Tertiary, 134 Emu, figure of, 441 Emys, Indian Miocene, 123 Miocene and Eocene, 165 Emydida, Indian Miocene, 123 Enhydrion, Indian Miocene, 121 Eobasileus, N. American Eocene, 139 Eocene period, 124 fauna of S. America, 148 Ephemera, from the Lias, 167 Eporeodon, N. American Tertiary, 138 Equidæ, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Eocene, 125 Equus, European Pliocene, 112 Post-Pliocene, 112 Indian Miocene, 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 135 Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146 Ereptodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Erinaceus, European Miocene, 117 Erythromachus of Rodriguez, 164 Esthonyx, N. American Eocene, 139 Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, 63 defined, 73 subdivisions of, 73 general features of, 251 zoological characteristics of, 252 mammalia of, 253 great speciality of, 253 birds of, 253 reptiles of, 254 amphibia of, 255 fresh-water fish of, 255 summary of vertebrates of, 255 insects of, 255 coleoptera of, 256 terrestrial mollusca of, 257 sub-regions of, 258 Atlantic islands of, 269 the probable past history of, 285 tables of distribution of animals of, 293 Eumys, N. American Tertiary, 140 Euphractus, S. American Pliocene, 147 Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, 39 Miocene fauna of Central, 117 Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa, 124 European sub-region, description of, 191 forests of, 192 mammalia of, 192 birds of, 193 reptiles and amphibia of, 195 fresh-water fish of, 196 insects of, 196 islands of, 197 Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, 278 Eurydon, in Brazilian caves, 145 Eurytherium, European Eocene, 126 Eutatus, S. American Pliocene, 147 Eutelodon, European Eocene, 126 Eutemnodus, S. American Eocene, 148 Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, 126 mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, 140 mammalia of the Antilles, 148 mammalia of Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, 148 fauna of New Zealand, 459 Extinction of large animals, causes of, 158 F. Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, 230 of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, 231 extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, 282 Malayan, probable origin of, 359 Moluccan, peculiarities of, 419 Timorese, origin of, 422 of Celebes, origin of, 436 of New Zealand, origin of, 460 Felis spelæa, 110 Felis, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, 129 in Brazilian caves, 144 Fernando Po, zoological features of, 265 Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, 443 Fishes, means of dispersal of, 29 classification of, 101 cosmopolitan groups of, 176 of the Palæarctic region, 186 of the European sub-region, 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205 of the Manchurian sub-region, 227 fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, 227 of the Ethiopian region, 255 of South Africa, 268 fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, 298 fresh-water, of the Oriental region, 318 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, 341 fresh-water, table of Oriental families of, 369 fresh-water, of the Australian region, 397 fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, 400 how the transmission may have taken place, 401 fresh-water, of New Zealand, 457 Flamingoes, European Miocene, 162 Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, 462 fossil, of Australia, 467 Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, 85 classification of carnivora, 87 Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, 337 Flying Opossum, figure of, 442 Formosa, zoology of, 332 Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, 192 Siberian, greatest extent of, 216 G. Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, 463 Galecynus, in European Pliocene, 112 Galera, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Galeospalax, European Miocene, 118 Galeotherium, Post-Pliocene, 111 Galethylax, European Eocene, 125 Galictis, in Brazilian caves, 144 Gallinæ, classification of, 96 range of Palæarctic genera of, 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, 311 range of Oriental genera of, 384 range of Australian genera of, 485 Gallus, Miocene of Greece, 116 Gallus bravardi, European Pliocene, 161 Gastornis, European Eocene, 163 Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, 132 Geological history of Oriental region, 362 Gibraltar, cave fauna of, 114 Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, 40 as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones, since Pliocene times, 151 probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, 151 causing a general subsidence of the ocean, 152 Glandina, Eocene, 169 Glossotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Glyptodon, S. American Pliocene, 147 Gnathopsis, S. American Pliocene, 147 Goats, Palæarctic, 182 Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, 207 Golden Moles, S. African, 267 Graculavus, N. American Cretaceous, 164 Grallæ, arrangement of, 97 peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, 249 peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313 peculiar Oriental genera of, 386 peculiar Australian genera of, 484 Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, 88 Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, 115 summary of Miocene fauna of, 116 Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, 184 Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, 446 Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, 98 his classification of fishes, 101 on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, 289 on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, 329 H. Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, 460 Habitat, definition of, 4 Hainan, zoology of, 334 Halcyornis, European Eocene, 103 Halitherium, European Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 119 Helladotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 Hatteria of New Zealand, 456 Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, 331 Helix, Eocene, 169 Hemibos, Indian Miocene, 122 Hemicyon, European Miocene, 118 Herpetotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134 Hesperomys, N. American Tertiary, 140 in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Hesperornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164 Heterodon, in Brazilian caves, 145 Hexaprotodon, Indian Miocene, 122 Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, 158 Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, 329, 333 Hipparion, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 119 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 135 Hippopotamus, Post-Pliocene, 112 Europe in Pliocene, 113 Indian Pliocene, 122 Hipposyus, N. American Tertiary, 133 Hippotherium, European Miocene, 119 Indian Miocene, 122 Hippotragus, European Miocene, 120 Homalodontotherium, S. American Pliocene, 146 Homalophus, European Miocene, 161 Homocamelus, N. American Tertiary, 138 Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, 392 Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, 464 Hoplocetus, European Pliocene, 112 Hoplophoneus, N. American Tertiary, 134 Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, 121 perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, 136 probable birthplace of, 154 Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, 461 Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, 59 division of animal kingdom by, 85 Hyæna, Post-Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 fossil in N. China, 123 Hyænarctos in European Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 S. American Pliocene, 146 Hyænictis, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Hyænidæ, European Miocene, 118 Hyænodon, European Miocene, 118 European Eocene, 125 N. American Tertiary, 134 Hyænodontidæ, European Miocene, 118 Hydrochœrus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Hydrornis, European Miocene, 162 Hyohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135 Hyomoschus, European Miocene, 120 Hyopotamus, European Miocene, 119 N. American Tertiary, 137 Hyopsodus, N. American Tertiary, 133 Hyotherium, European Miocene, 119 Hypertragulus, N. American Tertiary, 133 Hypisodus, N. American Tertiary, 138 Hypsiprymnus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157 Hyrachyus, N. American Tertiary, 136 Hyracodon, N. American Tertiary, 136 Hyracoidea, classification of, 90 Palæarctic, 242 Ethiopian, 304 Hyracotherium, supposed, in European Eocene, 125 European Eocene, 126 Hystrix, European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 N. American Tertiary, 140 I. Ibidipodia, European Miocene, 162 Ibidorhynchus, figure of, 331 Iceland, zoology of, 198 Icthyornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164 Icticyon in Brazilian caves, 144 Ictitherium, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Ictops, N. American Tertiary, 133 India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, 123 geological features of, 328 Indian, sub-region, description of, 321 supposed relation to Ethiopian region, 321 mammalia of, 322 birds of, 323 reptiles and amphibia of, 326 Indo-Chinese, sub-region, description of, 329 zoological characteristics of, 330 illustration of, 331 reptiles of, 331 amphibia of, 331 insects of, 332 islands belonging to, 333 Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, 334 mammalia of, 336 illustrations of, 336, 339 birds of, 337 remote geographical relations of, 339 reptiles and amphibia of, 340 fishes of, 341 insects of, 341 coleoptera of, 342 terrestrial mollusca of, 343 zoological relations of islands of, 345 recent geographical changes in, 357 probable origin of fauna of, 359 Insects, means of dispersal of, 32 tenacity of life of, 33 adapted to special conditions, 33 groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, 102 antiquity of the genera of, 166 fossil of European Miocene, 166 European Cretaceous, 167 European Wealden, 167 Palæozoic, 168 Palæarctic, 187 of Central Europe, 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205 of the Siberian sub-region, 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, 227 of the Ethiopian region, 255 of the East African sub-region, 260 of West Africa, 265 S. African, 268 of Madagascar, 282 general remarks on, 284 of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, 291 of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 332 of the Oriental region, 318 of Ceylon, 327 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 341 statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay Archipelago, 343 of the Australian region, 403 of New Guinea, 417 of the Moluccas, 420 of Timor group, 426 of Celebes, 454 of New Zealand, 458 scarcity of, in New Zealand, 462 influence of, on the flora, 463 Insectivora, European Miocene, 117 N. American Post-Pliocene, 129 N. American Tertiary, 133 Insectivora, classification of, 87 of the Palæarctic region, 181 of N. China and E. Thibet, 222 range of Palæarctic genera of, 239 of Madagascar, 273 range of Ethiopian genera of, 301 of the Oriental region, 315 range of Oriental genera of, 372 range of Australian genera of, 476 Isacis, N. American Tertiary, 133 Ischyromys, N. American Tertiary, 140 Islands, N. European, zoology of, 197 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 206 of the West African sub-region, 265 of Ethiopian region, 269 Mascarene, 280 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 333 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 345 Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, 443 Society and Marquesas, 444 New Caledonia and New Hebrides, 445 Sandwich, 446 of New Zealand sub-region, 453 Norfolk, 453 Lord Howe's, 454 Chatham, 454 Auckland, 455 Issiodromys, European Pliocene, 113 J. Jacchus, in Brazilian caves, 144 Japan and North China, physical features of, 221 southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, 226 general character of the fauna of, 230 former land-connexions of, 231 Java, mammalia of, 349 productions of, well known, 350 birds of, 351 representative species of birds in, 352 origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, 352 Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological peculiarities explained, 357 Junonia, European Miocene, 167 K. Kakapoe, of New Zealand, 455 Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, 157 Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, 211 (note) Kerodon, in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147 King-fisher, racquet tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, 415 Kiwi of New Zealand, 455 Koodoo antelope, figure of, 261 L. Lacertilia, classification of, 99 Ladrone Islands, birds of, 444 Lagomys, European Pliocene, 113 European Miocene, 120 Lagostomus, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Lake Baikal, seals of, 218 Land and water, proportions of, 35 Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, 168 Land-shells, Palæozoic, 169 Palæarctic, 190 of Madeira, 209 of the Cape Verd Islands, 215 of the Ethiopian region, 257 of W. Africa, 265 of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 285 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 344 of the Australian region, 407 of Sandwich Islands, 446 of New Zealand, 459 Lanius, European Miocene, 161 Laopithecus, N. American Tertiary, 133 Laornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164 Lemuria, a hypothetical land, 76 Lamuravidæ, 133 Lemuravus, N. American Tertiary, 133 Lemuridæ, European Eocene, 124 Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, 300 range of Oriental genera of, 371 Lepictis, N. American Tertiary, 133 Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, 177 table of Palæarctic families of, 238 S. African, 268 table of Ethiopian families of, 299 of the Oriental region, 318 table of Oriental families of, 369 of the Australian region, 404 table of Australian families of, 472 Leptarchus, N. American Tertiary, 135 Leptauchenia, N. American Tertiary, 138 Leptochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 137 Leptodon, Miocene of Greece, 116 Leptomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138 Leptoptilus, European Miocene, 162 Leptosomus, allied form in European Eocene, 168 Leptosomus of Madagascar, 278 figure of, 279 Leptotherium, in Brazilian caves, 144 Lepus, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Lestodon, S. American Pliocene, 147 Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, 228 Lebellula, from the Lias, 167 Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, 90 Limnæa, Eocene, 169 European Secondary, 169 Limnatornis, European Miocene, 161 Limnocyon, N. American Tertiary, 134 Limnohyus, N. American Tertiary, 136 Limnotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 133 Limnotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133 Listriodon, European Miocene, 119 Lithomys, European Miocene, 120 Lithornis, European Eocene, 163 Lizards, classification of, 99 Tertiary, 165 wide range of a species in Polynesia, 448 Loncheres, in Brazilian caves, 145 Lonchophorus, in Brazilian caves, 145 Lophiodon, European Eocene, 125 N. American Tertiary, 136 Lophiotherium, N. American Tertiary, 136 Lord Howe's Island, birds of, 453 Loxomylus, Pliocene of Antilles, 148 Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, 143 Lutra, European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 Lycæna, Miocene of Greece, 115 Lyre bird, figure of, 441 M. Macacus, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 Indian Miocene, 121 supposed in European Eocene, 125 Machairodus, 110, 111 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Indian Miocene, 121 N. American Tertiary, 134 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146 Macrauchenia, S. American Pliocene, 146 Macrotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 121 Madagascar, extinct birds of, 164 description of, 272 mammalia of, 272 birds of, 274 reptiles of, 279 amphibia of, 280 extinct fauna of, 282 general remarks on insect fauna of, 284 Madeira, birds of, 208 land shells of, 208 beetles of, 210 wingless insects numerous in, 211 how stocked with animals, 213 Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, 353 comparison of mammalia, 354 of birds, 355 Malagasy sub-region, description of, 272 mammalia of, 272 birds of, 274 illustration of zoology of, 278 reptiles of, 279 amphibia of, 280 extinct fauna of, 282, 289 insects of, 282 early history of, 286 Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, 345 (note) Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, 263 fauna, probable origin of, 359 resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, 361 Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 114 formerly joined to Africa, 201 fossil elephants of, 201 birds of, 206 (note) Mammalia, means of dispersal of, 10 as limited by climate, 11 as limited by rivers, 12 how far limited by the sea, 13 dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, 14 means of dispersal of aquatic, 15 of most importance in determining zoological regions, 57 classification of, 85 birthplace and migrations of some families of, 142, 153 cosmopolitan groups of, 176 of the Palæarctic region, 181 of the European sub-region, 192 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 202 of the Siberian sub-region, 217 characteristic of Western Tartary, 218 of the Manchurian sub-region, 222 Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 222 Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, 223 peculiar to Japan, 223 characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226 table of Palæarctic families of, 234 range of Palæarctic genera of, 239 of the Ethiopian region, 253 absence of certain important groups, 253 of the East African sub-region, 260 of West Africa, 262 of S. Africa, 267 of Madagascar, 272 table of Ethiopian families of, 294 table of Ethiopian genera of, 300 of the Oriental region, 315 range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, 322 of Ceylon, 327 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330 of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, 336 illustration of characteristic Malayan, 336 of the Philippine Islands, 345 table of Oriental families of, 365 table of Oriental genera of, 371 of Australian region, 390 of the Papuan Islands, 410 of the Moluccas, 417 of Timor group, 422 of Celebes, 427 of Australia, 439 illustration of, 439 of New Zealand, 450 table of families of Australian, 470 table of genera of Australian, 475 Mammal, the most ancient American, 134 Mammalia, extinct, of Old World, 107 extinct, of historic period, 110 extinct, comparative age of in Europe, 127 extinct, of the New World, 129 extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, 141 original birth-place of some families and genera, 142, 153 of the secondary period, 160 Manatus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Manchurian sub-region, description of, 220 mammalia of, 222 birds of, 223 reptiles and amphibia of, 227 fresh-water fish of, 227 insects of, 227 coleoptera of, 228 Marquesas Islands, birds of, 443 Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, 200 on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, 200 Marsupials, classification of, 91 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 European Miocene, 121 first migration to America, 155 diversified forms of, 391 of America prove no connexion with Australia, 399 list of Australian genera of, 476 Martes, N. American Tertiary, 135 Mascarene Islands, zoology of, 280 extinct fauna of, 282 gigantic land-tortoises of, 289 Mastodon, European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 in Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147 Indian Miocene, 123 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 138 Mauritius, zoology of, 280 reptiles of, 281 McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, 466 Mediterranean, recent changes in, 39 sub-region, description of, 199 mammalia of, 202 birds of, 203 reptiles and amphibia of, 204 fresh-water fish of, 205 insects of, 205 islands of, 206 sea not separating distinct faunas, 201 Megacerops, N. American Tertiary, 137 Megalomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138 Megalocnus, fossil in Cuba, 148 Megalonyx, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Megalostoma, Eocene, 169 Megamys, S. American Eocene, 148 Megaspira, European Tertiary, 169 Megatheridæ, in Brazilian caves, 145 Megatherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Melania, European secondary, 169 Meleagris, N. American Miocene, 163 Mellivora, Indian Miocene, 121 Melolonthidium, Oolitic insect, 167 Meniscotherium, N. American Tertiary, 138 Menotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133 Mephitis, in Brazilian caves, 144 Merychus, N. American Tertiary, 138 Merychippus, N. American Tertiary, 135 Merychochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 138 Merycodus, N. American Tertiary, 138 Merycopotamus, Indian Miocene, 122 Merycotherium of Siberian drift, 112 Mesacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133 Mesohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135 Mesonyx, N. American Tertiary, 134 Mesopithecus, Miocene of Greece, 115 Meyer, Dr. A. B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, 415 Microlestes, oldest European mammal, 160 Micromeryx, European Miocene, 120 Microsyops, N. American Tertiary, 133 Microtherium, European Miocene, 120 Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, 219 Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, 185 Migration of animals, 10 general phenomena of, 18 of birds, 19 of birds in Europe, 19 probable origin of, 22 of birds in India and China, 23 of birds in N. America, 23 changes in extent of, 24 of birds in S. Temperate America, 25 general remarks on, 25 Milvus, European Miocene, 162 Miocene fauna of the Old World, 114 fauna of Greece, 115 fauna of Greece, summary of, 116 fauna of Central Europe, 117 deposits of Siwalik Hills, 121 faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, 123 Miohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135 Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, 86 on classification of insectivora, 87 on classification of amphibia, 101 Moles almost wholly Palæarctic, 181 Mole-rat, of W. Tartary, 218 Mollusca, means of dispersal of, 30 classification of, 104 groups selected for study, 104 Moluccas, zoology of, 417 birds of, 419 reptiles of, 420 insects of, 420 peculiarities of fauna of, 421 Monkeys on the high Himalayas, 12 fossil in N. American Miocene in E. Thibet, 222 abundance of in the Oriental region, 315 Monotremata, classification of, 91 list of Australian genera of, 477 "More-pork" of Australia, figure of, 442 Morotherium, N. American Pliocene, 140 Motacilla, European Miocene, 161 Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, 393 Moupin, position and zoology of, 221 Muridæ, S. American Pliocene, 147 Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, 60 Mustela, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 S. American Pliocene, 146 Mustelidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144 Mylodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 S. American Pliocene, 147 Myogale, European Miocene, 118 Myomorphus, fossil in Cuba Myopotamus, in Brazilian caves, 145 Myoxus, European Miocene, 120 European Eocene, 126 Mysarachne, European Miocene, 118 Mysops, N. American Eocene, 140 Myxophagus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. Nanohyus, N. American Tertiary, 137 Nasua, in Brazilian caves, 144 Nearctic region, defined, 79 subdivisions of, 80 distinct from Palæarctic, 79 Necrornis, European Miocene, 161 Neotropical region, defined, 78 subdivisions of, 78 relations of W. African sub-region with, 265 Nesodon, S. American Pliocene, 147 Newton, Professor, on position of Menuridæ and Atrichiidæ, 95 on birds of Iceland, 198 New Caledonia, birds of, 444 New Guinea, zoology of, 409 mammalia of, 410 birds of, 411 peculiarities of its ornithology, 413 illustration of ornithology of, 414 reptiles and amphibia of, 415 insects of, 416 New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, 62 extinct birds of, 164 sub-region, description of, 449 compared with British Isles, 449 mammalia of, 451 islets of, 453 illustration of ornithology of, 455 reptiles of, 456 amphibia of, 457 fresh-water fish of, 457 insects of, 458 Longicorns of, 458 Myriapoda of, 458 land-shells of, 459 ancient fauna of, 460 origin of fauna of, 460 poverty of insects in, 462 relations of insect-fauna and flora, 472 Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, 332 Nightingale, migration of the, 21 Norfolk Island, birds of, 453 North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene fauna of, 130 Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, 131 extinct birds of, 163 North Africa, zoological relations of, 202 Notharctos, N. American Tertiary, 133 Notornis of New Zealand, 455 Nototherium, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157 O. Ochotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145 Octodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, 147 Ophidia, classification of, 99 Opisthocomus, Brazilian caves, 164 Opossum, extinct, in European Miocene, 121 Oreodon, N. American Tertiary, 138 Oreodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, 138 Oriental region, defined, 75 subdivisions of, 75 description of, 314 zoological features of, 315 mammalia of, 315 birds of, 316 reptiles of, 317 amphibia of, 317 fresh-water fishes of, 318 summary of vertebrata, 318 insects of, 318 sub-regions of, 321 concluding remarks on, 362 tables of distribution of animals of, 364 Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, 265 Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, 362 Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, 363 Orohippus, N. American Tertiary, 136 Ostrich, Miocene of N. India, 162 Otaria, European Miocene, 118 Ovibos, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Oxen, birthplace and migrations of, 155 Palæarctic, 182 Oxyæna, N. American Tertiary, 134 Oxygomphus, European Miocene, 118 Oxymycterus, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 P. Pachyæna, N. American Tertiary, 134 Pachynolophus, European Eocene, 126 Pachytherium, in Brazilian caves, 145 Palæarctic region, defined, 71 subdivisions of, 71 general features of, 180 zoological characteristics of, 181 has few peculiar families, 181 mammalia of, 181 birds of, 182 high degree of speciality of, 184 reptiles and amphibia of, 186 fresh-water fish of, 186 summary of vertebrata of, 186 insects of, 186 coleoptera of, 187 number of coleoptera of, 189 land-shells of, 190 sub-regions of, 190 general conclusions on the fauna of, 231 tables of distribution of animals of, 233 Palæacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133 Palæetus, European Miocene, 162 Palægithalus, European Eocene, 162 Palælodus, European Miocene, 162 Palæocastor, N. American Tertiary, 140 Palæocercus, European Miocene, 162 Palæochœus, European Miocene, 119 Palæohierax, European Miocene, 162 Palæolagus, N. American Tertiary, 140 Palæolama, S. American Pliocene, 147 Palæomephitis, European Miocene, 118 Palæomeryx, European Miocene, 120 Palæomys, European Miocene, 121 Palæontina oolitica, Oolitic insect, 167 Palæontology, 107 how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, 168 as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution, concluding remarks on, 169 Palæonyctis, European Eocene, 125 Palæoperdix, European Miocene, 161 Palæophrynus, European Miocene, 166 Palæoreas, Miocene of Greece, 116 Palæortyx, European Miocene, 161 Palæoryx, Miocene of Greece, 116 Palæospalax, 111 European Miocene, 117 Palæosyops, N. American Tertiary, 136 Palæotheridæ, European Eocene, 125 Palæotherium, European Eocene, 125 S. American Eocene, 148 Palæotragus, Miocene of Greece, 116 Palæotringa, N. American Cretaceous, 164 Palapterygidæ of New Zealand, 164 Palestine, birds of, 203 Paloplotherium, European Miocene, 119 European Eocene, 125 Paludina, Eocene, 169 European Secondary, 169 Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, 146 Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, 222 Himalayan, figure of, 331 Panolax, N. American Tertiary, 140 Papuan Islands, zoology of, 409 Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, 414 Parahippus, N. American Tertiary, 136 Paramys, N. American Eocene, 140 Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, 415 Parrots, classification of, 96 Passeres, arrangement of, 94 range of Palæarctic genera of, 243 range of Ethiopian genera of, 306 range of Oriental genera of, 375 range of Australian genera of, 478 Patriofelis, N. American Tertiary, 134 Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, 184 Pelagornis, European Miocene, 162 Pelonax, N. American Tertiary, 138 Peratherium, European Miocene, 121 European Eocene, 126 Perchœrus, N. American Tertiary, 137 Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, 122 probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, 362 Perissodactyla, N. American Tertiary, 135 Persia, birds of, 204 Phascolomys, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157 Phasianus, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Post-Pliocene, 161 Pheasants, in European Miocene, 161 golden, of N. China, 226 eared, of Mongolia, 226 Phenacodus, N. American Tertiary, 138 Philippine Islands, mammals of, 345 birds of, 346 origin of peculiar fauna of, 348 Phocidæ, N. American Tertiary, 140 Phyllomys, in Brazilian caves, 145 Phyllostomidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144 Physical changes affecting distribution, 7 Physeter, European Pliocene, 112 Picariæ, arrangement of, 95 range of Palæarctic genera of, 247 range of Ethiopian genera of, 309 range of Oriental genera of, 381 range of Australian genera of, 482 Picus, European Miocene, 161 Pigeons, classification of, 96 remarkable development of, in the Australian region, 395 crested, of Australia, figure of, 441 Pigs, power of swimming, 13 Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, 115 Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, 355 Plagiolophus, European Eocene, 126 Planorbis, European Secondary, 169 Eocene, 169 Platycercidæ, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, 394 Platygonus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Plesiarctomys, European Eocene, 126 Plesiomeryx, European Eocene, 126 Plesiosorex, European Miocene, 118 Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, 112 Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas, of Europe, general conclusions from, 113 of N. America, 132 of S. America, 146 of Australia, 157 Pliohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135 Pliolophus, European Eocene, 126 Pliopithecus, European Miocene, 117 Pœbrotherium, N. American Tertiary, 138 Polynesian sub-region, description of, 442 birds of, 443 reptiles of, 447 Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, 110 remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, 111 fauna of N. America, 129 fauna of N. America, remarks on, 130 Potamogale of West Africa, figure of, 264 Potamotherium, European Miocene, 118 Potto of West Africa, figure of, 264 Praotherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Primates, classification of, 86 probable birthplace of, 153 range of Palæarctic genera of, 239 range of Ethiopian genera of, 300 range of Oriental genera of, 371 range of Australian genera of, 475 Primates, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 117 Indian Miocene, 121 European Eocene, 124 N. American Tertiary, 132 of Brazilian caves, 144 Prince's Island, birds of, 266 Prionidium, Oolitic insects, 167 Pristiphoca, in European Pliocene, 112 Proboscidea, classification of, 90 range of Ethiopian genus, 303 range of Oriental genus, 374 Proboscidea, European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 Indian Miocene, 122 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 138 of Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147 Procamelus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 138 Procyon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Procyonidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144 Promephitis, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Promerops of East Africa, figure of, 261 Propalæotherium, European Eocene, 126 Protemnodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157 Protohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135 Protomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138 Protopithecus, in Brazilian caves, 144 Prototomus, N. American Tertiary, 134 Protornis, European Eocene, 162 Pseudælurus, European Miocene, 118 Pseudocyon, European Miocene, 118 Psittaci, classification of, 96 range of Ethiopian genera of, 311 range of Oriental genera of, 383 range of Australian genera of, 484 Psittacus, European Miocene, 161 Pterocles, European Miocene, 161 Pterodon, European Eocene, 125 Pupa, Eocene, 169 Pupa vetusta, Palæozoic, 169 Pythonidæ, European Miocene, 165 R. Racoon-dog of N. China, 226 Rana, European Miocene, 166 Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, 68 Arctic, why not adopted, 69 Palæarctic, defined, 71 Palæarctic, subdivisions of, 71 Ethiopian, defined, 73 Ethiopian, subdivisions of, 73 Oriental, defined, 75 Oriental, subdivisions of, 75 Australian, defined, 77 Australian, subdivisions of, 77 Neotropical, defined, 78 Neotropical, subdivisions of, 78 Nearctic, defined, 79 Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, 79 Nearctic, subdivisions of, 80 Regions, zoological, 50 zoological, how they should be formed, 53 zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, 54 zoological, by what class of animals best determined, 56 for each class of animals, not advisable, 58 zoological, proposed since 1857, 58 zoological, Mr. Sclater's, 59 zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, 61 zoological, proportionate richness of, 64 temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, 65 and zones, table of, 66 comparative richness of, 81 and sub-regions, table of, 81 order of succession of the, 173 Representative species, 4 Reptiles, means of dispersal of, 28 classification of, 98 Miocene of Greece, 116 of Indian Miocene deposits, 123 extinct Tertiary, 165 cosmopolitan groups of, 176 peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186 of Central Europe, 195 of the Mediterranean sub-region, 204 of Siberian sub-region, 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, 227 table of Palæarctic families of, 236 of the Ethiopian region, 254 of the East African sub-region, 260 of West Africa, 264 S. African, 268 of Madagascar, 279 table of Ethiopian families of, 297 of the Oriental region, 317 of the Indian sub-region, 326 of Ceylon, 327 of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331 of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340 table of Oriental families of, 368 of the Australian region, 396 of New Guinea, 415 of the Moluccas, 420 of the Polynesian sub-region, 447 of New Zealand, 456 table of Australian families of, 472 Rhea, in Brazilian caves, 164 Rhinoceros, Post-Pliocene, 112 European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 Indian Miocene, 122 fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, 122 fossil in N. China, 123 N. American Tertiary, 136 Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, 339 Rhinocerotidæ, N. American Tertiary, 136 River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, 264 of Madagascar, figure of, 278 Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, 12 limiting the range of birds, 17 River-scene, in West Africa, 264 Rodentia, classification of, 90 range of Palæarctic genera of, 242 range of Ethiopian genera of, 304 range of Oriental genera of, 374 range of Australian genera of, 476 Rodentia, European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 European Eocene, 126 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 139 of Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 147 of S. American Eocene, 148 Ruff, figure of, 195 S. Sahara, a debatable land, 251 Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, 218 Samoa Islands, birds of, 443 Sandwich Islands, birds of, 445 probable past history of, 446 mountain plants of, 446 depth of ocean around, 447 Sand grouse, Pallas, of Mongolia, 226 Satyrites Reynesii, European Cretaceous insect, 167 Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, 229 Scelidotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145 S. American Pliocene, 147 Schistopleurum, S. American Pliocene, 147 Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, 252 on limits of W. African sub-region, 262 (note) Sciurus, European Miocene, 120 European Eocene, 126 Sciuravus, N. American Eocene, 140 Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, 59 why his six regions are adopted, 63 on birds of Sandwich Islands, 445 Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, 13 Seals, fossil in European Miocene, 118 of Lake Baikal, 218 Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, 159 Secretary-bird of Africa, figure of, 261 Semnopithecus, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 117 Indian Miocene, 121 Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, 345 Serpentarius, European Miocene, 162 Seychelle Islands, zoology of, 281 amphibia of, 281 Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, 229 Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, 97 on birds of Cape Verd Islands, 215 Sheep, Palæarctic, 182 Siberia, climate of, 217 Siberian sub-region, description of, 216 mammalia of, 217 birds of, 219 reptiles and amphibia of, 220 insects of, 220 Simocyon, Miocene of Greece, 115 Sinopa, N. American Tertiary, 134 Sirenia, classification of, 89 range of Ethiopian genera of, 303 range of Oriental genus, 374 range of Australian genus of, 476 Sirenia, European Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 119 Sivatherium, Indian Miocene, 122 Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, 121 Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, 230 Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, 220 Snakes, classification of, 99 Eocene, 165 large proportion of venomous species in Australia, 396 of New Zealand, 457 Society Islands, birds of, 443 Soricictis, European Miocene, 118 Soricidæ, European Miocene, 118 South African sub-region, description of, 266 mammalia of, 267 birds of, 267 reptiles of, 268 amphibia of, 268 fresh-water fish of, 268 butterflies of, 268 coleoptera of, 268 summary of its zoology, 269 South America, fossil fauna of, 143 Pliocene deposits of, 146 supposed land connection with Australia, 398 South Australia, peculiar birds of, 441 Species, representative, 4 Speothos, in Brazilian caves, 144 Spermophilus, European Miocene, 120 Sphenodon, in Brazilian caves, 145 Sphinx, in European Oolite, 167 St. Helena, zoological features of, 269 coleoptera of, 270 landshells of, 271 St. Thomas' Island, birds of, 266 Stations, definition of, 4 Steneofiber, European Miocene, 120 Sthenurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157 Strix, European Miocene, 162 Struthiones, arrangement of, 98 range of Ethiopian genera of, 313 range of Australian genera of, 485 Struthious birds, probable origin of, 287 Stylinodontidæ, N. American Eocene, 139 Stylinodontia, N. American Eocene, 139 Sub-regions, on what principle formed, 80 Palæarctic, 191 Ethiopian, 258 Oriental, 321 Australian, 408 Suidæ, European Miocene, 119 Sula Islands, fauna of, 433 Sus, European Pliocene, 113 Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 119 Indian Miocene, 122 Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, 332 Symborodon, N. American Tertiary, 137 Synaphodus, European Miocene, 119 Synoplotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134 T. Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, 177 Talpa, European Miocene, 117 Tapir, fossil in N. China, 123 Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, 154 Tapir, Malayan, figure of, 337 Tapiridæ, European Eocene, 125 Tapirus, European Pliocene, 113 Indian Miocene, 122 in Brazilian caves, 144 Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, 337 Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, 441 Taxodon, European Miocene, 118 Telmatobius, N. American Cretaceous, 164 Telmatolestes, N. American Tertiary, 133 Testudo, Miocene of Greece, 116 Indian Miocene, 123 Testudo, great antiquity of the genus, 289 Tetrachus, European Miocene, 117 Tetrao albus, in Italian caverns, 161 Thalassictis, Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 118 Theridomys, European Miocene, 126 European Eocene, 126 S. American Eocene, 148 Thinohyus, N. American Tertiary, 137 Thinolestes, N. American Tertiary, 133 Thylacinus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157 Thylacoleo, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157 Tillodontia, N. American Eocene, 139 Tillotheridæ, N. American Eocene, 139 Tillotherium, N. American Eocene, 139 Timor, physical features of, 389 group, mammalia of, 422 birds of, 422 origin of fauna of, 424 insects of, 426 Tinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139 Titanomys, European Miocene, 121 Titanotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137 Tomarctos, N. American Tertiary, 135 Tonga Islands, birds of, 443 Tortoises, classification of, 100 of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, 289 Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, 264 Toxodon, S. American Pliocene, 137 Toxodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, 147 Trachytherium, European Miocene, 119 Tragocerus, Miocene of Greece, 116 European Miocene, 120 Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, 331 Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, 337 Tree-kangaroo, figure of, 415 Trichechus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, 393 Trionyx, Indian Miocene, 123 Miocene and Eocene, 165 Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, 271 Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, 203 Trogon, European Miocene, 161 Trogontherium, Post-Pliocene of Europe, 111 Trucijelis, N. American Post-Pliocene, 129 Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, 216 Tupaiidæ, European Miocene, 118 Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, 90 Tylodon, European Eocene, 125 Typotherium, S. American Pliocene, 147 U. Uintacyon, N. American Tertiary, 134 Uintatherium, N. American Eocene, 139 Uintornis, N. American Eocene, 163 Unio, European Secondary, 169 Ungulata, classification of, 89 antiquity of, 151 of the Palæarctic region, 182 range of Palæarctic genera of, 241 range of Ethiopian genera of, 303 range of Oriental genera of, 374 range of Australian genera of, 476 Ungulata, European Pliocene, 112 Miocene of Greece, 115 European Miocene, 119 Indian Miocene, 121 European Eocene, 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, 130 N. American Tertiary, 135 of Brazilian caves, 144 S. American Pliocene, 146 Urania of Madagascar, 282 Ursidæ, N. American Tertiary, 135 in Brazilian caves, 144 Ursitaxus, Indian Miocene, 121 Ursus, Post-Pliocene, 112 Indian Miocene, 121 V. Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, 278 Varanus, Miocene of Greece, 116 Indian Miocene, 123 Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, 186 summary of Ethiopian, 255 summary of Oriental, 318 summary of Australian, 397 Vespertilio, European Eocene, 125 Viperus, European Miocene, 165 Viverra, European Pliocene, 112 European Miocene, 118 Viverridæ, European Miocene, 118 European Eocene, 125 W. Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine Islands, 346 on birds of Celebes, 428 Washakius, N. American Tertiary, 134 Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, 90 on classification of marsupials, 91 West African sub-region, description of, 262 mammalia of, 262 birds of, 262 Oriental or Malayan element in, 263 river scene with characteristic animals, 264 reptiles of, 264 amphibia of, 264 Oriental and Neotropical relations of, 265 insects of, 265 land-shells of, 265 islands of, 265 West Australia, peculiar birds of, 441 Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, 264 Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, 209 on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, 211 on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, 214 on coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, 215 on beetles of St. Helena, 270 X. Xenurus, in Brazilian caves, 145 Xiphodontidæ, European Miocene, 119 Z. Zeuglodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, 140 Zonites priscus, Palæozoic, 169 Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, 181 Ethiopian region, 252 Oriental region, 315 Australian region, 390 Zoological regions, discussion on, 50