Volume 1 — CHAPTER X. (continued 2)

Amphibia are more abundant and interesting; Hynobius, Onychodactylus, and Sieboldtia (Salamandridæ) being peculiar to it, while most of the European genera are also represented.

Fresh-water Fish.—Of these there are a few peculiar genera; as Plecoglossus (Salmonidæ) from Japan; Achilognathus, Pseudoperilampus, Ochetobius, and Opsariichthys (Cyprinidæ); and there are many other Chinese Cyprinidæ belonging to the border land of the Palæarctic and Oriental regions.

Insects.—The butterflies of this sub-region exhibit the same mixture of tropical and temperate forms as the birds. Most of the common European genera are represented, and there are species of Parnassius in Japan and the Amoor. Isodema, a peculiar genus of Nymphalidæ is found near Ningpo, just within our limits; and Sericinus, one of the most beautiful genera of Papilionidæ is peculiar to North China, where four species occur, thus balancing the Thais and Doritis of Europe. The genus Zephyrus (Lycænidæ) is well represented by six species in Japan and the Amoor, against two in Europe. Papilio paris and P. bianor, magnificent insects of wholly tropical appearance, abound near Pekin, and allied forms inhabit Japan and the Amoor, as well as P. demetrius and P. alcinous belonging to the "Protenor" group of the Himalayas. Other tropical genera occurring in Japan, the Amoor, or North China are, Debis, Neope, Mycalesis, Ypthimia (Satyridæ); Thaumantis (Morphidæ), at Shanghae; Euripus, Neptis, Athyma (Nymphalidæ); Terias (Pieridæ); and the above-mentioned Papilionidæ.

Coleoptera.—The beetles of Japan decidedly exhibit a mixture of tropical forms with others truly Palæarctic, and it has been with some naturalists a matter of doubt whether the southern and best known portion of the islands should not be joined to the Oriental region. An important addition to our knowledge of the insects of this country has recently been made by Mr. George Lewis, and a portion of his collections have been described by various entomologists in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. As the question is one of considerable interest we shall give a summary of the results fairly deducible from what is now known of the entomology of Japan; and it must be remembered that almost all our collections come from the southern districts, in what is almost a sub-tropical climate; so that if we find a considerable proportion of Palæarctic forms, we may be pretty sure that the preponderance will be much greater a little further north.

Of Carabidæ Mr. Bates enumerates 244 species belonging to 84 genera, and by comparing these with the Coleoptera of a tract of about equal extent in western Europe, he concludes that there is little similarity, and that the cases of affinity to the forms of eastern tropical Asia preponderate. By comparing his genera with the distributions as given in Gemminger and Harold's Catalogue, a somewhat different result is arrived at. Leaving out the generic types altogether peculiar to Japan, and also those genera of such world-wide distribution that they afford no clear indications for our purpose, it appears that no less than twenty-two genera, containing seventy-four of the Japanese species, are either exclusively Palæarctic, Palæarctic and Nearctic, or highly characteristic of the Palæarctic region; then come thirteen genera containing eighty-seven of the species which have a very wide distribution, but are also Palæarctic: we next have seventeen genera containing twenty-four of the Japanese species which are decidedly Oriental and tropical. Here then the fair comparison is between the twenty-two genera and seventy-four species whose affinities are clearly Palæarctic or at least north temperate, and seventeen genera with twenty-four species which are Asiatic and tropical; and this seems to prove that, although South Japan (like North China) has a considerable infusion of tropical forms, there is a preponderating substratum of Palæarctic forms, which clearly indicate the true position of the islands in zoological geography. There are also a few cases of what may be called eccentric distribution; which show that Japan, like many other island-groups, has served as a kind of refuge in which dying-out forms continue to maintain themselves. These, which are worthy of notice, are as follows: Orthotrichus (1 sp.) has the only other species in Egypt; Trechichus (1 sp.) has two other species, of which one inhabits Madeira, the other the Southern United States; Perileptus (1 sp.) has two other species, of which one inhabits Bourbon, the other West Europe; and lastly, Crepidogaster (1 sp.) has the other known species in South Africa. These cases diminish the value of the indications afforded by some of the Japanese forms, whose only allies are single species in various remote parts of the Oriental region.

The Staphylinidæ have been described by Dr. Sharp, and his list exhibits a great preponderance of north temperate, or cosmopolitan forms, with a few which are decidedly tropical. The Pselaphidæ and Scydmenidæ, also described by Dr. Sharp, exhibit, according to that gentleman, "even a greater resemblance to those of North America than to those of Europe," but he says nothing of any tropical affinities. The water-beetles are all either Palæarctic or of wide distribution.

The Lucanidæ (Gemm. and Har. Cat., 1868) exhibit an intermingling of Palæarctic and Oriental genera.

The Cetoniidæ (Gemm. and Har. Cat., 1869) show, for North China and Japan, three Oriental to two Palæarctic genera.

The Buprestidæ collected by Mr. Lewis have been described by Mr. Edward Saunders in the Journal of the Linnæan Society, vol. xi. p. 509. The collection consisted of thirty-six species belonging to fourteen genera. No less than thirteen of these are known also from India and the Malay Islands; nine from Europe; seven from Africa; six from America, and four from China. In six of the genera the Japanese species are said to be allied to those of the Oriental region; while in three they are allied to European forms, and in two to American. Considering the southern latitude and warm climate in which these insects were mostly collected, and the proximity to Formosa and the Malay Islands compared with the enormous distance from Europe, this shows as much Palæarctic affinity as can be expected. In the Palæarctic region the group is only plentiful in the southern parts of Europe, which is cut off by the cold plateau of Thibet from all direct communication with Japan; while in the Oriental region it everywhere abounds and is, in fact, one of the most conspicuous and dominant families of Coleoptera.

The Longicorns collected by Mr. Lewis have been described by Mr. Bates in the Annals of Natural History for 1873. The number of species now known from Japan is 107, belonging to sixty-four genera. The most important genera are Leptura, Clytanthus, Monohammus, Praonetha, Exocentrus, Glenea, and Oberea. There are twenty-one tropical genera, and seven peculiar to Japan, leaving thirty-six either Palæarctic or of very wide range. A number of the genera are Oriental and Malayan, and many characteristic European genera seem to be absent; but it is certain that not half the Japanese Longicorns are yet known, and many of these gaps will doubtless be filled up when the more northern islands are explored.

The Phytophaga, described by Mr. Baly, appear to have a considerable preponderance of tropical Oriental forms.

A considerable collection of Hymenoptera formed by Mr. Lewis have been described by Mr. Frederick Smith; and exhibit the interesting result, that while the bees and wasps are decidedly of tropical and Oriental forms, the Tenthredinidæ and Ichneumonidæ are as decidedly Palæarctic, "the general aspect of the collection being that of a European one, only a single exotic form being found among them."

Remarks on the General Character of the Fauna of Japan.—From a general view of the phenomena of distribution we feel justified in placing Japan in the Palæarctic region; although some tropical groups, especially of reptiles and insects, have largely occupied its southern portions; and these same groups have in many cases spread into Northern China, beyond the usual dividing line of the Palæarctic and Oriental regions. The causes of such a phenomenon are not difficult to conceive. Even now, that portion of the Palæarctic region between Western Asia and Japan is, for the most part, a bleak and inhospitable region, abounding in desert plateaus, and with a rigorous climate even in its most favoured districts, and can, therefore, support but a scanty population of snakes, and of such groups of insects as require flowers, forests, or a considerable period of warm summer weather; and it is precisely these which are represented in Japan and North China by tropical forms. We must also consider, that during the Glacial epoch this whole region would have become still less productive, and that, as the southern limit of the ice retired northward, it would be followed up by many tropical forms along with such as had been driven south by its advance, and had survived to return to their northern homes.

It is also evident that Japan has a more equable and probably moister climate than the opposite shores of China, and has also a very different geological character, being rocky and broken, often volcanic, and supporting a rich, varied, and peculiar vegetation. It would thus be well adapted to support all the more hardy denizens of the tropics which might at various times reach it, while it might not be so well adapted for the more boreal forms from Mongolia or Siberia. The fact that a mixture of such forms occurs there, is then, little to be wondered at, but we may rather marvel that they are not more predominant, and that even in the extreme south, the most abundant forms of mammal, bird, and insect, are modifications of familiar Palæarctic types. The fact clearly indicates that the former land connections of Japan with the continent have been in a northerly rather than in a southerly direction, and that the tropical immigrants have had difficulties to contend with, and have found the land already fairly stocked with northern aborigines in almost every class and order of animals.

General Conclusions as to the Fauna of the Palæarctic Region.—From the account that has now been given of the fauna of the Palæarctic region, it is evident that it owes many of its deficiencies and some of its peculiarities to the influence of the Glacial epoch, combined with those important changes of physical geography which accompanied or preceded it. The elevation of the old Sarahan sea and the complete formation of the Mediterranean, are the most important of these changes in the western portion of the region. In the centre, a wide arm of the Arctic Ocean extended southward from the Gulf of Obi to the Aral and the Caspian, dividing northern Europe and Asia. At this time our European and Siberian sub-regions were probably more distinct than they are now, their complete fusion having been effected since the Glacial epoch. As we know that the Himalayas have greatly increased in altitude during the Tertiary period, it is not impossible that during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs the vast plateau of Central Asia was much less elevated and less completely cut off from the influence of rain-bearing winds. It might then have been far more fertile, and have supported a rich and varied animal population, a few relics of which we see in the Thibetan antelopes, yaks, and wild horses. The influence of yet earlier changes of physical geography, and the relations of the Palæarctic to the tropical regions immediately south of it, will be better understood when we have examined and discussed the faunas of the Ethiopian and Oriental regions.

TABLES OF DISTRIBUTION.

In constructing these tables showing the distribution of various classes of animals in the Palæarctic region, the following sources of information have been chiefly relied on, in addition to the general treatises, monographs, and catalogues used in compiling the fourth part of this work.

Mammalia.—Lord Clement's Mammalia and Reptiles of Europe; Siebold's Fauna Japonica; Père David's List of Mammalia of North China and Thibet; Swinhoe's Chinese Mammalia; Radde's List of Mammalia of South-Eastern Siberia; Canon Tristram's Lists for Sahara and Palestine; Papers by Professor Milne-Edwards, Mr. Blanford, Mr. Sclater, and the local lists given by Mr. A. Murray in the Appendix to his Geographical Distribution of Mammalia.

Birds.—Blasius' List of Birds of Europe; Godman, On Birds of Azores, Madeira, and Canaries; Middendorf, for Siberia; Père David and Mr. Swinhoe, for China and Mongolia; Homeyer, for East Siberia; Mr. Blanford, for Persia and the high Himalayas; Mr. Elwes's paper on the Distribution of Asiatic Birds; Canon Tristram, for the Sahara and Palestine; Professor Newton, for Iceland and Greenland; Mr. Dresser, for Scandinavia; and numerous papers and notes in the Ibis; Journal für Ornithologie; Annals and Mag. of Nat. History; and Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

Reptiles and Amphibia.—Schreiber's European Herpetology.

TABLE I.

FAMILIES OF ANIMALS INHABITING THE PALÆARCTIC REGION.

Explanation.

Names in italics show families peculiar to the region.

Names inclosed thus (......) barely enter the region, and are not considered properly to belong to it.

Numbers are not consecutive, but correspond to those in Part IV.

Order and Family Sub-regions Range beyond the Region.

Europe. Mediter- ranean. Siberian. Japan.

MAMMALIA.

Primates.

3. Cynopithecidæ — — Ethiopian, Oriental

Chiroptera.

9. (Pteropidæ) — Tropics of E. Hemisphere

11. Rhinolophidæ — — — — Warmer parts of E. Hemis.

12. Vespertilionidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

13. Noctilionidæ — Tropical regions

Insectivora.

15. Macroscelididæ — Ethiopian

17. Erinaceidæ — — — — Oriental, S. Africa

21. Talpidæ — — — — Nearctic, Oriental

22. Soricidæ — — — — Cosmopolite, excl. Australia and S. America

Carnivora.

23. Felidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

25. Viverridæ — Ethiopian, Oriental

27. Hyænidæ — Ethiopian, Oriental

28. Canidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

29. Mustelidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

31. Æluridæ — Oriental

32. Ursidæ — — — — Nearctic, Oriental, Andes

33. Otariidæ — N. and S. temperate zones

34. Trichechidæ — — Arctic regions

35. Phocidæ — — — — N. and S. temperate zones

Cetacea.

36 to 41. Oceanic

Sirenia.

42. Manatidæ — — Tropics, from Brazil to N. Australia

Ungulata.

43. Equidæ — — Ethiopian

47. Suidæ — — — — Cosmopolite, excl. Nearctic reg. and Australia

48. Camelidæ — — Andes

50. Cervidæ — — — — All regions but Ethiopian and Australian

52. Bovidæ — — — — All regions but Neotropical and Australian

Hyracoidæ

54. (Hyracidæ) — Ethiopian family

Rodentia.

55. Muridæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

56. Spalacidæ — — — Ethiopian, Oriental

57. Dipodidæ — — — Ethiopian, Nearctic

58. Myoxidæ — — — — Ethiopian

60. Castoridæ — — Nearctic

61. Sciuridæ — — — — All regions but Australian

64. Octodontidæ — Abyssinia, Neotropical

67. Hystricidæ — Ethiopian, Oriental

69. Lagomyidæ — Nearctic

70. Leporidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

BIRDS.

Passeres. — — — —

1. Turdidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

2. Sylviidæ — — Cosmopolite

3. Timaliidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian

4. Panuridæ — — — — Nearctic, Oriental

5. Cinclidæ — — — — Oriental

6. Troglodytidæ — — — — American, Oriental

8. Certhiidæ — — — — Oriental, Nearctic

9. Sittidæ — — — — Nearctic, Oriental, Australian, Madagascar

10. Paridæ — — — Nearctic, Oriental, Australian [?]

13. Pycnonotidæ — — Oriental, Ethiopian

14. Oriolidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian

17. Muscicapidæ Eastern Hemisphere

19. Laniidæ — — — — Eastern Hemisphere and N. America

20. Corvidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

23. (Nectariniidæ) — Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian

24. (Dicæidæ) — Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian

29. Ampelidæ — — — — Nearctic

30. Hirundinidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

33. Fringillidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

35. Sturnidæ — — — — Eastern Hemisphere

37. Alaudidæ — — — — All regions but Neotropical

38. Motacillidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

47. (Pittidæ) — Oriental, Australian, Ethiopian

Picariæ.

51. Picidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

52. Yungidæ — — — — N. W. India, N. E. Africa, S. Africa

58. Cuculidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

62. Coraciidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian

63. Meropidæ — — Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian

67. Alcedinidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

69. Upupidæ — — Ethiopian, Oriental

73. Caprimulgidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

74. Cypselidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

Columbæ.

84. Columbidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

Gallinæ.

86. Pteroclidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Indian

87. Tetraonidæ — — — — Nearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental

88. Phasianidæ — — — Oriental, Ethiopian, Nearctic

89. Turnicidæ — — Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian

Accipitres.

94. Vulturidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

96. Falconidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

97. Pandionidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

98. Strigidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

Grallæ.

99. Rallidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

100. Scolopacidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

104. Glareolidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian

105. Charadriidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

106. Otididæ — — — — Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian

107. Gruidæ — — — — Eastern Hemisphere, and N. America

113. Ardeidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

114. Plataleidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

115. Ciconiidæ — — — — Nearly Cosmopolite

117. Phænicopteridæ — Neotropical, Ethiopian, Indian

Anseres.

118. Anatidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

119. Laridæ — — — — Cosmopolite

120. Procellariidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

121. Pelecanidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

123. Colymbidæ — — — Arctic and N. Temperate

124. Podicipidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

125. Alcidæ — — — N. Temperate zone

REPTILIA.

Ophidia.

1. Typhlopidæ — — All regions but Nearctic

5. Calamariidæ — All other regions

6. Oligodontidæ — Oriental and Neotropical

7. Colubridæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

8. Homalopsidæ — — — Oriental, and all other regions

9. Psammophidæ — Ethiopian and Oriental

18. Erycidæ — Oriental and Ethiopian

20. Elapidæ — Australian and all other regions

24. Crotalidæ — — Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental

25. Viperidæ — — — — Ethiopian, Oriental

Lacertilia.

26. Trogonophidæ —

28. Amphisbænidæ — Ethiopian, Neotropical

30. Varanidæ — Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian

33. Lacertidæ — — — — All continents but American

34. Zonuridæ — America, Africa, N. India

41. Gymnopthalmidæ — — — Ethiopian, Australian, Neotropical

45. Scincidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

46. Ophiomoridæ —

47. Sepidæ — Ethiopian

49. Geckotidæ — — — Almost Cosmopolite

51. Agamidæ — — — All continents but America

52. Chamæleonidæ — Ethiopian, Oriental

Chelonia.

57. Testudinidæ — — — All continents but Australia

59. Trionychidæ — Ethiopian, Oriental, Nearctic

60. Cheloniidæ Marine

AMPHIBIA.

Urodela.

3. Proteidæ — Nearctic

5. Menopomidæ — Nearctic

6. Salamandridæ — — — — Nearctic to Andes of Bogota

Anoura.

10. Bufonidæ — — — — All continents but Australia

13. Bombinatoridæ — — Neotropical, New Zealand

15. Alytidæ — All regions but Oriental

17. Hylidæ — — — All regions but Ethiopian

18. Polypedatidæ — — All the regions

19. Ranidæ — — — — Almost Cosmopolite

20. Discoglossidæ — — — — All regions but Nearctic

FISHES (FRESH-WATER).

Acanthopterygii.

1. Gasterosteidæ — — — — Nearctic

3. Percidæ — — — — All regions but Australian

12. Scienidæ — — — All regions but Australian

26. Comephoridæ —

37. Atherinidæ — — N. America and Australia

Physostomi.

59. Siluridæ — — — — All warm regions

65. Salmonidæ — — — — Nearctic, New Zealand

70. Esocidæ — — Nearctic

71. Umbridæ — Nearctic

73. Cyprinodontidæ — All regions but Australia

75. Cyprinidæ — — — — All regions but Australian and Neotropical

Ganoidei.

96. Accipenseridæ — — — Nearctic

97. Polydontidæ — Nearctic

INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA (PART).

Durini (Butterflies).

1. Danaidæ — — — All tropical regions

2. Satyridæ — — — — Cosmopolite

8. Nymphalidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

9. Libytheidæ — — All continents but Australia

10. Nemeobeidæ — Absent from Nearctic region and Australia

13. Lycænidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

14. Pieridæ — — — — Cosmopolite

15. Papilionidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

16. Hesperidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

Sphingidea.

17. Zygænidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

21. Stygiidæ — — — — Neotropical

22. Ægeriidæ — — — — Absent only from Australia

23. Sphingidæ — — — — Cosmopolite

Coleoptera.—Of about 80 families into which the Coleoptera are divided, all the more important are cosmopolite, or nearly so. It would therefore unnecessarily occupy space to give tables of the whole for each region.

Land Shells.—The more important families being cosmopolite, and the smaller ones being somewhat uncertain in their limits, the reader is referred to the account of the families and genera under each region, and to the chapter on Mollusca in the concluding part of this work, for such information as can be given of their distribution.

TABLE II.

LIST OF THE GENERA OF TERRESTIAL MAMMALIA AND BIRDS INHABITING THE PALÆARCTIC REGION.

Explanation.

Names in italics show genera peculiar to the region.

Names inclosed thus (...) show genera which just enter the region, but are not considered properly to belong to it.

Genera which undoubtedly belong to the region are numbered consecutively.

MAMMALIA.

Order, Family, and Genus. No. of Species. Range within the Region. Range beyond the Region.

PRIMATES.

Semnopithecidæ.

(Semnopithecus 1 Eastern Thibet) Oriental genus

Cynopithecidæ.

1. Macacus 4 Gibraltar, N. Africa, E. Thibet to Japan Oriental

CHIROPTERA.

Pteropidæ.

(Pteropus 2 Egypt, Japan) Tropics of the E. Hemis.

(Xantharpyia 1 N. Africa, Palestine) Oriental, Austro-Malayan

Rhinolophidæ.

2. Rhinolphus 9 Temperate & Southern parts of Region Warmer parts E. Hemisphere

(Asellia 1 Egypt) Ethiopian, Java

(Rhinopoma 1 Egypt, Palestine) [?] India

(Nycteris 1 Egypt) Nubia, Himalaya

Vespertilionidæ.

3. Vesperugo 1 Siberia, Amoorland [?]

4. Otonycteris 1 Egypt [?]

5. Vespertilio 35 The whole region Cosmopolite

(Kerivoula 1 N. China) Oriental, S. Africa

6. Miniopteris 1 S. Europe, N. Africa, Japan S. Afric. Malaya, Austral.

7. Plecotus 1 S. Europe Himalayas

8. Barbastellus 2 Mid. and S. Europe, Palestine Darjeeling, Timor

Noctilionidæ.

9. Molossus 2 S. Europe, N. Africa Ethiop., Neotrop., Australian

INSECTIVORA.

Erinaceidæ.

10. Erinaceus 4 The whole region; excl. Japan Oriental, Africa.

Talpidæ.

11. Talpa 5 The whole region N. India

12. Scaptochirus 1 N. China

13. Anurosorex 1 N. China

14. Scaptonyx 1 N. China

15. Myogale 2 S. E. Russia, Pyrenees

16. Nectogale 1 Thibet

17. Urotrichus 1 Japan N. W. America

18. Uropsilus 1 E. Thibet

Soricidæ.

19. Sorex 10 The whole region Absent from Australia & S. America

20. Crocidura 4 W. Europe to N. China [?]

CARNIVORA.

Felidæ.

21. Felis 12 The whole region; excl. extreme North All regions but Austral.

22. Lyncus 9 S. Europe to Arctic sea America N. of 66° N.Lat.

Viverridæ.

(Viverra 1 N. China) Oriental and Ethiopian

23. Genetta 1 S. Europe & N. Africa, Palestine Ethiopian

(Herpestes 1 N. Africa, Spain [?], Palestine) Oriental and Ethiopian

Hyænidæ.

24. Hyæna 1 N. Africa and S. W. Asia Ethiopian, India

Canidæ.

25. Canis 4 The whole region All reg. but Austral.[?]

26. Nyctereutes 1 Japan, Amoorland, N. China

Mustelidæ.

27. Martes 7 N. Europe and Asia, E. Thibet Oriental, Nearctic

28. Putorius 3 W. Europe to N. E. Asia

29. Mustela 10 The whole region Nearctic, Ethiop., Himalayas, Peru

30. Vison 2 Europe and Siberia N. America, N. India, China

31. Gulo 1 The Arctic regions Arctic America

32. Lutra 2 The whole region Oriental

33. Lutronectes 1 Japan

34. Enhydris 1 N. Asia and Japan California

35. Meles 2 Cen. Europe, Palestine, N. China, Japan China to Hongkong

Æluridæ.

36. Ælurus 1 S. E. Thibet Nepal

37. Æluropus 1 E. Thibet

Ursidæ.

38. Thalassarctos 1 Arctic regions Arctic America

39. Ursus 4 The whole region Oriental, Nearctic, Chili

Otariidæ.

40. Callorhinus 1 Kamschatka and Behring's Straits

41. Zalophus 1 Japan California

42. Eumetopias 1 Japan, Behring's Straits California

Trichechidæ.

43. Trichechus 1 Polar Seas Arctic America

Phocidæ.

44. Callocephalus 3 North Sea, Caspian, Lake Baikal Greenland

45. Pagomys 2 North Sea, Japan N. Pacific

46. Pagophilus 2 Northern Seas N. Pacific

47. Phoca 2 Northern Seas N. Pacific

48. Halichærus 1 North Sea and Baltic Greenland

49. Pelagius 2 Madeira to Black Sea

50. Cystophora 2 N. Atlantic N. Atlantic

SIRENIA. Tropics & Behring's Strts.

CETACEA. Oceanic

UNGULATA.

Equidæ.

51. Equus 4 Cent. and W. Asia & N. Africa Ethiopian

Suidæ.

52. Sus 2 The whole region Oriental, Austro-Malayan

Camelidæ.

53. Camelus 2 Deserts of Cent. and W. Asia and N. Africa

Cervidæ.

54. Alces 1 North Europe and Asia N. America

55. Tarandus 1 Arctic Europe and Asia Arctic America

56. Cervus 8 The whole region All regions but Austral.

57. Dama 1 Mediterranean district

58. Elaphodus 1 N. W. China

59. Lophotragus 1 N. China

60. Capreolus 2 Temp. Europe and W. Asia and N. China

61. Moschus 1 Amoor R., N. China, to Himalayas

62. Hydropotes 1 N. China

Bovidæ.

63. Bos 1 Europe, (not wild) Oriental

64. Bison 1 Poland and Caucasus

65. Poephagus 1 Thibet

66. Addax 1 N. Africa to Syria

67. Oryx 1 N. Africa to Syria Ethiopian deserts

68. Gazella 12 N. Africa to Persia, and Beloochistan S. Africa, India

69. Procapra 2 W. Thibet and Mongolia

70. Saiga 1 E. Europe and W. Asia

71. Pantholops 1 W. Thibet

(Alcephalus 1 Syria) Ethiopian genus.

72. Budorcas 2 E. Himalayas to E. Thibet

73. Rupicapra 2 Pyrenees to Caucasus

74. Nemorhedus 7 E. Himalayas to E. China and Japan Oriental to Sumatra, Formosa

75. Capra 20 Spain to Thibet and N.E. Africa Nilgherries, Rocky Mtns.

HYRACOIDEA.

Hyracidæ.

(Hyrax 1 Syria) Ethiopian genus

RODENTIA.

Muridæ.

76. Mus ?15 The whole region E. Hemisphere

77. Cricetus 9 The whole region

78. Cricetulus 3 N. China

79. Meriones 8 W. and Central Asia to N. China, N. Africa Ethiopian, Indian.

80. Rhombomys 6 E. Europe, Cent. Asia, N. Africa

81. Psammomys 3 Egypt and Palestine

82. Sminthus 3 East Europe, Siberia

83. Arvicola ?21 The whole region Himalayas, Nearctic

84. Cuniculus 1 N. E. Europe, Siberia Arctic America

85. Myodes 1 North of region Nearctic

86. Myospalax 3 Altai Mountains and N. China

Spalacidæ.

87. Ellobius 1 S. Russia and S. W. Siberia

88. Spalax 1 Hungary and Greece to W. Asia, Palestine

Dipodidæ.

89. Dipus ?15 S. E. Europe and N. Africa to N. China Africa, India

Myoxidæ.

90. Myoxus 12 Temperate parts of whole region Ethiopian

Castoridæ.

91. Castor 1 Temperate zone, from France to Amoorland N. America

Sciuridæ.

92. Sciurus 8 The whole region All regions but Austral.

92a. Tamias 1 All Northern Asia N. America

93. Sciuropterus 4 Finland to Siberia and Japan Oriental, Nearctic

94. Pteromys 3 Japan and W. China Oriental

95. Spermophilus 10 E. Europe to N. China and Kamschatka Nearctic

96. Arctomys. 4 Alps to E. Thibet and Kamschatka Nearctic

Octodontidæ.

97. Ctenodactylus 1 N. Africa

Hystricidæ.

98. Hystrix 2 S. Europe, Palestine, N. China. Ethiopian, Oriental

Lagomyidæ.

99. Lagomys 10 Volga to E. Thibet and Kamschatka Nearctic

Leporidæ.

100. Lepus 12 The whole region All regions but Austral.

BIRDS.

PASSERES.

Turdidæ.

1. Turdus 18 The whole region (excluding Spitsbergen) Almost cosmopolite

2. Oreocincla 1 N. E. Asia and Japan, straggler to Europe Oriental and Australian

3. Monticola 3 S. Europe, N. Africa, Palestine, N. China Oriental and S. African

(Bessornis 1 Palestine) Tropical and S. Africa

Sylviidæ.

4. Cisticola 1 S. W. Europe, N. Africa, Japan Ethiop., Orient., Austral.

5. Acrocephalus 10 W. Europe to Japan Orient., Ethiop., Austral.

6. Dumeticola 4 Nepaul, Lake Baikal, E. Thibet high

7. Potamodus 3 W. and S. Europe, N. Africa, E. Thibet

8. Lusciniola 1 S. Europe

9. Locustella 7 W. Europe and N. Africa to Japan

10. Bradyptetus 2 S. Europe and Palestine

11. Calamodus ?3 Europe, N. Africa, Palestine

12. Phylloscopus 6 The whole region (excluding western islands) Oriental

13. Hypolais 9 Europe, N. Africa, Palestine, China

14. Abrornis 2 Cashmere, E. Thibet

15. Reguloides 2 Europe and China

16. Regulus 4 The whole region (excluding Iceland, &c.)

17. Aedon 2 S. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa E. and S. Africa

18. Pyrophthalma 2 E. Europe and Palestine

19. Melizophilus 2 W. and S. Europe, Sardinia

20. Sylvia 6 Madeira to W. India, N. Africa

21. Curruca 7 Madeira to India, N. Africa

22. Luscinia 2 W. Europe, N. Africa, Persia

23. Cyanecula 3 Europe and N. Africa to Kamschatka

24. Calliope 2 N. Asia, Himalayas, China

25. Erithacus 3 Atlantic Islands to Japan

26. Grandala 1 High Himalayas and E. Thibet

27. Ruticilla 10 Eu. to Japan, N. Afr., Himalayas Abyssinia, India

28. Larvivora 2 E. Thibet, Amoor, Japan

29. Dromolæa 3 S. Europe, N. Africa, Palestine Ethiopian

30. Saxicola 10 The whole region E. and S. Africa, India

31. Cercomela 2 Palestine (a desert genus) N. E. Africa, N. W. India

32. Pratincola 3 W. Europe, N. Africa to India Ethiopian to Oriental

33. Accentor 12 W. Europe to Japan; high Himalayas Himalayas(?) in winter

Timaliidæ.

34. Pterorhinus 3 Thibet and N. W. China

(Malacocercus 1 Palestine) Oriental genus

(Crateropus 2 N. Africa, Persia) Ethiopian genus

(Trochalopteron 3 E. Thibet) Oriental genus

(Ianthocincla 3 E. Thibet) Oriental genus

Panuridæ.

(Paradoxornis 3 Himalayas and E. Thibet) (?)Oriental genus

35. Conostoma 1 High Himalayas and E. Thibet

36. Suthora 3 E. Thibet Himalayas, China, Formosa

37. Panurus 1 W. Europe to W. Siberia

38. Heteromorpha 1 Nepaul and E. Thibet, from 10,000 feet altitude

39. Cholornis 1 E. Thibet

Cinclidæ.

40. Cinclus 5 The whole region (Atlantic Islands excluded) American highlands

(Myiophonus 1 Turkestan, Thian-Shan Mountains, 6,000 feet Oriental genus

Troglodytidæ.

41. Troglodytes 3 Iceland and Britain to Japan Neotropical and Nearctic, Himalayas

(Pnoepyga 2 E. Thibet) Oriental genus

Certhiidæ.

42. Certhia 2 W. Europe to N. China Himalayas, Nearctic

43. Tichodroma 1 S. Europe to N. China Abyssinia, Nepaul, high

Sittidæ.

44. Sitta 7 W. Europe to Himalayas and Japan India, Nearctic

Paridæ.

45. Parus 20 W. Europe to Kamschatka, N. Africa Nearctic, Oriental, Ethiopian

46. Lophophanes 6 Europe and high Himalayas Nearctic

47. Acredula 6 W. Europe to N. China and Kamschatka

48. Ægithalus 1 S. E. Europe Ethiopian

Liotrichidæ.

(Proparus 4 Moupin, in E. Thibet) Oriental genus and fam.

Pycnonotidæ.

49. Microscelis 1 Japan Oriental genus

50. Pycnonotus 2 Palestine, N. China, Japan Oriental and Ethiopian

Oriolidæ.

51. Oriolus S. Europe, China Ethiopian and Oriental

Muscicapidæ.

52. Muscicapa 2 W. and Central Europe Ethiopian.

53. Butalis 2 W. Europe to Japan and China E. and S. Africa, Moluccas

54. Erythrosterna 3 Central Europe to N. China and Japan Oriental & Madagascar

(Xanthopygia 1 Japan) Oriental genus

(Eumyias 1 E. Thibet) Oriental genus

(Cyanoptila 1 Japan and Amoor) Oriental genus

(Siphia 1 Moupin, E. Thibet) Oriental genus

55. Tchitrea 2 N. China and Japan Ethiopian and Oriental

Laniidæ.

56. Lanius 11 The whole region (excl. Atlantic Islands) Nearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental

(Telephonus 1 N. Africa) Ethiopian genus

Corvidæ.

57. Garrulus 7 W. Europe, N. Africa, to Japan Himalayas, Formosa

58. Perisoreus 1 N. Europe and Siberia N. America

(Urocissa 2 Cashmere, Japan) Oriental genus

59. Nucifraga 3 W. Europe to Japan, and Himalayas Himalayan pine forests

60. Pica 5 W. Europe to China and Japan S. China and Formosa migrants[?]

61. Cyanopica 2 Spain, N. E. Asia and Japan

62. Corvus 12 The whole region Cosmopolite (excl. S. Am.)

63. Fregilus 3 W. Europe to N. China, Himalayas Abyssinian mountains

Nectariniidæ.

(Arachnecthra 1 Palestine) Oriental genus

Dicæidæ.

(Zosterops 1 Amoor and Japan) Ethiop., Orien., Austral.

Ampelidæ.

64. Ampelis 2 Northern half of region North America

Hirundinidæ.

65. Hirundo 2 The whole region Cosmopolite

66. Cotyle 2 The whole region (excl. Atlan. Is.) Nearctic, Ethiop., Orien.

67. Chelidon 3 The whole region Oriental

Fringillidæ.

68. Fringilla 6 The whole region Africa

69. Acanthis 3 Europe and N. Africa to Central Asia

70. Procarduelis 1 High Himalayas and E. Thibet

71. Chrysomitris 2 W. Europe to Japan N. and S. America

72. Dryospiza 4 Atlantic Islands to Palestine, N. Africa

73. Metoponia 1 N. E. Europe to W. Himalayas

74. Chlorospiza 5 W. Europe, N. Africa to Japan China, E. Africa

75. Passer 8 The whole region Ethiopian, Oriental

76. Montifringilla 4 Europe to Cashmere and Siberia

77. Fringillauda 1 N. W. Himalayas to E. Thibet, high

78. Coccothraustes 3 W. Europe, High Himalayas to Japan N. America

79. Mycerobas 2 Central Asia & High Himalayas

80. Eophona 2 E. Thibet, China, and Japan China

81. Pyrrhula 9 Azores to Japan, High Himalayas Alaska

(Crithagra 1 Palestine) Ethiopian genus

82. Carpodacus 12 Cent. Eu. to Japan, High Himalayas India & China, N. Amer.

83. Erythrospiza 4 N. Africa to Afghanistan and Turkestan

84. Uragus 2 Turkestan & E. Thibet to Japan

85. Loxia 3 Europe, High Himalayas to Japan N. America

86. Pinicola 1 N. Europe, Siberia N. America

87. Propyrrhula 1 High Himalayas Darjeeling in winter

88. Pyrrhospiza 1 Snowy Himalayas

89. Linota 6 The whole region N. America

90. Leucosticte 4 Turkestan to Kamschatka N. W. America

Emberizinæ

91. Euspiza 4 E. Europe to Japan N. America

92. Emberiza 25 Europe to Japan

93. Fringillaria 2 S. Europe, N. Africa

94. Plectrophanes 2 Northern half of region

Sturnidæ.

95. Pastor 1 East Europe, Central Asia India

96. Sturnia 2 Amoor, Japan, N. China Oriental

97. Sturnus 3 The whole region (excl. Atlantic Islands) India, China

(Amydrus 1 Palestine) N. E. African genus

98. Podoces 3 Cen. Asia, Turkestan, Yarkand

Alaudidæ.

99. Otocorys 6 N. Europe to Japan, N. Africa, Arabia India, N. America, Andes

100. Alauda 7 The whole region (excl. Iceland) India, Africa

101. Galerita 2 Central Europe to N. China, N. Africa India, Central Africa

102. Calandrella 4 Central Europe to N. China, N. Africa India

103. Melanocorypha 5 S. Eu., N. Africa, N. & Cen. Asia N. W. India

104. Pallasia 1 Mongolia

(Certhilauda 1 N. Africa) S. African genus

(Alaemon 1 N. Africa, Arabia) Ethiopian genus

105. Ammomanes 3 S. Europe, N. Africa, to Cashmere Africa, India

Motacillidæ.

106. Motacilla 6 The whole region Oriental, Ethiopian

107. Budytes 4 Europe to China Oriental, Moluccas

108. Calobates 2 Atlantic Is., W. Europe, to China Malaisia, Madagascar

Pittidæ.

(Pitta 1 Japan) Oriental & Austral. genus

PICARIÆ.

Picidæ.

109. Picoides 3 N. and Cen. Europe to Thibet & E. Asia North America

110. Picus 16 The whole region (excl. Atlantic Islands) India, China, N. and S. America

111. Hypopicus 1 N. China Himalayas

(Yungipicus 1 N. China) Oriental genus

112. Dryocopus 1 N. & Cen. Europe to N. China Neotropical

113. Gecinus 6 W. Europe to Thibet, Amoor & Japan Oriental

Yungidæ.

114. Yunx 2 W. Europe to N. W. India, Thibet and Japan N. E. Africa, S. Africa

Cuculidæ.

115. Cuculus 2 The whole region (excl. Atlantic Islands) Ethiop., Oriental, Austral.

116. Coccystes 1 S. Europe and N. Africa Ethiopian and Oriental

Coraciidæ.

117. Coracias 1 Cent. Europe to Cent. Asia Ethiopian, Oriental

(Eurystomus 1 Amoor in summer) Oriental & Austral. genus

Meropidæ.

118. Merops 2 S. Europe to Cashmere, N. Africa Ethiopian and Oriental

Alcedinidæ.

(Halcyon 3 W. Asia, N. China, Japan) Ethiop., Orien., Austral.

119. Alcedo 2 Europe, N. China

120. Ceryle 2 S. E. Europe, Japan Africa, India, America

Upupidæ.

121. Upupa 1 S. Europe, N. China Ethiop. & Oriental genus

Caprimulgidæ.

122. Caprimulgus 5 Europe to Japan Ethiopian and Oriental

Cypselidæ.

123. Cypselus 4 The whole region (excl. Iceland) Ethiopian, America

124. Chætura 2 N. China, Dauria Africa, India

COLUMBÆ.

Columbidæ.

125. Columba 6 The whole region Africa, Asia, America

126. Turtur 4 W. Europe to Japan Ethiopian and Oriental

(Alsæcomus 1 E. Thibet) Oriental genus

GALLINÆ.

Pteroclidæ.

127. Pterocles 2 S. Europe, N. Africa, to W. India Ethiopian genus

128. Syrrhaptes 2 Central Asia, N. China

Tetraonidæ.

129. Francolinus 1 Borders of Mediterranean Ethiopian, Oriental

130. Perdix 2 Europe to Mongolia

131. Coturnix 1 Central and S. Europe to Japan Ethiop., Orien., Austral.

132. Lerwa 1 Snowy Himalayas to E. Thibet

133. Caccabis 5 Cen. Europe and N. Africa to N. W. Himalayas Abyssinia, Arabia

134. Tetraogallus 4 Caucasus to E. Thibet and Altai |Mountains

135. Tetrao 4 Europe and N. Asia N. America

136. Bonasa 1 Europe and N. Asia N. America

137. Lagopus 4 Iceland, W. Europe to Japan N. America, Greenland

Phasianidæ.

138. Crossoptilon 4 Thibet, Mongolia, N. China

139. Lophophorus 3 Cashmere to E. Thibet (highest woods)

140. Tetraophasis 1 E. Thibet E. Thibet(?)

141. Ceriornis 1 N. W. Himalayas (high) Himalayas to W. China

142. Pucrasia 3 N. W. Himalayas to N. W. China Himalayas

143. Phasianus 10 Western Asia to Japan W. Himalayas, Formosa

144. Thaumalea 3 E. Thibet to Amoor, N. China West China

145. Ithaginis 2 Nepaul to E. Thibet (high)

Turnicidæ

146. Turnix 2 Spain and N. Africa, N. China Ethiop., Orien., Austral.

ACCIPITRES.

Vulturidæ.

147. Vultur 1 Spain and N. Africa to N. China

148. Gyps 1 S. Europe, Palestine, Cen. Asia E. Africa, India

149. Otogyps 1 S. Europe, N. Africa S. Africa, India

150. Neophron 1 Atlantic Isds. to Palestine Africa, India

Falconidæ.

151. Circus 5 Europe to Japan Almost Cosmopolite

152. Astur 1 Europe to N. China Almost Cosmopolite

153. Accipiter 2 Europe to Japan Almost Cosmopolite

154. Buteo 4 Europe to Japan Cosmopolite (excl. Australia)

155. Archibuteo 1 N. Europe to Japan N. America

156. Gypaetus 1 S. Europe, N. Africa Abyssinia, Himalayas

157. Aquila 5 Europe to Japan Nearctic, Ethiop., Orien.

158. Nisaetus 2 E. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia India, Australia

159. Circaetus 1 E. and S. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia Africa, India

160. Haliæetus 3 Iceland and S. Europe to Japan Cosmopolite (excl. Neotropical region)

161. Milvus 4 Europe to Japan, N. Africa The Old World & Austral.

162. Elanus 2 N. Africa, N. China to Amoor Cosmopolite (excl. East U. S.)

163. Pernis 1 Europe to Japan Ethiopian and Oriental

164. Falco 5 The whole region Cosmopolite (excl. Pacific Islands)

165. Hierofalco 5 The whole region N. America

166. Cerchneis 4 Atlantic Islands to Japan Cosmop. (excl. Oceania)

Pandionidæ.

167. Pandion 1 Europe to Japan Cosmopolite

Strigidæ.

168. Surnia 1 N. Europe and Siberia North America

169. Nyctea 1 Arctic regions Arctic America

170. Athene 4 Central and S. Europe to Japan Ethiop., Orien., Austral.

(Ninox 1 N. China and Japan) Oriental genus

171. Glaucidium 1 Europe to N. China America

172. Bubo 2 Europe to N. China Africa, India, America

173. Scops 3 S. Europe to Japan African, Orien., Austral.

174. Syrnium 5 Europe to Japan African, Oriental, Amer.

175. Otus 2 Europe to Japan Almost Cosmopolite

176. Nyctala 1 N. Europe to E. Siberia N. America

177. Strix 1 Europe and N. Africa All warm & temp. regions

Peculiar or very characteristic Genera of Wading and Swimming Birds.

GRALLÆ.

Rallidæ.

Ortygometra 8 Europe, N. E. Africa

Scolopacidæ.

Ibidorhyncha 1 Cashmere & Cen. Asia, N. China Himalayan Valleys

Terekia 1 N. E. Europe and Siberia India, Australia (migrant)

Helodromas 1 E. and N. Europe, N. India

Machetes 1 N. and Cen. Europe, Cen. Asia India in winter

Eurinorhynchus 1 N. E. Asia Bengal

Glareolidæ.

Pluvianus 1 N. Africa, Spain

Charadriidæ.

Vanellus 8 Europe to the Punjaub S. America

Otididæ.

Otis 2 W. Europe to Mongolia, N. Africa

ANSERES.

Anatidæ.

Aix 1 N. China to Amoor N. America

Bucephala 3 Iceland, N. Europe, and Asia N. America

Histrionicus 1 Iceland, N. Siberia N. America

Harelda 1 North of whole region Arctic America

Somateria 3 North of whole region N. America

Œdemia 3 North of whole region N. America

Laridæ.

Rissa 1 North coasts of whole region N. America

Colymbidæ.

Colymbus 3 North of whole region N. America

Alcidæ.

Alca 2 North coasts of whole region N. America

Fratercula 3 North coasts of whole region N. America

Uria 3 North coasts of whole region N. America

Mergulus 1 Iceland and Arctic coasts Arctic America