FRANKLIN BEECH
Reading edition
PRACTICAL COLOURIST AND CHEMIST
ILLUSTRATED BY FORTY-FOUR ENGRAVINGS
LONDON SCOTT, GREENWOOD & CO. 19 LUDGATE HILL, E.C.
1901
[All rights reserved]
PREFACE.
In writing this little book the author believes he is supplying a want which most Students and Dyers of Cotton Fabrics have felt—that of a small handbook clearly describing the various processes and operations of the great industry of dyeing Cotton.
The aim has not been to produce a very elaborate treatise but rather a book of a convenient size, and in order to do so it has been necessary to be brief and to omit many matters that would rightfully find a place in a larger treatise, but the author hopes that nothing of importance has been omitted. The most modern processes have been described in some detail; care has been taken to select those which experience shows to be thoroughly reliable and to give good results.
FRANKLIN BEECH.
May, 1901.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTER I.
STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF THE COTTON FIBRE1
Action of Alkalies6
Action of Acids on Cellulose9
Action of Sulphuric Acid on Cotton10
Action of Hydrochloric Acid11
Action of Nitric Acid12
Action of Oxidising Agents on Cellulose or Cotton16
CHAPTER II.
SCOURING AND BLEACHING OF COTTON23
Stains and Damages in Bleached Goods50
CHAPTER III.
DYEING MACHINERY AND DYEING MANIPULATIONS53
Hand Dyeing53
Dyeing Machines57
Dyeing, Slubbing, Sliver or Carded Cotton and Wool58
Cop Dyeing64
CHAPTER IV.
THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF COTTON DYEING82
(1) Direct Dyeing85
(2) Direct Dyeing followed by Fixation with Metallic Salts112
(3) Direct Dyeing followed by Fixation with Developers128
(4) Direct Dyeing followed by Fixation with Couplers139
(5) Dyeing on Tannic Mordant147
(6) Dyeing on Metallic Mordants156
(7) Production of Colour Direct upon Cotton Fibres181
(8) Dyeing Cotton by Impregnation with Dye-stuff Solution198
CHAPTER V.
DYEING UNION (MIXED COTTON AND WOOL) FABRICS208
CHAPTER VI.
DYEING HALF SILK (COTTON-SILK, SATIN) FABRICS225
Method of Dyeing 225
CHAPTER VII.
OPERATIONS FOLLOWING DYEING239
Washing, Soaping, Drying 239
CHAPTER VIII.
TESTING OF THE COLOUR OF DYED FABRICS257
CHAPTER IX.
EXPERIMENTAL DYEING AND COMPARATIVE DYE TESTING262
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG.PAGE
1. Cotton Fibre5
1A. Cross-section of Cotton Fibre5
2. Mercerised Cotton Fibre7
2A. Cross-section of Mercerised Cotton Fibre7
3. Silkified Cotton Fibre9
3A. Cross-section of Silkified Cotton Fibre9
4. Mather & Platt's Low-pressure Bleaching Kier31
5. Mather & Platt's Yarn-bleaching Kier49
6. Rectangular Dye-tank54
7. Round Dye-tub54
8. Section of Dye-vat56
9. Delahunty's Dyeing Machine58
10. Obermaier Dyeing Machine59
11. Holliday's Yarn-dyeing Machine60
12. Klauder-Weldon Dyeing Machine62
13. Graemiger Cop-dyeing Machine65
14. Graemiger Cop-dyeing Machine66
15. Beaumont's Cop-dyeing Machine67
16. Warp-dyeing Machine70
17. Warp-dyeing Machine71
18. Dye-jiggers72
19. Dye-jigger73
20. Jig Wince75
21. Cloth-dyeing Machine76
22. Dye Beck77
23. Holliday's Machine for Hawking Cloth78
24. Continuous Dyeing Machine79
25. Padding Machine80
26. Padding Machine81
27. Dye-tub for Paranitroaniline Red191
28. Padding Machine for Paranitroaniline Red192
29. Developing Machine for Paranitroaniline Red194
30. Indigo Dye-vat for Cloth199
31. Squeezing Rollers240
32. Yarn-washing Machine243
33. Dye-house Washing Machine244
34. Cloth-washing Machine245
35. Cloth-washing Machine247
36. Washing and Soaping Vats248
37. Steaming Cottage249
38. Steaming and Ageing Chamber250
39. Hydro-extractor251
40. Hydro-extractor252
41. Automatic Yarn-dryer253
42. Truck Yarn-dryer254
43. Drying Cylinders255
44. Experimental Dye-bath263