Plates

Figure 1.

Sketch map of the Philippine Archipelago

Figure 2.

Sketch map of northern Luzon

Figure 3.

Sketch map of Bontoc culture area

Figure 4.

Section of the last long climb from Cervantes to Bontoc

Photo by Martin

Figure 5.

Tilud pass, east side

Photo by Martin

Figure 6.

A glimpse of Igorot land

Photo by Martin

Figure 7.

Ba-lu′-gan pueblo surrounded by rice sementeras

Photo by Martin

Figure 8.

Pueblo of Sagada

Photo by Martin

Figure 9.

The entrance to Bontoc pueblo

Photo by Jenks

Figure 10.

Ku-lo-ku′-lo of Mayinit pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 11.

O-gang′-ga of Samoki pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 12.

Ku-lo-ku′-lo of Mayinit pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 13.

Bon-gao′ of Alap pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 14.

Bo-da′-da of Samoki pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 15.

U-dao′ of Bontoc pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 16.

Young woman of Bontoc pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 17.

Zag-tag′-an of Bontoc pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 18.

Ka-nay′-u of Bontoc pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 19.

Lang′-sa of Bontoc pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 20.

Sĭt-li′-nĭn of Bontoc pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 21.

Pĭt-ta′-pĭt of Bontoc pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 22.

Girls of Bontoc pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 23.

Blind woman of Bontoc pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 24.

Blind Ta-u′-li of Samoki pueblo

Photo by Martin

Figure 25.

Deformed feet of Bontoc men

Photo by Jenks

Figure 26.

Bontoc pueblo viewed from Samoki

Photo by Martin

Figure 27.

Samoki pueblo viewed from Bontoc

Photo by Martin

Figure 28.

Plat of Bontoc pueblo, showing ato divisions

Figure 29.

Plat of section of a′-to Si-pa′-at

(Fa. is fa′-wi; Pab. is pa-ba-fu′-nan; F. is fay′-ü, the best class of dwelling; K. is kat-yu′-fâng, the poorer class of dwelling; P. is pigpen; the narrow spaces between two rows of stones is the path; the large open space between stone walls is camote ground.)

Figure 30.

Pa-ba-fu′-nan of a′-to Fi′-lĭg

Photo by Worchester

Figure 31.

Fa′-wi of a′-to Si-pa′-at

Photo by Martin

Figure 32.

Fa′-wi of a′-to Cho′-ko

Photo by Martin

Figure 33.

O′-lâg

Photo by Martin

Figure 34.

Bontoc dwelling, the fay′-ü

Photo by Martin

Figure 35.

Timbers for a building seasoning in the mountains

Photo by Martin

Figure 36.

Fay′-ü showing open door

Photo by Martin

Figure 37.

Bontoc dwelling, the Kat-yu′-fong, a widow's house, showing pigpens which extend beneath it

Photo by Martin

Figure 38.

“In the shade of the low, projecting roof”

Photo by Martin

Figure 39.

“The mother who has come down with her babe on her back for an olla of water”

Photo by Jenks

Figure 40.

The baby tenders

Photo by Martin

Figure 41.

Sam-kad′s' death chair

Photo by Jenks

Figure 42.

Pine coffins

Photo by Jenks

Figure 43.

The burial of Som-kad′

Photo by Jenks

Figure 44.

Bûg-ti′ with his wild-cock snare

Photo by Jenks

Figure 45.

Wire cock snare set, with lure cock in center

Photo by Jenks

Figure 46.

Wild-cat caught in the snare kok-o′-lâng

Photo by Jenks

Figure 47.

The bird snare Lĭng-ang′. (Snare set.) (Snare sprung.)

Photo by Jenks

Figure 48.

Trap fishing

Photo by Jenks

Figure 49.

Emptying the fish trap

Photo by Jenks

Figure 50.

Fisherman examining his ob-o′-fu

Photo by Jenks

Figure 51.

Rice sementeras at transplanting season

Photo by Martin

Figure 52.

Banawi rice sementeras

Photo by Worchester

Figure 53.

A terrace wall

Photo by Martin

Figure 54.

Women weeding a terrace wall at soil-turning season

Photo by Martin

Figure 55.

Partial view of Bontoc irrigating works

Photo by Martin

Figure 56.

The main dam, showing irrigation troughs beyond

Photo by Martin

Figure 57.

River irrigation scheme

Figure 58.

Irrigating ditch which feeds the troughs secured to the mountain side shown at the left

Photo by Martin

Figure 59.

Turning the soil in a water-filed sementera, showing women transplanting rice

Photo by Martin

Figure 60.

Mud-spattered soil turners

Photo by Martin

Figure 61.

Soil turners tramping the turned soil smooth and soft

Photo by Martin

Figure 62.

Bontoc camote beds

Photo by Martin

Figure 63.

Men crossing the river with pig manure to fertilize the rice sementeras

Photo by Martin

Figure 64.

Woman digging her final camote crop and working dead grass beneath the soil for fertilizer

Photo by Martin

Figure 65.

The rice seed beds at transplanting time, with granaries immediately beyond

Photo by Martin

Figure 66.

Women transplanting rice

Photo by Martin

Figure 67.

The bird scarers, Ki′-lao, floating over a field of ripening rice

Photo by Jenks

Figure 68.

An outlook to guard against wild hogs

Photo by Martin

Figure 69.

Harvesting the rice

Photo by Jenks

Figure 70.

Two harvesters

Photo by Jenks

Figure 71.

Camote harvest

Photo by Martin

Figure 72.

Rice granaries

Photo by Martin

Figure 73.

Bunches of palay curing on the roof of a dwelling

Photo by Jenks

Figure 74.

Granaries

Photo by Martin

Figure 75.

Carrying home the camotes

Photo by Martin

Figure 76.

Philippine carabaos

Figure 77.

Bontoc pigpens

Photo by Martin

Figure 78.

Cage in which fowls are shut at night

Photo by Martin

Figure 79.

Hats and headband

Photo by Martin

Figure 80.

(a) The bag pocket carried in front; (b) The rain hat

Photo by Worchester/Martin

Figure 81.

Cotton blankets woven by Igorot in the western part of the Bontoc area

Photo by Martin

Figure 82.

Kambulo bark-fiber blankets

Photo by Martin

Figure 83.

Woman spinning thread on her naked thigh

Photo by Martin

Figure 84.

Lepanto Igorot woman weaving

Photo by Worcester

Figure 85.

Wooden “pig pails”

Photo by Martin

Figure 86.

Gourd and wooden spoons

Photo by Martin

Figure 87.

Samoki potters at the clay pit

Photo by Jenks

Figure 88.

Transporting clay from the pit to the pueblo

Photo by Jenks

Figure 89.

(a) Macerating the clays in a wooden mortar; (b) Beginning a pot

Photo by Jenks

Figure 90.

Shaping the rim of a pot

Photo by Martin

Figure 91.

Expanding the bowl of a pot

Photo by Martin

Figure 92.

Smoothing and finishing a sun-dried pot

Photo by Jenks

Figure 93.

Woman's large transportation basket and winnowing tray

Photo by Martin

Figure 94.

Household baskets (sûg-fi′, fa-lo′-ko, ki′-ûg, ko′-lûg)

Photo by Martin

Figure 95.

The traveling basket; so-called “head basket”

Photo by Martin

Figure 96.

Bontoc shields

Photo by Jenks

Figure 97.

Bontoc shields

Photo by Jenks

Figure 98.

The Kalinga shields

Photo by Jenks

Figure 99.

Banawi shield, front and back

Photo by Jenks

Figure 100.

Bontoc war spears (fal-fĕg′)

Photo by Martin

Figure 101.

Spears (fan′-kao and kay-yan′)

Photo by Martin

Figure 102.

Bontoc battle-axes, with bajuco ferrules

Photo by Jenks

Figure 103.

Bontoc battle-axes, with steel ferrules

Photo by Martin

Figure 104.

The Balbelasan or northern battle-ax

Photo by Jenks

Figure 105.

Agawa clay pipe maker

Photo by Jenks

Figure 106.

Agawa clay pipes. (Those in the lower row are finished.)

Photo by Jenks

Figure 107.

Finished Agawa clay pipes, with stems

Photo by Jenks

Figure 108.

Roll of beeswax and three wax pipe models

Photo by Jenks

Figure 109.

Metal pipe makers

Photo by Jenks

Figure 110.

Metal pipes. (The lower row shows poorly the “anito” pipe.)

Photo by Jenks

Figure 111.

Children paring camotes

Photo by Martin

Figure 112.

Women threshing rice

Photo by Martin

Figure 113.

Gourd for storing salt meats

Photo by Martin

Figure 114.

Bamboo tube for carrying basi

Photo by Martin

Figure 115.

Mayinit pueblo. (Long salt houses in the foreground.)

Photo by Martin

Figure 116.

(a) Woman washing salt; (b) salt-incrusted rocks

Photo by Martin

Figure 117.

Mayinit salt producer preparing salt cakes for baking

Photo by Martin

Figure 118.

A cane-sugar mill

Photo by Martin

Figure 119.

Methods of transportation

Photo by Martin

Figure 120.

Man's transportation basket (ki-ma′-ta)

Photo by Martin

Figure 121.

Woman's transportation baskets

Photo by Martin

Figure 122.

Women burden bearers

Photo by Jenks

Figure 123.

(a) Tulubin men bringing home salt; (b) Samoki potters with ware

Photo by Jenks

Figure 124.

Mayinit women on the trail to Bontoc to sell palay

Photo by Martin

Figure 125.

A ba′-si vender

Photo by Martin

Figure 126.

Mak′-lan, a Bontoc warrior

Photo by Martin

Figure 127.

Ko′-mĭs on war trail between Samoki and Tulubin

Photo by Worchester

Figure 128.

“Anito head” post in a Ko′-mĭs

Photo by Worchester

Figure 129.

The warrior's attack

Photo by Jenks

Figure 130.

Battle-axes

Photo by Jenks

Figure 131.

A head dance

Photo by Martin

Figure 132.

Ceremonial rice threshing in Samoki pueblo during the celebration of a captured head

Photo by Jenks

Figure 133.

A fa′-wi, where skulls are kept

Photo by Worchester

Figure 134.

Soot-blackened human skulls from ato Sigichan

Photo by Jenks

Figure 135.

A beheaded human body on its way to burial

Photo by Worchester

Figure 136.

Burial of a beheaded man in Banawi

Photo by Worchester

Figure 137.

Man's headdress

Photo by Martin

Figure 138.

An ear plug of sugar-cane leaves

Photo by Martin

Figure 139.

Bead headdress

Photo by Martin

Figure 140.

Woman's bustle-like girdle

Photo by Jenks

Figure 141.

Igorot woman, showing rolls of hair

Photo by Jenks

Figure 142.

The “switch” held in place by beads

Photo by Martin

Figure 143.

A tattooed Bontoc man

Photo by Worcester

Figure 144.

Two well-done tattooes. (one man bears the jaw band and the other the cheek crosses.)

Photo by Worcester

Figure 145.

An elaborate tattoo

Photo by Martin

Figure 146.

A simple tattoo

Photo by Martin

Figure 147.

Bontoc woman's tattoo. (a) old; (b) new

Photo by Worcester/Jenks

Figure 148.

An elaborate Banawi tattoo

Photo by Worcester

Figure 149.

Tattoo of a Banawi woman

Photo by Worcester

Figure 150.

Gang′-sa, showing human-jaw handle

Photo by Martin

Figure 151.

A dance, with contorting head-ax dancer in the center

Photo by Martin

Figure 152.

A dance, with head-ax dancer at the right

Photo by Martin

Figure 153.

The foundation of Lumawig's house in Bontoc

Photo by Jenks

Figure 154.

Sacred grove (Pa-pa-tay′ ad so-kok′)

Photo by Jenks