Index
Reading edition
A
A. B. C. Life Series, the, xxiv, 15, 47;
explanation of, 399-407
Abdominal glands, the, 189, 190
—— muscles, the, 326, 388
—— wall, the, 364
Abernethy biscuit, 131
Acid reaction, of food, 269
Acids, stimulating properties of, 270;
supplement weak action in the stomach, 270;
special relation to the pancreas of, 270
Addison, Joseph, upon the work of Luigi Cornaro, 28
Adenoids, largely dietetic in origin, 148-152, 156
Afferent nerves, special duty of the peripheral terminations of, 184-185
Agriculture, U. S. Department of, 37
Albumen, digestion of, 394
Albuminoids, the, 395
Albuminous foods, minimum amount of, 74, 78
Alcoholic beverages, explanation of the use of, 252
Algarroba bean, the, 124
Alimentary canal, the, 13, 14, 15, 40;
pabulum derived from, 40, 92, 117;
Professor Pawlow’s conclusions concerning, 186;
experimental investigation of the pathology and therapeutics of, 248, 260, 273, 275, 276, 277
Alimentation, human, study of, 13;
theory of, 180
Alkalies, the, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282
Alkaline reduction, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44
—— saliva, 33;
its quantity increased by mastication, 96, 102, 146
Alkalinisation, 92
Altruism, placed upon a business basis, xxiv
American Medical Missionary Association, the, 390
—— Medical Missionary Cause, the, xxiii
—— Physiological Society, the, 68
Anderson, Dr. William G., 54, 87, 88
Anger, causes indigestion, 7
Animal economy, 40
—— food, necessitates less thorough mastication than vegetable, 67, 99-100, 173;
influenced less than vegetable by cooking, 118
—— organism, the efficiency of, 58
Anthropoid apes, 115, 116
Antiperistalsis, 326, 333, 342, 345, 364;
in the colon, 365-370;
the question of, 377-383, 384, 385, 387, 388
Antiperistaltic waves, 365, 367, 373, 374, 376, 381, 383, 387, 388
Antrum, the, 307, 308, 311, 315, 322, 323, 326, 327, 333, 334, 336, 340, 341, 360
Apepsia, 394
Appendicitis, relationship between diet and, 141
Appendix, the, cause of catarrh of, 141
Appetite, demands proteid when wanted, xxxii;
knows what to do and when to do it, xxxiii;
most important factor in digestion, 6;
a perfect indicator, 6;
a creature of the mind, 7;
the caprices of, 7;
easily comprehended, how to read, 8, 9, 12;
an indicator of what the body requires, 20;
will close the valve when enough is eaten, 20;
striking effect of insalivation upon, 50;
fully understood, prevents intemperance in eating or drinking, 95;
sooner satisfied with thorough mastication, 137;
the first and mightiest exciter of the secretory nerves of the stomach, 210;
is juice, 213;
Dr. Pawlow’s experiment showing value of, 226;
its initial impulse may originate in the stomach, 244;
in the rich and in the poor, 252-253;
care should be taken of, 254;
physicians most often called on to restore, 254;
remarkable how little attention is paid to, 255;
bitters increase, 263, 265;
the strongest of all stimuli to the digestive glands, 263;
connection between gastric juice and, 265.
—— earned, a preliminary necessity of easy digestion, 180
——, false, 6, 9, 29, 75
——, normal, 6
“Appetite juice,” the, 213, 228, 258, 259, 260
Apples, 169
Appreciation, attention necessary to create, 7;
necessary to stimulate flow of digestive juices, 7, 12
Armsby, Dr. H. P., on the heat values and muscular energy values of different food elements, 397
Asiatics, the, consume smaller proportion of proteids, 82
Asparagus, 93
Astrup, E., 126
Athletes, reason for training, 22
Attention, necessary to create appreciation, 7;
how to command, 8, 9, 12
Atwater, Prof. W. O., 54;
on the daily proteid requirement, 76
—— Respiration Apparatus, the, 57
Australians, the, 118, 129, 163
B
Bache Fund, the, 69
Bacteria, the action in the intestines of, 39, 117
Bacterial digestion, 40
—— flora, the, examination of, 26
Bacteriology, advances of, 248, 249
Bailey, 128
Balthazard, experiments of, 314, 315, 327, 328
Baltimore, Md., 68
Barling, Gilbert, 141
Barrett, Robert, 47
Bayliss, experiments of, 343, 344, 345, 359
Batter pudding, 98
Battle Creek, Michigan, 390
—— Laboratories, the, 389-391;
experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and cooking of food, etc., in, 391-396
—— Sanitarium, the, xvii, xxiii, xxvii;
described, 389-391
Bayert, 123
Beans, 95, 132
Beaumont, experiments of, 305, 309, 310, 313, 326, 327, 329, 330, 334, 336
Beef, 100
Benedict, Prof. Francis G., 54
Berlin, 56, 65
Berne, Switzerland, 284
Betel, chewing, 103, 128
Beverages, mastication in the preparation of, 123
Bidder and Schmidt, experiments of, 202, 204, 231;
conditions for success, 204-206
Bile, the, 360
Bitters, therapeutic influence of, 262, 265;
increase the appetite, 263, 264, 265
Blondlot, experiments of, 181, 182, 277
Blood, the, toxins absorbed into, 40;
influence of the contraction of the masticatory muscles on local circulation of, 107, 148, 149, 278, 355
—— elements, the, 41
Blumfield, Dr. Joseph, 26
Body, the, considered as an engine, 4, 23;
derives its necessary energy from food, 72;
burdened by excess of food, 73
Boer War, the, 11
Bolting food, 35, 36, 134, 135, 138, 140
Bolus, the, 329, 343, 344
Boston Society of Medical Sciences, the, 342
Bouillon, 266
Bowditch, Dr. Prof. Henry Pickering, xxiv, xxv, 67, 68, 70, 284, 285, 287, 306
Bowel, the, liable to suffer, 140, 345
“Bracer,” a, why required, 20
Braun and Grützner, experiments of, 278
Bread, 78, 98, 99, 132, 137, 143, 171, 270, 271, 274, 275
Brinton, experiments of, 329, 330, 334, 336
British Guiana, 124
—— Medical Association, the, 27, 48, 91, 92
“British Medical Journal,” the, 141
Bronchitis, 144, 146
Broth, strong, 268
Brown bread, 43
Brussels, 68
Buccal digestion, 8
—— nerves, the, 194
Bushmen, the, 118, 123
Butter, 43, 100
C
Cabbage, why indigestible, 99
Cæcum, the, 140, 141, 363, 364, 365, 366, 368, 370, 371, 372, 375, 376, 377, 381, 387
Cake, 132
California, University of, 90, 397
Calm, easy to cultivate, 7
Cambridge, England, xxxi, 26, 47, 49
—— tests, the, 47, 69
—— University, England, xxv, 26, 53, 68, 91
Campbell, Dr. Harry, 8, 12;
on the importance of mastication, 92-179, 389
Cancer, produced by inefficient mastication, 138
Cane-sugar, changed to grape-sugar, 21, 169
Cannon, Dr. W. B., 7, 12;
on “Swallowing and Movements of the Stomach and Intestines,” 284-300;
on the “Movements of the Stomach Studied by means of the Röntgen Rays,” 301-341;
on the “Movements of the Intestines Studied by Means of the Röntgen Rays,” 342-388
Carbohydrate foods, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 89
Cardia, the, ideas of early writers concerning, 303, 304, 325, 326, 328, 329
Cardiac sphincter, the, 307
Carelessness, the sin of, xvii
Carnegie, Andrew, xxxv
—— Institution, the, 53
Carnivora, the, do not masticate, 97, 161
Cassava root, 124
Cat, the, experiments upon, 289-293, 299, 303, 307, 311, 312, 315, 320, 322, 325, 333, 335, 337-339, 341, 344, 353, 359, 361, 365, 366, 372, 382, 383-386, 388
Catarrh of the appendix, caused by inefficient mastication, 141
Cauliflower, 99
“Cause and Prevention of Decay in Teeth, the,” Wallace’s, 161
Cavendish lecture, Sir Frederick Treves’s, 140
Cell, a, determination of the metabolism of, 40
Cellulose, 117, 170
Cereals, 78, 84, 146
Ceylon, 128
Cheese, 43, 95;
when indigestible, 100, 137
Chemical excitants, the, 268
—— secretion, 259
Chemistry, organic, 62
——, physical, 62
Chewing, length of time necessary for, xxxii
Chicken bone, 166
Chigin, Dr., experiments by, 214, 216, 282
Children, early feeding of, 130-132, 143;
defective mastication in, 148;
feeding of, 262
Children’s Aid Society, the, xxv, 68
Chimpanzee, the, 115
China, 82
Chittenden, Prof. R. H., conducting the experiments at Yale, xvii, 5;
emphasises the want of exact knowledge of nutrition, 53, 67, 68;
the Yale test, 69-91.
Chop bone, 166
Chyme, the, 346, 360, 362
Circulation, the, stimulated by mastication, 96, 103, 157
Cocoa-nut, 137
Coffee, 132
Cole, Sidney W., 47;
his paper upon the isolation of the tryptophane element of the proteid molecule, 47
Colon, the, 363, 364;
antiperistalsis in, 365-370;
changes when food enters, 370, 371, 372;
process of clearing, 373-377, 381, 382, 384, 387, 388
Comminution, 98, 100, 101
Commonwealth, the S. S., 69
Condiments, influence of, 261, 265
Constipation, cannot exist, 43
Constriction, waves of, 323, 340, 341
Cooked flesh, requires mastication, 97, 174
Cooking, influences vegetable more than mineral food, 118;
effect of, 389, 391-396
Cornaro, Luigi, reformed manner of living of, ix;
his autobiography, x, xvi, xvii;
Dr. Van Someren’s paper upon his theory of living, 26-46;
his treatise on the “Sure and Certain Method of Attaining a Long and Healthful Life,” 28;
Addison’s comments upon his work, 28, 92
Craving for food, 256
Cream, experiments with, 38-39, 43
Cuba, xiv, 70
Curr, E. M., 125, 129
D
Dastre, Dr. Prof. A., 67, 68
Day, experiments of, 337
Defecation, 373-377
Deglutition, Magendie’s theory of, 284, 285;
movements of, 285;
divided into three parts, 285;
Falk’s and Kronecker’s theory of, 286;
the X-ray method in the study of, 287-295;
phenomena of œsophageal, 298-300
—— reflex, the, 287
Dental caries, causation of, 161
Dewey, Dr. Edward Hooker, and the “No Breakfast Plan,” 396, 397
De Witt, Assistant Surgeon, Lieut. Wallace, in command of soldiers in the Yale investigation, xiii, 70
Dextrine, 170, 171, 392, 393, 395
Diaphragm, the, 324, 326
Diet, best manner and system of, xiii;
the optimum, xxxi;
minimum, 74;
the anthropoid stage, 116;
the pre-cooking human stage, 117;
the pre-agricultural cooking period, 118;
the early agricultural age, 119;
the late agricultural period, 120;
for children, 130-132;
relationship between appendicitis and, 141
Dietary Ten Commandments, 5
Dietetics, precepts of, 272
Digestion, appetite the most important factor in, 6;
the true chemical end-point of, 10-11;
effect of the mental state upon, 74, 145;
psychic influence in, 180;
the phenomena in, 251;
thorough mouth-work as an aid to, 389
Digestion-ash, the, what it should be like, 10-11, 14;
should not be unclean, 24;
in experiments, 38-39, 42, 43, 47, 51, 79, 83, 84, 85, 94
Digestive activity, stopped by anger and worry, 7
—— canal, the. See Alimentary canal, the
—— glands, the, analogy between the innervation mechanism of the salivary glands and, 188-190;
appetite the strongest of all stimuli to, 263, 280, 282
—— juices, the, 7;
appreciation necessary to stimulate flow of, 7, 12, 96;
mastication brings the food into intimate contact with, 98;
quantity of, 267;
relation of milk to the secretion of, 274, 383, 386
Digitalis, 281
Diphtheria, 149
Disease, caused by indiscretions in eating, x, xxxi;
follows disobedience, 29
Disobedience, disease follows, 29
Distention, 144
Distress, effect of, 388
Dog, the experiments upon, 181, 194-211, 212-246, 249, 254, 258, 263, 279, 280, 285, 292, 293, 297, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 336, 344
Dolomites, the, 26
Drinking, too much, xix, 95
Dry food, 97
Dunn, Miss Eva, 122
Duodenum, the, 303, 315, 356, 360
Dyspepsia, dangers of, xv;
might cease to exist, 35
E
Eat, how to, 19
Eating, too much, ix;
indiscretions of, x, xix, xxix, 29, 95, 135;
too fast, 20;
systematic inattention to, 259, 260;
English have made a cult of, 261
Economic nutrition. See Nutrition, economic
Efferent nerves, 184, 185
Efficiency, human, the measure of, xxx;
research into causes for, 54
Eggs, experiments with, 38, 43, 78, 95, 100, 137, 277
“Encyclopædia Britannica,” the, 27
Enemata, the, 367, 379, 380, 388
Energy, the minimum transformation of, 59
——, potential, 59
Engine, an, the body considered as, 4, 23
English, the, have made a cult of the art of eating, 261
Emetic, an, 325
Emotion, inhibition of stomach movements during, 337;
effect of, 383-384, 388
Empiricism, medical practice largely based upon, 52
Esquimaux, the, 118, 123, 125, 126
Esselmont, experiments of, 383
Evolution, Nature’s plan of, xi
Ewald, experiments of, 313, 314
Excess, habitual, confirmed by experiments, ix
Excrements. See Digestion-ash, the
Excretia. See Digestion-ash, the
Exercise, necessity of, xxix
F
Fæces, the, 374. See also Digestion-ash
Falk, Dr., 284;
theory of deglutition of, 286
Fallopius, on the functions of the stomach, 302
Farinaceous food, 395
Fasola, experiments of, 378
Fat, potatoes need not produce, 21, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 95, 98, 100;
experiments upon, 271, 272, 274
Faucial tonsils, the, influence of mastication upon, 148
Fear, effect of, 388
Fearthought, 404
Featherman, 123
Fibrin, 276
Flesh food, reduction of craving for, 50
Fletcher, Horace, Dr. Van Someren’s comments upon the case of, 30-31;
his experiments confirmed by Marckwald, 46;
Sir Michael Foster’s comments, 48;
the Cambridge tests, 49-52;
the Middletown test, 54-55, 60;
the Yale test, 75-91
Flour, 132, 392, 393, 395
Food, mal-assimilation of, x;
length of time for chewing, xxxii;
Dr. Kellogg’s estimate of amount habitually used, xxxiv;
mouth-treatment of, 5;
how to masticate and swallow, 8, 9, 31, 32;
actual process of mastication described, 32-34;
important bearing upon the economy of the body of its treatment in the mouth, 48-49;
its function to supply material from which the body derives necessary energy, 72;
any excess an incubus, 72-73;
classified under three heads, 78;
in excess,produces a large amount of unnecessary work, 80;
its nutritive value determined by the thoroughness of its digestion, 79;
softness of, 129;
mastication tends to reduce amount of, 136;
should be eaten with interest and enjoyment, 252;
passionate craving for, 256;
its nutritive value should be considered rather than taste, 261;
the acid reaction of, 269;
relative nutritive values of different, 275, 276;
experiments upon the utilisation of, 275;
effect of the movements of the stomach upon, 328;
circulation of, 329;
experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and cooking of, 389-396
Foster, Sir Michael, xxiv, xxv, 26;
his note upon Dr. Van Someren’s paper, 48-52;
emphasises the want of exact knowledge of nutrition, 52, 53, 67, 68, 91
Fowls, experiments upon, 299
Fruitarians, the, 90, 397
Fruit sugar, 169
Fruits, 43;
under-ripe and over-ripe, 141, 395, 396;
usefulness of, 397
Fubini, experiments of, 383
Fundus, the, 317, 322, 323, 324, 325, 330, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 340
G
Galen, on the functions of the stomach, 302
Gastric catarrh, 249
—— digestion, 309, 316
—— glands, the, 182;
the vagus and the sympathetic nerves exciters of, 183, 198;
mechanical and chemical stimulation of the cavity of the mouth has no effect on, 201;
psychic excitation of, 205;
sleep exercises no restraining influence upon, 206;
the simultaneous excitation of the different sense organs the first and strongest impulse toward activity of, 210;
psychic secretion the normal commencement of secretory activity on the part of, 214;
conditions upon which depends the secretory work of, 227;
mechanical stimulation of, 237, 245, 249, 271, 272, 274, 280
Gastric juice, the, appreciation necessary to stimulate flow of, 7;
destroys micro-organisms, 41;
its flow increased by mastication, 102, 146;
secretion of, 181, 206, 208, 211, 213, 262;
connection between the appetite and, 265, 266;
experiments for, 267;
too little, 270, 272, 273;
salts of sodium promote a flow of, 277, 279, 280, 329, 334, 335, 337, 340, 341
—— mechanism, the, 385
—— movements, the, 301;
early writings on subject of, 302;
later experiments upon, 303, 327, 329, 338
—— mucous membrane, the, excitability of, 181, 231, 241, 249, 258, 259, 264
—— muscular fibres, the, 307
“Gastric tonics,” 255
Gastritis, inefficient mastication may produce, 138
Gastro-intestinal catarrh, 144
Gastronomic enjoyment, increased by proper mastication and insalivation, 22
Germany, food in, 267
Ginger, preserved, 141
Gladstone, William E., his theory of mastication, 92
Gland metabolism, 277
Glinski, Dr., 190, 194, 196, 197
Gluten, raw, 395
“Glutton or Epicure,” 26, 31, 92, 389, 396.
See also “New Glutton or Epicure, The”
Goose, the, experiments upon, 288
Goose-fat, 100
Gorilla, the, 115
Gran Chaco Indians, the, 123
Grape-sugar, chemically made from cane-sugar, 21, 169
Greens, 132
Grey, Sir George, 128
Griddle-cakes, need not be hurtful, 21
Griffin, Charles & Company, 180, 181
Grützner, experiments of, 278, 346, 363, 377, 378, 381
Gscheidlen, 235
Guinea-pigs, experiments upon, 39
Gum arabic, chewing, 103
Gustatory indifference, 263
—— nerves, the, 263, 269
Gut, the, 344, 345, 355, 360, 364, 365, 374
H
Hæmorrhoids, cannot exist, 43
Haller, experiments of, 304;
his summary of the motor functions of the stomach, 304-305, 309
Harvard Medical School, 68
—— Physiological Laboratory, the, 284
Haste, danger of, 134-135
Headache, produced by inefficient mastication, 138
Health, the optimum, xxxi
Hearing, the sense of, 210
Heart, the, stimulated by mastication, 96, 103, 281
Heartburn, 144
Heat values, 397
Heger, Dr. Prof. Paul, 67, 68
Heidenhain, 181, 182, 183, 235
Herbivora, the, practice thorough mastication, 97
Higgins, Dr. Hubert, letter from, xxvii-xxxiii, 47
Hirsch, experiments of, 305, 315
Hofmeister, experiments of, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 326, 327, 332
Hopkins, Dr. F. Gowland, 26;
his paper upon the isolation of the tryptophane element of the proteid molecule, 47
Hors d’œuvre, 266
Horse, the, experiments upon, 293, 294, 300
Hospital Corps, the, at New Haven, xiii, 70
Hunger, 241;
“the best sauce,” 254
Hyperacidity, 145
Hyperæmia, 345
Hyperchlorhydria, 144, 147
I
“Igniting juice,” 260
Ignorance, dietic, sin of, xvii
Ileocæcal valve, the, 355, 362;
the competence of, 362-364, 367, 370, 376, 381, 387, 388
Ileum, the, 363, 364, 367, 370, 382, 387
India, 82, 128
Indians of Honduras, the, 124
—— of Nicaragua, the, 124
—— of North California, the, 122, 126
Indigestion, x;
dangers of, xv;
caused by anger and worry, 7;
“bunching hits” to oppose, 13-16
Indol, the odourous, 47
Industries, the, mastication in, 124
Infant life, action of saliva in, 36
Innervation mechanism, an, constituent parts of, 184
Insalivation, defined, 8, 22;
increases gastronomic enjoyment, 22, 46, 48;
its striking effect upon appetite, 50, 60;
effects of, 74, 89, 92, 93, 96;
mastication promotes, 101
Insane, the, forced feeding of, 268
Instinct, human, the outcome of every-day experience, 251;
physiology merely confirms the precepts of, 251;
provisions for digestion made by, 267;
demands of, 272
Intemperance, 95
International Congress of Physiologists, the, 26, 48, 56, 68, 91
—— Laboratory of Research, the, proposal to found, 55-69;
suggestions as to staff and personnel, 62;
estimate of initial outlay, 63;
suggestions as to location, 63;
suggestions as to management, 66
Intestinal anæmia, 345
—— canal, the, 39, 346
—— contents, the, rhythmic segmentation of, 347-355, 386
—— digestive juices, the, 361
—— mechanism, the, 385
—— movements, difficulties of investigating, 342;
the best known of, 343
—— secretion, 61
—— wall, the, 344, 381, 386
Intestine, the large, activity of, 343;
movements of, 364-377, 379, 386, 387, 388
——, the small, 343, 346;
the movements of, 347-362, 366;
course of food in, 360-362, 365, 367, 369, 378, 381, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388
——, the, action of the bacteria in, 39;
micro-organic action in, 40, 80, 92;
much more sensitive than the stomach, 139, 301, 317, 328, 337, 341;
studied by means of the Röntgen rays, 342-388, 395
J
Jaffa, Professor, 90;
and the fruitarians, 397
Japan, 82
Jaws, the, mastication stimulates the nutrition of, 96, 103, 155;
influence of mastication upon, 109, 148;
changes during man’s evolution in, 115-121;
instances of vigorous use, 122
Johns Hopkins University, 68
“Journal of Physiology, The” (American), 284, 301, 342
—— (English), 47
K
Kais Root, 123
Kane, Dr., 125
Kara, 124
Katabolic action, 41
Katabolism, 95
Kellogg, Dr. J. H., xxvii;
letter from, xxxiii-xxxv;
his estimate of amount of food habitually used, xxxiv;
tribute to, 391;
his experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and cooking of food, 391-396
—— Mrs. J. H., 389;
tribute to, 391
Kelp, 122
Kotljar, experiment by, 217
Kreuznach, 46
Kronecker, Dr. Prof. Hugo, 67, 68, 284, 285;
theory of deglutition of, 286
Kumagawa, experiments of, 81
Kwas, 267, 269, 270
L
Lactic acid, prepared in the stomach, 269, 393, 394
“Lancet, The,” 8, 26, 31;
Dr. Campbell’s articles from, 92-179, 145
Lard, 272
Laws of Nature, health, strength, and moral tone dependent upon proper fulfilment of, 73
Leonardi, Dr. Professor, 26
Life, right conduct of, xiii;
the essentials and sequence in, 399
Lippincott, J. B. & Company, 180, 181
Liqueurs, 266
Liquids, how to treat, 9, 34, 93, 94, 95
Lobassoff, Dr., experiments by, 217, 218, 220, 222, 226
Lobster, 137, 141
London, 65
Lower Californians, the, 123
Ludwig, experiments of, 342
Lumen, the, 374
Lymph, influence of the contraction of the masticatory muscles on local circulation of, 107, 148, 149, 355
M
Macaroni, 132
—— cheese, 100
Mackerel, 141
Madrid, 69
Magendie, theory of deglutition of, 284
Maize, chewed, 124
Mal-assimilation, of nutriment, x, xxi;
“bunching bits” to oppose, 13-16;
dangers of, 24, 35
Malay, 128
Mall, experiments of, 343, 345, 354, 378
Mal-nutrition, causes of, xxi, 35
“Malt extracts,” 102
Maltose, starch turned into, 101, 170, 392, 393
Man, the First Assistant of Nature, xi;
his disparity due to ignorance, xii;
absurdity of his ignorance, 4, 23;
experiments upon, 300;
by nature a frugivorous animal, 395
Maple sugar, 84
Marckwald, Max, paper “On Digestion of Milk in the Stomach of Full-grown Dogs,” 46
Masticate, how to, 19
Mastication, inefficient, causation of, 129;
must lead to many evils, 129;
evils resulting from, 135;
conduces to excessive eating, 135;
may cause suffocation, 137;
may produce gastritis, 138;
excess of starch may pass into stomach because of, 141;
prevents a sufficient amount of alkali to pass into the stomach, 146;
causes evils with the jaws and their appendages and the adjacent structures, 148;
responsible for adenoids, 148-152;
a potent cause of Rigg’s disease, 159;
secondary evils of, 164, 394
——, proper, increases gastronomic enjoyment, 22, 46, 48, 60;
effects of, 74, 89;
Dr. Campbell’s observations upon, 96-173;
the effects of, 96;
primary object of, 96;
promotes flow of saliva, 96, 101;
stimulates the heart and circulation, 96, 103;
influences the nutrition of the jaws, 96, 103;
facilitates swallowing, 97;
brings the food into intimate contact with the digestive juices, 98;
increases amount of alkaline saliva passing into the stomach, 96, 102;
acts reflexly upon the stomach, 102;
the muscles of, 104;
its influence upon the jaw-bones, 109;
its influence upon the teeth, 110;
in the preparation of beverages, 123;
in the industries, 124;
the instinct of, 126;
the causation of inefficient, 129;
less opportunity than formerly for, 130-133;
defective apparatus for, 133;
affected by individual differences, 134;
tends to diminish amount of food consumed, 136;
most effective way to secure starch digestion, 145;
effect upon the nasal passages, naso-pharynx, and faucial tonsils, 148;
fast becoming a lost art, 157;
means of insuring adequate, 164, 389;
experimental investigation of the influence of, 391
Masticatory instinct, the, 126-129
—— muscles, the, 104;
influence of their contraction on local circulation of blood and lymph, 107, 148
Matri, 128
Meadville, Penn., 396
Measles, 149
Meat, 78
—— broth, 266;
an important chemical excitant of gastric secretion, 266, 267
—— extract, 268
—— juice, 268
Mechanical stimulus, great importance assigned to, 257
Medical practice, largely based upon empiricism, 52
—— science, not possessed of final information concerning questions of nutrition, 52
Medicine, ideal only when it can take its proper position, 249;
physiology can make no pretence to guide the field of, 251;
to what it will at length grow, 251;
treats too lightly the loss of appetite, 256
Melanesia, 128
Melanesians, the, 120
Meltzer, Dr., 284;
experiments of, 294, 296, 297, 298
Mendel, Dr. Lafayette B., 69
Mendel Pass, bei Bozen, Süd Tirol, Austria, experiments at, 26
Mental energy, 41
—— state, 12;
its effect upon digestion and nutrition, 74
Menticulture, physical and mental equipments necessary to promote, 7
“Menticulture,” xxi, xxiv
Metabolism, 37;
determination of, 40;
calorimetric trial-balance measurement of, 54
Micro-organisms, 40;
destroyed by acid gastric juices, 41
Middletown, Conn., experiments at, 54
Milk, how to drink, 9;
experiments in drinking, 36, 38-39, 78, 84, 93, 94, 268;
takes a special position among foods, 272;
the three properties of, 273;
its relation to the secretion of the digestive juices, 274, 275, 276, 277
—— pudding, 97, 143, 172
“Modern Medicine,” 389, 391
Modoc Indians, the, 123
Moist foods, 97
Moritz, experiments of, 324, 328, 332
Mosso, Dr. Prof. Angelo, 67, 68, 284, 285
Mouth, the, should do all it can, 93, 180;
examination of, 174-179;
rinsing, 179;
mechanical and chemical stimulation of the cavity of, 201, 285, 286
—— breathing, evils of, 151-153
—— discrimination, 94
—— thoroughness, 8
—— treatment, of food, 5, 12, 92;
a preliminary necessity of easy digestion, 180, 389
Mucosa, the, 343, 355
Mucous membrane, the, 346
Munich, 56, 76, 81
Muster, 128
Mutton, 100
N
Nansen, J. F., 123
Napoleon, died from fast eating, 138
Nasal passages, the, effect of mastication upon, 148
Naso-pharyngitis, 144, 148, 149
Naso-pharynx, the, influence of mastication upon, 148
National Academy of Sciences, the, contribute to fund for research, 69
Natural Automatic Processes, 3, 180
Nature, plan of evolution of, xi;
Man the First Assistant of, xi;
her reward for conformity with her requirements, xii;
her generous assumption of forty-seven forty-eighths of labour, 5, 12;
given an opportunity by economic nutrition, 22;
her plans perfect if her laws are obeyed, 29;
never intended a special diet or bottle of medicine, 30;
endeavours to prepare lactic acid in the stomach, 269
Negritos, the, 118
Negroes, the African, 120
Nerve cells, the, specific qualities of, 187
—— fibres, 184
Nervous system, the, influence upon the glands of, 183
Neutralisation, 92
“New Glutton or Epicure,” the, xxviii, 47.
See also “Glutton or Epicure”
New Guinea, 124
New Haven (Conn.), scientific experiments at, xiii, 54, 71.
See Yale investigation, the, and Yale test, the
Nitrogen, 85, 86
Nitrogenous equilibrium, 86
—— measurements, tests of, 26
“No Breakfast Plan,” the, 396
Nothnagel, experiments of, 343, 345
Northwest London Hospital, the, 8, 92
Nutarians, 90
Nutrient enemata, 367, 379, 380, 382, 388
—— fluid, 381
Nutriment, selection of, 7
Nutrition, economic, experiments upon problem of, ix, x, 48-52;
active interest now taken in, x;
the financial saving the least of the profits in, xi;
the key to England’s welfare, xxv;
attitude of the scientific mind towards, xxvii;
little accurate knowledge concerning, xxx;
psychology of, 6-7;
appetite the most important factor in, 6;
mechanical and chemical physiology of, 8;
its entire principle simple and practical, 19;
does not advise avoiding starchy foods for stout people, 21;
assures that the same food will add or decrease weight, 21;
keeps one in perfect condition, 22;
its requirements not hardships but pleasures, 22;
not a joke or fad, 24;
an appeal to self-examination and self-instruction, 25;
first scientific recognition of principles of, 26;
medical science not possessed of final information concerning questions of, 52;
plan for institution of an international inquiry into the subject of, 53-55;
proposed to found an international laboratory of research for the study of, 55-68;
no question of greater importance, 72;
poverty and vice traced to perversion of, 73;
great need of thorough physiological study of, 74;
effect of the mental state upon, 74
Nutrition, animal, 56, 57, 58
Nutritive equilibrium, 37;
experiments in, 37-39
Nuts, 141, 173;
usefulness of, 397
Nuttall, Dr. George H. F., 26, 39, 47
O
Œsophagus, the, may protect the stomach, 139, 192, 285, 286, 289, 291, 292, 297, 299, 300, 303, 304, 307, 316, 325, 326, 336, 341
Openchowski, experiments of, 305, 325
Orang, the, 115
Oranges, 169
O’Reilly, Surgeon-General, xvii, 69, 70
Ozawa, Professor, 55
P
Pabulum, the, derivation of, 40, 41
Pacific Islands, the, 124
Padua, Italy, 28
Palate, the, “the dietetic conscience,” 75
Pancreas, the, excited by the vagus and the sympathetic nerves, 183,
270;
special relations of acids to, 270, 271, 273, 274, 279
Pancreatic digestion, 395
—— gland, the, 269, 270, 271, 280
—— juice, the, experiments for, 267, 270, 273, 279, 360, 395
Paris, 56, 65
Pastry, 132, 172
Patagonians, the, 128
Pathology, 249
Pavia, University of, 26
Pawlow, Dr. Prof. J. P., 6, 7, 12;
researches of, 61, 67, 68;
his demonstrations of psychic influence in digestion, 180-283
Peas, 132
Pendelbewegung, the, 342
Pendulum movement, the, 358-360
Penegal, xxxiii
Peptic digestion, 318, 335
Peristalsis, 327, 330, 333, 337, 340, 343, 344, 346, 348, 355-357, 361, 365, 377, 378, 383, 384, 386, 388
Peristaltic wave, the, 343, 353, 365
Pflüger’s Archives, 182
Pharynx, the, 285, 286, 290, 298
Philippines, the, 69
Physicians, most of them called on to restore appetite, 254;
their indifference to appetite, 257;
in Russia, 260;
should bear in mind the question of psychic secretion, 261
Physiology, applied, 251
Pine-apple, 141
Pitcherie, chewing, 129
Polynesia, 128
Poorer classes, the, appetite stronger among, 253;
food of, 266, 267
“Popular Science Monthly, The,” xxxiii, 53;
Professor Chittenden’s article in, 69-91
Pork, 100, 141
Porridge, 97, 143, 172, 270
Potato, made digestible by saliva, 20;
if masticated, need not produce fat, 21;
experiments with, 38, 102;
yields abundant sugar by long-continued mastication, 142, 146
Potatoes, boiled, 143, 172
Poverty, traced to perversion of nutrition, 73
Proteid, demanded by the appetite, xxxii;
the putrid decomposition of, 47;
minimum amount of, 74, 78, 79;
Asiatics consume smaller proportion of, 82, 83, 85, 98, 100, 272, 394
——, the high, xxxii, xxxiii
——, the low, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii
—— digestion, perfect, 394, 395
—— molecule, the, isolation of the tryptophane element of, 47
Physiology, experimental, 249;
can make no pretence to guide the field of medicine, 251;
merely confirms the precepts of instinct, 251
Psychic environment, 12
—— excitation, 259
—— influence, in digestion, 180-283
—— juice, the, 213, 257, 267
—— secretion, 261
—— stimulation, 249
Pultaceous foods, 95, 97
Pyloric sphincter, the, movements of, 314
Pylorus, the, stands guard over the intestines, 139, 141;
observations of Fallopius upon, 302;
ideas of early writers concerning, 303;
later experiments, 304, 307, 308, 315, 316, 317, 325, 326, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 340, 341, 360
R
Rabbit, the, experiments upon, 344, 359, 371
Rage, effect of, 388
Raiser, experiments of, 359, 371
Rectal injections, stimulating effect on movements of small intestine of, 367
Rectum, the, 374, 379, 382
Reed, Dr. Major Walter (martyr to science), 70
Regina Margherita Laboratory, the, summit Monte Rosa, 64, 68
Regurgitation, 35
Rhinitis, 144, 148, 149
Rhythmic segmentation, of the intestinal contents, 347-355, 358, 360, 362, 383, 386
Rice, 82, 132
Rickets, 144
Rigg’s disease, 159, 163
Rjasanzew, Professor, experiments of, 275
Roberts, Sir William, 75, 147
Rockefeller, John D., xxxv
—— Institute of Preventive Medicine, the, 68
Rollbewegung, 345
Röntgen rays, the, Dr. Cannon’s studies with, 180, 284, 287-300, 301-341, 342-388
Roosevelt, President Theodore, 70
Root, Secretary of War, Elihu, 70
Rosa, Monte, 64, 68
Rossbach, experiments of, 305, 309, 311, 313, 314
Roux, experiments of, 314, 315, 327, 328
Royal Society, the, 68
Rumination, 35, 98
Russell, Dr. William, 145
Russia, physicians in, 260;
food in, 267, 272
Russian Imperial Military School of Medicine, the, 68
—— peasant, the, 270
S
Sabbatani, experiments of, 378
St. Martin, Alexis, investigations on, 305, 309
Saliva, its chemical effect upon potato, 20;
upon syrup, 21, 33, 34, 35;
its action in infant life, 36;
an important therapeutic agent, 45, 93, 94, 95;
mastication promotes flow of, 96, 101;
dry food produces greater flow than moist, 97, 147;
complicated physiological functions of, 191-192, 337, 392, 393, 395, 396
Salivary digestion, in the stomach, 335, 341;
effect of mastication and cooking of food upon, 391;
imperfect, 394
—— glands, the, 155;
analogy between the innervation mechanism and the glands of digestion, 188-190;
the exciting agencies of the nervous mechanism of, 191;
their particular properties, 191-194;
differences between the exciting agencies of the different, 194-198;
Professor Pawlow’s sham-feeding experiment, 198-211, 280
—— secretion, excitants of, 191
Sapidity, 44
Sauces, 269
Schäfer, 40, 82
Schmidt, experiments of, 202, 204, 231;
conditions for success, 204-206
Schütz, experiments of, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 327, 332
Schwartz, experiments of, 303, 304
Scientific Assessors, Board of, 67, 68, 181
Secretions, digestive, 180
Secretory fibres, 183
—— nerves, 266
Segmentation, 386, 388
Selection, of nutriment, 7
Self-nutrition, secret of, xii
Sensory nerves, 187
Sham feeding, experiments in, 198-211, 214-246;
psychic effect may become an absolute and independent factor in, 209, 279
Sheffield Scientific School, the, experiments at, 53, 68
Sight, the sense of, 210
Sivén, experiments of, 81
Skatol, the odourous, 47
Sleep, exercises no restraining influence upon the gastric glands, 206;
effect of, 383-386
Smell, the sense of, 210
Snyder, Dr., experiment in nutritive equilibrium, 37-38
Société de Biologie, the, 46
Sodium, salts of, 277;
promote a flow of gastric juice, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282
Soft foods, 97, 129, 136, 142, 160, 162
Solid foods, 94, 268
Solray Sociological Institute, the, 68
Sorbonne, Universitie de la, 68
Soups, 266, 267
South Africa, 11
—— America, 124
“Spectator,” the, 28
Sphincter, the, 315, 316, 317, 331, 333, 341
Spinach, 99
Spirits, 93, 94
Ssanozki, Professor, experiments of, 203, 228
Starch, needed by body, 20, 21, 78, 98;
changed into maltose, 101, 102;
danger to the stomach in receiving an excess of, 141-146;
the last constituent to leave the stomach, 145, 170, 171, 172, 270, 337, 393, 395, 396;
Starling, experiments of, 343, 344, 345, 346, 359
Stews, 266
Stomach, the, struggles bravely to overcome abuse, 19;
man’s ignorance concerning requirements of, 23;
mastication acts reflexly upon, 102;
a long-suffering organ, 138;
its danger of receiving an excess of starch, 141;
starch the last constituent to leave, 145;
necessity of alkali in, 146;
secretory work of, 182, 183, 229;
secretory nerves of, 210, 227;
the seat of certain definite sensations, 241;
the initial impulse towards awakening an appetite may originate in, 244, 246;
no material progress in the physiology of, 250;
Nature endeavours to prepare lactic acid in, 269;
acids supplement weak action in, 270, 279;
catarrhal affections of, 280;
gives no obvious external sign of its workings, 301;
studied by means of the Röntgen rays, 301-341;
Galen’s observations on the functions of, 302;
Fallopius’s views upon, 302;
the motor functions of, 304;
the anatomy of, 306;
its relations to the shadow, 306;
the musculature of, 308;
normal movements of, 309;
the peptonising function of, 314;
its appearance at various stages of digestion, 319;
composed of two physiologically distinct portions, 324, 340;
its movements in vomiting, 325;
effect of its movements upon the food, 328;
attempts to perform function of teeth, 333;
salivary digestion in, 335;
inhibition of its movements during emotion, 337
—— fluids, 393, 394
Suffocation, caused by inefficient mastication, 137
Sugar, 21, 78, 89, 95, 169, 337, 393, 395
Sugar-cane, 123, 124, 169
“Sure and Certain Method of Attaining a Long and Healthful Life,” Luigi Cornaro’s treatise upon, 28
Swallowing, facilitated by mastication, 97;
mechanism of, 284.
See also Swallowing Impulse, the
—— Impulse, the, xxxii, 8, 9, 93, 94
—— reflex, Dr. Van Someren’s, 26, 44
Sweet potato, 124
Sweets, why pleasant, 268, 269
Sympathetic nerve, the, an undoubted exciter of the gastric glands and of the pancreas, 183
Syrup, chemical effect of saliva upon, 21
T
Tapioca, 132
Taplin, 125
Tasmanians, the, 122
Taste, delicacy of the sense of, 22, 23;
should be dissipated in the mouth, 93, 210;
necessary to give an impulse to the organs of, 253;
the nutritive value of food should be considered rather than, 261
—— gratification, 93
Tea, 132
Tea-taster, the professional, methods of, 23, 93
Teeth, the, influence of mastication upon, 110;
changes during man’s evolution, 115-121;
instances of vigorous use, 122-126;
irregularity in, 156;
evils of imperfect use of, 157;
examination of, 174-179;
the stomach attempts to perform function of, 333
“Text-Book of Physiology,” Schäfer’s, 40
“That Last Waif: or Social Quarantine,” xxv
Therapeutic experiments, pathological, 249
Therapeutics, precepts of, 272
Thierfelder, 39
Thirst, 95
Thompson, Dr., 142
—— Prof. W. H., 180, 181
Thorax, the, 290
Tobacco-chewing, 103, 129
Tokio, University of, 55
Tongue, the, needs exercise, 154
Tonic constrictions, the, 344;
the appearance of, 370-373, 385, 387
—— rings, the, 373
Tonsillitis, 144, 148
Tooth-brush, the, 177
Tooth-powder, 178
Toxins, absorbed into the blood, 40, 41, 44, 143
Training, for athletes, why necessary, 22
“Traité Analytique de la Digestion,” Blondlot’s, 181
Treves, Sir Frederick, on bolting of food, 140, 141
Trinity College, Dublin, 180
Trophic fibres, 183
Tryptophane, 47
Tuberculosis, 144
Turin, Italy, Congress of Physiologists at, 26, 48, 56, 91
——, University of, 68, 284
U
Urine, should be inoffensive, 42, 93, 274
V
Vagus nerve, the, an undoubted exciter of the gastric glands and of the pancreas, 183;
its functions almost interminable, 183, 249
Van Someren, Dr. Ernest, xxv, 7, 12;
his paper “Was Luigi Cornaro Right?” 26-46;
his swallowing reflex, 26, 44;
his experiments confirmed by Marckwald, 46;
Sir Michael Foster’s Note upon his paper, 48-52;
the Cambridge tests, 49-52, 53, 60, 91, 92, 98
Van Valzah, 146
Veal, 100
Veddahs, the, 128
Vegetable food, experiments with, 40;
necessitates more thorough mastication than animal, 97, 98, 173;
influenced more by cooking than animal, 118, 132, 170
Vegetables, 43, 78
Venice, Italy, 30, 63, 64, 91
Vermicelli, 132
Vermicular contraction, 343
—— wave, the, 345
Vermiform appendix, the, 140
Vice, traced to perversion of nutrition, 73
Vienna, 65
—— bread, 131
Vinegar, 269
Vivisection, 303, 305
Voice, the, requires lusty exercise in youth, 149
Voit diet, the, 76, 81, 84, 86
Vomiting, the act of, 193, 303;
movements of the stomach in, 325, 341
W
Wallace, Dr. G. Sim, 110, 113, 130, 154, 158, 161, 169, 174, 177
Walther, Dr., experiments of, 267, 276
Washington, D. C., 70
Water, how to drink, 9, 34, 95, 268, 391, 392
—— biscuit, 391
Weight, must become normal, 43
Welch, Dr. Prof. William H., 67, 68
Wepfer, experiments of, 303, 304
Wheat, unground pearl, 392, 393, 394
—— flour, 392
Wine, how to take, 9, 22, 23
Wine-tasters, the professional, methods of, 23, 93
Wolves, experiments upon, 303
Wood, Maj. Gen. Leonard, 69, 70
Worry, causes indigestion, 7
Wulfson, Dr., 197
X
X-ray. See Röntgen ray
Y
Yale investigation, the, x, xi, xiii-xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xxxiii
—— Gymnasium, the, 87
—— test, the, 5, 69, 75-91
—— University, 68
Z
Z, in the nutrition alphabet, 10, 12;
Zuntz, Dr. Prof. N., 67, 68