Y (continued 72)
Reading edition
Georgia Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note - 26 May 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union
Germany Unity Day, 3 October (1990)
Ghana Independence Day, 6 March (1957)
Gibraltar National Day, 10 September (1967); note - day of the national referendum to decide whether to remain with the UK or join Spain
Greece Independence Day, 25 March (1821)
Greenland June 21 (longest day)
Grenada Independence Day, 7 February (1974)
Guam Discovery Day, first Monday in March (1521)
Guatemala Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Guernsey Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)
Guinea Independence Day, 2 October (1958)
Guinea-Bissau Independence Day, 24 September (1973)
Guyana Republic Day, 23 February (1970)
Haiti Independence Day, 1 January (1804)
Holy See (Vatican City) Election Day of Pope BENEDICT XVI, 19 April (2005)
Honduras Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Hong Kong National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 1 July 1997 is celebrated as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day
Hungary Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August
Iceland Independence Day, 17 June (1944)
India Republic Day, 26 January (1950)
Indonesia Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Iran Republic Day, 1 April (1979)
Iraq Republic Day, July 14 (1958); note - the Government of Iraq has yet to declare an official national holiday but still observes Republic Day
Ireland Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March
Isle of Man Tynwald Day, 5 July
Israel Independence Day, 14 May (1948); note - Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May
Italy Republic Day, 2 June (1946)
Jamaica Independence Day, 6 August (1962)
Japan Birthday of Emperor AKIHITO, 23 December (1933)
Jersey Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)
Jordan Independence Day, 25 May (1946)
Kazakhstan Independence Day, 16 December (1991)
Kenya Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
Kiribati Independence Day, 12 July (1979)
Korea, North Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), 9 September (1948)
Korea, South Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)
Kosovo Independence Day, 17 February (2008)
Kuwait National Day, 25 February (1950)
Kyrgyzstan Independence Day, 31 August (1991)
Laos Republic Day, 2 December (1975)
Latvia Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 was the date Latvia declared itself independent from Soviet Russia; 4 May 1990 is when it declared the renewal of independence; 21 August 1991 was the date of de facto independence from the Soviet Union
Lebanon Independence Day, 22 November (1943)
Lesotho Independence Day, 4 October (1966)
Liberia Independence Day, 26 July (1847)
Libya Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
Liechtenstein Assumption Day, 15 August
Lithuania Independence Day, 16 February (1918); note - 16 February 1918 was the date Lithuania declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 11 March 1990 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union
Luxembourg National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) 23 June; note - the actual date of birth was 23 January 1896, but the festivities were shifted by five months to allow observance during a more favorable time of year
Macau National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December 1999 is celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day
Macedonia Independence Day, 8 September (1991); also known as National Day
Madagascar Independence Day, 26 June (1960)
Malawi Independence Day (Republic Day), 6 July (1964)
Malaysia Independence Day/Malaysia Day, 31 August (1957)
Maldives Independence Day, 26 July (1965)
Mali Independence Day, 22 September (1960)
Malta Independence Day, 21 September (1964); Republic Day, 13 December (1974)
Marshall Islands Constitution Day, 1 May (1979)
Mauritania Independence Day, 28 November (1960)
Mauritius Independence Day, 12 March (1968)
Mayotte Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Mexico Independence Day, 16 September (1810)
Micronesia, Federated States of Constitution Day, 10 May (1979)
Moldova Independence Day, 27 August (1991)
Monaco National Day (Saint Rainier's Day), 19 November (1857)
Mongolia Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
Montenegro National Day, 13 July (1878)
Montserrat Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)
Morocco Throne Day (accession of King MOHAMMED VI to the throne), 30 July (1999)
Mozambique Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
Namibia Independence Day, 21 March (1990)
Nauru Independence Day, 31 January (1968)
Nepal Republic Day, 29 May; Democracy Day, 24 April
Netherlands Queen's Day (Birthday of deceased Queen-Mother JULIANA and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX), 30 April (1909 and 1980)
New Caledonia Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
New Zealand Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840); ANZAC Day (commemorated as the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915)
Nicaragua Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Niger Republic Day, 18 December (1958); note - commemorates the founding of the Republic of Niger which predated independence from France in 1960
Nigeria Independence Day (National Day), 1 October (1960)
Niue Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
Norfolk Island Bounty Day (commemorates the arrival of Pitcairn Islanders), 8 June (1856)
Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)
Norway Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)
Oman Birthday of Sultan QABOOS, 18 November (1940)
Pakistan Republic Day, 23 March (1956)
Palau Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)
Panama Independence Day, 3 November (1903)
Papua New Guinea Independence Day, 16 September (1975)
Paraguay Independence Day, 14 May 1811 (observed 15 May)
Peru Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Philippines Independence Day, 12 June (1898); note - 12 June 1898 was date of declaration of independence from Spain; 4 July 1946 was date of independence from US
Pitcairn Islands Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)
Poland Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)
Portugal Portugal Day (Dia de Portugal), 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died
Puerto Rico US Independence Day, 4 July (1776); Puerto Rico Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)
Qatar Independence Day, 3 September (1971); also observed is National Day, 18 December (anniversary of Al Thani family accession to the throne)
Romania Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
Russia Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
Rwanda Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Saint Barthelemy Bastille Day, 14 July (1789); note - local holiday is St. Barthelemy Day, 24 August
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)
Saint Kitts and Nevis Independence Day, 19 September (1983)
Saint Lucia Independence Day, 22 February (1979)
Saint Martin Bastille Day, 14 July (1789); note - local holiday is Schoalcher Day (Slavery Abolition Day) 12 July (1848)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Independence Day, 27 October (1979)
Samoa Independence Day Celebration, 1 June (1962); note - 1 January 1962 is the date of independence from the New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship; it is observed in June
San Marino Founding of the Republic, 3 September (AD 301)
Sao Tome and Principe Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
Saudi Arabia Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Senegal Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Serbia National Day, 15 February
Seychelles Constitution Day (National Day), 18 June (1993)
Sierra Leone Independence Day, 27 April (1961)
Singapore National Day, 9 August (1965)
Sint Maarten Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX), 30 April (1909 and 1980)
Slovakia Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)
Slovenia Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)
Solomon Islands Independence Day, 7 July (1978)
Somalia Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960); note - 26 June (1960) in Somaliland
South Africa Freedom Day, 27 April (1994)
Spain National Day, 12 October (1492); year when Columbus first set foot in the Americas
Sri Lanka Independence Day, 4 February (1948)
Sudan Independence Day, 1 January (1956)
Suriname Independence Day, 25 November (1975)
Swaziland Independence Day, 6 September (1968)
Sweden Swedish Flag Day, 6 June (1916); National Day, 6 June (1983)
Switzerland Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291)
Syria Independence Day, 17 April (1946)
Taiwan Republic Day (Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution), 10 October (1911)
Tajikistan Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)
Tanzania Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)
Thailand Birthday of King PHUMIPHON (BHUMIBOL), 5 December (1927)
Timor-Leste Independence Day, 28 November (1975)
Togo Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Tokelau Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
Tonga Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)
Trinidad and Tobago Independence Day, 31 August (1962)
Tunisia Independence Day, 20 March (1956); also the anniversary of BEN ALI's assumption of the presidency, 7 November (1987)
Turkey Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
Turkmenistan Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
Tuvalu Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
Uganda Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
Ukraine Independence Day, 24 August (1991); note - 22 January 1918, the day Ukraine first declared its independence (from Soviet Russia) and the day the short-lived Western and Greater (Eastern) Ukrainian republics united (1919), is now celebrated as Unity Day
United Arab Emirates Independence Day, 2 December (1971)
United Kingdom the UK does not celebrate one particular national holiday
United States Independence Day, 4 July (1776)
Uruguay Independence Day, 25 August (1825)
Uzbekistan Independence Day, 1 September (1991)
Vanuatu Independence Day, 30 July (1980)
Venezuela Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
Vietnam Independence Day, 2 September (1945)
Virgin Islands Transfer Day (from Denmark to the US), 31 March (1917)
Wallis and Futuna Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Yemen Unification Day, 22 May (1990)
Zambia Independence Day, 24 October (1964)
Zimbabwe Independence Day, 18 April (1980)
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Field Listing :: Nationality
This entry provides the identifying terms for citizens - noun and adjective. Country
Nationality
Afghanistan noun: Afghan(s) adjective: Afghan
Albania noun: Albanian(s) adjective: Albanian
Algeria noun: Algerian(s) adjective: Algerian
American Samoa noun: American Samoan(s) (US nationals) adjective: American Samoan
Andorra noun: Andorran(s) adjective: Andorran
Angola noun: Angolan(s) adjective: Angolan
Anguilla noun: Anguillan(s) adjective: Anguillan
Antigua and Barbuda noun: Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s) adjective: Antiguan, Barbudan
Argentina noun: Argentine(s) adjective: Argentine
Armenia noun: Armenian(s) adjective: Armenian
Aruba noun: Aruban(s) adjective: Aruban; Dutch
Australia noun: Australian(s) adjective: Australian
Austria noun: Austrian(s) adjective: Austrian
Azerbaijan noun: Azerbaijani(s) adjective: Azerbaijani
Bahamas, The noun: Bahamian(s) adjective: Bahamian
Bahrain noun: Bahraini(s) adjective: Bahraini
Bangladesh noun: Bangladeshi(s) adjective: Bangladeshi
Barbados noun: Barbadian(s) or Bajan (colloquial) adjective: Barbadian or Bajan (colloquial)
Belarus noun: Belarusian(s) adjective: Belarusian
Belgium noun: Belgian(s) adjective: Belgian
Belize noun: Belizean(s) adjective: Belizean
Benin noun: Beninese (singular and plural) adjective: Beninese
Bermuda noun: Bermudian(s) adjective: Bermudian
Bhutan noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural) adjective: Bhutanese
Bolivia noun: Bolivian(s) adjective: Bolivian
Bosnia and Herzegovina noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian
Botswana noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Brazil noun: Brazilian(s) adjective: Brazilian
British Virgin Islands noun: British Virgin Islander(s) adjective: British Virgin Islander
Brunei noun: Bruneian(s) adjective: Bruneian
Bulgaria noun: Bulgarian(s) adjective: Bulgarian
Burkina Faso noun: Burkinabe (singular and plural) adjective: Burkinabe
Burma noun: Burmese (singular and plural) adjective: Burmese
Burundi noun: Burundian(s) adjective: Burundian
Cambodia noun: Cambodian(s) adjective: Cambodian
Cameroon noun: Cameroonian(s) adjective: Cameroonian
Canada noun: Canadian(s) adjective: Canadian
Cape Verde noun: Cape Verdean(s) adjective: Cape Verdean
Cayman Islands noun: Caymanian(s) adjective: Caymanian
Central African Republic noun: Central African(s) adjective: Central African
Chad noun: Chadian(s) adjective: Chadian
Chile noun: Chilean(s) adjective: Chilean
China noun: Chinese (singular and plural) adjective: Chinese
Christmas Island noun: Christmas Islander(s) adjective: Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands noun: Cocos Islander(s) adjective: Cocos Islander
Colombia noun: Colombian(s) adjective: Colombian
Comoros noun: Comoran(s) adjective: Comoran
Congo, Democratic Republic of the noun: Congolese (singular and plural) adjective: Congolese or Congo
Congo, Republic of the noun: Congolese (singular and plural) adjective: Congolese or Congo
Cook Islands noun: Cook Islander(s) adjective: Cook Islander
Costa Rica noun: Costa Rican(s) adjective: Costa Rican
Cote d'Ivoire noun: Ivoirian(s) adjective: Ivoirian
Croatia noun: Croat(s), Croatian(s) adjective: Croatian
Cuba noun: Cuban(s) adjective: Cuban
Cyprus noun: Cypriot(s) adjective: Cypriot
Czech Republic noun: Czech(s) adjective: Czech
Denmark noun: Dane(s) adjective: Danish
Djibouti noun: Djiboutian(s) adjective: Djiboutian
Dominica noun: Dominican(s) adjective: Dominican
Dominican Republic noun: Dominican(s) adjective: Dominican
Ecuador noun: Ecuadorian(s) adjective: Ecuadorian
Egypt noun: Egyptian(s) adjective: Egyptian
El Salvador noun: Salvadoran(s) adjective: Salvadoran
Equatorial Guinea noun: Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s) adjective: Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean
Eritrea noun: Eritrean(s) adjective: Eritrean
Estonia noun: Estonian(s) adjective: Estonian
Ethiopia noun: Ethiopian(s) adjective: Ethiopian
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) noun: Falkland Islander(s) adjective: Falkland Island
Faroe Islands noun: Faroese (singular and plural) adjective: Faroese
Fiji noun: Fijian(s) adjective: Fijian
Finland noun: Finn(s) adjective: Finnish
France noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) adjective: French
French Polynesia noun: French Polynesian(s) adjective: French Polynesian
Gabon noun: Gabonese (singular and plural) adjective: Gabonese
Gambia, The noun: Gambian(s) adjective: Gambian
Gaza Strip noun: NA adjective: NA
Georgia noun: Georgian(s) adjective: Georgian
Germany noun: German(s) adjective: German
Ghana noun: Ghanaian(s) adjective: Ghanaian
Gibraltar noun: Gibraltarian(s) adjective: Gibraltar
Greece noun: Greek(s) adjective: Greek
Greenland noun: Greenlander(s) adjective: Greenlandic
Grenada noun: Grenadian(s) adjective: Grenadian
Guam noun: Guamanian(s) (US citizens) adjective: Guamanian
Guatemala noun: Guatemalan(s) adjective: Guatemalan
Guernsey noun: Channel Islander(s) adjective: Channel Islander
Guinea noun: Guinean(s) adjective: Guinean
Guinea-Bissau noun: Guinean(s) adjective: Guinean
Guyana noun: Guyanese (singular and plural) adjective: Guyanese
Haiti noun: Haitian(s) adjective: Haitian
Holy See (Vatican City) noun: none adjective: none
Honduras noun: Honduran(s) adjective: Honduran
Hong Kong noun: Chinese/Hong Konger adjective: Chinese/Hong Kong
Hungary noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Iceland noun: Icelander(s) adjective: Icelandic
India noun: Indian(s) adjective: Indian
Indonesia noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian
Iran noun: Iranian(s) adjective: Iranian
Iraq noun: Iraqi(s) adjective: Iraqi
Ireland noun: Irishman(men), Irishwoman(women), Irish (collective plural) adjective: Irish
Isle of Man noun: Manxman (men), Manxwoman (women) adjective: Manx
Israel noun: Israeli(s) adjective: Israeli
Italy noun: Italian(s) adjective: Italian
Jamaica noun: Jamaican(s) adjective: Jamaican
Japan noun: Japanese (singular and plural) adjective: Japanese
Jersey noun: Channel Islander(s) adjective: Channel Islander
Jordan noun: Jordanian(s) adjective: Jordanian
Kazakhstan noun: Kazakhstani(s) adjective: Kazakhstani
Kenya noun: Kenyan(s) adjective: Kenyan
Kiribati noun: I-Kiribati (singular and plural) adjective: I-Kiribati
Korea, North noun: Korean(s) adjective: Korean
Korea, South noun: Korean(s) adjective: Korean
Kosovo noun: Kosovar (Albanian), Kosovac (Serbian) adjective: Kosovar (Albanian), Kosovski (Serbian) note: Kosovan, a neutral term, is sometimes also used as a noun or adjective
Kuwait noun: Kuwaiti(s) adjective: Kuwaiti
Kyrgyzstan noun: Kyrgyzstani(s) adjective: Kyrgyzstani
Laos noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s) adjective: Lao or Laotian
Latvia noun: Latvian(s) adjective: Latvian
Lebanon noun: Lebanese (singular and plural) adjective: Lebanese
Lesotho noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural) adjective: Basotho
Liberia noun: Liberian(s) adjective: Liberian
Libya noun: Libyan(s) adjective: Libyan
Liechtenstein noun: Liechtensteiner(s) adjective: Liechtenstein
Lithuania noun: Lithuanian(s) adjective: Lithuanian
Luxembourg noun: Luxembourger(s) adjective: Luxembourg
Macau noun: Chinese adjective: Chinese
Macedonia noun: Macedonian(s) adjective: Macedonian
Madagascar noun: Malagasy (singular and plural) adjective: Malagasy
Malawi noun: Malawian(s) adjective: Malawian
Malaysia noun: Malaysian(s) adjective: Malaysian
Maldives noun: Maldivian(s) adjective: Maldivian
Mali noun: Malian(s) adjective: Malian
Malta noun: Maltese (singular and plural) adjective: Maltese
Marshall Islands noun: Marshallese (singular and plural) adjective: Marshallese
Mauritania noun: Mauritanian(s) adjective: Mauritanian
Mauritius noun: Mauritian(s) adjective: Mauritian
Mayotte noun: Mahorais (singular and plural) adjective: Mahoran
Mexico noun: Mexican(s) adjective: Mexican
Micronesia, Federated States of noun: Micronesian(s) adjective: Micronesian; Chuukese, Kosraen(s), Pohnpeian(s), Yapese
Moldova noun: Moldovan(s) adjective: Moldovan
Monaco noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s) adjective: Monegasque or Monacan
Mongolia noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian
Montenegro noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: Montenegrin
Montserrat noun: Montserratian(s) adjective: Montserratian
Morocco noun: Moroccan(s) adjective: Moroccan
Mozambique noun: Mozambican(s) adjective: Mozambican
Namibia noun: Namibian(s) adjective: Namibian
Nauru noun: Nauruan(s) adjective: Nauruan
Nepal noun: Nepalese (singular and plural) adjective: Nepalese
Netherlands noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women) adjective: Dutch
New Caledonia noun: New Caledonian(s) adjective: New Caledonian
New Zealand noun: New Zealander(s) adjective: New Zealand
Nicaragua noun: Nicaraguan(s) adjective: Nicaraguan
Niger noun: Nigerien(s) adjective: Nigerien
Nigeria noun: Nigerian(s) adjective: Nigerian
Niue noun: Niuean(s) adjective: Niuean
Norfolk Island noun: Norfolk Islander(s) adjective: Norfolk Islander(s)
Northern Mariana Islands noun: NA (US citizens) adjective: NA
Norway noun: Norwegian(s) adjective: Norwegian
Oman noun: Omani(s) adjective: Omani
Pakistan noun: Pakistani(s) adjective: Pakistani
Palau noun: Palauan(s) adjective: Palauan
Panama noun: Panamanian(s) adjective: Panamanian
Papua New Guinea noun: Papua New Guinean(s) adjective: Papua New Guinean
Paraguay noun: Paraguayan(s) adjective: Paraguayan
Peru noun: Peruvian(s) adjective: Peruvian
Philippines noun: Filipino(s) adjective: Philippine
Pitcairn Islands noun: Pitcairn Islander(s) adjective: Pitcairn Islander
Poland noun: Pole(s) adjective: Polish
Portugal noun: Portuguese (singular and plural) adjective: Portuguese
Puerto Rico noun: Puerto Rican(s) (US citizens) adjective: Puerto Rican
Qatar noun: Qatari(s) adjective: Qatari
Romania noun: Romanian(s) adjective: Romanian
Russia noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian
Rwanda noun: Rwandan(s) adjective: Rwandan
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha noun: Saint Helenian(s) adjective: Saint Helenian note: referred to locally as "Saints"
Saint Kitts and Nevis noun: Kittitian(s), Nevisian(s) adjective: Kittitian, Nevisian
Saint Lucia noun: Saint Lucian(s) adjective: Saint Lucian
Saint Pierre and Miquelon noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) adjective: French
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines noun: Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s) adjective: Saint Vincentian or Vincentian
Samoa noun: Samoan(s) adjective: Samoan
San Marino noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural) adjective: Sammarinese
Sao Tome and Principe noun: Sao Tomean(s) adjective: Sao Tomean
Saudi Arabia noun: Saudi(s) adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Senegal noun: Senegalese (singular and plural) adjective: Senegalese
Serbia noun: Serb(s) adjective: Serbian
Seychelles noun: Seychellois (singular and plural) adjective: Seychellois
Sierra Leone noun: Sierra Leonean(s) adjective: Sierra Leonean
Singapore noun: Singaporean(s) adjective: Singapore
Slovakia noun: Slovak(s) adjective: Slovak
Slovenia noun: Slovene(s) adjective: Slovenian
Solomon Islands noun: Solomon Islander(s) adjective: Solomon Islander
Somalia noun: Somali(s) adjective: Somali
South Africa noun: South African(s) adjective: South African
Spain noun: Spaniard(s) adjective: Spanish
Sri Lanka noun: Sri Lankan(s) adjective: Sri Lankan
Sudan noun: Sudanese (singular and plural) adjective: Sudanese
Suriname noun: Surinamer(s) adjective: Surinamese
Swaziland noun: Swazi(s) adjective: Swazi
Sweden noun: Swede(s) adjective: Swedish
Switzerland noun: Swiss (singular and plural) adjective: Swiss
Syria noun: Syrian(s) adjective: Syrian
Taiwan noun: Taiwan (singular and plural) note: example - he or she is from Taiwan; they are from Taiwan adjective: Taiwan
Tajikistan noun: Tajikistani(s) adjective: Tajikistani
Tanzania noun: Tanzanian(s) adjective: Tanzanian
Thailand noun: Thai (singular and plural) adjective: Thai
Timor-Leste noun: Timorese adjective: Timorese
Togo noun: Togolese (singular and plural) adjective: Togolese
Tokelau noun: Tokelauan(s) adjective: Tokelauan
Tonga noun: Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan
Trinidad and Tobago noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s) adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian
Tunisia noun: Tunisian(s) adjective: Tunisian
Turkey noun: Turk(s) adjective: Turkish
Turkmenistan noun: Turkmen(s) adjective: Turkmen
Turks and Caicos Islands noun: none adjective: none
Tuvalu noun: Tuvaluan(s) adjective: Tuvaluan
Uganda noun: Ugandan(s) adjective: Ugandan
Ukraine noun: Ukrainian(s) adjective: Ukrainian
United Arab Emirates noun: Emirati(s) adjective: Emirati
United Kingdom noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural) adjective: British
United States noun: American(s) adjective: American
Uruguay noun: Uruguayan(s) adjective: Uruguayan
Uzbekistan noun: Uzbekistani adjective: Uzbekistani
Vanuatu noun: Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural) adjective: Ni-Vanuatu
Venezuela noun: Venezuelan(s) adjective: Venezuelan
Vietnam noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural) adjective: Vietnamese
Virgin Islands noun: Virgin Islander(s) (US citizens) adjective: Virgin Islander
Wallis and Futuna noun: Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders adjective: Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander
West Bank noun: NA adjective: NA
Western Sahara noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s) adjective: Sahrawi, Sahrawian, Sahraouian
Yemen noun: Yemeni(s) adjective: Yemeni
Zambia noun: Zambian(s) adjective: Zambian
Zimbabwe noun: Zimbabwean(s) adjective: Zimbabwean
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Field Listing :: Natural resources
This entry lists a country's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance, such as rare earth elements (REEs). Country
Natural resources
Afghanistan natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones
Albania petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower
Algeria petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc
American Samoa pumice, pumicite
Andorra hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead
Angola petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
Anguilla salt, fish, lobster
Antarctica iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small uncommercial quantities; none presently exploited; krill, finfish, and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries
Antigua and Barbuda NEGL; pleasant climate fosters tourism
Arctic Ocean sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)
Argentina fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium
Armenia small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite
Aruba NEGL; white sandy beaches
Ashmore and Cartier Islands fish
Atlantic Ocean oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones
Australia bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, rare earth elements, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum note: Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal accounting for 29% of global coal exports
Austria oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower
Azerbaijan petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, bauxite
Bahamas, The salt, aragonite, timber, arable land
Bahrain oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls
Bangladesh natural gas, arable land, timber, coal
Barbados petroleum, fish, natural gas
Belarus timber, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay
Belgium construction materials, silica sand, carbonates
Belize arable land potential, timber, fish, hydropower
Benin small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber
Bermuda limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism
Bhutan timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate
Bolivia tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower
Bosnia and Herzegovina coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower
Botswana diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver
Bouvet Island none
Brazil bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
British Indian Ocean Territory coconuts, fish, sugarcane
British Virgin Islands NEGL
Brunei petroleum, natural gas, timber
Bulgaria bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
Burkina Faso manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, phosphates, pumice, salt
Burma petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower
Burundi nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum, vanadium, arable land, hydropower, niobium, tantalum, gold, tin, tungsten, kaolin, limestone
Cambodia oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential
Cameroon petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower
Canada iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
Cape Verde salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum
Cayman Islands fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism
Central African Republic diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil, hydropower
Chad petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt
Chile copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower
China coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)
Christmas Island phosphate, beaches
Clipperton Island fish
Cocos (Keeling) Islands fish
Colombia petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower
Comoros NEGL
Congo, Democratic Republic of the cobalt, copper, niobium, tantalum, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, uranium, coal, hydropower, timber
Congo, Republic of the petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, gold, magnesium, natural gas, hydropower
Cook Islands NEGL
Coral Sea Islands NEGL
Costa Rica hydropower
Cote d'Ivoire petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper, gold, nickel, tantalum, silica sand, clay, cocoa beans, coffee, palm oil, hydropower
Croatia oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower
Cuba cobalt, nickel, iron ore, chromium, copper, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land
Curacao calcium phosphates, aloes, sorghum, peanuts, vegetables, tropical fruit
Cyprus copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment
Czech Republic hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber
Denmark petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel and sand
Djibouti potential geothermal power, gold, clay, granite, limestone, marble, salt, diatomite, gypsum, pumice, petroleum
Dominica timber, hydropower, arable land
Dominican Republic nickel, bauxite, gold, silver
Ecuador petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower
Egypt petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc
El Salvador hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land
Equatorial Guinea petroleum, natural gas, timber, gold, bauxite, diamonds, tantalum, sand and gravel, clay
Eritrea gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish
Estonia oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud
Ethiopia small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower
European Union iron ore, natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, lead, zinc, bauxite, uranium, potash, salt, hydropower, arable land, timber, fish
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) fish, squid, wildlife, calcified seaweed, sphagnum moss
Faroe Islands fish, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas
Fiji timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower
Finland timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
France metropolitan France: coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, fish French Guiana: gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay
French Polynesia timber, fish, cobalt, hydropower
French Southern and Antarctic Lands fish, crayfish note: Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconuts
Gabon petroleum, natural gas, diamond, niobium, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower
Gambia, The fish, clay, silica sand, titanium (rutile and ilmenite), tin, zircon
Gaza Strip arable land, natural gas
Georgia timber, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth
Germany coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land
Ghana gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone
Gibraltar none
Greece lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential
Greenland coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, molybdenum, diamonds, gold, platinum, niobium, tantalite, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas
Grenada timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors
Guam aquatic wildlife (supporting tourism), fishing (largely undeveloped)
Guatemala petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower
Guernsey cropland
Guinea bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish, salt
Guinea-Bissau fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite, limestone, unexploited deposits of petroleum
Guyana bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish
Haiti bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower
Heard Island and McDonald Islands fish
Holy See (Vatican City) none
Honduras timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower
Hong Kong outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar
Hungary bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
Iceland fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
India coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land
Indian Ocean oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Indonesia petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Iran petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
Iraq petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
Ireland natural gas, peat, copper, lead, zinc, silver, barite, gypsum, limestone, dolomite
Isle of Man none
Israel timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium bromide, clays, sand
Italy coal, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land
Jamaica bauxite, gypsum, limestone
Jan Mayen none
Japan negligible mineral resources, fish note: with virtually no energy natural resources, Japan is the world's largest importer of coal and liquefied natural gas, as well as the second largest importer of oil
Jersey arable land
Jordan phosphates, potash, shale oil
Kazakhstan major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Kenya limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower
Kiribati phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)
Korea, North coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower
Korea, South coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential
Kosovo nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium, lignite, kaolin, chrome, bauxite
Kuwait petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas
Kyrgyzstan abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold and rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc
Laos timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones
Latvia peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, timber, arable land
Lebanon limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land
Lesotho water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay, building stone
Liberia iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower
Libya petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
Liechtenstein hydroelectric potential, arable land
Lithuania peat, arable land, amber
Luxembourg iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
Macau NEGL
Macedonia low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land
Madagascar graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, rare earth elements, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower
Malawi limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite
Malaysia tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite
Maldives fish
Mali gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited
Malta limestone, salt, arable land
Marshall Islands coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals
Mauritania iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish
Mauritius arable land, fish
Mayotte NEGL
Mexico petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
Micronesia, Federated States of timber, marine products, deep-seabed minerals, phosphate
Moldova lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land, limestone
Monaco none
Mongolia oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron
Montenegro bauxite, hydroelectricity
Montserrat NEGL
Morocco phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt
Mozambique coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite
Namibia diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, silver, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, tungsten, zinc, salt, hydropower, fish note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore
Nauru phosphates, fish
Navassa Island guano
Nepal quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
Netherlands natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land
New Caledonia nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper
New Zealand natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone
Nicaragua gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish
Niger uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum
Nigeria natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land
Niue fish, arable land
Norfolk Island fish
Northern Mariana Islands arable land, fish
Norway petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, pyrites, nickel, fish, timber, hydropower
Oman petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas
Pacific Ocean oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish
Pakistan land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
Palau forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Panama copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower
Papua New Guinea gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries
Paracel Islands none
Paraguay hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone
Peru copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
Philippines timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper
Pitcairn Islands miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish note: manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered offshore
Poland coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land
Portugal fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower
Puerto Rico some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil
Qatar petroleum, natural gas, fish
Romania petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Russia wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, reserves of rare earth elements, timber note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
Rwanda gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land
Saint Barthelemy has few natural resources, its beaches being the most important
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha fish, lobster
Saint Kitts and Nevis arable land
Saint Lucia forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential
Saint Martin salt
Saint Pierre and Miquelon fish, deepwater ports
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines hydropower, cropland
Samoa hardwood forests, fish, hydropower
San Marino building stone
Sao Tome and Principe fish, hydropower
Saudi Arabia petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Senegal fish, phosphates, iron ore
Serbia oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land
Seychelles fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Sierra Leone diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Singapore fish, deepwater ports
Sint Maarten fish, salt
Slovakia brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land
Slovenia lignite coal, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests
Solomon Islands fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel
Somalia uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves
South Africa gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands fish
Southern Ocean probable large and possible giant oil and gas fields on the continental margin; manganese nodules, possible placer deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs; squid, whales, and seals - none exploited; krill, fish
Spain coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land
Spratly Islands fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential
Sri Lanka limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower
Sudan petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower
Suriname timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore
Svalbard coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, phosphate, wildlife, fish
Swaziland asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc
Sweden iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower
Switzerland hydropower potential, timber, salt
Syria petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower
Taiwan small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
Tajikistan hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
Tanzania hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
Thailand tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land
Timor-Leste gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble
Togo phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
Tokelau NEGL
Tonga fish, fertile soil
Trinidad and Tobago petroleum, natural gas, asphalt
Tunisia petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Turkey coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower
Turkmenistan petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt
Turks and Caicos Islands spiny lobster, conch
Tuvalu fish
Uganda copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land, gold
Ukraine iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land
United Arab Emirates petroleum, natural gas
United Kingdom coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate, arable land
United States coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, rare earth elements, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber note: the US has the world's largest coal reserves with 491 billion short tons accounting for 27% of the world's total
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Uruguay arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fish
Uzbekistan natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Vanuatu manganese, hardwood forests, fish
Venezuela petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
Vietnam phosphates, coal, manganese, rare earth elements, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, timber, hydropower
Virgin Islands sun, sand, sea, surf
Wake Island none
Wallis and Futuna NEGL
West Bank arable land
Western Sahara phosphates, iron ore
World the rapid depletion of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in some countries of Eastern Europe, the former USSR, and China) pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only beginning to address
Yemen petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west
Zambia copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower
Zimbabwe coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals
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@2112
Field Listing :: Net migration rate
This entry includes the figure for the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (e.g., -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population change. The net migration rate does not distinguish between economic migrants, refugees, and other types of migrants nor does it distinguish between lawful migrants and undocumented migrants. Country Comparison to the World Country
Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population)
Afghanistan 4.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Albania -3.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Algeria -0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
American Samoa -6.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Andorra 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Angola 1.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Anguilla 13.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda 2.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Argentina 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Armenia -4.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Aruba 9.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Australia 6.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Austria 1.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Azerbaijan -1.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Bahamas, The 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Bahrain 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Bangladesh -2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Barbados -0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Belarus 0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Belgium 1.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Belize 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Benin 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Bermuda 2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Bhutan 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Bolivia -1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Botswana 4.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2010 est.)
Brazil -0.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
British Virgin Islands 7.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Brunei 2.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Bulgaria -2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Burkina Faso 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Burma -0.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Burundi 4.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Cambodia -0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Cameroon 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Canada 5.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Cape Verde -0.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Cayman Islands 16.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: major destination for Cubans trying to migrate to the US (2010 est.)
Central African Republic 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Chad -3.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Chile 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
China -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Christmas Island NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA
Colombia -0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Comoros 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 0.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Congo, Republic of the -1.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Costa Rica 1.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population NA
Croatia 1.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Cuba -1.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Curacao 1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008)
Cyprus 11.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Czech Republic 0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Denmark 2.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Djibouti 4.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Dominica -5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Dominican Republic -2.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Ecuador -0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Egypt -0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
El Salvador -9.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Equatorial Guinea 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Eritrea 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Estonia -3.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Ethiopia -0.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: repatriation of Ethiopian refugees residing in Sudan is expected to continue for several years; some Sudanese, Somali, and Eritrean refugees, who fled to Ethiopia from the fighting or famine in their own countries, continue to return to their homes (2010 est.)
European Union 1.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA
Faroe Islands 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Fiji -7.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Finland 0.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
France 1.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
French Polynesia 2.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Gabon -2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Gambia, The 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Gaza Strip 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Georgia -4.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Germany 2.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Ghana -0.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Gibraltar -3.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Greece 2.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Greenland -5.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Grenada -3.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Guam 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Guatemala -2.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Guernsey 2.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Guinea 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Guinea-Bissau 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Guyana -15.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Haiti -8.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)
Honduras -1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Hong Kong 4.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Hungary 1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Iceland 0.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
India -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Indonesia -1.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Iran -0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Iraq 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Ireland 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Isle of Man 8.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Israel 2.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Italy 2.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Jamaica -5.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Japan 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Jersey 5.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Jordan -2.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Kazakhstan -3.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Kenya 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Kiribati -2.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Korea, North -0.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Korea, South 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Kuwait 15.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Kyrgyzstan -2.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Laos -1.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Latvia -2.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Lebanon -2.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Lesotho -8.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Liberia 0.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Libya 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Liechtenstein 4.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Lithuania -0.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Luxembourg 8.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Macau 3.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Macedonia -0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Madagascar 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Malawi 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Malaysia -0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region (2009 est.)
Maldives -12.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Mali -5.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Malta 2.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Marshall Islands -5.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Mauritania -0.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Mauritius -0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Mayotte 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Mexico -3.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of -21.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Moldova -1.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Monaco -0.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Mongolia 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Montserrat 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Morocco -3.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Mozambique 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Namibia 0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Nauru -16.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Nepal -1.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Netherlands 2.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
New Caledonia 4.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New Caledonia (2009 est.)
New Zealand 2.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Nicaragua -1.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Niger 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Nigeria -0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Niue NA
Norfolk Island NA
Northern Mariana Islands -73.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Norway 1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Oman -0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Pakistan -2.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Palau 0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Panama -0.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Papua New Guinea 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Paraguay -0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Peru -0.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Philippines -1.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Pitcairn Islands NA
Poland -0.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Portugal 3.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Puerto Rico -0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Qatar -4.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Romania -0.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Russia 0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Rwanda 1.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Saint Lucia -3.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon -9.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -11.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Samoa -11.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
San Marino 9.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe -9.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Saudi Arabia -0.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Senegal -1.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Serbia 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Seychelles 1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Sierra Leone -4.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: refugees currently in surrounding countries are slowly returning (2010 est.)
Singapore 4.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Sint Maarten 14.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008)
Slovakia 0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Slovenia 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Solomon Islands -1.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Somalia 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
South Africa -3.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2010 est.)
Spain 2.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Sri Lanka -1.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Sudan 0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Suriname 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Svalbard NA
Swaziland 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sweden 1.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Switzerland 1.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Syria -1.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Taiwan 0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Tajikistan -1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Tanzania -0.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Thailand 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Timor-Leste 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Togo 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Tokelau NA
Tonga 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Trinidad and Tobago -7.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Tunisia -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Turkey 0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Turkmenistan -1.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands 8.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Tuvalu -7.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Uganda -0.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Ukraine -0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
United Arab Emirates 21.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
United Kingdom 2.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
United States 4.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Uruguay -0.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Uzbekistan -2.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Vanuatu 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Venezuela 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Vietnam -0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Virgin Islands -5.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Wallis and Futuna -5.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New Caledonia (2010 est.)
West Bank 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Yemen 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Zambia -0.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Zimbabwe 12.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2009 est.)
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@2113
Field Listing :: Geography - note
This entry includes miscellaneous geographic information of significance not included elsewhere. Country
Geography - note
Afghanistan landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)
Akrotiri British extraterritorial rights also extended to several small off-post sites scattered across Cyprus; of the Sovereign Base Area (SBA) land, 60% is privately owned and farmed, 20% is owned by the Ministry of Defense, and 20% is SBA Crown land
Albania strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)
Algeria second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan)
American Samoa Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean
Andorra landlocked; straddles a number of important crossroads in the Pyrenees
Angola the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Anguilla the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles
Antarctica the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; mostly uninhabitable
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua has a deeply indented shoreline with many natural harbors and beaches; Barbuda has a large western harbor
Arctic Ocean major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months
Argentina second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); diverse geophysical landscapes range from tropical climates in the north to tundra in the far south; Cerro Aconcagua is the Western Hemisphere's tallest mountain, while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere
Armenia landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range
Aruba a flat, riverless island renowned for its white sand beaches; its tropical climate is moderated by constant trade winds from the Atlantic Ocean; the temperature is almost constant at about 27 degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit)
Ashmore and Cartier Islands Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983; Cartier Island Marine Reserve established in 2000
Atlantic Ocean major chokepoints include the Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; strategic straits include the Strait of Dover, Straits of Florida, Mona Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; the Equator divides the Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean
Australia world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor" affects the city of Perth on the west coast and is one of the most consistent winds in the world
Austria landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere
Azerbaijan both the main area of the country and the Naxcivan exclave are landlocked
Bahamas, The strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain of which 30 are inhabited
Bahrain close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean
Bangladesh most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal
Barbados easternmost Caribbean island
Belarus landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes
Belgium crossroads of Western Europe; most West European capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the European Union and NATO
Belize only country in Central America without a coastline on the North Pacific Ocean
Benin sandbanks create difficult access to a coast with no natural harbors, river mouths, or islands
Bermuda consists of about 138 coral islands and islets with ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some land was leased by the US Government from 1941 to 1995
Bhutan landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes
Bolivia landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru
Bosnia and Herzegovina within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east
Botswana landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country
Bouvet Island covered by glacial ice; declared a nature reserve by Norway
Brazil largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador
British Indian Ocean Territory archipelago of 55 islands; Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility
British Virgin Islands strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico
Brunei close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave within Malaysia
Bulgaria strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia
Burkina Faso landlocked savanna cut by the three principal rivers of the Black, Red, and White Voltas
Burma strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes
Burundi landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote headstream of the White Nile
Cambodia a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap
Cameroon sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa; throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano
Canada second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km of the US border
Cape Verde strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site
Cayman Islands important location between Cuba and Central America
Central African Republic landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa
Chad landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel
Chile strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); Atacama Desert is one of world's driest regions
China world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US); Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak
Christmas Island located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean
Clipperton Island reef 12 km in circumference
Cocos (Keeling) Islands islands are thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation; site of a World War I naval battle in November 1914 between the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and the German raider SMS Emden; after being heavily damaged in the engagement, the Emden was beached by her captain on North Keeling Island
Colombia only South American country with coastlines on both the North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea
Comoros important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel
Congo, Democratic Republic of the straddles equator; has narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean; dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands
Congo, Republic of the about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, or along the railroad between them
Cook Islands the northern Cook Islands are seven low-lying, sparsely populated, coral atolls; the southern Cook Islands, where most of the population lives, consist of eight elevated, fertile, volcanic isles, including the largest, Rarotonga, at 67 sq km
Coral Sea Islands important nesting area for birds and turtles
Costa Rica four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital of San Jose in the center of the country; one of the volcanoes, Irazu, erupted destructively in 1963-65
Cote d'Ivoire most of the inhabitants live along the sandy coastal region; apart from the capital area, the forested interior is sparsely populated
Croatia controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits; most Adriatic Sea islands lie off the coast of Croatia - some 1,200 islands, islets, ridges, and rocks
Cuba largest country in Caribbean and westernmost island of the Greater Antilles
Curacao Curacao is a part of the Windward Islands (southern) group
Cyprus the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and Sardinia)
Czech Republic landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe
Denmark controls Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and North Seas; about one-quarter of the population lives in greater Copenhagen
Dhekelia British extraterritorial rights also extended to several small off-post sites scattered across Cyprus; of the Sovereign Base Area land 60% is privately owned and farmed, 20% is owned by the Ministry of Defense, and 20% is SBA Crown land
Djibouti strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia; mostly wasteland; Lac Assal (Lake Assal) is the lowest point in Africa
Dominica known as "The Nature Island of the Caribbean" due to its spectacular, lush, and varied flora and fauna, which are protected by an extensive natural park system; the most mountainous of the Lesser Antilles, its volcanic peaks are cones of lava craters and include Boiling Lake, the second-largest, thermally active lake in the world
Dominican Republic shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti
Ecuador Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world
Egypt controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees
El Salvador smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on Caribbean Sea
Equatorial Guinea insular and continental regions widely separated
Eritrea strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993
Estonia the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands
Ethiopia landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia; three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short growing season
Faroe Islands archipelago of 17 inhabited islands and one uninhabited island, and a few uninhabited islets; strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic; precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands
Fiji includes 332 islands; approximately 110 are inhabited
Finland long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
France largest West European nation
French Polynesia includes five archipelagoes (four volcanic, one coral); Makatea in French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Nauru
French Southern and Antarctic Lands islands component is widely scattered across remote locations in the southern Indian Ocean Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): the atoll is a circular reef that sits atop a long-extinct, submerged volcano Europa Island and Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): wildlife sanctuary for seabirds and sea turtles Glorioso Island (Iles Eparses): the islands and rocks are surrounded by an extensive reef system Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones in the western Indian Ocean; wildlife sanctuary (seabirds, tortoises)
Gabon a small population and oil and mineral reserves have helped Gabon become one of Africa's wealthier countries; in general, these circumstances have allowed the country to maintain and conserve its pristine rain forest and rich biodiversity
Gambia, The almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa
Gaza Strip strategic strip of land along Mideast-North African trade routes has experienced an incredibly turbulent history; the town of Gaza itself has been besieged countless times in its history
Georgia strategically located east of the Black Sea; Georgia controls much of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them
Germany strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea
Ghana Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake
Gibraltar strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
Greece strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands
Greenland dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe; sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; close to one-quarter of the population lives in the capital, Nuuk; world's second largest ice cap
Grenada the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada
Guam largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago; strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean
Guatemala no natural harbors on west coast
Guernsey large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port
Guinea the Niger and its important tributary the Milo have their sources in the Guinean highlands
Guinea-Bissau this small country is swampy along its western coast and low-lying inland
Guyana the third-smallest country in South America after Suriname and Uruguay; substantial portions of its western and eastern territories are claimed by Venezuela and Suriname respectively
Haiti shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western one-third is Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)
Heard Island and McDonald Islands Mawson Peak on Heard Island is the highest Australian mountain (at 2,745 meters, it is taller than Mt. Kosciuszko in Australia proper), and one of only two active volcanoes located in Australian territory, the other being McDonald Island; in 1992, McDonald Island broke its dormancy and began erupting; it has erupted several times since, the most recent being in 2005
Holy See (Vatican City) landlocked; enclave in Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; beyond the territorial boundary of Vatican City, the Lateran Treaty of 1929 grants the Holy See extraterritorial authority over 23 sites in Rome and five outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo (the Pope's summer residence)
Honduras has only a short Pacific coast but a long Caribbean shoreline, including the virtually uninhabited eastern Mosquito Coast
Hong Kong more than 200 islands
Hungary landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions
Iceland strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European country; Reykjavik is the northernmost national capital in the world; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe
India dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal
Indian Ocean major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait
Indonesia archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
Iran strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport
Iraq strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the Persian Gulf
Ireland strategic location on major air and sea routes between North America and northern Europe; over 40% of the population resides within 100 km of Dublin
Isle of Man one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the southwest and is a bird sanctuary
Israel Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) is an important freshwater source; there are about 355 Israeli civilian sites including about 145 small outpost communities in the West Bank, 41 sites in the Golan Heights, and 32 in East Jerusalem (2010 est.)
Italy strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe
Jamaica strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal
Jan Mayen barren volcanic island with some moss and grass
Japan strategic location in northeast Asia
Jersey largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier
Jordan strategic location at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and as the Arab country that shares the longest border with Israel and the occupied West Bank
Kazakhstan landlocked; Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050
Kenya the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value
Kiribati 21 of the 33 islands are inhabited; Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia, and Nauru
Korea, North strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia; mountainous interior is isolated and sparsely populated
Korea, South strategic location on Korea Strait
Kuwait strategic location at head of Persian Gulf
Kyrgyzstan landlocked; entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien Shan range; 94% of the country is 1,000 m above sea level with an average elevation of 2,750 m; many tall peaks, glaciers, and high-altitude lakes
Laos landlocked; most of the country is mountainous and thickly forested; the Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand
Latvia most of the country is composed of fertile low-lying plains with some hills in the east
Lebanon Nahr el Litani is the only major river in Near East not crossing an international boundary; rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous factional groups based on religion, clan, and ethnicity
Lesotho landlocked, completely surrounded by South Africa; mountainous, more than 80% of the country is 1,800 m above sea level
Liberia facing the Atlantic Ocean, the coastline is characterized by lagoons, mangrove swamps, and river-deposited sandbars; the inland grassy plateau supports limited agriculture
Libya more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert
Liechtenstein along with Uzbekistan, one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world; variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation
Lithuania fertile central plains are separated by hilly uplands that are ancient glacial deposits
Luxembourg landlocked; the only Grand Duchy in the world
Macau essentially urban; an area of land reclaimed from the sea measuring 5.2 sq km and known as Cotai now connects the islands of Coloane and Taipa; the island area is connected to the mainland peninsula by three bridges
Macedonia landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe
Madagascar world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel
Malawi landlocked; Lake Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's most prominent physical feature
Malaysia strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea
Maldives 1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls (200 inhabited islands, plus 80 islands with tourist resorts); archipelago with strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean
Mali landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan
Malta the country comprises an archipelago, with only the three largest islands (Malta, Ghawdex or Gozo, and Kemmuna or Comino) being inhabited; numerous bays provide good harbors; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration
Marshall Islands the islands of Bikini and Enewetak are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein atoll, famous as a World War II battleground, surrounds the world's largest lagoon and is used as a US missile test range; the island city of Ebeye is the second largest settlement in the Marshall Islands, after the capital of Majuro, and one of the most densely populated locations in the Pacific
Mauritania most of the population is concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the country
Mauritius the main island, from which the country derives its name, is of volcanic origin and is almost entirely surrounded by coral reefs; home of the dodo, a large flightless bird related to pigeons, driven to extinction by the end of the 17th century through a combination of hunting and the introduction of predatory species
Mayotte part of Comoro Archipelago (18 islands)
Mexico strategic location on southern border of US; corn (maize), one of the world's major grain crops, is thought to have originated in Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of four major island groups totaling 607 islands
Moldova landlocked; well endowed with various sedimentary rocks and minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone
Monaco second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy See); almost entirely urban
Mongolia landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
Montenegro strategic location along the Adriatic coast
Montserrat the island is entirely volcanic in origin and comprised of three major volcanic centers of differing ages
Morocco strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar
Mozambique the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country
Namibia first country in the world to incorporate the protection of the environment into its constitution; some 14% of the land is protected, including virtually the entire Namib Desert coastal strip
Nauru Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia; only 53 km south of Equator
Navassa Island strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; mostly exposed rock with numerous solution holes but with enough grassland to support goat herds; dense stands of fig trees, scattered cactus
Nepal landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga - the world's tallest and third tallest - on the borders with China and India respectively
Netherlands located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde)
New Caledonia consists of the main island of New Caledonia (one of the largest in the Pacific Ocean), the archipelago of Iles Loyaute, and numerous small, sparsely populated islands and atolls
New Zealand almost 90% of the population lives in cities; Wellington is the southernmost national capital in the world
Nicaragua largest country in Central America; contains the largest freshwater body in Central America, Lago de Nicaragua
Niger landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world; northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna, suitable for livestock and limited agriculture
Nigeria the Niger enters the country in the northwest and flows southward through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in the Gulf of Guinea
Niue one of world's largest coral islands
Norfolk Island most of the 32 km coastline consists of almost inaccessible cliffs, but the land slopes down to the sea in one small southern area on Sydney Bay, where the capital of Kingston is situated
Northern Mariana Islands strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean
Norway about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much-indented coastline; strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of the most rugged and longest coastlines in the world
Oman strategic location on Musandam Peninsula adjacent to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil
Pacific Ocean the major chokepoints are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean
Pakistan controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent
Palau westernmost archipelago in the Caroline chain, consists of six island groups totaling more than 300 islands; includes World War II battleground of Beliliou (Peleliu) and world-famous rock islands
Panama strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean
Papua New Guinea shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast
Paracel Islands composed of 130 small coral islands and reefs divided into the northeast Amphitrite Group and the western Crescent Group
Paraguay landlocked; lies between Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil; population concentrated in southern part of country
Peru shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River
Philippines the Philippine archipelago is made up of 7,107 islands; favorably located in relation to many of Southeast Asia's main water bodies: the South China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, and Luzon Strait
Pitcairn Islands Britain's most isolated dependency; only the larger island of Pitcairn is inhabited but it has no port or natural harbor; supplies must be transported by rowed longboat from larger ships stationed offshore
Poland historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain
Portugal Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
Puerto Rico important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean; many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north
Qatar strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits
Romania controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine
Russia largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak
Rwanda landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown anywhere else in the world; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; Queen Mary's Peak on Tristan da Cunha is the highest island mountain in the South Atlantic and a prominent landmark on the sea lanes around southern Africa
Saint Kitts and Nevis with coastlines in the shape of a baseball bat and ball, the two volcanic islands are separated by a 3-km-wide channel called The Narrows; on the southern tip of long, baseball bat-shaped Saint Kitts lies the Great Salt Pond; Nevis Peak sits in the center of its almost circular namesake island and its ball shape complements that of its sister island
Saint Lucia the twin Pitons (Gros Piton and Petit Piton), striking cone-shaped peaks south of Soufriere, are one of the scenic natural highlights of the Caribbean
Saint Martin the island of Saint Martin is the smallest landmass in the world shared by two independent states, the French territory of Saint Martin and the Dutch territory of Sint Maarten
Saint Pierre and Miquelon vegetation scanty
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is comprised of 32 islands and cays
Samoa occupies an almost central position within Polynesia
San Marino landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines
Sao Tome and Principe the smallest country in Africa; the two main islands form part of a chain of extinct volcanoes and both are mountainous
Saudi Arabia extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
Senegal westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave within Senegal
Serbia controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East
Seychelles 41 granitic and about 75 coralline islands
Sierra Leone rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches) a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western Africa
Singapore focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes
Sint Maarten the northern border is shared with the French overseas collectivity of Saint Martin; together, these two enties make up the smallest landmass in the world shared by two self-governing states
Slovakia landlocked; most of the country is rugged and mountainous; the Tatra Mountains in the north are interspersed with many scenic lakes and valleys
Slovenia despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes
Solomon Islands strategic location on sea routes between the South Pacific Ocean, the Solomon Sea, and the Coral Sea; on 2 April 2007 an undersea earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale occurred 345 km WNW of the capital Honiara; the resulting tsunami devastated coastal areas of Western and Choiseul provinces with dozens of deaths and thousands dislocated; the provincial capital of Gizo was especially hard hit
Somalia strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal
South Africa South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good anchorage; reindeer, introduced early in the 20th century, live on South Georgia
Southern Ocean the major chokepoint is the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica; the Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) is the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean; it is a distinct region at the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that separates the cold polar surface waters to the south from the warmer waters to the north; the Front and the Current extend entirely around Antarctica, reaching south of 60 degrees south near New Zealand and near 48 degrees south in the far South Atlantic coinciding with the path of the maximum westerly winds
Spain strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; Spain controls a number of territories in northern Morocco including the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas
Spratly Islands strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central South China Sea; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefs
Sri Lanka strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes
Sudan largest country in Africa; dominated by the Nile and its tributaries
Suriname smallest independent country on South American continent; mostly tropical rain forest; great diversity of flora and fauna that, for the most part, is increasingly threatened by new development; relatively small population, mostly along the coast
Svalbard northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main islands; glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area; Spitsbergen Island is the site of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, a seed repository established by the Global Crop Diversity Trust and the Norwegian Government
Swaziland landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa
Sweden strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas
Switzerland landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with southeastern France, northern Italy, and southwestern Austria, has the highest elevations in the Alps
Syria there are 41 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (2010 est.)
Taiwan strategic location adjacent to both the Taiwan Strait and the Luzon Strait
Tajikistan landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR
Tanzania Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa; bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa in the southwest
Thailand controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore
Timor-Leste Timor comes from the Malay word for "East"; the island of Timor is part of the Malay Archipelago and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands
Togo the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna
Tokelau consists of three atolls (Atafu, Fakaofo, Nukunonu), each with a lagoon surrounded by a number of reef-bound islets of varying length and rising to over 3 m above sea level
Tonga archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)
Trinidad and Tobago Pitch Lake, on Trinidad's southwestern coast, is the world's largest natural reservoir of asphalt
Tunisia strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration
Turkey strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country
Turkmenistan landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau
Turks and Caicos Islands about 40 islands (eight inhabited)
Tuvalu one of the smallest and most remote countries on Earth; six of the nine coral atolls - Nanumea, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, and Nukulaelae - have lagoons open to the ocean; Nanumaya and Niutao have landlocked lagoons; Niulakita does not have a lagoon
Uganda landlocked; fertile, well-watered country with many lakes and rivers
Ukraine strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe
United Arab Emirates strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil
United Kingdom lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and linked by tunnel under the English Channel; because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters
United States world's third-largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and by population (after China and India); Mt. McKinley is highest point in North America and Death Valley the lowest point on the continent
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate vines, and low growing shrubs; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife; closed to the public Johnston Atoll: Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands, which have been expanded by coral dredging; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; the egg-shaped reef is 34 km in circumference; closed to the public Kingman Reef: barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; closed to the public Midway Islands: a coral atoll managed as a NWR and open to the public for wildlife-related recreation in the form of wildlife observation and photography Palmyra Atoll: the high rainfall and resulting lush vegetation make the environment of this atoll unique among the US Pacific Island territories; supports a large undisturbed stand of Pisonia beach forest
Uruguay second-smallest South American country (after Suriname); most of the low-lying landscape (three-quarters of the country) is grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising
Uzbekistan along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world
Vanuatu a Y-shaped chain of four main islands and 80 smaller islands; several of the islands have active volcanoes
Venezuela on major sea and air routes linking North and South America; Angel Falls in the Guiana Highlands is the world's highest waterfall
Vietnam extending 1,650 km north to south, the country is only 50 km across at its narrowest point
Virgin Islands important location along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the Caribbean
Wake Island strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; emergency landing location for transpacific flights
Wallis and Futuna both island groups have fringing reefs
West Bank landlocked; highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers; there are about 355 Israeli civilian sites including about 145 small outpost communities in the West Bank and 32 sites in East Jerusalem (2010 est.)
Western Sahara the waters off the coast are particularly rich fishing areas
World the world is now thought to be about 4.55 billion years old, just about one-third of the 13.7-billion-year age estimated for the universe
Yemen strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes
Zambia landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zambia; in full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria Falls on the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water
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Field Listing :: Political pressure groups and leaders
This entry includes a listing of a country's political, social, labor, or religious organizations that are involved in politics, or that exert political pressure, but whose leaders do not stand for legislative election. International movements or organizations are generally not listed. Country
Political pressure groups and leaders
Afghanistan other: religious groups; tribal leaders; ethnically based groups; Taliban
Albania Citizens Advocacy Office [Kreshnik SPAHIU]; Confederation of Trade Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kastriot MUCO]; Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI]; Mjaft Movement [Elton KACIDHJA]; Omonia [Ligorag KARAMELO]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]
Algeria The Algerian Human Rights League or LADDH [Hocine ZEHOUANE]; SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR]
American Samoa Population Pressure LAS (addresses the growing population pressures)
Andorra NA
Angola Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO, Antonio Bento BEMBE] note: FLEC's small-scale armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province persists despite the signing of a peace accord with the government in August 2006
Anguilla NA
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]
Argentina Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Confederation or CRA (small to medium landowners' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association); Central of Argentine Workers or CTA (a radical union for employed and unemployed workers); General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); White and Blue CGT (dissident CGT labor confederation); Roman Catholic Church other: business organizations; Peronist-dominated labor movement; Piquetero groups (popular protest organizations that can be either pro or anti-government); students
Armenia Aylentrank (Impeachment Alliance) [Nikol PASHINIAN]; Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]
Aruba other: environmental groups
Australia other: business groups; environmental groups; social groups; trade unions
Austria Austrian Trade Union Federation or OeGB (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic); Federal Economic Chamber; OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action other: three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, farmers, and other nongovernment organizations in the areas of environment and human rights
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Public Forum [Eldar NAMAZOV]; Karabakh Liberation Organization
Bahamas, The Friends of the Environment other: trade unions
Bahrain Shia activists; Sunni Islamist legislators other: several small leftist and other groups are active
Bangladesh Advocacy to End Gender-based Violence through the MoWCA (Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs) other: environmentalists; Islamist groups; religious leaders; teachers; union leaders
Barbados Barbados Secondary Teachers' Union or BSTU [Patrick FROST]; Barbados Union of Teachers or BUT [Herbert GITTENS]; Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados or CTUSAB, (includes the BWU, NUPW, BUT, and BSTU) [Leroy TROTMAN]; Barbados Workers Union or BWU [Leroy TROTMAN]; Clement Payne Labor Union [David COMISSIONG]; National Union of Public Workers [Joseph GODDARD]
Belarus Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs (unregistered) [Sergey MATSKEVICH]; Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK]; Belarusian Association of Journalists [Zhana LITVINA]; Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK]; Belarusian Independence Bloc (unregistered) and For Freedom movement [Aleksandr MILINKEVICH]; Belarusian Organization of Working Women [Irina ZHIKHAR]; BPF-Youth [Andrus KRECHKA]; Charter 97 (unregistered) [Andrey SANNIKOV]; Perspektiva small business association [Anatol SHUMCHENKO]; Nasha Vyasna (unregistered) ("Our Spring") human rights center; "Tell the Truth" Movement [Vladimir NEKLYAYEV]; Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]; Young Belarus (Malady Belarus) [Zmitser KASPYAROVICH]; Youth Front (Malady Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH]
Belgium Christian, Socialist, and Liberal Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries other: numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax Christi and groups representing immigrants
Belize Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR [Nicole HAYLOCK]; Association of Concerned Belizeans or ACB [David VASQUEZ]; National Trade Union Congress of Belize or NTUC/B [Rene GOMEZ]
Benin other: economic groups; environmentalists; political groups; teachers' unions and other educational groups
Bermuda Bermuda Employer's Union [Eddie SAINTS]; Bermuda Industrial Union or BIU [Derrick BURGESS]; Bermuda Public Services Union or BPSU [Ed BALL]; Bermuda Union of Teachers [Michael CHARLES]
Bhutan United Front for Democracy (exiled); Druk National Congress (exiled) other: Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community
Bolivia Bolivian Workers Central or COR; Federation of Neighborhood Councils of El Alto or FEJUVE; Landless Movement or MST; National Coordinator for Change or CONALCAM; Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia or CSUTCB other: Cocalero groups; indigenous organizations (including Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Eastern Bolivia or CIDOB and National Council of Ayullus and Markas of Quollasuyu or CONAMAQ); labor unions (including the Central Bolivian Workers' Union or COB and Cooperative Miners Federation or FENCOMIN)
Bosnia and Herzegovina other: war veterans; displaced persons associations; family associations of missing persons; private media
Botswana First People of the Kalahari (Bushman organization); Pitso Ya Ba Tswana; Society for the Promotion of Ikalanga Language (Kalanga elites) other: diamond mining companies
Brazil Landless Workers' Movement or MST other: labor unions and federations; large farmers' associations; religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church
British Virgin Islands The Family Support Network; The Women's Desk other: environmentalists
Brunei NA
Bulgaria Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB; Podkrepa Labor Confederation other: numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas
Burkina Faso Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB [Tole SAGNON]; Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or MBDHP [Chrysigone ZOUGMORE]; Group of 14 February [Benewende STANISLAS]; National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB [Laurent OUEDRAOGO]; National Organization of Free Unions or ONSL [Paul KABORE] other: watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities
Burma Thai border: Ethnic Nationalities Council or ENC; Federation of Trade Unions-Burma or FTUB (exile trade union and labor advocates); National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government in exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government in exile); National Council-Union of Burma or NCUB (exile coalition of opposition groups) Inside Burma: Kachin Independence Organization or KIO; Karen National Union or KNU; Karenni National People's Party or KNPP; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (pro-regime, a social and political mass-member organization) [HTAY OO, general secretary] became the Union Solidarity and Development Party in 2010; United Wa State Army or UWSA; 88 Generation Students (pro-democracy movement); several other Shan factions
Burundi Forum for the Strengthening of Civil Society or FORSC [Pacifique NININAHAZWE] (civil society umbrella organization); Observatoire de lutte contre la corruption et les malversations economiques or OLUCOME [Gabriel RUFYIRI] (anti-corruption pressure group) other: Hutu and Tutsi militias (loosely organized)
Cambodia Cambodian Freedom Fighters or CFF; Partnership for Transparency Fund or PTF (anti-corruption organization); Students Movement for Democracy; The Committee for Free and Fair Elections or Comfrel other: human rights organizations; vendors
Cameroon Human Rights Defense Group [Albert MUKONG, president]; Southern Cameroon National Council [Ayamba Ette OTUN]
Canada other: agricultural sector; automobile industry; business groups; chemical industry; commercial banks; communications sector; energy industry; environmentalists; public administration groups; steel industry; trade unions
Cape Verde other: environmentalists; political pressure groups
Cayman Islands National Trust other: environmentalists
Central African Republic Monam (combating gender-base violence)
Chad rebel groups
Chile Roman Catholic Church, particularly conservative groups such as Opus Dei; United Labor Central or CUT includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations other: revitalized university student federations at all major universities
China no substantial political opposition groups exist
Christmas Island none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands The Cocos Islands Youth Support Centre
Colombia National Liberation Army or ELN; Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC note: two largest insurgent groups active in Colombia
Comoros other: environmentalists
Congo, Democratic Republic of the MONUC - UN organization working with the government; FARDC (Forces Armees de la Republique Democratique du Congo) - Army of the Democratic Republic of the Congo which commits atrocities on citizens; FDL (Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda) - Rwandan militia group
Congo, Republic of the Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC; General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC; Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC; Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC
Cook Islands Reform Conference (lobby for political system changes) other: various groups lobbying for political change
Costa Rica Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate); Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate); Costa Rican Exporter's Chamber or CADEXCO; Costa Rican Solidarity Movement; Costa Rican Union of Private Sector Enterprises or UCCAEP [Rafael CARRILLO]; Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP; National Association for Economic Development or ANFE; National Association of Educators or ANDE; National Association of Public and Private Employees or ANEP [Albino VARGAS]; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert BROWN]
Cote d'Ivoire Federation of University and High School Students of Cote d'Ivoire or FESCI [Serges KOFFI]; Rally of Houphouetists for Democracy and Peace or RHDP [Alphonse DJEDJE MADY]; Young Patriots [Charles BLE GOUDE]
Croatia other: human rights groups
Cuba Human Rights Watch; National Association of Small Farmers
Cyprus Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is; Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen; Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or PEO (Communist controlled)
Czech Republic Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions or CMKOS [Jaroslav ZAVADIL]
Denmark Confederation of Danish Employers or DA [President Jorn Neergaard LARSEN]; Principal DA member organizations: Confederation of Danish Industries [CEO Karsten DYBVAD]; Confederation of Danish Labor Unions [President Harald BORSTING]; Danish Bankers Association [CEO Joergen HORWITZ]; DaneAge Association [President Bjarne HASTRUP]; Danish Society for Nature Conservation [President Ella Maria BISSCHOP-LARSEN] other: humanitarian relief; development assistance; human rights NGOs
Djibouti Union for Presidential Majority UMP (coalition includes RPP, FRUD, PPSD and PND); Union for Democratic Changeover or UAD (opposition coalition includes ARD, MRDD, and UDJ)
Dominica Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)
Dominican Republic Citizen Participation Group (Participacion Ciudadania); Collective of Popular Organizations or COP; Foundation for Institution-Building and Justice (FINJUS)
Ecuador Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Marlon SANTI, president]; Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F. Napoleon SALTOS]; Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or FEINE [Manuel CHUGCHILAN, president]; National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN [Luis Alberto ANDRANGO Cadena, president]
Egypt Muslim Brotherhood (technically illegal) note: despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties and political activity, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes Egypt's most potentially significant political opposition; President MUBARAK has alternated between tolerating limited political activity by the Brotherhood and blocking its influence (its members compete as independents in elections but do not currently hold any seats in the legislature); civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms; only trade unions and professional associations affiliated with the government are officially sanctioned; Internet social networking groups and bloggers