Y (continued 59)
Reading edition
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines name: Kingstown geographic coordinates: 13 09 N, 61 14 W time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Samoa name: Apia geographic coordinates: 13 50 S, 171 44 W time difference: UTC-11 (6 hours behind Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Sunday in September; ends first Sunday in April
San Marino name: San Marino geographic coordinates: 43 56 N, 12 25 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Sao Tome and Principe name: Sao Tome geographic coordinates: 0 12 N, 6 39 E time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Saudi Arabia name: Riyadh geographic coordinates: 24 38 N, 46 43 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Senegal name: Dakar geographic coordinates: 14 40 N, 17 26 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Serbia name: Belgrade (Beograd) geographic coordinates: 44 50 N, 20 30 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Seychelles name: Victoria geographic coordinates: 4 38 S, 55 27 E time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Sierra Leone name: Freetown geographic coordinates: 8 30 N, 13 15 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Singapore name: Singapore geographic coordinates: 1 17 N, 103 51 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Sint Maarten name: Philipsburg geographic coordinates: 18 1 N, 63 2 W time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Slovakia name: Bratislava geographic coordinates: 48 09 N, 17 07 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Slovenia name: Ljubljana geographic coordinates: 46 03 N, 14 31 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Solomon Islands name: Honiara geographic coordinates: 9 26 S, 159 57 E time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Somalia name: Mogadishu geographic coordinates: 2 04 N, 45 22 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
South Africa name: Pretoria (administrative capital) geographic coordinates: 25 42 S, 28 13 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Cape Town (legislative capital); Bloemfontein (judicial capital)
Spain name: Madrid geographic coordinates: 40 24 N, 3 41 W time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October note: Spain is divided into two time zones including the Canary Islands
Sri Lanka name: Colombo geographic coordinates: 6 56 N, 79 51 E time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital)
Sudan name: Khartoum geographic coordinates: 15 36 N, 32 32 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Suriname name: Paramaribo geographic coordinates: 5 50 N, 55 10 W time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Svalbard name: Longyearbyen geographic coordinates: 78 13 N, 15 33 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Swaziland name: Mbabane geographic coordinates: 26 18 S, 31 06 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Lobamba (royal and legislative capital)
Sweden name: Stockholm geographic coordinates: 59 20 N, 18 03 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Switzerland name: Bern geographic coordinates: 46 57 N, 7 26 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Syria name: Damascus geographic coordinates: 33 30 N, 36 18 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Friday in April; ends last Friday in October
Taiwan name: Taipei geographic coordinates: 25 03 N, 121 30 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Tajikistan name: Dushanbe geographic coordinates: 38 35 N, 68 48 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Tanzania name: Dar es Salaam geographic coordinates: 6 48 S, 39 17 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: legislative offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital, and the National Assembly now meets there on a regular basis; the Executive Branch with all ministries and diplomatic representation remains located in Dar es Salaam
Thailand name: Bangkok geographic coordinates: 13 45 N, 100 31 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Timor-Leste name: Dili geographic coordinates: 8 35 S, 125 36 E time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Togo name: Lome geographic coordinates: 6 08 N, 1 13 E time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Tokelau none; each atoll has its own administrative center time difference: UTC-11 (6 hours behind Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Tonga name: Nuku'alofa geographic coordinates: 21 08 S, 175 12 W time difference: UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Trinidad and Tobago name: Port-of-Spain geographic coordinates: 10 39 N, 61 31 W time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Tunisia name: Tunis geographic coordinates: 36 48 N, 10 11 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Turkey name: Ankara geographic coordinates: 39 56 N, 32 52 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Turkmenistan name: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) geographic coordinates: 37 57 N, 58 23 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Turks and Caicos Islands name: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town) geographic coordinates: 21 28 N, 71 08 W time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
Tuvalu name: Funafuti geographic coordinates: 8 30 S, 179 12 E time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: administrative offices are in Vaiaku Village on Fongafale Islet
Uganda name: Kampala geographic coordinates: 0 19 N, 32 25 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Ukraine name: Kyiv (Kiev) note: pronounced KAY-yiv geographic coordinates: 50 26 N, 30 31 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
United Arab Emirates name: Abu Dhabi geographic coordinates: 24 28 N, 54 22 E time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
United Kingdom name: London geographic coordinates: 51 30 N, 0 10 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October note: applies to the United Kingdom proper, not to its overseas dependencies or territories
United States name: Washington, DC geographic coordinates: 38 53 N, 77 02 W time difference: UTC-5 (during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November note: the 50 United States cover six time zones
Uruguay name: Montevideo geographic coordinates: 34 53 S, 56 11 W time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends second Sunday in March
Uzbekistan name: Tashkent (Toshkent) geographic coordinates: 41 20 N, 69 18 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Vanuatu name: Port-Vila (on Efate) geographic coordinates: 17 44 S, 168 19 E time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Venezuela name: Caracas geographic coordinates: 10 30 N, 66 56 W time difference: UTC-4.5 (half an hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Vietnam name: Hanoi (Ha Noi) geographic coordinates: 21 02 N, 105 51 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Virgin Islands name: Charlotte Amalie geographic coordinates: 18 21 N, 64 56 W time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Wallis and Futuna name: Mata-Utu (on Ile Uvea) geographic coordinates: 13 57 S, 171 56 W time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Western Sahara none time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Yemen name: Sanaa geographic coordinates: 15 21 N, 44 12 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Zambia name: Lusaka geographic coordinates: 15 25 S, 28 17 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Zimbabwe name: Harare geographic coordinates: 17 50 S, 31 03 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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@2058
Field Listing :: Imports - commodities
This entry provides a listing of the highest-valued imported products; it sometimes includes the percent of total dollar value. Country
Imports - commodities(%)
Afghanistan machinery and other capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products
Albania machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals
Algeria capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
American Samoa raw materials for canneries 56%, food, petroleum products, machinery and parts
Andorra consumer goods, food, electricity
Angola machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts; medicines, food, textiles, military goods
Anguilla fuels, foodstuffs, manufactures, chemicals, trucks, textiles
Antigua and Barbuda food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, chemicals, oil
Argentina machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and natural gas, organic chemicals, plastics
Armenia natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs, diamonds
Aruba machinery and electrical equipment, crude oil for refining and reexport, chemicals; foodstuffs
Australia machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products
Austria machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products; foodstuffs
Azerbaijan machinery and equipment, oil products, foodstuffs, metals, chemicals
Bahamas, The machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, chemicals, mineral fuels; food and live animals
Bahrain crude oil, machinery, chemicals
Bangladesh machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement
Barbados consumer goods, machinery, foodstuffs, construction materials, chemicals, fuel, electrical components
Belarus mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals
Belgium raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products
Belize machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods; fuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals; food, beverages, tobacco
Benin foodstuffs, capital goods, petroleum products
Bermuda clothing, fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, chemicals, food and live animals
Bhutan fuel and lubricants, passenger cars, machinery and parts, fabrics, rice (2008)
Bolivia petroleum products, plastics, paper, aircraft and aircraft parts, prepared foods, automobiles, insecticides, soybeans
Bosnia and Herzegovina machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Botswana foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper products, metal and metal products
Brazil machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics
British Virgin Islands building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery
Brunei machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals
Bulgaria machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials
Burkina Faso capital goods, foodstuffs, petroleum
Burma fabric, petroleum products, fertilizer, plastics, machinery, transport equipment; cement, construction materials, crude oil; food products, edible oil
Burundi capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs
Cambodia petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products
Cameroon machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, fuel, food
Canada machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
Cape Verde foodstuffs, industrial products, transport equipment, fuels
Cayman Islands foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels
Central African Republic food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Chad machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles
Chile petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles, natural gas
China electrical and other machinery, oil and mineral fuels, optical and medical equipment, metal ores, plastics, organic chemicals
Christmas Island consumer goods
Cocos (Keeling) Islands foodstuffs
Colombia industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, paper products, fuels, electricity
Comoros rice and other foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, cement, transport equipment
Congo, Democratic Republic of the foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels
Congo, Republic of the capital equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs
Cook Islands foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber, capital goods
Costa Rica raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum, construction materials
Cote d'Ivoire fuel, capital equipment, foodstuffs
Croatia machinery, transport and electrical equipment; chemicals, fuels and lubricants; foodstuffs
Cuba petroleum, food, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Curacao crude petroleum, food, manufactures
Cyprus consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, intermediate goods, machinery, transport equipment
Czech Republic machinery and transport equipment, raw materials and fuels, chemicals
Denmark machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods
Djibouti foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products
Dominica manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals
Dominican Republic foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Ecuador industrial materials, fuels and lubricants, nondurable consumer goods
Egypt machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels
El Salvador raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods, fuels, foodstuffs, petroleum, electricity
Equatorial Guinea petroleum sector equipment, other equipment
Eritrea machinery, petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
Estonia machinery and equipment 35%, textiles 19%, mineral fuels 19%, chemical products 9%, foodstuffs 6%
Ethiopia food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles
European Union machinery, vehicles, aircraft, plastics, crude oil, chemicals, textiles, metals, foodstuffs, clothing
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) fuel, food and drink, building materials, clothing
Faroe Islands consumer goods 36%, raw materials and semi-manufactures 32%, machinery and transport equipment 29%, fuels, fish, salt
Fiji manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, food, chemicals
Finland foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, grains
France machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals
French Polynesia fuels, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment
Gabon machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, construction materials
Gambia, The foodstuffs, manufactures, fuel, machinery and transport equipment
Gaza Strip food, consumer goods note: Israel permits limited imports through crossings with Gaza, but many "dual use" goods, such as construction materials, are smuggled through tunnels beneath Gaza's border with Egypt
Georgia fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals
Germany machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals
Ghana capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs
Gibraltar fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs
Greece machinery, transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Greenland machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, petroleum products
Grenada food, manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuel
Guam petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
Guatemala fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, grain, fertilizers, electricity
Guernsey coal, gasoline, oil, machinery and equipment
Guinea petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, textiles, grain and other foodstuffs
Guinea-Bissau foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products
Guyana manufactures, machinery, petroleum, food
Haiti food, manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, raw materials
Honduras machinery and transport equipment, industrial raw materials, chemical products, fuels, foodstuffs
Hong Kong raw materials and semi-manufactures, consumer goods, capital goods, foodstuffs, fuel (most is re-exported)
Hungary machinery and equipment 50%, fuels and electricity 11%, food products, raw materials
Iceland machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles
India crude oil, precious stones, machinery, fertilizer, iron and steel, chemicals
Indonesia machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Iran industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services
Iraq food, medicine, manufactures
Ireland data processing equipment, other machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, clothing
Isle of Man timber, fertilizers, fish
Israel raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods
Italy engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages, and tobacco
Jamaica food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials
Japan machinery and equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, raw materials
Jersey machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicals
Jordan crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, iron, cereals
Kazakhstan machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs
Kenya machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics
Kiribati foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured goods, fuel
Korea, North petroleum, coking coal, machinery and equipment, textiles, grain
Korea, South machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics
Kosovo foodstuffs, wood, petroleum, chemicals, machinery and electrical equipment
Kuwait food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing
Kyrgyzstan oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Laos machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods
Latvia machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, vehicles
Lebanon petroleum products, cars, medicinal products, clothing, meat and live animals, consumer goods, paper, textile fabrics, tobacco, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals
Lesotho food; building materials, vehicles, machinery, medicines, petroleum products
Liberia fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods; foodstuffs
Libya machinery, semi-finished goods, food, transport equipment, consumer products
Liechtenstein agricultural products, raw materials, energy products, machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles
Lithuania mineral products, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, metals
Luxembourg minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods
Macau raw materials and semi-manufactured goods, consumer goods (foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco), capital goods, mineral fuels and oils
Macedonia machinery and equipment, automobiles, chemicals, fuels, food products
Madagascar capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food
Malawi food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment
Malaysia electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel products, chemicals
Maldives petroleum products, ships, foodstuffs, clothing, intermediate and capital goods
Mali petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles
Malta mineral fuels and oils, electrical machinery, non-electrical machinery, aircraft and other transport equipment, plastic and other semi-manufactured goods; food, drink, tobacco
Marshall Islands foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels, beverages and tobacco
Mauritania machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Mauritius manufactured goods, capital equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
Mayotte food, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, metals, chemicals
Mexico metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts
Micronesia, Federated States of food, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, beverages
Moldova mineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles
Mongolia machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
Montserrat machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials
Morocco crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications equipment, wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics
Mozambique machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, chemicals, metal products, foodstuffs, textiles
Namibia foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Nauru food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery
Nepal petroleum products, machinery and equipment, gold, electrical goods, medicine
Netherlands machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing
New Caledonia machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs
New Zealand machinery and equipment, vehicles and aircraft, petroleum, electronics, textiles, plastics
Nicaragua consumer goods, machinery and equipment, raw materials, petroleum products
Niger foodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, cereals
Nigeria machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and live animals
Niue food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs
Norfolk Island NA
Northern Mariana Islands food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products
Norway machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs
Oman machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, lubricants
Pakistan petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea
Palau machinery and equipment, fuels, metals; foodstuffs
Panama capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals
Papua New Guinea machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, fuels, chemicals
Paraguay road vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products, electrical machinery, tractors, chemicals, vehicle parts
Peru petroleum and petroleum products, plastics, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, paper
Philippines electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic
Pitcairn Islands fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs
Poland machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9%
Portugal agricultural products, food products, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber, skins and leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, minerals and mineral products, base metals, machinery and tools, vehicles and other transport material, and optical and precision instruments, computer accessories and parts, semi-conductors and related devices, household goods, passenger cars new and used, and wine products
Puerto Rico chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products
Qatar machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals
Romania machinery and equipment, fuels and minerals, chemicals, textile and products, metals, agricultural products
Russia machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical instruments, iron, steel
Rwanda foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
Saint Kitts and Nevis machinery, manufactures, food, fuels
Saint Lucia food 23%, manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 19%, chemicals, fuels
Saint Martin crude petroleum, food, manufactured items
Saint Pierre and Miquelon meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels
Samoa machinery and equipment, industrial supplies, foodstuffs
San Marino wide variety of consumer manufactures, food
Sao Tome and Principe machinery and electrical equipment, food products, petroleum products
Saudi Arabia machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles
Senegal food and beverages, capital goods, fuels
Seychelles machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals, other manufactured goods
Sierra Leone foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants, chemicals
Singapore machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Slovakia machinery and transport equipment 31%, mineral products 13%, vehicles 12%, base metals 9%, chemicals 8%, plastics 6% (2009 est.)
Slovenia machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food
Solomon Islands food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals
Somalia manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat
South Africa machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, scientific instruments, foodstuffs
Spain machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments
Sri Lanka petroleum, textiles, machinery and transportation equipment, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffs
Sudan foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat
Suriname capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods
Swaziland motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
Sweden machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing
Switzerland machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural products, textiles
Syria machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, paper
Taiwan electronics, machinery, crude petroleum, precision instruments, organic chemicals, metals
Tajikistan electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
Tanzania consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil
Thailand capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials, consumer goods, fuels
Timor-Leste food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery
Togo machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Tokelau foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Tonga foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Trinidad and Tobago mineral fuels, lubricants, machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals, live animals
Tunisia textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, foodstuffs
Turkey machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
Turkmenistan machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Turks and Caicos Islands food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials
Tuvalu food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods
Uganda capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies; cereals
Ukraine energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals
United Arab Emirates machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food
United Kingdom manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs
United States agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9% (crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications equipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power machinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines, furniture, toys)
Uruguay crude petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, chemicals, road vehicles, paper, plastics
Uzbekistan machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Vanuatu machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels
Venezuela agricultural products, raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials
Vietnam machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer, steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles
Virgin Islands crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials
Wallis and Futuna chemicals, machinery, consumer goods
West Bank food, consumer goods, construction materials, petroleum, chemicals
Western Sahara fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
World the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services top ten - share of world trade: see listing for exports
Yemen food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Zambia machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing
Zimbabwe machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures, chemicals, fuels, food products
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@2059
Field Listing :: Climate
This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year. Country
Climate
Afghanistan arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
Akrotiri temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
Albania mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter
Algeria arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
American Samoa tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation
Andorra temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Angola semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Anguilla tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Antarctica severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
Antigua and Barbuda tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation
Arctic Ocean polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Argentina mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
Armenia highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Aruba tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Ashmore and Cartier Islands tropical
Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December but are most frequent from August to November
Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Austria temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers
Azerbaijan dry, semiarid steppe
Bahamas, The tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
Bahrain arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Bangladesh tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Barbados tropical; rainy season (June to October)
Belarus cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
Belgium temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Belize tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)
Benin tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Bermuda subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
Bhutan varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
Bolivia varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Bosnia and Herzegovina hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
Botswana semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Bouvet Island antarctic
Brazil mostly tropical, but temperate in south
British Indian Ocean Territory tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
British Virgin Islands subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
Brunei tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Bulgaria temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Burkina Faso tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Burma tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
Burundi equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)
Cambodia tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Cameroon varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
Canada varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Cape Verde temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic
Cayman Islands tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
Central African Republic tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
Chad tropical in south, desert in north
Chile temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south
China extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
Christmas Island tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
Clipperton Island tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, wet season (May to October)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year
Colombia tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
Comoros tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)
Congo, Republic of the tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
Cook Islands tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March
Coral Sea Islands tropical
Costa Rica tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Cote d'Ivoire tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)
Croatia Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast
Cuba tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
Curacao tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semi-arid with average rainfall of 600 mm/year
Cyprus temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
Czech Republic temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Denmark temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
Dhekelia temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
Djibouti desert; torrid, dry
Dominica tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
Ecuador tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
Egypt desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
El Salvador tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
Equatorial Guinea tropical; always hot, humid
Eritrea hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Estonia maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
European Union cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate
Faroe Islands mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
Fiji tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Finland cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
France metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)
French Polynesia tropical, but moderate
French Southern and Antarctic Lands Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul: oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity Iles Crozet: windy, cold, wet, and cloudy Iles Kerguelen: oceanic, cold, overcast, windy Iles Eparses: tropical
Gabon tropical; always hot, humid
Gambia, The tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)
Gaza Strip temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Georgia warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Germany temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
Ghana tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Gibraltar Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Greece temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Greenland arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Grenada tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Guam tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December); little seasonal temperature variation
Guatemala tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
Guernsey temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast
Guinea generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea-Bissau tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guyana tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)
Haiti tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Heard Island and McDonald Islands antarctic
Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
Honduras subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
Hong Kong subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
Hungary temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Iceland temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
India varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Indian Ocean northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean
Indonesia tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Iran mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Iraq mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
Ireland temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
Isle of Man temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about a third of the time
Israel temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
Italy predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
Jamaica tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Jan Mayen arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
Japan varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Jersey temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Jordan mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Kazakhstan continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Kenya varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Kiribati tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Korea, North temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
Korea, South temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Kosovo influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns; Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation; maximum rainfall between October and December
Kuwait dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
Kyrgyzstan dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
Laos tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)
Latvia maritime; wet, moderate winters
Lebanon Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
Lesotho temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Liberia tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
Libya Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Liechtenstein continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Lithuania transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers
Luxembourg modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Macau subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Macedonia warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
Madagascar tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Malawi sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
Malaysia tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons
Maldives tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Mali subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)
Malta Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers
Marshall Islands tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt
Mauritania desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
Mauritius tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
Mayotte tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
Mexico varies from tropical to desert
Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
Moldova moderate winters, warm summers
Monaco Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Mongolia desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Montenegro Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Montserrat tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Morocco Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Mozambique tropical to subtropical
Namibia desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Nauru tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)
Navassa Island marine, tropical
Nepal varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south
Netherlands temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
New Caledonia tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
New Zealand temperate with sharp regional contrasts
Nicaragua tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Niger desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
Nigeria varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
Niue tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Norfolk Island subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation
Northern Mariana Islands tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October
Norway temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast
Oman dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Pacific Ocean planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December
Pakistan mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
Palau tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November
Panama tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Papua New Guinea tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
Paracel Islands tropical
Paraguay subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
Peru varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Philippines tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
Pitcairn Islands tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
Poland temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
Portugal maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Puerto Rico tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
Qatar arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Romania temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Russia ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Rwanda temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Saint Barthelemy tropical, with practically no variation in temperature; has two seasons (dry and humid)
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds Ascension Island: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid Tristan da Cunha: temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
Saint Kitts and Nevis tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Saint Lucia tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season January to April, rainy season May to August
Saint Martin temperature averages 80-85 degrees all year long; low humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers; July-November is the hurricane season
Saint Pierre and Miquelon cold and wet, with considerable mist and fog; spring and autumn are often windy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Samoa tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)
San Marino Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Sao Tome and Principe tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
Saudi Arabia harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes
Senegal tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
Serbia in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
Seychelles tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
Sierra Leone tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
Singapore tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms
Sint Maarten tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in moderate temperatures; average rainfall of 1500 mm/year; July-November is the hurricane season
Slovakia temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Slovenia Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
Solomon Islands tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
Somalia principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
South Africa mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
Southern Ocean sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter
Spain temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
Spratly Islands tropical
Sri Lanka tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
Sudan tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November)
Suriname tropical; moderated by trade winds
Svalbard arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year
Swaziland varies from tropical to near temperate
Sweden temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Switzerland temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers
Syria mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Taiwan tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
Tajikistan midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Tanzania varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Thailand tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
Timor-Leste tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons
Togo tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Tokelau tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Tonga tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Trinidad and Tobago tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Tunisia temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
Turkey temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Turkmenistan subtropical desert
Turks and Caicos Islands tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
Tuvalu tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Uganda tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Ukraine temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
United Arab Emirates desert; cooler in eastern mountains
United Kingdom temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
United States mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation Midway Islands: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 1,067 mm (42 in) of annual rainfall occurs during the winter Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 4,000-5,000 mm (160-200 in) of rainfall each year
Uruguay warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Uzbekistan mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
Vanuatu tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April
Venezuela tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Vietnam tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)
Virgin Islands subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season September to November
Wake Island tropical
Wallis and Futuna tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
West Bank temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Western Sahara hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew
World a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates - bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates
Yemen mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
Zambia tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
Zimbabwe tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
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@2060
Field Listing :: Coastline
This entry gives the total length of the boundary between the land area (including islands) and the sea. Country
Coastline(km)
Afghanistan 0 km (landlocked)
Akrotiri 56.3 km
Albania 362 km
Algeria 998 km
American Samoa 116 km
Andorra 0 km (landlocked)
Angola 1,600 km
Anguilla 61 km
Antarctica 17,968 km
Antigua and Barbuda 153 km
Arctic Ocean 45,389 km
Argentina 4,989 km
Armenia 0 km (landlocked)
Aruba 68.5 km
Ashmore and Cartier Islands 74.1 km
Atlantic Ocean 111,866 km
Australia 25,760 km
Austria 0 km (landlocked)
Azerbaijan 0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (713 km)
Bahamas, The 3,542 km
Bahrain 161 km
Bangladesh 580 km
Barbados 97 km
Belarus 0 km (landlocked)
Belgium 66.5 km
Belize 386 km
Benin 121 km
Bermuda 103 km
Bhutan 0 km (landlocked)
Bolivia 0 km (landlocked)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 km
Botswana 0 km (landlocked)
Bouvet Island 29.6 km
Brazil 7,491 km
British Indian Ocean Territory 698 km
British Virgin Islands 80 km
Brunei 161 km
Bulgaria 354 km
Burkina Faso 0 km (landlocked)
Burma 1,930 km
Burundi 0 km (landlocked)
Cambodia 443 km
Cameroon 402 km
Canada 202,080 km
Cape Verde 965 km
Cayman Islands 160 km
Central African Republic 0 km (landlocked)
Chad 0 km (landlocked)
Chile 6,435 km
China 14,500 km
Christmas Island 138.9 km
Clipperton Island 11.1 km
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 26 km
Colombia 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)
Comoros 340 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 37 km
Congo, Republic of the 169 km
Cook Islands 120 km
Coral Sea Islands 3,095 km
Costa Rica 1,290 km
Cote d'Ivoire 515 km
Croatia 5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)
Cuba 3,735 km
Curacao 364 km
Cyprus 648 km
Czech Republic 0 km (landlocked)
Denmark 7,314 km
Dhekelia 27.5 km
Djibouti 314 km
Dominica 148 km
Dominican Republic 1,288 km
Ecuador 2,237 km
Egypt 2,450 km
El Salvador 307 km
Equatorial Guinea 296 km
Eritrea 2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km)
Estonia 3,794 km
Ethiopia 0 km (landlocked)
European Union 65,992.9 km
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 1,288 km
Faroe Islands 1,117 km
Fiji 1,129 km
Finland 1,250 km
France total: 4,668 km metropolitan France: 3,427 km
French Polynesia 2,525 km
French Southern and Antarctic Lands Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): 28 km Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): Iles Kerguelen: 2,800 km Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): 35.2 km Europa Island (Iles Eparses): 22.2 km Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): 35.2 km Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): 24.1 km Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): 3.7 km
Gabon 885 km
Gambia, The 80 km
Gaza Strip 40 km
Georgia 310 km
Germany 2,389 km
Ghana 539 km
Gibraltar 12 km
Greece 13,676 km
Greenland 44,087 km
Grenada 121 km
Guam 125.5 km
Guatemala 400 km
Guernsey 50 km
Guinea 320 km
Guinea-Bissau 350 km
Guyana 459 km
Haiti 1,771 km
Heard Island and McDonald Islands 101.9 km
Holy See (Vatican City) 0 km (landlocked)
Honduras 820 km
Hong Kong 733 km
Hungary 0 km (landlocked)
Iceland 4,970 km
India 7,000 km
Indian Ocean 66,526 km
Indonesia 54,716 km
Iran 2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Iraq 58 km
Ireland 1,448 km
Isle of Man 160 km
Israel 273 km
Italy 7,600 km
Jamaica 1,022 km
Jan Mayen 124.1 km
Japan 29,751 km
Jersey 70 km
Jordan 26 km
Kazakhstan 0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Kenya 536 km
Kiribati 1,143 km
Korea, North 2,495 km
Korea, South 2,413 km
Kosovo 0 km (landlocked)
Kuwait 499 km
Kyrgyzstan 0 km (landlocked)
Laos 0 km (landlocked)
Latvia 498 km
Lebanon 225 km
Lesotho 0 km (landlocked)
Liberia 579 km
Libya 1,770 km
Liechtenstein 0 km (doubly landlocked)
Lithuania 90 km
Luxembourg 0 km (landlocked)
Macau 41 km
Macedonia 0 km (landlocked)
Madagascar 4,828 km
Malawi 0 km (landlocked)
Malaysia 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)
Maldives 644 km
Mali 0 km (landlocked)
Malta 196.8 km (excludes 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)
Marshall Islands 370.4 km
Mauritania 754 km
Mauritius 177 km
Mayotte 185.2 km
Mexico 9,330 km
Micronesia, Federated States of 6,112 km
Moldova 0 km (landlocked)
Monaco 4.1 km
Mongolia 0 km (landlocked)
Montenegro 293.5 km
Montserrat 40 km
Morocco 1,835 km
Mozambique 2,470 km
Namibia 1,572 km
Nauru 30 km
Navassa Island 8 km
Nepal 0 km (landlocked)
Netherlands 451 km
New Caledonia 2,254 km
New Zealand 15,134 km
Nicaragua 910 km
Niger 0 km (landlocked)
Nigeria 853 km
Niue 64 km
Norfolk Island 32 km
Northern Mariana Islands 1,482 km
Norway 25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km; length of island coastlines 58,133 km)
Oman 2,092 km
Pacific Ocean 135,663 km
Pakistan 1,046 km
Palau 1,519 km
Panama 2,490 km
Papua New Guinea 5,152 km
Paracel Islands 518 km
Paraguay 0 km (landlocked)
Peru 2,414 km
Philippines 36,289 km
Pitcairn Islands 51 km
Poland 440 km
Portugal 1,793 km
Puerto Rico 501 km
Qatar 563 km
Romania 225 km
Russia 37,653 km
Rwanda 0 km (landlocked)
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena: 60 km Ascension Island: NA Tristan da Cunha: 40 km
Saint Kitts and Nevis 135 km
Saint Lucia 158 km
Saint Martin 58.9 km (for entire island)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 120 km
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 84 km
Samoa 403 km
San Marino 0 km (landlocked)
Sao Tome and Principe 209 km
Saudi Arabia 2,640 km
Senegal 531 km
Serbia 0 km (landlocked)
Seychelles 491 km
Sierra Leone 402 km
Singapore 193 km
Sint Maarten 364 km
Slovakia 0 km (landlocked)
Slovenia 46.6 km
Solomon Islands 5,313 km
Somalia 3,025 km
South Africa 2,798 km
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands NA
Southern Ocean 17,968 km
Spain 4,964 km
Spratly Islands 926 km
Sri Lanka 1,340 km
Sudan 853 km
Suriname 386 km
Svalbard 3,587 km
Swaziland 0 km (landlocked)
Sweden 3,218 km
Switzerland 0 km (landlocked)
Syria 193 km
Taiwan 1,566.3 km
Tajikistan 0 km (landlocked)
Tanzania 1,424 km
Thailand 3,219 km
Timor-Leste 706 km
Togo 56 km
Tokelau 101 km
Tonga 419 km
Trinidad and Tobago 362 km
Tunisia 1,148 km
Turkey 7,200 km
Turkmenistan 0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Turks and Caicos Islands 389 km
Tuvalu 24 km
Uganda 0 km (landlocked)
Ukraine 2,782 km
United Arab Emirates 1,318 km
United Kingdom 12,429 km
United States 19,924 km
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker Island: 4.8 km Howland Island: 6.4 km Jarvis Island: 8 km Johnston Atoll: 34 km Kingman Reef: 3 km Midway Islands: 15 km Palmyra Atoll: 14.5 km
Uruguay 660 km
Uzbekistan 0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
Vanuatu 2,528 km
Venezuela 2,800 km
Vietnam 3,444 km (excludes islands)
Virgin Islands 188 km
Wake Island 19.3 km
Wallis and Futuna 129 km
West Bank 0 km (landlocked)
Western Sahara 1,110 km
World 356,000 km note: 95 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan
Yemen 1,906 km
Zambia 0 km (landlocked)
Zimbabwe 0 km (landlocked)
======================================================================
@2061
Field Listing :: Imports - partners
This entry provides a rank ordering of trading partners starting with the most important; it sometimes includes the percent of total dollar value. Country
Imports - partners(%)
Afghanistan Pakistan 26.78%, US 24.81%, India 5.15%, Germany 5.06%, Russia 4.04% (2009)
Albania Italy 29.94%, Greece 14.05%, Turkey 7.1%, Germany 6.9%, China 5.39% (2009)
Algeria France 19.7%, China 11.72%, Italy 10.19%, Spain 8.13%, Germany 5.77%, Turkey 5.05% (2009)
Angola Portugal 18.71%, China 17.39%, US 8.51%, Brazil 8.22%, South Korea 6.72%, France 4.51%, Italy 4.28%, South Africa 4.02% (2009)
Argentina Brazil 31.12%, US 13.69%, China 10.26%, Germany 4.69% (2009)
Armenia Russia 24.02%, China 8.72%, Ukraine 6.15%, Turkey 5.39%, Germany 5.36%, Iran 4.07% (2009)
Aruba US 49.51%, Netherlands 16.15%, UK 4.94% (2009)
Australia China 17.94%, US 11.26%, Japan 8.36%, Thailand 5.81%, Singapore 5.54%, Germany 5.3% (2009)
Austria Germany 45.07%, Switzerland 6.76%, Italy 6.66%, Netherlands 4.03% (2009)
Azerbaijan Turkey 18.69%, Russia 16.98%, Germany 7.87%, Ukraine 7.3%, China 6.18%, UK 5.73% (2009)
Bahamas, The US 27.23%, South Korea 20.08%, Japan 14.55%, Singapore 5.89%, China 4.75%, Venezuela 4.26%, Italy 4.12% (2009)
Bahrain Saudi Arabia 22.91%, France 9.76%, US 7.95%, China 6.4%, South Korea 5.26%, Japan 5.19%, Germany 5.01%, UK 4.34% (2009)
Bangladesh China 16.16%, India 12.61%, Singapore 7.55%, Japan 4.63%, Malaysia 4.46% (2009)
Barbados Trinidad and Tobago 28.52%, US 27.96%, Colombia 7.13%, China 4.76%, UK 4.39% (2009)
Belarus Russia 56.42%, Germany 8.31%, Ukraine 4.79%, China 4.04% (2009)
Belgium Netherlands 17.93%, Germany 17.14%, France 11.69%, Ireland 6.26%, US 5.74%, UK 5.07%, China 4.09% (2009)
Belize US 33.65%, Mexico 14.17%, Cuba 8.51%, Guatemala 6.75%, Spain 6.07%, China 4.12% (2009)
Benin China 35.62%, US 7.51%, France 7.38%, Thailand 6.71%, Malaysia 6.13%, Netherlands 4.83%, Belgium 4.02% (2009)
Bermuda US 31.2%, South Korea 26.71%, Brazil 6.77%, Ireland 6.11%, Singapore 5.35% (2009)
Bhutan India 63%, Japan 12.3%, China 5.1% (2008)
Bolivia Brazil 27.12%, Argentina 15.69%, US 12.77%, Chile 9.11%, Peru 6.85% (2009)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia 22.17%, Germany 14.04%, Slovenia 13.45%, Italy 11.89%, Austria 6.61%, Hungary 5.74% (2009)
Brazil US 16.12%, China 12.61%, Argentina 8.77%, Germany 7.65%, Japan 4.3% (2009)
Brunei Singapore 38.4%, Malaysia 18.7%, Japan 7.2%, China 5.42%, Thailand 5.19%, US 4.45%, UK 4.25% (2009)
Bulgaria Russia 13.14%, Germany 12.23%, Italy 7.78%, Greece 6.17%, Romania 5.65%, Turkey 5.48%, Ukraine 4.81%, Austria 4.08% (2009)
Burkina Faso Cote d'Ivoire 24.31%, France 19.48%, Togo 6.42% (2009)
Burma China 33.1%, Thailand 26.28%, Singapore 15.18% (2009)
Burundi Saudi Arabia 16.87%, Belgium 11.17%, Uganda 8.62%, Kenya 7.57%, China 5.66%, France 5.35%, Germany 4.46%, India 4.24%, Tanzania 4.21% (2009)
Cambodia Thailand 24.83%, Vietnam 19.73%, China 14.08%, Singapore 11.34%, Hong Kong 7.41%, Taiwan 5.1%, South Korea 4.06% (2009)
Cameroon France 21.03%, Nigeria 10.79%, China 10.25%, Belgium 6.62%, US 4.31% (2009)
Canada US 51.1%, China 10.88%, Mexico 4.56% (2009)
Cape Verde Portugal 44.86%, Netherlands 15.51%, Spain 6.1%, Italy 4.46%, Brazil 4.21% (2009)
Central African Republic South Korea 19.29%, France 11.95%, US 7.78%, Cameroon 7.39%, Netherlands 6.77% (2009)
Chad France 17.74%, Cameroon 12.7%, China 11.23%, US 7.59%, Italy 6.54%, Ukraine 5.33%, Netherlands 4.37% (2009)
Chile US 21.77%, China 12.76%, Argentina 9.55%, Brazil 6.46%, South Korea 5.35% (2009)
China Japan 12.27%, Hong Kong 10.06%, South Korea 9.04%, US 7.66%, Taiwan 6.84%, Germany 5.54% (2009)
Colombia US 28%, China 11%, Mexico 7%, Brazil 6.5%, France 4.5%, Germany 4% (2009)
Comoros France 15.5%, China 14.66%, India 10.55%, UAE 7.88%, Pakistan 5.69%, Kenya 4.51% (2009)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the South Africa 18.22%, Belgium 10.2%, China 8.34%, Zambia 7.77%, France 7.28%, Zimbabwe 6.52%, Kenya 5.48%, Netherlands 4.13%, Italy 3.96% (2009)
Congo, Republic of the France 20.64%, China 14.54%, Italy 9.56%, US 9.02%, India 5.55%, Belgium 4.51% (2009)
Costa Rica US 44.72%, Mexico 7.65%, Venezuela 5.56%, China 5.15%, Japan 4.36% (2009)
Cote d'Ivoire Nigeria 20.75%, France 14.19%, China 7.18%, Thailand 5.09% (2009)
Croatia Italy 15.46%, Germany 13.57%, Russia 9.29%, China 6.83%, Slovenia 5.75%, Austria 5.04% (2009)
Cuba Venezuela 30.51%, China 15.48%, Spain 8.3%, US 6.87% (2009)
Curacao Venezuela 57.3%, US 19.2%, Brazil 8.1% (2009 est.)
Cyprus Greece 20.18%, Italy 10.67%, UK 8.95%, Germany 8.79%, Israel 6.99%, China 5.52%, Netherlands 4.85%, France 4.01% (2009)
Czech Republic Germany 30.67%, Poland 6.97%, Slovakia 6.6%, Netherlands 5.99%, China 5.7%, Austria 5.26%, Russia 4.93%, Italy 3.98% (2009)
Denmark Germany 21.07%, Sweden 13.18%, Norway 7%, Netherlands 6.97%, China 6.22%, UK 5.53% (2009)
Djibouti Saudi Arabia 16.26%, India 16.03%, China 14.26%, US 9.57%, Malaysia 6.63%, Japan 4.74% (2009)
Dominica Japan 31.29%, US 19.73%, Trinidad and Tobago 11.8%, China 11.58% (2009)
Dominican Republic US 42.79%, Venezuela 7.04%, Mexico 6.17%, Colombia 5.59% (2009)
Ecuador US 25.4%, Columbia 10.6%, Venezuela 6.5%, Brazil 4.5%, Brazil 4.35% (2009)
Egypt US 9.92%, China 9.63%, Germany 6.98%, Italy 6.88%, Turkey 4.94% (2009)
El Salvador US 29.79%, Mexico 10.26%, Guatemala 9.7%, China 4.5%, Honduras 4.4% (2009)
Equatorial Guinea China 19.97%, US 17.28%, Spain 14.94%, France 9.49%, Cote d'Ivoire 6.34%, Italy 5.02% (2009)
Eritrea Saudi Arabia 20.7%, India 13.6%, Italy 12.6%, China 9.9%, US 5.1%, Germany 4.6% (2008)
Estonia Finland 14.52%, Lithuania 10.84%, Latvia 10.47%, Germany 10.33%, Russia 8.59%, Sweden 8.34%, Poland 5.63% (2009)
Ethiopia China 14.73%, Saudi Arabia 8.41%, India 7.65%, US 4.3% (2009)
Faroe Islands Denmark 54.42%, Norway 20.76%, Sweden 4.79% (2009)
Fiji Singapore 27.27%, Australia 19.36%, NZ 15.15%, China 6.92%, India 5.23%, Thailand 4.25% (2009)
Finland Russia 16.28%, Germany 15.76%, Sweden 14.65%, Netherlands 6.99%, China 5.29%, France 4.22% (2009)
France Germany 19.41%, Belgium 11.61%, Italy 7.97%, Netherlands 7.15%, Spain 6.68%, UK 4.9%, US 4.72%, China 4.44% (2009)
Gabon France 32.21%, US 7.92%, China 7.02%, Belgium 4.99%, Italy 4.81%, Cameroon 4.56%, Netherlands 4.35% (2009)
Gambia, The China 20.45%, Senegal 11.97%, Brazil 8.48%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.71%, Netherlands 4.68%, US 4.49% (2009)
Georgia Turkey 16.81%, Azerbaijan 9.72%, Ukraine 9.17%, Russia 7.39%, US 6.63%, Germany 6.22% (2009)
Germany Netherlands 8.5%, China 8.2%, France 8.2%, US 5.9%, Italy 5.9%, UK 4.9%, Belgium 4.3%, Austria 4.3%, Switzerland 4.2% (2009)
Ghana China 16.8%, Nigeria 11.88%, US 6.63%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.99%, India 5.57%, France 5.09%, UK 4.23% (2009)
Greece Germany 13.73%, Italy 12.71%, China 7.08%, France 6.1%, Netherlands 6.02%, South Korea 5.68%, Belgium 4.34%, Spain 4.08% (2009)
Greenland Denmark 74.93%, Sweden 11.73%, Norway 2.29% (2009)
Grenada Trinidad and Tobago 39.76%, US 18.11% (2009)
Guatemala US 36.46%, Mexico 10.49%, China 5.88%, El Salvador 5.14% (2009)
Guinea China 8.67%, Netherlands 6.67%, France 4.33%, UK 4.22% (2009)
Guinea-Bissau Portugal 17.33%, Senegal 13.66%, Netherlands 9.27%, India 9.11%, Thailand 5.2%, Brazil 4.49% (2009)
Guyana US 25.23%, Trinidad and Tobago 23.23%, Cuba 6.41%, China 6.05% (2009)
Haiti US 33.11%, Dominican Republic 23.53%, Netherlands Antilles 10.75%, China 5.36% (2009)
Honduras US 46.81%, Guatemala 8.92%, El Salvador 7.13%, Mexico 5.54%, Costa Rica 4.91% (2009)
Hong Kong China 46.4%, Japan 8.8%, Taiwan 6.5%, Singapore 6.5%, US 5.3% (2009)
Hungary Germany 25.05%, China 8.56%, Russia 7.3%, Austria 6.08%, Netherlands 4.73%, France 4.51%, Slovakia 4.14%, Italy 4.13%, Poland 4.07% (2009)
Iceland Norway 12.97%, Netherlands 8.62%, Germany 8.3%, Sweden 8.03%, Denmark 7.27%, US 6.94%, China 4.98%, UK 4.55%, Brazil 4.09% (2009)
India China 10.94%, US 7.16%, Saudi Arabia 5.36%, UAE 5.18%, Australia 5.02%, Germany 4.86%, Singapore 4.02% (2009)
Indonesia Singapore 24.96%, China 12.52%, Japan 8.92%, Malaysia 5.88%, South Korea 5.64%, US 4.88%, Thailand 4.45% (2009)
Iran UAE 15.14%, China 13.48%, Germany 9.66%, South Korea 7.16%, Italy 5.27%, Russia 4.81%, India 4.12% (2009)
Iraq Turkey 24.99%, Syria 17.36%, US 8.66%, China 6.79%, Jordan 4.17%, Italy 3.98%, Germany 3.97% (2009)
Ireland UK 35.28%, US 16.87%, Germany 6.76%, Netherlands 5.86%, France 4.76% (2009)
Israel US 12.35%, China 7.43%, Germany 7.1%, Switzerland 6.94%, Belgium 5.42%, Italy 4.49%, UK 4.03%, Netherlands 3.98% (2009)
Italy Germany 16.68%, France 8.82%, China 6.53%, Netherlands 5.63%, Spain 4.3%, Russia 4.12%, Belgium 4.08% (2009)
Jamaica US 28.32%, Trinidad and Tobago 22.98%, Venezuela 12.14%, China 4.61%, Brazil 4.18% (2009)
Japan China 22.2%, US 10.96%, Australia 6.29%, Saudi Arabia 5.29%, UAE 4.12%, South Korea 3.98%, Indonesia 3.95% (2009)
Jordan Saudi Arabia 17.3%, China 10.95%, US 6.94%, Germany 6.29%, Egypt 6.1% (2009)
Kazakhstan Russia 28.5%, China 26.72%, Germany 6.59%, Italy 5.58%, Ukraine 4.8% (2009)
Kenya India 11.67%, China 10.58%, UAE 9.32%, South Africa 8.36%, Saudi Arabia 6.53%, US 6.25%, Japan 5.1% (2009)
Korea, North China 57%, South Korea 25%, Russia 3%, Singapore 3% (2008)
Korea, South China 17.7%, Japan 14%, US 8.9%, Saudi Arabia 7.8%, UAE 4.4%, Australia 4.1% (2008)
Kuwait US 11.18%, China 9.07%, Germany 7.63%, Japan 7.14%, Saudi Arabia 6.24%, Italy 5%, France 4.77%, India 4.09%, UK 4.02% (2009)
Kyrgyzstan China 57.03%, Russia 19.34%, Kazakhstan 5.9% (2009)
Laos Thailand 66.2%, China 11.45%, Vietnam 5.3% (2009)
Latvia Lithuania 16.36%, Germany 11.34%, Russia 10.68%, Poland 8.11%, Estonia 7.69% (2009)
Lebanon US 11%, France 10%, China 9%, Italy 8%, Germany 8%, Turkey 4%, Ukraine 4.55%, Turkey 4.5% (2009)
Lesotho China 26.3%, Taiwan 20.1%, Hong Kong 16.4%, South Korea 14.1%, India 9.2% (2008)
Liberia South Korea 28.29%, Singapore 19.06%, Japan 17.06%, China 14.58%, Taiwan 4.02% (2009)
Libya Italy 18.9%, China 10.54%, Turkey 9.92%, Germany 9.78%, France 5.63%, Tunisia 5.25%, South Korea 4.02% (2009)
Lithuania Russia 30.1%, Germany 11.1%, Poland 9.9%, Latvia 6.3% (2009)
Luxembourg Belgium 27.22%, Germany 23.14%, China 18.62%, France 8.85%, Netherlands 5.06% (2009)
Macau China 31.1%, Hong Kong 10.8%, Japan 8.1%, France 8%, US 6.2% (2009)
Macedonia Germany 15.11%, Greece 14.88%, Bulgaria 9.08%, Italy 7.68%, Turkey 7.59%, Slovenia 6.26%, Hungary 4.31% (2009)
Madagascar China 12.99%, Thailand 11.93%, Bahrain 7.1%, France 6.89%, US 4.13% (2009)
Malawi South Africa 40.15%, China 6.79%, India 6.73%, France 5.03%, Tanzania 4.81%, Mozambique 4.03% (2009)
Malaysia China 13.9%, Japan 12.5%, US 11.2%, Singapore 11.1%, Thailand 6%, Indonesia 5.3% (2009)
Maldives Singapore 24.62%, UAE 15.7%, India 11.02%, Malaysia 8.98%, Sri Lanka 5.4%, Thailand 5.36% (2009)
Mali Senegal 12.21%, France 11.57%, Cote d'Ivoire 10.05%, China 5.89% (2009)
Malta Italy 24.4%, UK 11.7%, Germany 9.3%, France 7.6%, China 4.2%, Singapore 4.11%, Switzerland 4.05% (2009)
Mauritania France 14.3%, Netherlands 10.33%, China 9.94%, Brazil 5.58%, Belgium 4.87%, Germany 4.04%, Spain 4.02% (2009)
Mauritius India 24.5%, France 14.02%, South Africa 8.55%, China 8.17% (2009)
Mexico US 48%, China 13.5%, Japan 4.8% (2009)
Moldova Ukraine 19.9%, Romania 15.1%, Russia 14.52%, Germany 8.69%, Italy 5.7%, Belarus 4.38% (2009)
Mongolia China 35.99%, Russia 31.56%, South Korea 7.08%, Japan 4.8% (2009)
Montenegro Italy 17.54%, Slovenia 14.62%, Germany 10.5%, Austria 7.82%, China 7.82%, Russia 4.4%, Hungary 4.11%, Greece 4.11%, Netherlands 3.96% (2009)
Morocco France 16.95%, Spain 14.72%, China 7.1%, Italy 6.76%, Germany 6.28%, US 5.66%, Saudi Arabia 5.11% (2009)
Mozambique South Africa 33.54%, Netherlands 8.42%, India 5.93%, China 4.24% (2009)
Nepal India 57%, China 13% (2009)
Netherlands Germany 17.16%, China 11.58%, Belgium 8.68%, US 7.77%, UK 5.72%, Russia 4.47%, France 4.4% (2009)
New Caledonia France 39.89%, Singapore 14.12%, Australia 12.5%, NZ 5.42% (2009)
New Zealand Australia 18.4%, China 15.09%, US 10.45%, Japan 7.24%, Germany 4.16%, Singapore 4.12% (2009)
Nicaragua US 22.63%, Venezuela 12.27%, Mexico 9.05%, Costa Rica 8.66%, China 7.16%, Guatemala 6.59%, El Salvador 5.63% (2009)
Niger China 16.32%, France 15.95%, Netherlands 7.66%, Algeria 7.15%, French Polynesia 6.11%, Nigeria 5.48%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.15%, US 4.05% (2009)
Nigeria China 14.89%, US 8.88%, Netherlands 8.18%, South Korea 5.46%, UK 4.63%, France 4.19% (2009)
Norway Sweden 13.86%, Germany 12.89%, China 7.8%, Denmark 6.78%, US 6.16%, UK 6.01% (2009)
Oman UAE 22.9%, Japan 13.99%, US 6.46%, China 5.64%, India 5.27%, France 5.19%, South Korea 4.65% (2009)
Pakistan China 15.35%, Saudi Arabia 10.54%, UAE 9.8%, US 4.81%, Kuwait 4.73%, Malaysia 4.43%, India 4.02% (2009)
Panama Japan 36.21%, Singapore 16.86%, US 12.3%, China 7.84% (2009)
Papua New Guinea Australia 43.27%, China 13.29%, Singapore 9.59%, US 6.4%, Japan 4.62% (2009)
Paraguay China 30%, Brazil 23%, Argentina 16%, US 5% (2009)
Peru US 23.96%, China 10.74%, Ecuador 7.25%, Brazil 7.19%, Chile 5.68%, Argentina 5.59%, Mexico 5.02% (2009)
Philippines Japan 12.5%, US 12%, China 8.8%, Singapore 8.7%, South Korea 7.9% (2009)
Poland Germany 28.08%, Russia 8.65%, Italy 6.5%, Netherlands 5.59%, China 5.27%, France 4.6%, Czech Republic 4.05% (2009)
Portugal Spain 31.58%, Germany 12.41%, France 8.58%, Italy 5.55%, Netherlands 5.31% (2009)
Qatar US 13.43%, Italy 8.34%, South Korea 8.33%, Japan 8.04%, Germany 7.31%, France 6.26%, UK 5.59%, China 5%, UAE 4.67%, Saudi Arabia 3.96% (2009)
Romania Germany 17.3%, Italy 11.78%, Hungary 8.36%, France 6.14%, China 4.91%, Austria 4.75% (2009)
Russia Germany 14.39%, China 13.98%, Ukraine 5.48%, Italy 4.84%, US 4.46% (2009)
Rwanda Kenya 16.53%, Uganda 14.92%, China 7.92%, UAE 6.89%, Belgium 5.54%, Germany 5.19%, Tanzania 4.81%, Sweden 4% (2009)
Saint Kitts and Nevis US 43.37%, Trinidad and Tobago 15.26%, Italy 11.83% (2009)
Saint Lucia Brazil 83.44%, US 4.67%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.56% (2009)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Singapore 16.16%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.71%, US 13.41%, China 10.9%, Italy 8.89%, Turkey 6.6%, France 5.64%, Romania 4.44% (2009)
Samoa NZ 24.13%, Fiji 17.34%, Singapore 12.54%, China 10.02%, Australia 9.85%, US 5.95% (2009)
Sao Tome and Principe Portugal 58.9%, Brazil 6.68%, US 4.71%, Japan 4.49% (2009)
Saudi Arabia US 12.32%, China 12.06%, Germany 7.67%, Japan 6.15%, South Korea 5.32%, India 4.99%, UK 4.72%, France 4.05% (2009)
Senegal France 19.58%, UK 9.64%, China 8.08%, Netherlands 5.64%, Thailand 4.75%, US 3.97% (2009)
Serbia Germany 11.79%, Italy 9.36%, Hungary 6.71%, Slovenia 6.52%, Austria 4.79% (2009)
Seychelles Saudi Arabia 16.44%, India 8.33%, Spain 7.49%, South Africa 6.72%, France 6.39%, Brazil 6.07%, Singapore 5.07% (2009)
Sierra Leone South Africa 14.61%, China 7.58%, US 5.87%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.65%, India 5.19%, Malaysia 5.19%, France 5.08%, UK 4.48%, Netherlands 4.06% (2009)
Singapore US 14.7%, Malaysia 11.6%, China 10.5%, Japan 7.6%, Indonesia 5.8%, South Korea 5.7%, Taiwan 5.22% (2009)
Sint Maarten China 17.35%, Japan 14.79%, US 8.96%, Saudi Arabia 6.89% (2009)
Slovakia Germany 16.8%, Czech Republic 12.3%, Russia 9%, South Korea 6.8%, China 5.8%, Hungary 5.3%, Poland 4% (2009)
Slovenia Germany 16.46%, Italy 15.89%, Austria 11.81%, France 4.98%, Croatia 4.32% (2009)
Solomon Islands Singapore 24.69%, Australia 23.06%, NZ 5.2%, Fiji 4.47%, Papua New Guinea 4.34%, Malaysia 3.98% (2009)
Somalia Djibouti 30.84%, Kenya 8.06%, India 7.86%, China 6.97%, Brazil 6.59%, Yemen 4.97%, Oman 4.72%, UAE 4.6% (2009)
South Africa China 17.21%, Germany 11.24%, US 7.38%, Saudi Arabia 4.87%, Japan 4.67%, Iran 3.95% (2009)
Spain Germany 15.02%, France 12.82%, Italy 7.17%, China 5.8%, Netherlands 5.22%, UK 4.7% (2009)
Sri Lanka India 20.73%, China 13.45%, Singapore 7.26%, Iran 6.7%, South Korea 5.23% (2009)
Sudan China 21.87%, Saudi Arabia 7.22%, Egypt 6.1%, India 5.53%, UAE 5.3% (2009)
Suriname US 30.79%, Netherlands 19.17%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.04%, China 6.8%, Japan 5.85% (2009)
Sweden Germany 17.9%, Denmark 8.9%, Norway 8.7%, Netherlands 6.17%, UK 5.56%, Finland 5.14%, France 5.06%, China 4.79% (2009)
Switzerland Germany 27.19%, Italy 10.42%, US 9.61%, France 7.69%, Netherlands 4.35% (2009)
Syria Saudi Arabia 10.1%, China 9.95%, Turkey 6.97%, Egypt 6.44%, UAE 4.97%, Italy 4.93%, Russia 4.92%, Germany 4.38%, Lebanon 4.12% (2009)
Taiwan Japan 20.7%, China 14%, US 10.3%, South Korea 6%, Saudi Arabia 4.8% (2009)
Tajikistan Russia 23.92%, China 23.74%, Kazakhstan 8.92%, Turkey 4.96%, Uzbekistan 4.73% (2009)
Tanzania India 13.97%, China 13.71%, South Africa 7.8%, Kenya 6.89%, UAE 4.65%, Japan 4.34% (2009)
Thailand Japan 18.7%, China 12.7%, Malaysia 6.4%, US 6.3%, UAE 5%, Singapore 4.3%, South Korea 4.1% (2009)
Togo China 36.58%, France 8.64%, Netherlands 6.76%, India 5.06%, US 4.4% (2009)
Tonga Fiji 34.37%, NZ 25.03%, US 9.43%, Australia 7.53%, China 5.64% (2009)
Trinidad and Tobago US 30.87%, Colombia 7.1%, Venezuela 7.01%, Russia 6.64%, Brazil 5.53%, China 4.19% (2009)
Tunisia France 20.1%, Italy 16.4%, Germany 8.8%, China 5%, Spain 4.5%, US 4% (2009)
Turkey Russia 14%, Germany 10%, China 9%, US 6.1%, Italy 5.4%, France 5% (2009)
Turkmenistan China 18.03%, Turkey 16.49%, Russia 16.45%, Germany 5.91%, UAE 5.81%, Ukraine 5.67%, US 5.41%, France 4.32% (2009)
Uganda Kenya 13.9%, India 12.79%, UAE 11.16%, China 8.91%, South Africa 5.08%, France 4.6%, Japan 4.37%, US 4.07% (2009)
Ukraine Russia 28%, Germany 8.6%, China 6.1%, Kazakhstan 4.9%, Poland 4.9% (2009)
United Arab Emirates China 15.03%, India 14.27%, US 8.44%, Germany 5.81%, Japan 4.52% (2009)
United Kingdom Germany 12.87%, US 9.74%, China 8.88%, Netherlands 6.94%, France 6.64%, Belgium 4.86%, Norway 4.84%, Ireland 4.01%, Italy 3.99% (2009)
United States China 19.3%, Canada 14.24%, Mexico 11.12%, Japan 6.14%, Germany 4.53% (2009)
Uruguay Argentina 20.77%, Brazil 17.53%, China 10.23%, US 9.82%, Paraguay 6.87% (2009)
Uzbekistan Russia 23.72%, China 20.36%, South Korea 13.03%, Germany 6.09%, Ukraine 5.39%, Kazakhstan 4.68% (2009)
Vanuatu Japan 17.3%, Australia 13.46%, China 12.26%, Singapore 12%, NZ 6.88%, Poland 6.61%, France 5.86%, Fiji 5.52% (2009)
Venezuela US 23.66%, Colombia 14.43%, Brazil 9.13%, China 8.44%, Mexico 5.47% (2009)
Vietnam China 16.42%, Singapore 9.61%, Japan 8.96%, Taiwan 8.23%, South Korea 7.72%, Thailand 6.41%, Hong Kong 4.45%, US 4.27% (2009)
World China 10.3%, Germany 8.7%, US 8%, Japan 5% (2008 est.)
Yemen China 13.98%, UAE 12.3%, India 8.63%, Saudi Arabia 5.8%, US 4.52%, Brazil 4.51%, Turkey 4.51%, Kuwait 4.33%, France 4.24% (2009)
Zambia South Africa 51.78%, UAE 7.7%, China 5.85%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 4.22% (2009)
Zimbabwe South Africa 62.24%, China 4.2% (2009)
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@2062
Field Listing ::
Country
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@2063
Field Listing :: Constitution
This entry includes the dates of adoption, revisions, and major amendments. Country
Constitution
Afghanistan constitution drafted 14 December 2003-4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004; ratified 26 January 2004
Akrotiri Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal document
Albania approved by parliament on 21 October 1998; adopted by popular referendum on 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998
Algeria 8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976; effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, 28 November 1996, 10 April 2002, and 12 November 2008
American Samoa ratified on 2 June 1966; effective 1 July 1967
Andorra Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; effective 28 April 1993
Angola adopted by People's Assembly 25 August 1992
Anguilla Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981
Argentina 1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860
Armenia adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005
Aruba 1 January 1986
Australia 9 July 1900; effective on 1 January 1901
Austria 1920; revised 1929; reinstated 1 May 1945; note - during the period 1 May 1934-1 May 1945 there was a fascist (corporative) constitution in place
Azerbaijan adopted 12 November 1995; modified by referendum 24 August 2002
Bahamas, The 10 July 1973
Bahrain adopted 14 February 2002
Bangladesh 4 November 1972; effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982; restored 10 November 1986; amended many times
Barbados 30 November 1966
Belarus 15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing presidential term limits
Belgium 7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to create a federal state
Belize 21 September 1981
Benin adopted by referendum 2 December 1990
Bermuda 8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003
Bhutan ratified 18 July 2008
Bolivia 7 February 2009
Bosnia and Herzegovina the Dayton Peace Accords, signed on 14 December 1995 in Paris, included a constitution; note - each of the entities also has its own constitution
Botswana March 1965; effective 30 September 1966
Brazil 5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands 13 June 2007
Brunei 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)
Bulgaria adopted on 12 July 1991
Burkina Faso approved by referendum 2 June 1991; formally adopted 11 June 1991; last amended January 2002
Burma 3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; a constitution officially received 92.48% support in a flawed May 2008 referendum that most observers judged fell far short of international standards of free and fair elections; note - a new constitution is to take effect when a parliament is convened possibly in late January 2011
Burundi ratified by popular referendum 28 February 2005
Cambodia promulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroon approved by referendum 20 May 1972; adopted 2 June 1972; revised January 1996
Canada made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments
Cape Verde 25 September 1992; a major revision on 23 November 1995 substantially increased the powers of the president; a 1999 revision created the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)
Cayman Islands The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009, 6 November 2009
Central African Republic ratified by popular referendum 5 December 2004; effective 27 December 2004
Chad passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum removed constitutional term limits
Chile 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005
China most recent promulgation 4 December 1982 with amendments in 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004
Christmas Island Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23 November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Colombia 5 July 1991; amended many times
Comoros 23 December 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 18 February 2006
Congo, Republic of the approved by referendum 20 January 2002
Cook Islands 4 August 1965
Costa Rica 7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoire approved by referendum 23 July 2000
Croatia adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001
Cuba 24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002
Curacao Staatsregeling, 10 October 2010; revised Kingdom Charter pending
Cyprus 16 August 1960 note: from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974 Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)" when the Turkish Cypriots declared independence in 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5 May 1985, although the "TRNC" remains unrecognized by any country other than Turkey
Czech Republic ratified on 16 December 1992, effective on 1 January 1993; amended in 1997, 2000, 2001 (twice), 2002
Denmark 5 June 1953; note - constitution allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state
Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal document
Djibouti approved by referendum 4 September 1992; note - constitution allows for multiparties
Dominica 3 November 1978
Dominican Republic 28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002 and January 2010
Ecuador 20 October 2008
Egypt 11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980, 25 May 2005, and 26 March 2007
El Salvador 20 December 1983
Equatorial Guinea approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995
Eritrea adopted on 23 May 1997, but has not yet been fully implemented
Estonia adopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopia ratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995
European Union none note: based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty of Nice in 2003; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 dealt a severe setback to the ratification process; in June 2007, the European Council agreed on a clear and concise mandate for an Intergovernmental Conference to form a political agreement and put it into legal form; this agreement, known as the Reform Treaty, would have served as a constitution and was presented to the European Council in October 2007 for individual country ratification; it was rejected by Irish voters in June 2008, again stalling the ratification process; the Reform Treaty, more recently known as the Treaty of Lisbon, was again circulated for ratification, and by November 2009 was approved by all 27 countries; it came into effect on 1 December 2009
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 1 January 2009
Faroe Islands 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fiji enacted on 25 July 1997; effective on 28 July 1998; note - it encourages multiculturalism and makes multiparty government mandatory
Finland 1 March 2000
France adopted by referendum 28 September 1958; effective 4 October 1958; amended many times note: amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended to comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1997 Amsterdam Treaty, 2003 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in 1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to a five-year term; amended in 2005 to make the EU constitutional treaty compatible with the Constitution of France and to ensure that the decision to ratify EU accession treaties would be made by referendum
French Polynesia 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Gabon adopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, The approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; effective 16 January 1997
Georgia adopted 24 August 1995
Germany 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united Germany 3 October 1990
Ghana approved 28 April 1992
Gibraltar 5 June 2006; came into force 2 January 2007
Greece 11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001
Greenland (November 2008) Act on Greenland Self Government
Grenada 19 December 1973
Guam Organic Act of Guam, 1 August 1950
Guatemala 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; suspended 25 May 1993; reinstated 5 June 1993; amended November 1993
Guernsey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Guinea 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-Bissau 16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and in 1996
Guyana 6 October 1980
Haiti approved March 1987 note: suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989; constitutional government ousted in a military coup in September 1991, although in October 1991 military government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in October 1994; constitution, while technically in force between 2004-2006, was not enforced; returned to constitutional rule in May 2006
Holy See (Vatican City) Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaced the first Fundamental Law of 1929)
Honduras 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended many times
Hong Kong Basic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress, is Hong Kong's charter
Hungary 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989; and 1997 note: 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times
India 26 January 1950; amended many times
Indonesia August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002
Iran 2-3 December 1979; revised in 1989 note: the revision in 1989 expanded powers of the presidency and eliminated the prime ministership
Iraq ratified on 15 October 2005 (subject to review by the Constitutional Review Committee and a possible public referendum)
Ireland adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937
Isle of Man unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of 1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution
Israel no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law; note - since May 2003 the Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee of the Knesset has been working on a draft constitution
Italy passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended many times
Jamaica 6 August 1962
Japan 3 May 1947
Jersey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Jordan 1 January 1952; amended many times
Kazakhstan first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Kenya 27 August 2010; the new constitution abolishes the position of prime minister and establishes a bicameral legislature; many details have yet to be finalized and will require significant legislative action
Kiribati 12 July 1979
Korea, North adopted 1948; revised several times most recently in 2009
Korea, South 17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten many times; current constitution approved on 29 October 1987
Kosovo adopted by the Kosovo Assembly on 9 April 2008; effective 15 June 2008
Kuwait approved and promulgated 11 November 1962
Kyrgyzstan 27 June 2010
Laos promulgated 14 August 1991; amended in 2003
Latvia 15 February 1922; restored to force by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Latvia adopted by the Supreme Council on 21 August 1991; multiple amendments since
Lebanon 23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently in 1990 to include changes necessitated by the Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989
Lesotho 2 April 1993
Liberia 6 January 1986
Libya none; note - following the September 1969 military overthrow of the Libyan government, the Revolutionary Command Council replaced the existing constitution with the Constitutional Proclamation in December 1969; in March 1977, Libya adopted the Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority
Liechtenstein 5 October 1921; amended 15 September 2003
Lithuania adopted 25 October 1992; last amended 13 July 2004
Luxembourg 17 October 1868; occasional revisions
Macau Basic Law, approved on 31 March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's charter
Macedonia adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended November 2001, 2005 and in 2009 note: amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights, in 2005 with amendments related to the judiciary, and in 2009 with amendments related to the threshold required to elect the president
Madagascar passed by referendum 17 November 2010; promulgated 11 December 2010 (2010)
Malawi 18 May 1994
Malaysia 31 August 1957; amended many times the latest in 2007
Maldives new constitution ratified 7 August 2008
Mali adopted 12 January 1992
Malta 1964; amended many times
Marshall Islands 1 May 1979
Mauritania 12 July 1991
Mauritius 12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992
Mayotte 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Mexico 5 February 1917
Micronesia, Federated States of 10 May 1979
Moldova adopted 29 July 1994; effective 27 August 1994; note - replaced 1979 Soviet constitution
Monaco 17 December 1962; modified 2 April 2002
Mongolia 13 January 1992
Montenegro approved 19 October 2007 (by the Assembly)
Montserrat effective 19 December 1989
Morocco 10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended September 1996 note: the amendment of September 1996 was to create a bicameral legislature
Mozambique 30 November 1990
Namibia ratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990
Nauru 29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968
Nepal 15 January 2007 (interim Constitution); note - in April 2008, a Constituent Assembly was elected to draft and promulgate a new constitution by May 2010, but the deadline has been extended to May 2011
Netherlands adopted 1815; amended many times, most recently in 2002
New Caledonia 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
New Zealand consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand parliaments, as well as The Constitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter; adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987
Nicaragua 9 January 1987; revised in 1995, 2000, and 2005
Niger adopted 18 July 1999
Nigeria adopted 5 May 1999; effective 29 May 1999
Niue 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Act of 1979 as amended in 2005
Northern Mariana Islands Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978; Covenant Agreement fully effective 4 November 1986
Norway 17 May 1814; amended many times
Oman none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens
Pakistan 12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007; restored on 15 December 2007; amended 19 April 2010
Palau 1 January 1981
Panama 11 October 1972; revised in 1978, 1983, 1994, and 2004
Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975
Paraguay promulgated 20 June 1992
Peru 29 December 1993
Philippines 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Pitcairn Islands The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010, effective 4 March 2010
Poland adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997
Portugal adopted 2 April 1976; subsequently revised note: the revisions placed the military under strict civilian control, trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the groundwork for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; they allowed for the privatization of nationalized firms and government-owned communications media
Puerto Rico ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952
Qatar ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by the Amir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005
Romania 8 December 1991; revised 29 October 2003
Russia adopted 12 December 1993
Rwanda new constitution passed by referendum 26 May 2003
Saint Barthelemy 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha The Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009, effective 1 September 2009
Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983
Saint Lucia 22 February 1979
Saint Martin 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979
Samoa 1 January 1962
San Marino 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution
Sao Tome and Principe approved March 1990, effective 10 September 1990
Saudi Arabia governed according to Islamic law; the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was promulgated by royal decree in 1992
Senegal adopted 7 January 2001
Serbia adopted 8 November 2006; effective 10 November 2006
Seychelles 18 June 1993
Sierra Leone 1 October 1991; amended several times
Singapore 3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on pre-independence State of Singapore Constitution)
Sint Maarten Staatsregeling, 10 October 2010; revised Kingdom Charter pending
Slovakia ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998; amended February 2001 note: the change in September 1998 allowed direct election of the president; the amendment of February 2001 allowed Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership
Slovenia adopted 23 December 1991, amended 14 July 1997 and 25 July 2000
Solomon Islands 7 July 1978
Somalia 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known as the Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing
South Africa 10 December 1996; note - certified by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996; was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December 1996; and entered into effect on 4 February 1997
Spain approved by legislature 31 October 1978; passed by referendum 6 December 1978; signed by the king 27 December 1978