Introductory material (continued 57)

Botswana total: 25,798 km paved: 8,410 km unpaved: 17,388 km (2005)

Brazil total: 1,751,868 km paved: 96,353 km unpaved: 1,655,515 km (2004)

British Indian Ocean Territory note: short section of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia

British Virgin Islands total: 200 km paved: 200 km (2007)

Brunei total: 3,650 km paved: 2,819 km unpaved: 831 km (2005)

Bulgaria total: 40,231 km paved: 39,587 km (includes 331 km of expressways) unpaved: 644 km (2005)

Burkina Faso total: 92,495 km paved: 3,857 km unpaved: 88,638 km (2004)

Burma total: 27,000 km paved: 3,200 km unpaved: 23,800 km (2006)

Burundi total: 12,322 km paved: 1,286 km unpaved: 11,036 km (2004)

Cambodia total: 38,257 km paved: 2,406 km unpaved: 35,851 km (2004)

Cameroon total: 50,000 km paved: 5,000 km unpaved: 45,000 km (2004)

Canada total: 1,042,300 km paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways) unpaved: 626,700 km (2006)

Cape Verde total: 1,350 km paved: 932 km unpaved: 418 km (2000)

Cayman Islands total: 785 km paved: 785 km (2007)

Central African Republic total: 24,307 km (2000)

Chad total: 33,400 km paved: 267 km unpaved: 33,133 km (2002)

Chile total: 80,505 km paved: 16,745 km (includes 2,414 km of expressways) unpaved: 63,760 km (2004)

China total: 1,930,544 km paved: 1,575,571 km (includes 41,005 km of expressways) unpaved: 354,973 km (2005)

Christmas Island total: 140 km paved: 30 km unpaved: 110 km (2007)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands total: 22 km paved: 10 km unpaved: 12 km (2006)

Colombia total: 164,257 km (2005)

Comoros total: 880 km paved: 673 km unpaved: 207 km (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the total: 153,497 km paved: 2,794 km unpaved: 150,703 km (2004)

Congo, Republic of the total: 17,289 km paved: 864 km unpaved: 16,425 km (2004)

Cook Islands total: 320 km paved: 33 km unpaved: 287 km (2003)

Costa Rica total: 35,330 km paved: 8,621 km unpaved: 26,709 km (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire total: 80,000 km paved: 6,500 km unpaved: 73,500 km note: includes intercity and urban roads; another 20,000 km of dirt roads are in poor condition and 150,000 km of dirt roads are impassable (2006)

Croatia total: 28,788 km (includes 877 km of expressways) (2006)

Cuba total: 60,858 km paved: 29,820 km (includes 638 km of expressway) unpaved: 31,038 km (2000)

Cyprus total: 14,630 km (area under government control: 12,280 km; area administered by Turkish Cypriots: 2,350 km) paved: area under government control: 7,979 km (includes 257 km of expressways); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: 1,370 km unpaved: area under government control: 4,301 km; area administered by Turkish Cypriots: 980 km (2006)

Czech Republic total: 128,512 km paved: 128,512 km (includes 657 km of expressways) (2007)

Denmark total: 72,362 km paved: 72,362 km (includes 1,032 km of expressways) (2006)

Djibouti total: 3,065 km paved: 1,226 km unpaved: 1,839 km (2000)

Dominica total: 780 km paved: 393 km unpaved: 387 km (2000)

Dominican Republic total: 19,705 km paved: 9,872 km unpaved: 9,833 km (2002)

Ecuador total: 43,670 km paved: 6,472 km unpaved: 37,198 km (2006)

Egypt total: 92,370 km paved: 74,820 km unpaved: 17,550 km (2004)

El Salvador total: 10,886 km paved: 2,827 km (includes 327 km of expressways) unpaved: 8,059 km (2000)

Equatorial Guinea total: 2,880 km (2000)

Eritrea total: 4,010 km paved: 874 km unpaved: 3,136 km (2000)

Estonia total: 57,016 km paved: 12,926 km (includes 99 km of expressways) unpaved: 44,090 km (2005)

Ethiopia total: 36,469 km paved: 6,980 km unpaved: 29,489 km (2004)

European Union total: 5,454,446 km (2008)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) total: 440 km paved: 50 km unpaved: 390 km (2008)

Faroe Islands total: 463 km (2006)

Fiji total: 3,440 km paved: 1,692 km unpaved: 1,748 km (2000)

Finland total: 78,821 km paved: 50,854 km (includes 700 km of expressways) unpaved: 27,967 km (2008)

France total: 951,500 km paved: 951,500 km (metropolitan France; includes 10,950 km of expressways) note: there are another 5,100 km of roadways in overseas departments (2006)

French Polynesia total: 2,590 km paved: 1,735 km unpaved: 855 km (1999)

Gabon total: 9,170 km paved: 937 km unpaved: 8,233 km (2004)

Gambia, The total: 3,742 km paved: 723 km unpaved: 3,019 km (2004)

Gaza Strip note: see entry for West Bank

Georgia total: 20,329 km paved: 7,854 km (includes 13 km of expressways) unpaved: 12,475 km (2006)

Germany total: 644,480 km paved: 644,480 km (includes 12,400 km of expressways) note: includes local roads (2006)

Ghana total: 62,221 km paved: 9,955 km unpaved: 52,266 km (2006)

Gibraltar total: 29 km paved: 29 km (2007)

Greece total: 117,533 km paved: 107,895 km (includes 880 km of expressways) unpaved: 9,638 km (2005)

Greenland note: although there are short roads in towns, there are no roads between towns; inter-urban transport takes place either by sea or air (2005)

Grenada total: 1,127 km paved: 687 km unpaved: 440 km (2000)

Guam total: 1,045 km (2007)

Guatemala total: 14,095 km paved: 4,863 km (includes 75 km of expressways) unpaved: 9,232 km (2000)

Guinea total: 44,348 km paved: 4,342 km unpaved: 40,006 km (2003)

Guinea-Bissau total: 3,455 km paved: 965 km unpaved: 2,490 km (2002)

Guyana total: 7,970 km paved: 590 km unpaved: 7,380 km (2000)

Haiti total: 4,160 km paved: 1,011 km unpaved: 3,149 km (2000)

Honduras total: 13,600 km paved: 2,775 km unpaved: 10,825 km (2000)

Hong Kong total: 2,009 km paved: 2,009 km (2007)

Hungary total: 159,568 km paved: 70,050 km (30,874 km of interurban roads including 626 km of expressways) unpaved: 89,518 km (2005)

Iceland total: 13,058 km paved/oiled gravel: 4,397 km (does not include urban roads) unpaved: 8,661 km (2007)

India total: 3,316,452 km (includes 200 km of expressways) (2006)

Indonesia total: 391,009 km paved: 216,714 km unpaved: 174,295 km (2005)

Iran total: 172,927 km paved: 125,908 km (includes 1,429 km of expressways) unpaved: 47,019 km (2006)

Iraq total: 44,900 km paved: 37,851 km unpaved: 7,049 km (2002)

Ireland total: 96,602 km paved: 96,602 km (includes 200 km of expressways) (2003)

Isle of Man total: 500 km (2008)

Israel total: 17,870 km paved: 17,870 km (includes 146 km of expressways) (2007)

Italy total: 487,700 km paved: 487,700 km (includes 6,700 km of expressways) (2005)

Jamaica total: 21,552 km paved: 15,937 km (includes 33 km of expressways) unpaved: 5,615 km (2005)

Japan total: 1,196,999 km paved: 949,101 km (includes 7,383 km of expressways) unpaved: 247,898 km (2006)

Jersey total: 358 km (2002)

Jordan total: 7,694 km paved: 7,694 km (2006)

Kazakhstan total: 91,563 km paved: 83,717 km unpaved: 7,846 km (2006)

Kenya total: 63,265 km (interurban roads) paved: 8,933 km unpaved: 54,332 km note: there also are 100,000 km of rural roads and 14,500 km of urban roads for a national total of 177,765 km (2004)

Kiribati total: 670 km (2000)

Korea, North total: 25,554 km paved: 724 km unpaved: 24,830 km (2006)

Korea, South total: 102,062 km paved: 90,417 km (includes 3,103 km of expressways) unpaved: 11,645 km (2006)

Kosovo total: 1,924 km paved: 1,666 km unpaved: 258 km (2006)

Kuwait total: 5,749 km paved: 4,887 km unpaved: 862 km (2004)

Kyrgyzstan total: 18,500 km paved: 16,909 km (includes 140 km of expressways) unpaved: 1,591 km (2003)

Laos total: 29,811 km paved: 4,010 km unpaved: 25,801 km (2006)

Latvia total: 69,675 km paved: 69,675 km (2006)

Lebanon total: 6,970 km (includes 170 km of expressways) (2005)

Lesotho total: 7,091 km paved: 1,404 km unpaved: 5,687 km (2003)

Liberia total: 10,600 km paved: 657 km unpaved: 9,943 km (2000)

Libya total: 100,024 km paved: 57,214 km unpaved: 42,810 km (2003)

Liechtenstein total: 380 km paved: 380 km (2007)

Lithuania total: 79,984 km paved: 70,997 km (includes 309 km of expressways) unpaved: 8,987 km (2006)

Luxembourg total: 5,227 km paved: 5,227 km (includes 147 km of expressways) (2004)

Macau total: 384 km paved: 384 km (2006)

Macedonia total: 13,182 km (includes 208 km of expressways) (2002)

Madagascar total: 65,663 km paved: 7,617 km unpaved: 58,046 km (2003)

Malawi total: 15,451 km paved: 6,956 km unpaved: 8,495 km (2003)

Malaysia total: 98,721 km paved: 80,280 km (includes 1,821 km of expressways) unpaved: 18,441 km (2004)

Maldives total: 88 km paved roads: 88 km - 60 km in Male; 14 km on Addu Atolis; 14 km on Laamu note: village roads are mainly compacted coral (2006)

Mali total: 18,709 km paved: 3,368 km unpaved: 15,341 km (2004)

Malta total: 2,227 km paved: 2,014 km unpaved: 213 km (2005)

Marshall Islands total: 2,028 km (includes 75 km of expressways) (2007)

Mauritania total: 11,066 km paved: 2,966 km unpaved: 8,100 km (2006)

Mauritius total: 2,028 km paved: 2,028 km (includes 75 km of expressways) (2007)

Mexico total: 356,945 km paved: 178,473 km (includes 6,279 km of expressways) unpaved: 178,472 km (2006)

Micronesia, Federated States of total: 240 km paved: 42 km unpaved: 198 km (2000)

Moldova total: 12,666 km paved: 12,117 km unpaved: 549 km (2007)

Monaco total: 50 km paved: 50 km (2007)

Mongolia total: 49,250 km paved: 1,724 km unpaved: 47,526 km (2002)

Montenegro total: 7,368 km paved: 4,742 km unpaved: 2,626 km (2006)

Montserrat note: volcanic eruptions that began in 1995 destroyed most of the 227 km road system; a new road infrastructure has been built in the north end of the island (2008)

Morocco total: 57,625 km paved: 35,664 km (includes 639 km of expressways) unpaved: 21,961 km (2006)

Mozambique total: 30,400 km paved: 5,685 km unpaved: 24,715 km (2000)

Namibia total: 42,237 km paved: 5,406 km unpaved: 36,831 km (2002)

Nauru total: 24 km paved: 24 km (2002)

Nepal total: 17,280 km paved: 9,829 km unpaved: 7,451 km (2004)

Netherlands total: 134,981 km (includes 2,604 km of expressways) (2006)

Netherlands Antilles total: 845

New Caledonia total: 5,622 km (2006)

New Zealand total: 93,576 km paved: 61,564 km (includes 172 km of expressways) unpaved: 32,012 km (2006)

Nicaragua total: 19,036 km paved: 2,299 km unpaved: 16,737 km (2005)

Niger total: 18,550 km paved: 3,803 km unpaved: 14,747 km (2006)

Nigeria total: 193,200 km paved: 28,980 km unpaved: 164,220 km (2004)

Niue total: 120 km paved: 120 km (2008)

Norfolk Island total: 80 km paved: 53 km unpaved: 27 km (2008)

Northern Mariana Islands total: 536 km (2007)

Norway total: 92,946 km paved: 72,033 km (includes 664 km of expressways) unpaved: 20,913 km (2007)

Oman total: 42,300 km paved: 16,500 km (includes 550 km of expressways) unpaved: 25,800 km (2005)

Pakistan total: 259,758 km paved: 162,879 km (includes 711 km of expressways) unpaved: 96,879 km (2005)

Palau note: estimated to have 60 km of roads as of 1996

Panama total: 11,978 km paved: 4,300 km unpaved: 7,343 km (2002)

Papua New Guinea total: 19,600 km paved: 686 km unpaved: 18,914 km (2000)

Paraguay total: 29,500 km paved: 14,986 km unpaved: 14,514 km (2000)

Peru total: 78,829 km paved: 11,351 km (includes 276 km of expressways) unpaved: 67,478 km (2004)

Philippines total: 200,037 km paved: 19,804 km unpaved: 180,233 km (2003)

Poland total: 423,997 km paved: 295,356 km (includes 662 km of expressways) unpaved: 128,641 km (2006)

Portugal total: 82,900 km paved: 71,294 km (includes 2,300 km of expressways) unpaved: 11,606 km (2005)

Puerto Rico total: 26,186 km paved: 24,877 km (includes 427 km of expressways) unpaved: 1,309 km (2007)

Qatar total: 7,790 km (2006)

Romania total: 198,817 km paved: 60,043 km (includes 228 km of expressways) unpaved: 138,774 km (2004)

Russia total: 933,000 km paved: 754,984 km (includes 30,000 km of expressways) unpaved: 178,016 km note: includes public, local, and departmental roads (2006)

Rwanda total: 14,008 km paved: 2,662 km unpaved: 11,346 km (2004)

Saint Helena total: 198 km (Saint Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 20 km) paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 10 km) unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha 10 km) (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis total: 320 km paved: 163 km unpaved: 220 km (2002)

Saint Lucia total: 1,210 km (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon total: 117 km paved: 80 km unpaved: 37 km (2000)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines total: 829 km paved: 580 km unpaved: 249 km (2003)

Samoa total: 2,337 km paved: 332 km unpaved: 2,005 km (2001)

San Marino total: 292 km paved: 292 km (2006)

Sao Tome and Principe total: 320 km paved: 218 km unpaved: 102 km (2000)

Saudi Arabia total: 221,372 km paved: 47,529 km (includes 3,891 km of expressways) unpaved: 173,843 km (2006)

Senegal total: 13,576 km paved: 3,972 km (includes 7 km of expressways) unpaved: 9,604 km (2003)

Serbia total: 36,875 km paved: 31,392 km unpaved: 5,483 km note: roadways in Kosovo listed separately (2006)

Seychelles total: 458 km paved: 440 km unpaved: 18 km (2003)

Sierra Leone total: 11,300 km paved: 904 km unpaved: 10,396 km (2002)

Singapore total: 3,262 km paved: 3,262 km (includes 150 km of expressways) (2006)

Slovakia total: 43,761 km paved: 38,085 km (includes 316 km of expressways) unpaved: 5,676 km (2006)

Slovenia total: 38,562 km paved: 38,562 km (includes 579 km of expressways) (2006)

Solomon Islands total: 1,360 km paved: 33 km unpaved: 1,327 km note: includes 800 km of private plantation roads (2002)

Somalia total: 22,100 km paved: 2,608 km unpaved: 19,492 km (2000)

South Africa total: 362,099 km paved: 73,506 km (includes 239 km of expressways) unpaved: 288,593 km (2002)

Spain total: 681,224 km paved: 681,224 km (includes 13,872 km of expressways) (2006)

Sri Lanka total: 97,286 km paved: 78,802 km unpaved: 18,484 km (2003)

Sudan total: 11,900 km paved: 4,320 km unpaved: 7,580 km (2000)

Suriname total: 4,304 km paved: 1,130 km unpaved: 3,174 km (2003)

Swaziland total: 3,594 km paved: 1,078 km unpaved: 2,516 km (2002)

Sweden total: 425,300 km paved: 139,300 km (includes 1,740 km of expressways) unpaved: 286,000 km (2008)

Switzerland total: 71,298 km paved: 71,298 km (includes 1,758 of expressways) (2006)

Syria total: 97,401 km paved: 19,490 km (includes 1,103 km of expressways) unpaved: 77,911 km (2006)

Taiwan total: 40,262 km paved: 38,171 km (includes 976 km of expressways) unpaved: 2,091 km (2007)

Tajikistan total: 27,767 km (2000)

Tanzania total: 78,891 km paved: 6,808 km unpaved: 72,083 km (2003)

Thailand total: 180,053 km (includes 450 km of expressways) (2006)

Timor-Leste total: 6,040 km paved: 2,600 km unpaved: 3,440 km (2005)

Togo total: 7,520 km paved: 2,376 km unpaved: 5,144 km (2000)

Tonga total: 680 km paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (2000)

Trinidad and Tobago total: 8,320 km paved: 4,252 km unpaved: 4,068 km (2000)

Tunisia total: 19,232 km paved: 12,655 km (includes 262 km of expressways) unpaved: 6,577 km (2004)

Turkey total: 426,951 km (includes 1,987 km of expressways) (2006)

Turkmenistan total: 58,592 km paved: 47,577 km unpaved: 11,015 km (2002)

Turks and Caicos Islands total: 121 km paved: 24 km unpaved: 97 km (2003)

Tuvalu total: 8 km paved: 8 km (2002)

Uganda total: 70,746 km paved: 16,272 km unpaved: 54,474 km (2003)

Ukraine total: 169,422 km paved: 165,611 km (includes 15 km of expressways) unpaved: 3,811 km (2007)

United Arab Emirates total: 4,080 km paved: 4,080 km (includes 253 km of expressways) (2008)

United Kingdom total: 398,366 km paved: 398,366 km (includes 3,520 km of expressways) (2006)

United States total: 6,465,799 km paved: 4,209,835 km (includes 75,040 km of expressways) unpaved: 2,255,964 km (2007)

Uruguay total: 77,732 km paved: 7,743 km unpaved: 69,989 km (2004)

Uzbekistan total: 86,496 km paved: 75,511 km unpaved: 10,985 km (2000)

Vanuatu total: 1,070 km paved: 256 km unpaved: 814 km (1999)

Venezuela total: 96,155 km paved: 32,308 km unpaved: 63,847 km (2002)

Vietnam total: 222,179 km paved: 42,167 km unpaved: 180,012 km (2004)

Virgin Islands total: 1,257 km (2007)

West Bank total: 5,147 km paved: 5,147 km note: includes Gaza Strip (2006)

World total: 68,937,575 km (2008)

Yemen total: 71,300 km paved: 6,200 km unpaved: 65,100 km (2005)

Zambia total: 91,440 km paved: 20,117 km unpaved: 71,323 km (2001)

Zimbabwe total: 97,267 km paved: 18,481 km unpaved: 78,786 km (2002)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

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@2086 Illicit drugs

Afghanistan world's largest producer of opium; poppy cultivation increased 17% to a near-record 202,000 hectares in 2007; good growing conditions pushed potential opium production to a record 8,000 metric tons, up 42% from last year; if the entire opium crop were processed, 947 metric tons of heroin potentially could be produced; drug trade is a source of instability and the Taliban and other antigovernment groups participate in and profit from the drug trade; widespread corruption impedes counterdrug efforts; most of the heroin consumed in Europe and Eurasia is derived from Afghan opium; vulnerable to drug money laundering through informal financial networks; regional source of hashish

Albania increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; limited opium and growing cannabis production; ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens

Angola used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for Western Europe and other African states, particularly South Africa

Anguilla transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe

Antigua and Barbuda considered a minor transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as an offshore financial center

Argentina a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe; some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; law enforcement corruption; a source for precursor chemicals; increasing domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers, especially cocaine base and synthetic drugs

Armenia illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic consumption; minor transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe

Aruba transit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with some accompanying money-laundering activity; relatively high percentage of population consumes cocaine

Australia Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate; major consumer of cocaine and amphetamines

Austria transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; increasing consumption of European-produced synthetic drugs

Azerbaijan limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program; transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe

Bahamas, The transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for US and Europe; offshore financial center

Bangladesh transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries

Barbados one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics bound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center

Belarus limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and lightly regulated financial center; new anti-money-laundering legislation does not meet international standards; few investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities

Belgium growing producer of synthetic drugs and cannabis; transit point for US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin, hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a strengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable to money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and tobacco; significant domestic consumption of ecstasy

Belize transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit producer of cannabis, primarily for local consumption; money-laundering activity related to narcotics trafficking and offshore sector

Benin transshipment point used by Nigerian traffickers for narcotics destined for Western Europe; vulnerable to money laundering due to poorly enforced financial regulations

Bolivia world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and Peru) with an estimated 29,500 hectares under cultivation in 2007, a slight increase over 2006; third largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 120 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2007; transit country for Peruvian and Colombian cocaine destined for Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Europe; cultivation generally increasing since 2000, despite eradication and alternative crop programs; weak border controls; some money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade, especially along the borders with Brazil and Paraguay; major cocaine consumption (2007)

Bosnia and Herzegovina increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption

Brazil second-largest consumer of cocaine in the world; illicit producer of cannabis; trace amounts of coca cultivation in the Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through the financial system; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area

British Virgin Islands transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financial center makes it vulnerable to money laundering

Brunei drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory death penalty

Bulgaria major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; some money laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions

Burma remains world's second-largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2008 of 340 metric tons, an increase of 26%, and cultivation in 2008 was 22,500 hectares, a 4% increase from 2007; production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control remains low; Shan state is the source of 94% of poppy cultivation; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption; currently under Financial Action Task Force countermeasures due to continued failure to address its inadequate money-laundering controls (2008)

Cambodia narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; limited methamphetamine production; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders

Canada illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector

Cape Verde used as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine destined for Western Europe; the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

Cayman Islands offshore financial center; vulnerable to drug transshipment to the US and Europe

Chile transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and the region; economic prosperity and increasing trade have made Chile more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drug profits, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone, but a recent anti-money-laundering law improves controls; imported precursors passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising, making Chile a significant consumer of cocaine

China major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country for chemical precursors, despite new regulations on its large chemical industry

Colombia illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis; world's leading coca cultivator with 167,000 hectares in coca cultivation in 2007, a 6% increase over 2006, producing a potential of 535 metric tons of pure cocaine; the world's largest producer of coca derivatives; supplies cocaine to most of the US market and the great majority of other international drug markets; in 2007, aerial eradication dispensed herbicide to treat over 153,000 hectares with another 67,000 hectares manually eradicated, but aggressive replanting on the part of coca growers means Colombia remains a key producer; a significant portion of non-US narcotics proceeds are either laundered or invested in Colombia through the black market peso exchange; important supplier of heroin to the US market; opium poppy cultivation is estimated to have fallen 25% between 2006 and 2007 with a corresponding estimated 27% decline in the yield of pure heroin to 1.9 metric tons; (2007)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the one of Africa's biggest producers of cannabis, but mostly for domestic consumption; while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

Costa Rica transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South America; illicit production of cannabis in remote areas; domestic cocaine consumption, particularly crack cocaine, is rising; significant consumption of amphetamines

Cote d'Ivoire illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local consumption; utility as a narcotic transshipment point to Europe reduced by ongoing political instability; while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leave the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a developed financial system limits the country's utility as a major money-laundering center

Croatia transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe

Cuba territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone for US- and European-bound drugs; established the death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999

Cyprus minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey; some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of anti-money-laundering legislation, remains vulnerable to money laundering; reporting of suspicious transactions in offshore sector remains weak

Czech Republic transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets; susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking, organized crime; significant consumer of ecstasy

Dominica transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe; minor cannabis producer; anti-money-laundering enforcement is weak, making the country particularly vulnerable to money laundering

Dominican Republic transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada; substantial money laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financial transactions; significant amphetamine consumption

Ecuador significant transit country for cocaine originating in Colombia and Peru, with over half of the US-bound cocaine passing through Ecuadorian Pacific waters; importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit narcotics; attractive location for cash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because of dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime; increased activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian insurgents

Egypt transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to Europe, Israel, and North Africa; transit stop for Nigerian drug couriers; concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of financial regulations

El Salvador transshipment point for cocaine; small amounts of marijuana produced for local consumption; significant use of cocaine

Estonia growing producer of synthetic drugs; increasingly important transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord; potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds; major use of opiates and ecstasy

Ethiopia transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe, as well as cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money laundering center

France metropolitan France: transshipment point for South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics French Guiana: small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe Martinique: transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europe

Georgia limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia

Germany source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs; major financial center

Ghana illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US; widespread crime and money laundering problem, but the lack of a well developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money laundering center; significant domestic cocaine and cannabis use

Greece a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime

Grenada small-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment point for marijuana and cocaine to US

Guatemala major transit country for cocaine and heroin; in 2005, cultivated 100 hectares of opium poppy after reemerging as a potential source of opium in 2004; potential production of less than 1 metric ton of pure heroin; marijuana cultivation for mostly domestic consumption; proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major staging area for drugs (particularly for cocaine); money laundering is a serious problem; corruption is a major problem

Guinea-Bissau increasingly important transit country for South American cocaine enroute to Europe; enabling environment for trafficker operations thanks to pervasive corruption; archipelago-like geography around the capital facilitates drug smuggling

Guyana transshipment point for narcotics from South America - primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis; rising money laundering related to drug trafficking and human smuggling

Haiti Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US and Europe; substantial bulk cash smuggling activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financial transactions; pervasive corruption; significant consumer of cannabis

Honduras transshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally for local consumption; corruption is a major problem; some money-laundering activity

Hong Kong despite strenuous law enforcement efforts, faces difficult challenges in controlling transit of heroin and methamphetamine to regional and world markets; modern banking system provides conduit for money laundering; rising indigenous use of synthetic drugs, especially among young people

Hungary transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking, are improving, but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy

India world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries and throughout Southwest Asia; illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system; licit ketamine and precursor production

Indonesia illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy

Iran despite substantial interdiction efforts and considerable control measures along the border with Afghanistan, Iran remains one of the primary transshipment routes for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; suffers one of the highest opiate addiction rates in the world, and has an increasing problem with synthetic drugs; lacks anti-money laundering laws; has reached out to neighboring countries to share counter-drug intelligence

Ireland transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from North Africa to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced synthetic drugs; increasing consumption of South American cocaine; minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined for Western Europe; despite recent legislation, narcotics-related money laundering - using bureaux de change, trusts, and shell companies involving the offshore financial community - remains a concern

Israel increasingly concerned about ecstasy, cocaine, and heroin abuse; drugs arrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from Jordan; money-laundering center

Italy important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling

Jamaica transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North America and Europe; illicit cultivation and consumption of cannabis; government has an active manual cannabis eradication program; corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit financial transactions

Kazakhstan significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe; significant consumer of opiates

Kenya widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transit country for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North America; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa; significant potential for money-laundering activity given the country's status as a regional financial center; massive corruption, and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities

Korea, North for years, from the 1970s into the 2000s, citizens of the Democratic People's Republic of (North) Korea (DPRK), many of them diplomatic employees of the government, were apprehended abroad while trafficking in narcotics, including two in Turkey in December 2004; police investigations in Taiwan and Japan in recent years have linked North Korea to large illicit shipments of heroin and methamphetamine, including an attempt by the North Korean merchant ship Pong Su to deliver 150 kg of heroin to Australia in April 2003

Kyrgyzstan limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy for CIS markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe; major consumer of opiates

Laos estimated opium poppy cultivation in 2008 was 1,900 hectares, about a 73% increase from 2007; estimated potential opium production in 2008 more than tripled to 17 metric tons; unsubstantiated reports of domestic methamphetamine production; growing domestic methamphetamine problem (2007)

Latvia transshipment and destination point for cocaine, synthetic drugs, opiates, and cannabis from Southwest Asia, Western Europe, Latin America, and neighboring Balkan countries; despite improved legislation, vulnerable to money laundering due to nascent enforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation of offshore companies and the gaming industry; CIS organized crime (including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion, stolen cars, and prostitution) accounts for most laundered proceeds

Lebanon cannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectares in 2002 despite continued significant cannabis consumption; opium poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on way to European markets and for Middle Eastern consumption; money laundering of drug proceeds fuels concern that extremists are benefiting from drug trafficking

Liberia transshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine for the European and US markets; corruption, criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond trade provide significant potential for money laundering, but the lack of well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a major money-laundering center

Liechtenstein has strengthened money laundering controls, but money laundering remains a concern due to Liechtenstein's sophisticated offshore financial services sector

Lithuania transshipment and destination point for cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, and opiates from Southwest Asia, Latin America, Western Europe, and neighboring Baltic countries; growing production of high-quality amphetamines, but limited production of cannabis, methamphetamines; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to banking legislation

Macau transshipment point for drugs going into mainland China; consumer of opiates and amphetamines

Macedonia major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement

Madagascar illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point for heroin

Malaysia drug trafficking prosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties; heroin still primary drug of abuse, but synthetic drug demand remains strong; continued ecstasy and methamphetamine producer for domestic users and, to a lesser extent, the regional drug market

Malta minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Western Europe

Mauritius consumer and transshipment point for heroin from South Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally; significant offshore financial industry creates potential for money laundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and the government appears generally to be committed to regulating its banking industry

Mexico major drug-producing nation; cultivation of opium poppy in 2007 rose to 6,900 hectares yielding a potential production of 18 metric tons of pure heroin, or 50 metric tons of "black tar" heroin, the dominant form of Mexican heroin in the western United States; marijuana cultivation increased to 8,900 hectares in 2007 and yielded a potential production of 15,800 metric tons; government conducts the largest independent illicit-crop eradication program in the world; continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America, with an estimated 90% of annual cocaine movements toward the US stopping in Mexico; major drug syndicates control the majority of drug trafficking throughout the country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant money-laundering center; major supplier of heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine to the US market (2007)

Micronesia, Federated States of major consumer of cannabis

Moldova limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity

Montserrat transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe

Morocco one of the world's largest producers of illicit hashish; shipments of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; significant consumer of cannabis

Mozambique southern African transit point for South Asian hashish and heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for the European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for local consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa); corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

Nepal illicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic and international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast Asia to the West

Netherlands major European producer of synthetic drugs, including ecstasy, and cannabis cultivator; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to money laundering; significant consumer of ecstasy

Netherlands Antilles transshipment point for South American drugs bound for the US and Europe; money-laundering center

New Zealand significant consumer of amphetamines

Nicaragua transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing

Nigeria a transit point for heroin and cocaine intended for European, East Asian, and North American markets; consumer of amphetamines; safe haven for Nigerian narcotraffickers operating worldwide; major money-laundering center; massive corruption and criminal activity; Nigeria has improved some anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in June 2006; Nigeria's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be monitored by FATF

Pakistan significant transit area for Afghan drugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Iran, Western markets, the Gulf States, Africa, and Asia; financial crimes related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems; opium poppy cultivation estimated to be 2,300 hectares in 2007 with 600 of those hectares eradicated; federal and provincial authorities continue to conduct anti-poppy campaigns that utilizes forced eradication, fines, and arrests

Panama major cocaine transshipment point and primary money-laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering activity is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore financial center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring of financial transactions is improving; official corruption remains a major problem

Papua New Guinea major consumer of cannabis

Paraguay major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which is consumed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; transshipment country for Andean cocaine headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets, and Europe; weak border controls, extensive corruption and money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; weak anti-money-laundering laws and enforcement

Peru until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru declined to 36,000 hectares in 2007; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 210 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2007; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption

Philippines domestic methamphetamine production has been a growing problem in recent years despite government crackdowns; major consumer of amphetamines; longstanding marijuana producer mainly in rural areas where Manila's control is limited

Poland despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe

Portugal seizing record amounts of Latin American cocaine destined for Europe; a European gateway for Southwest Asian heroin; transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian heroin

Romania major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos

Russia limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption; government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are key concerns; major consumer of opiates

Saint Kitts and Nevis transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; some money-laundering activity

Saint Lucia transit point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; small-scale cannabis cultivation

Saudi Arabia death penalty for traffickers; improving anti-money-laundering legislation and enforcement

Senegal transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis

Serbia transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering

Singapore drug abuse limited because of aggressive law enforcement efforts; as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, as a venue for money laundering

Slovakia transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for regional market; consumer of ecstasy

Slovenia minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals

South Africa transshipment center for heroin, hashish, and cocaine, as well as a major cultivator of marijuana in its own right; cocaine and heroin consumption on the rise; world's largest market for illicit methaqualone, usually imported illegally from India through various east African countries, but increasingly producing its own synthetic drugs for domestic consumption; attractive venue for money launderers given the increasing level of organized criminal and narcotics activity in the region and the size of the South African economy

Spain despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime

Suriname growing transshipment point for South American drugs destined for Europe via the Netherlands and Brazil; transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing

Switzerland a major international financial center vulnerable to the layering and integration stages of money laundering; despite significant legislation and reporting requirements, secrecy rules persist and nonresidents are permitted to conduct business through offshore entities and various intermediaries; transit country for and consumer of South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and Western European synthetics; domestic cannabis cultivation and limited ecstasy production

Syria a transit point for opiates, hashish, and cocaine bound for regional and Western markets; weak anti-money-laundering controls and bank privatization may leave it vulnerable to money laundering

Taiwan regional transit point for heroin, methamphetamine, and precursor chemicals; transshipment point for drugs to Japan; major problem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin; rising problems with use of ketamine and club drugs

Tajikistan major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80% of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium); significant consumer of opiates

Tanzania growing role in transshipment of Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for South African, European, and US markets and of South Asian methaqualone bound for southern Africa; money laundering remains a problem

Thailand a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; transit point for illicit heroin en route to the international drug market from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role in methamphetamine production for regional consumption; major consumer of methamphetamine since the 1990s despite a series of government crackdowns

Timor-Leste NA

Togo transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem

Trinidad and Tobago transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis

Turkey key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax enforcement of money-laundering controls

Turkmenistan transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan

Turks and Caicos Islands transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe

Ukraine limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improved anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be monitored by FATF

United Arab Emirates the UAE is a drug transshipment point for traffickers given its proximity to Southwest Asian drug-producing countries; the UAE's position as a major financial center makes it vulnerable to money laundering; anti-money-laundering controls improving, but informal banking remains unregulated

United Kingdom producer of limited amounts of synthetic drugs and synthetic precursor chemicals; major consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin American cocaine, and synthetic drugs; money-laundering center

United States world's largest consumer of cocaine (shipped from Colombia through Mexico and the Caribbean), Colombian heroin, and Mexican heroin and marijuana; major consumer of ecstasy and Mexican methamphetamine; minor consumer of high-quality Southeast Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine; money-laundering center

Uruguay small-scale transit country for drugs mainly bound for Europe, often through sea-borne containers; law enforcement corruption; money laundering because of strict banking secrecy laws; weak border control along Brazilian frontier; increasing consumption of cocaine base and synthetic drugs

Uzbekistan transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy for domestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out by government crop eradication program; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan

Venezuela small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the processing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country from Colombia bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border

Vietnam minor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin; government continues to face domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamine addiction problems despite longstanding crackdowns

World cocaine: worldwide coca leaf cultivation in 2007 amounted to 232,500 hectares; Colombia produced slightly more than two-thirds of the worldwide crop, followed by Peru and Bolivia; potential pure cocaine production decreased 7% to 865 metric tons in 2007; Colombia conducts aggressive coca eradication campaign, but both Peruvian and Bolivian Governments are hesitant to eradicate coca in key growing areas; 551 metric tons of export-quality cocaine (85% pure) is documented to have been seized or destroyed in 2005; US consumption of export quality cocaine is estimated to have been in excess of 380 metric tons opiates: worldwide illicit opium poppy cultivation continued to increase in 2007, with a potential opium production of 8,400 metric tons, reaching the highest levels recorded since estimates began in mid-1980s; Afghanistan is world's primary opium producer, accounting for 95% of the global supply; Southeast Asia - responsible for 9% of global opium - saw marginal increases in production; Latin America produced 1% of global opium, but most was refined into heroin destined for the US market; if all potential opium was processed into pure heroin, the potential global production would be 1,000 metric tons of heroin in 2007

Zambia transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone, small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for southern Africa and possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it an unattractive venue for money launderers; major consumer of cannabis

Zimbabwe transit point for cannabis and South Asian heroin, mandrax, and methamphetamines en route to South Africa

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

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@2087 Imports

Afghanistan $3.823 billion (2006)

Albania $3.999 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Algeria $26.25 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

American Samoa $308.8 million (FY04 est.)

Andorra $1.879 billion (2005)

Angola $12.29 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Anguilla $143 million (2006)

Antigua and Barbuda $522.8 million (2007 est.)

Argentina $42.53 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Armenia $2.807 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Aruba $1.054 billion f.o.b. (2006)

Australia $160 billion (2007 est.)

Austria $160.3 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Azerbaijan $6.045 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Bahamas, The $2.401 billion (2006)

Bahrain $10.93 billion (2007 est.)

Bangladesh $16.67 billion (2007 est.)

Barbados $1.586 billion (2006)

Belarus $28.32 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Belgium $323.2 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Belize $642 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Benin $1.085 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Bermuda $1.162 billion (2006)

Bhutan $320 million c.i.f. (2006)

Bolivia $3.249 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina $9.947 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Botswana $3.403 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Brazil $120.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

British Virgin Islands $187 million (2002 est.)

Brunei $2 billion c.i.f. (2006)

Bulgaria $28.67 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Burkina Faso $1.296 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Burma $2.942 billion f.o.b. note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India (2007 est.)

Burundi $272 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Cambodia $5.424 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Cameroon $3.714 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Canada $386.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Cape Verde $743.6 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Cayman Islands $866.9 million (2004)

Central African Republic $237.3 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Chad $1.158 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Chile $43.99 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

China $904.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Christmas Island $NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands $NA

Colombia $31.17 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Comoros $143 million f.o.b. (2006)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the $2.263 billion f.o.b. (2006)

Congo, Republic of the $2.634 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Cook Islands $81.04 million (2005)

Costa Rica $12.26 billion (2007 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire $5.932 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Croatia $25.99 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Cuba $10.08 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Cyprus $7.84 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Czech Republic $116.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Denmark $102 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Djibouti $1.555 billion f.o.b. (2006)

Dominica $296 million f.o.b. (2006)

Dominican Republic $13.82 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Ecuador $12.76 billion (2007 est.)

Egypt $44.95 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

El Salvador $8.108 billion (2007 est.)

Equatorial Guinea $3.083 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Eritrea $573 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Estonia $14.75 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Ethiopia $5.165 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

European Union $1.466 trillion; note - external imports, excluding intra-EU trade (2005)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $90 million (2004 est.)

Faroe Islands $751 million c.i.f. (2006)

Fiji $3.12 billion c.i.f. (2006)

Finland $78.05 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

France $600.9 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

French Polynesia $1.706 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Gabon $2.107 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Gambia, The $271 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Gaza Strip $2.44 billion c.i.f.; (includes West Bank) (2005)

Georgia $4.977 billion (2007 est.)

Germany $1.075 trillion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Ghana $8.053 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Gibraltar $2.967 billion c.i.f. (2004 est.)

Greece $80.79 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Greenland $712 million c.i.f. (2006)

Grenada $343 million (2006)

Guam $701 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Guatemala $12.62 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Guernsey $NA

Guinea $1.202 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Guinea-Bissau $200 million f.o.b. (2006)

Guyana $1.006 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Haiti $1.734 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Honduras $8.556 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Hong Kong $365.6 billion (2007 est.)

Hungary $86.88 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Iceland $6.181 billion (2007 est.)

India $230.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Indonesia $84.93 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Iran $53.88 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Iraq $25.67 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Ireland $84.76 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Isle of Man $NA

Israel $55.79 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Italy $498.1 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Jamaica $5.784 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Japan $573.3 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Jersey $NA

Jordan $12.02 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Kazakhstan $33.21 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Kenya $8.54 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Kiribati $62 million c.i.f. (2004 est.)

Korea, North $2.879 billion c.i.f. (2006)

Korea, South $349.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Kosovo $NA

Kuwait $20.64 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Kyrgyzstan $2.636 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Laos $1.378 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Latvia $14.82 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Lebanon $11.93 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Lesotho $1.536 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Liberia $7.143 billion f.o.b. (2006)

Libya $14.43 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Liechtenstein $917.3 million (1996)

Lithuania $22.8 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Luxembourg $23.13 billion c.i.f. (2007 est.)

Macau $4.559 billion c.i.f. (2006)

Macedonia $4.977 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Madagascar $1.918 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Malawi $866 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Malaysia $139.1 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Maldives $930 million f.o.b. (2006)

Mali $2.358 billion f.o.b. (2006)

Malta $4.541 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Marshall Islands $54.7 million f.o.b. (2000)

Mauritania $1.475 billion f.o.b. (2006)

Mauritius $3.656 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Mayotte $341 million f.o.b.; note - excludes petroleum imports (2005)

Mexico $281.9 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of $132.7 million f.o.b. (2004)

Moldova $3.677 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Monaco $916.1 million note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France (2005)

Mongolia $2.117 billion c.i.f. (2007)

Montenegro $601.7 million (2003)

Montserrat $17 million (2001)

Morocco $28.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Mozambique $2.811 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Namibia $3.091 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Nauru $20 million c.i.f. (2004 est.)

Nepal $2.398 billion f.o.b. (2006)

Netherlands $406.3 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Netherlands Antilles $15.74 billion f.o.b. (2006)

New Caledonia $1.998 billion f.o.b. (2006)

New Zealand $29.06 billion (2007 est.)

Nicaragua $4.078 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Niger $800 million f.o.b. (2006)

Nigeria $38.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Niue $9.038 million (2004)

Norfolk Island $17.9 million c.i.f. (FY91/92)

Northern Mariana Islands $214.4 million (2001)

Norway $77.24 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Oman $11 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Pakistan $28.76 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Palau $107.3 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Panama $12.62 billion f.o.b. note: includes the Colon Free Zone (2007 est.)

Papua New Guinea $2.629 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Paraguay $6.094 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Peru $19.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Philippines $57.56 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Pitcairn Islands $NA

Poland $160.2 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Portugal $75.3 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Puerto Rico $29.1 billion c.i.f. (2001)

Qatar $19.86 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Romania $64.54 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Russia $223.4 billion (2007 est.)

Rwanda $637 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Saint Helena $45 million c.i.f. (2004 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis $383 million (2006)

Saint Lucia $791 million (2006)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon $68.2 million f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $578 million (2006)

Samoa $324 million f.o.b. (2006)

San Marino $2.035 billion (2004)

Sao Tome and Principe $66 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Saudi Arabia $82.64 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Senegal $3.731 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Serbia $18.35 billion (2007 est.)

Seychelles $823 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Sierra Leone $560 million f.o.b. (2006)

Singapore $252 billion (2007 est.)

Slovakia $58.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Slovenia $29.39 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Solomon Islands $256 million f.o.b. (2006)

Somalia $798 million f.o.b. (2006)

South Africa $81.89 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Spain $380.2 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Sri Lanka $10.36 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Sudan $7.722 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Suriname $1.297 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Svalbard $NA

Swaziland $1.914 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Sweden $151.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Switzerland $187.1 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Syria $10.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Taiwan $215.1 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Tajikistan $2.762 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Tanzania $4.861 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Thailand $125.2 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Timor-Leste $202 million (2004 est.)

Togo $1.201 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Tokelau $969,200 c.i.f. (2002)

Tonga $139 million f.o.b. (2006)

Trinidad and Tobago $7.67 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Tunisia $18.02 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Turkey $162 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Turkmenistan $4.516 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands $175.6 million (2000)

Tuvalu $12.91 million c.i.f. (2005)

Uganda $2.983 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Ukraine $60.41 billion (2007 est.)

United Arab Emirates $116.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

United Kingdom $621.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

United States $1.968 trillion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Uruguay $5.554 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Uzbekistan $4.48 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Vanuatu $156 million c.i.f. (2006)

Venezuela $45.46 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Vietnam $58.92 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Virgin Islands $4.609 billion (2001)

Wallis and Futuna $61.17 million f.o.b. (2004)

West Bank $2.44 billion c.i.f.; (includes Gaza Strip) (2005)

Western Sahara $NA

World $13.74 trillion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Yemen $6.735 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Zambia $3.611 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Zimbabwe $2.183 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

======================================================================

@2088 Independence

Afghanistan 19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs)

Albania 28 November 1912 (from the Ottoman Empire)

Algeria 5 July 1962 (from France)

American Samoa none (territory of the US)

Andorra 1278 (formed under the joint suzerainty of the French Count of Foix and the Spanish Bishop of Urgel)

Angola 11 November 1975 (from Portugal)

Anguilla none (overseas territory of the UK)

Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981 (from UK)

Argentina 9 July 1816 (from Spain)

Armenia 21 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Aruba none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Australia 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)

Austria 976 (Margravate of Austria established); 17 September 1156 (Duchy of Austria founded); 11 August 1804 (Austrian Empire proclaimed); 12 November 1918 (republic proclaimed)

Azerbaijan 30 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Bahamas, The 10 July 1973 (from UK)

Bahrain 15 August 1971 (from UK)

Bangladesh 16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is known as Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the state of Bangladesh

Barbados 30 November 1966 (from UK)

Belarus 25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Belgium 4 October 1830 (a provisional government declared independence from the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King LEOPOLD I ascended to the throne)

Belize 21 September 1981 (from UK)

Benin 1 August 1960 (from France)

Bermuda none (overseas territory of the UK)

Bhutan 1907 (became a unified kingdom under its first hereditary king)

Bolivia 6 August 1825 (from Spain)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia; referendum for independence completed 1 March 1992; independence declared 3 March 1992)

Botswana 30 September 1966 (from UK)

Brazil 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

British Virgin Islands none (overseas territory of the UK)

Brunei 1 January 1984 (from UK)

Bulgaria 3 March 1878 (as an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire); 22 September 1908 (complete independence from the Ottoman Empire)

Burkina Faso 5 August 1960 (from France)

Burma 4 January 1948 (from UK)

Burundi 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)

Cambodia 9 November 1953 (from France)

Cameroon 1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

Canada 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK)

Cape Verde 5 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Cayman Islands none (overseas territory of the UK)

Central African Republic 13 August 1960 (from France)

Chad 11 August 1960 (from France)

Chile 18 September 1810 (from Spain)

China 221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Manchu Dynasty replaced by a Republic); 1 October 1949 (People's Republic established)

Christmas Island none (territory of Australia)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands none (territory of Australia)

Colombia 20 July 1810 (from Spain)

Comoros 6 July 1975 (from France)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 30 June 1960 (from Belgium)

Congo, Republic of the 15 August 1960 (from France)

Cook Islands none (became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral action)

Costa Rica 15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Cote d'Ivoire 7 August 1960 (from France)

Croatia 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Cuba 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902); not acknowledged by the Cuban Government as a day of independence

Cyprus 16 August 1960 (from UK); note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these proclamations are only recognized by Turkey

Czech Republic 1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)

Denmark first organized as a unified state in 10th century; in 1849 became a constitutional monarchy

Djibouti 27 June 1977 (from France)

Dominica 3 November 1978 (from UK)

Dominican Republic 27 February 1844 (from Haiti)

Ecuador 24 May 1822 (from Spain)

Egypt 28 February 1922 (from UK)

El Salvador 15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Equatorial Guinea 12 October 1968 (from Spain)

Eritrea 24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)

Estonia 20 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Ethiopia oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years

European Union 7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed establishing the EU); 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty entered into force)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Faroe Islands none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Fiji 10 October 1970 (from UK)

Finland 6 December 1917 (from Russia)

France 486 (Frankish tribes unified); 843 (Western Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire)

French Polynesia none (overseas lands of France)

Gabon 17 August 1960 (from France)

Gambia, The 18 February 1965 (from UK)

Georgia 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Germany 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights 15 March 1991

Ghana 6 March 1957 (from UK)

Gibraltar none (overseas territory of the UK)

Greece 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)

Greenland none (extensive self-rule as part of the Kingdom of Denmark; foreign affairs is the responsibility of Denmark, but Greenland actively participates in international agreements relating to Greenland)

Grenada 7 February 1974 (from UK)

Guam none (territory of the US)

Guatemala 15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Guernsey none (British crown dependency)

Guinea 2 October 1958 (from France)

Guinea-Bissau 24 September 1973 (declared); 10 September 1974 (from Portugal)

Guyana 26 May 1966 (from UK)

Haiti 1 January 1804 (from France)

Holy See (Vatican City) 11 February 1929 (from Italy); note - the three treaties signed with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged, among other things, the full sovereignty of the Vatican and established its territorial extent; however, the origin of the Papal States, which over the years have varied considerably in extent, may be traced back to the 8th century

Honduras 15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Hong Kong none (special administrative region of China)

Hungary 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date)

Iceland 1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)

India 15 August 1947 (from UK)

Indonesia 17 August 1945 (declared) note: recognized by the Netherlands on 27 December 1949; in August 2005, the Netherlands announced it recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945

Iran 1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)

Iraq 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration); note - on 28 June 2004 the Coalition Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi-controlled Government

Ireland 6 December 1921 (from UK by treaty)

Isle of Man none (British crown dependency)

Israel 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)

Italy 17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1870)

Jamaica 6 August 1962 (from UK)

Japan 660 B.C. (traditional founding by Emperor JIMMU)

Jersey none (British crown dependency)

Jordan 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)

Kazakhstan 16 December 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Kenya 12 December 1963 (from UK)

Kiribati 12 July 1979 (from UK)

Korea, North 15 August 1945 (from Japan)

Korea, South 15 August 1945 (from Japan)

Kosovo 17 February 2008 (from Serbia)

Kuwait 19 June 1961 (from UK)

Kyrgyzstan 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Laos 19 July 1949 (from France)

Latvia 18 November 1918 (from Soviet Russia)

Lebanon 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)

Lesotho 4 October 1966 (from UK)

Liberia 26 July 1847

Libya 24 December 1951 (from UN trusteeship)

Liechtenstein 23 January 1719 (Principality of Liechtenstein established); 12 July 1806 (independence from the Holy Roman Empire)

Lithuania 11 March 1990 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by Soviet Union)

Luxembourg 1839 (from the Netherlands)

Macau none (special administrative region of China)

Macedonia 8 September 1991 (referendum by registered voters endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)

Madagascar 26 June 1960 (from France)

Malawi 6 July 1964 (from UK)

Malaysia 31 August 1957 (from UK)

Maldives 26 July 1965 (from UK)

Mali 22 September 1960 (from France)

Malta 21 September 1964 (from UK)

Marshall Islands 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)

Mauritania 28 November 1960 (from France)

Mauritius 12 March 1968 (from UK)

Mayotte none (territorial overseas collectivity of France)

Mexico 16 September 1810 (declared); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)

Micronesia, Federated States of 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)

Moldova 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Monaco 1419 (beginning of rule by the House of Grimaldi)

Mongolia 11 July 1921 (from China)

Montenegro 3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)

Montserrat none (overseas territory of the UK)

Morocco 2 March 1956 (from France)

Mozambique 25 June 1975 (from Portugal)

Namibia 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

Nauru 31 January 1968 (from the Australia-, NZ-, and UK-administered UN trusteeship)

Nepal 1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan SHAH)

Netherlands 23 January 1579 (the northern provinces of the Low Countries conclude the Union of Utrecht breaking with Spain; on 26 July 1581 they formally declared their independence with an Act of Abjuration; however, it was not until 30 January 1648 and the Peace of Westphalia that Spain recognized this independence)

Netherlands Antilles none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

New Caledonia none (overseas territory of France); note - a referendum on independence was held in 1998 but did not pass; a new referendum is scheduled for 2014

New Zealand 26 September 1907 (from UK)

Nicaragua 15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Niger 3 August 1960 (from France)

Nigeria 1 October 1960 (from UK)

Niue on 19 October 1974, Niue became a self-governing parliamentary government in free association with New Zealand

Norfolk Island none (territory of Australia)

Northern Mariana Islands none (commonwealth in political union with the US)

Norway 7 June 1905 (Norway declared the union with Sweden dissolved); 26 October 1905 (Sweden agreed to the repeal of the union)

Oman 1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)

Pakistan 14 August 1947 (from British India)

Palau 1 October 1994 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)

Panama 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November 1821)

Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975 (from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship)

Paraguay 14 May 1811 (from Spain)

Peru 28 July 1821 (from Spain)

Philippines 12 June 1898 (independence proclaimed from Spain); 4 July 1946 (from the US)

Pitcairn Islands none (overseas territory of the UK)

Poland 11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed)

Portugal 1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910 (republic proclaimed)

Puerto Rico none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)

Qatar 3 September 1971 (from UK)

Romania 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

Russia 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Rwanda 1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

Saint Barthelemy none (overseas collectivity of France)

Saint Helena none (overseas territory of the UK)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983 (from UK)

Saint Lucia 22 February 1979 (from UK)

Saint Martin none (overseas collectivity of France)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French control since 1763)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979 (from UK)

Samoa 1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship)

San Marino 3 September AD 301

Sao Tome and Principe 12 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Saudi Arabia 23 September 1932 (unification of the kingdom)

Senegal 4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960

Serbia 5 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)

Seychelles 29 June 1976 (from UK)

Sierra Leone 27 April 1961 (from UK)

Singapore 9 August 1965 (from Malaysian Federation)

Slovakia 1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)

Slovenia 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Solomon Islands 7 July 1978 (from UK)

Somalia 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic)

South Africa 31 May 1910 (Union of South Africa formed from four British colonies: Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State); 31 May 1961 (republic declared) 27 April 1994 (majority rule)

Spain the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain

Sri Lanka 4 February 1948 (from UK)

Sudan 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)

Suriname 25 November 1975 (from the Netherlands)

Svalbard none (territory of Norway)

Swaziland 6 September 1968 (from UK)

Sweden 6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)

Switzerland 1 August 1291 (founding of the Swiss Confederation)

Syria 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)

Tajikistan 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Tanzania 26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964

Thailand 1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)

Timor-Leste 28 November 1975 (independence proclaimed from Portugal); note - 20 May 2002 is the official date of international recognition of Timor-Leste's independence from Indonesia

Togo 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

Tokelau none (territory of New Zealand)

Tonga 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)

Trinidad and Tobago 31 August 1962 (from UK)

Tunisia 20 March 1956 (from France)

Turkey 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)

Turkmenistan 27 October 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Turks and Caicos Islands none (overseas territory of the UK)

Tuvalu 1 October 1978 (from UK)

Uganda 9 October 1962 (from UK)

Ukraine 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

United Arab Emirates 2 December 1971 (from UK)

United Kingdom England has existed as a unified entity since the 10th century; the union between England and Wales, begun in 1284 with the Statute of Rhuddlan, was not formalized until 1536 with an Act of Union; in another Act of Union in 1707, England and Scotland agreed to permanently join as Great Britain; the legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801, with the adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 formalized a partition of Ireland; six northern Irish counties remained part of the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland and the current name of the country, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted in 1927

United States 4 July 1776 (from Great Britain)

Uruguay 25 August 1825 (from Brazil)

Uzbekistan 1 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Vanuatu 30 July 1980 (from France and UK)

Venezuela 5 July 1811 (from Spain)

Vietnam 2 September 1945 (from France)

Virgin Islands none (territory of the US)

Wallis and Futuna none (overseas territory of France)

Yemen 22 May 1990 (Republic of Yemen was established with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]); note - previously North Yemen became independent in November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and became a republic with the overthrow of the theocratic Imamate in 1962; South Yemen became independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)

Zambia 24 October 1964 (from UK)

Zimbabwe 18 April 1980 (from UK)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

======================================================================

@2089 Industrial production growth rate (%)

Afghanistan NA%

Albania 4% (2007 est.)

Algeria 5% (2007 est.)

American Samoa NA%

Andorra NA%

Angola 23.9% (2007 est.)

Anguilla 3.1% (1997 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda NA%

Argentina 7.5% (2007 est.)

Armenia 3.2% (2007 est.)

Aruba NA%

Australia 4.1% (2007 est.)

Austria 5.7% (2007 est.)

Azerbaijan 25% (2007 est.)

Bahamas, The NA%

Bahrain 5.2% (2007 est.)

Bangladesh 8.4% (2007 est.)

Barbados -3.2% (2000 est.)

Belarus 5% (2007 est.)

Belgium 2.8% (2007 est.)

Belize 0.5% (2007 est.)

Benin 4.5% (2007 est.)

Bermuda NA%

Bhutan 9.3% (1996 est.)

Bolivia 1.1% (2007 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.7% (2007 est.)

Botswana 4.2% (2007 est.)

Brazil 4.9% (2007 est.)

British Virgin Islands NA%

Brunei 1.8% (2005 est.)

Bulgaria 14% (2007 est.)

Burkina Faso 5.2% (2007 est.)

Burma 9% (2007 est.)

Burundi 6.4% (2007 est.)

Cambodia 15% (2007 est.)

Cameroon 3.5% (2007 est.)

Canada 0.3% (2007 est.)

Cape Verde 7.5% (2007 est.)

Cayman Islands NA%

Central African Republic 3% (2002)

Chad 2% (2007 est.)

Chile 11.1% (2007 est.)

China 13.4% (2007 est.)

Colombia 9.8% (2007 est.)

Comoros -2% (1999 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the NA%

Congo, Republic of the -12% (2007 est.)

Cook Islands 1% (2002)

Costa Rica 7.3% (2007 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire -1.8% (2007 est.)

Croatia 5.3% (2007 est.)

Cuba 2.5% (2007 est.)

Cyprus 3.8% (2007 est.)

Czech Republic 9.8% (2007 est.)

Denmark 0.5% (2007 est.)

Djibouti 3% (1996 est.)

Dominica -10% (1997 est.)

Dominican Republic 2.4% (2007 est.)

Ecuador 1.4% (2007 est.)

Egypt 7.5% (2007 est.)

El Salvador 3.4% (2007 est.)

Equatorial Guinea 10.1% (2007 est.)

Eritrea 2% (2007 est.)

Estonia 7.7% (2007 est.)

Ethiopia 11% (2007 est.)

European Union 3.2% (2006 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA%

Faroe Islands 8% (1999 est.)

Fiji NA%

Finland 8.1% (2007 est.)

France 1.8% (2007 est.)

French Polynesia NA%

Gabon 5.2% (2007 est.)

Gambia, The -2.3% (2007 est.)

Gaza Strip 2.4% (includes West Bank) (2005)

Georgia 13.4% (2007 est.)

Germany 5.2% (2007 est.)

Ghana 7.8% (2007 est.)

Gibraltar NA%

Greece 2.2% (2007 est.)

Greenland NA%

Grenada 0.7% (1997 est.)

Guam NA%

Guatemala 4.8% (2007 est.)

Guernsey NA%

Guinea 7.6% (2007 est.)

Guinea-Bissau 4.7% (2003 est.)

Guyana -26.4% (2007 est.)

Haiti 2.5% (2007 est.)

Honduras 4.4% (2007 est.)

Hong Kong -0.8% (2007 est.)

Hungary 3.5% (2007 est.)

Iceland 9% (2007 est.)

India 8.5% (2007 est.)

Indonesia 4.7% (2007 est.)

Iran 4.8% excluding oil (2007 est.)

Iraq 7.9% (2007 est.)

Ireland 5% (2007 est.)

Isle of Man 3.2% (FY96/97)

Israel 4.1% (2007 est.)

Italy 0.6% (2007 est.)

Jamaica 1.2% (2007 est.)

Japan 1.3% (2007 est.)

Jersey NA%

Jordan 7.7% (2007 est.)

Kazakhstan 7.2% (2007 est.)

Kenya 6.8% (2007 est.)

Kiribati 0.7% (1991 est.)

Korea, North NA%

Korea, South 5.5% (2007 est.)

Kuwait 1.7% (2007 est.)

Kyrgyzstan 9.3% (2007 est.)

Laos 12% (2007 est.)

Latvia 5.4% (2007 est.)

Lebanon NA%

Lesotho 12% (2007 est.)

Liberia NA%

Libya 5.6% (2007 est.)

Liechtenstein NA%

Lithuania 7.4% (2007 est.)

Luxembourg 1.7% (2007 est.)

Macau 3.8% (3rd quarter, 2007)

Macedonia 1.7% (2007 est.)

Madagascar 6% (2007 est.)

Malawi 4.4% (2007 est.)

Malaysia 3.3% (2007 est.)

Maldives -0.9% (2004 est.)

Mali NA%

Malta NA%

Marshall Islands NA%

Mauritania 2% (2000 est.)

Mauritius 4.7% (2007 est.)

Mayotte NA%

Mexico 1.4% (2007 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of NA%

Moldova 1% (2007 est.)

Monaco NA%

Mongolia 3% (2006 est.)

Montserrat NA%

Morocco 5% (2007 est.)

Mozambique 10% (2007 est.)

Namibia 9% (2007 est.)

Nauru NA%

Nepal 2.2% (FY05/06)

Netherlands 3.1% (2007 est.)

Netherlands Antilles NA%

New Caledonia -0.6% (1996)

New Zealand 1.5% (2007 est.)

Nicaragua 5% (2007 est.)

Niger 5.1% (2003 est.)

Nigeria 3.2% (2007 est.)

Niue NA%

Northern Mariana Islands NA%

Norway 0.1% (2007 est.)

Oman 3.2% (2007 est.)

Pakistan 8% (2007 est.)

Palau NA%

Panama 10.5% (2007 est.)

Papua New Guinea 6.4% (2007 est.)

Paraguay -1% (2007 est.)

Peru 9.8% (2007 est.)

Philippines 7.1% (2007 est.)

Poland 8.9% (2007 est.)

Portugal 2.3% (2007 est.)

Puerto Rico NA%

Qatar 8% (2007 est.)

Romania 10.6% (2007 est.)

Russia 7.4% (2007 est.)

Rwanda 13.1% (2007 est.)

Saint Helena NA%

Saint Kitts and Nevis NA%

Saint Lucia -8.9% (1997 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -0.9% (1997 est.)

Samoa 2.8% (2000)

San Marino 5.6% (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe 7% (2007 est.)

Saudi Arabia 2.9% (2007 est.)

Senegal 5.2% (2007 est.)

Serbia 1.8% (2007 est.)

Seychelles 7% (2007 est.)

Sierra Leone NA%

Singapore 7.4% (2007 est.)

Slovakia 17.2% (2007 est.)

Slovenia 9.5% (2007 est.)

Solomon Islands NA%

Somalia NA%

South Africa 4.4% (2007 est.)

Spain 3.1% (2007 est.)

Sri Lanka 7.6% (2007 est.)

Sudan 22% (2007 est.)

Suriname 6.5% (1994 est.)

Swaziland 1.1% (2007 est.)

Sweden 3% (2007 est.)

Switzerland 6.5% (2006 est.)

Syria 2.5% (2007 est.)

Taiwan 9.2% (2007 est.)

Tajikistan 5% (2007 est.)

Tanzania 9.5% (2007 est.)

Thailand 5.4% (2007 est.)

Timor-Leste 8.5% (2004 est.)

Togo 1% (2007 est.)

Tonga 1% (2003 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago 6.5% (2007 est.)

Tunisia 7.2% (2007 est.)

Turkey 5.4% (2007 est.)

Turkmenistan 10.3% (2007 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands NA%

Tuvalu NA%

Uganda 5.8% (2007 est.)

Ukraine 6% (2007 est.)

United Arab Emirates 4.3% (2007 est.)

United Kingdom 0.5% (2007 est.)

United States -1.7% (2007 est.)

Uruguay 7.9% (2007 est.)

Uzbekistan 12.1% (2007 est.)

Vanuatu 1% (1997 est.)

Venezuela 3.9% (2007 est.)

Vietnam 10.6% (2007 est.)

Virgin Islands NA%

Wallis and Futuna NA%

West Bank 2.4% (includes Gaza Strip) (2005)

Western Sahara NA%

World 5% (2007 est.)

Yemen 3.2% (2007 est.)

Zambia 6.3% (2007 est.)

Zimbabwe -5% (2007 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

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@2090 Industries

Afghanistan small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper

Albania food processing, textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower

Algeria petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing

American Samoa tuna canneries (largely supplied by foreign fishing vessels), handicrafts

Andorra tourism (particularly skiing), cattle raising, timber, banking, tobacco, furniture

Angola petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing, brewing, tobacco products, sugar; textiles; ship repair

Anguilla tourism, boat building, offshore financial services

Antigua and Barbuda tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household appliances)

Argentina food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel

Armenia diamond-processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging-pressing machines, electric motors, tires, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry manufacturing, software development, food processing, brandy

Aruba tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining

Australia mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel

Austria construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, tourism

Azerbaijan petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel, iron ore; cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles

Bahamas, The tourism, banking, cement, oil transshipment, salt, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral-welded steel pipe

Bahrain petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism

Bangladesh cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper newsprint, cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar

Barbados tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export

Belarus metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, radios, refrigerators

Belgium engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum

Belize garment production, food processing, tourism, construction, oil

Benin textiles, food processing, construction materials, cement

Bermuda international business, tourism, light manufacturing

Bhutan cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide, tourism

Bolivia mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing

Bosnia and Herzegovina steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining

Botswana diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock processing; textiles

Brazil textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment

British Virgin Islands tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore financial center

Brunei petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction

Bulgaria electricity, gas, water; food, beverages, tobacco; machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel

Burkina Faso cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, gold

Burma agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; natural gas; garments, jade and gems

Burundi light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing

Cambodia tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles

Cameroon petroleum production and refining, aluminum production, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair

Canada transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum and natural gas

Cape Verde food and beverages, fish processing, shoes and garments, salt mining, ship repair

Cayman Islands tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, construction materials, furniture

Central African Republic gold and diamond mining, logging, brewing, textiles, footwear, assembly of bicycles and motorcycles

Chad oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials

Chile copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles

China mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites

Christmas Island tourism, phosphate extraction (near depletion)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands copra products and tourism

Colombia textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, cement; gold, coal, emeralds

Comoros fishing, tourism, perfume distillation

Congo, Democratic Republic of the mining (diamonds, gold, copper, cobalt, coltan zinc), mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, cigarettes, processed foods and beverages), cement, commercial ship repair

Congo, Republic of the petroleum extraction, cement, lumber, brewing, sugar, palm oil, soap, flour, cigarettes

Cook Islands fruit processing, tourism, fishing, clothing, handicrafts

Costa Rica microprocessors, food processing, medical equipment, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products

Cote d'Ivoire foodstuffs, beverages; wood products, oil refining, truck and bus assembly, textiles, fertilizer, building materials, electricity, ship construction and repair

Croatia chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism

Cuba sugar, petroleum, tobacco, construction, nickel, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, pharmaceuticals

Cyprus tourism, food and beverage processing, cement and gypsum production, ship repair and refurbishment, textiles, light chemicals, metal products, wood, paper, stone, and clay products

Czech Republic metallurgy, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, glass, armaments

Denmark iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products, shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment

Dhekelia none

Djibouti construction, agricultural processing

Dominica soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoes

Dominican Republic tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement, tobacco

Ecuador petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals

Egypt textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures

El Salvador food processing, beverages, petroleum, chemicals, fertilizer, textiles, furniture, light metals

Equatorial Guinea petroleum, fishing, sawmilling, natural gas

Eritrea food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, light manufacturing, salt, cement

Estonia engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications

Ethiopia food processing, beverages, textiles, leather, chemicals, metals processing, cement

European Union among the world's largest and most technologically advanced, the European Union industrial base includes: ferrous and non-ferrous metal production and processing, metal products, petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportation equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles, construction equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding, electrical power equipment, machine tools and automated manufacturing systems, electronics and telecommunications equipment, fishing, food and beverage processing, furniture, paper, textiles, tourism

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) fish and wool processing; tourism

Faroe Islands fishing, fish processing, small ship repair and refurbishment, handicrafts

Fiji tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber, small cottage industries

Finland metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

France machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism

French Polynesia tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts, phosphates

Gabon petroleum extraction and refining; manganese, gold; chemicals, ship repair, food and beverages, textiles, lumbering and plywood, cement

Gambia, The processing peanuts, fish, and hides; tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking, clothing

Gaza Strip generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis had established some small-scale modern industries in an industrial center, but operations ceased prior to Israel's evacuation of Gaza Strip settlements

Georgia steel, aircraft, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese and copper), chemicals, wood products, wine

Germany among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles

Ghana mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building

Gibraltar tourism, banking and finance, ship repairing, tobacco

Greece tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum

Greenland fish processing (mainly shrimp and Greenland halibut); gold, niobium, tantalite, uranium, iron and diamond mining; handicrafts, hides and skins, small shipyards

Grenada food and beverages, textiles, light assembly operations, tourism, construction

Guam US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles

Guatemala sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals, rubber, tourism

Guernsey tourism, banking

Guinea bauxite, gold, diamonds, iron; alumina refining; light manufacturing, and agricultural processing

Guinea-Bissau agricultural products processing, beer, soft drinks

Guyana bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining

Haiti sugar refining, flour milling, textiles, cement, light assembly based on imported parts

Holy See (Vatican City) printing; production of coins, medals, postage stamps; a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities

Honduras sugar, coffee, textiles, clothing, wood products

Hong Kong textiles, clothing, tourism, banking, shipping, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks

Hungary mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Iceland fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production; geothermal power, tourism

India textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software

Indonesia petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Iran petroleum, petrochemicals, fertilizers, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and non-ferrous metal fabrication, armaments

Iraq petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing

Ireland steel, lead, zinc, silver, aluminum, barite, and gypsum mining processing; food products, brewing, textiles, clothing; chemicals, pharmaceuticals; machinery, rail transportation equipment; glass and crystal; software, tourism

Isle of Man financial services, light manufacturing, tourism

Israel high-technology projects (including aviation, communications, computer-aided design and manufactures, medical electronics, fiber optics), wood and paper products, potash and phosphates, food, beverages, and tobacco, caustic soda, cement, construction, metals products, chemical products, plastics, diamond cutting, textiles, footwear

Italy tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

Jamaica tourism, bauxite/alumina, agro processing, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, telecommunications

Japan among world's largest and technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods

Jersey tourism, banking and finance, dairy, electronics

Jordan clothing, phosphate mining, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement, potash, inorganic chemicals, light manufacturing, tourism

Kazakhstan oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials

Kenya small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, clothing, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products, horticulture, oil refining; aluminum, steel, lead; cement, commercial ship repair, tourism

Kiribati fishing, handicrafts

Korea, North military products; machine building, electric power, chemicals; mining (coal, iron ore, limestone, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals), metallurgy; textiles, food processing; tourism

Korea, South electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, steel

Kosovo mineral mining, construction materials, base metals, leather, machinery, appliances

Kuwait petroleum, petrochemicals, cement, shipbuilding and repair, water desalination, food processing, construction materials

Kyrgyzstan small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, sawn logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth metals

Laos copper, tin, gold, and gypsum mining; timber, electric power, agricultural processing, construction, garments, tourism, cement

Latvia buses, vans, street and railroad cars; synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery, fertilizers, washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals, processed foods, textiles; note - dependent on imports for energy and raw materials

Lebanon banking, tourism, food processing, wine, jewelry, cement, textiles, mineral and chemical products, wood and furniture products, oil refining, metal fabricating

Lesotho food, beverages, textiles, apparel assembly, handicrafts, construction, tourism

Liberia rubber processing, palm oil processing, timber, diamonds

Libya petroleum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement

Liechtenstein electronics, metal manufacturing, dental products, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism, optical instruments

Lithuania metal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, television sets, refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, electronic components, computers, amber jewelry

Luxembourg banking and financial services, iron and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation, food processing, chemicals, metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism

Macau tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear, toys

Macedonia food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals

Madagascar meat processing, seafood, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourism

Malawi tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods

Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging, timber processing; Sabah - logging, petroleum production; Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging

Maldives tourism, fish processing, shipping, boat building, coconut processing, garments, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand mining

Mali food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Malta tourism, electronics, ship building and repair, construction, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, footwear, clothing, tobacco

Marshall Islands copra, tuna processing, tourism, craft items (from seashells, wood, and pearls)

Mauritania fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum

Mauritius food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, clothing, mining, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, tourism

Mayotte newly created lobster and shrimp industry, construction

Mexico food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

Micronesia, Federated States of tourism, construction; fish processing, specialized aquaculture; craft items (from shell, wood, and pearls)

Moldova sugar, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles

Monaco tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products

Mongolia construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, and gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Montenegro steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Montserrat tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances

Morocco phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism

Mozambique food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), aluminum, petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco

Namibia meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products; mining (diamonds, lead, zinc, tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, copper)

Nauru phosphate mining, offshore banking, coconut products

Nepal tourism, carpets, textiles; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarettes, cement and brick production

Netherlands agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing

Netherlands Antilles tourism (Curacao, Sint Maarten, and Bonaire), petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing (Curacao)

New Caledonia nickel mining and smelting

New Zealand food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery, transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining

Nicaragua food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear, wood

Niger uranium mining, cement, brick, soap, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses

Nigeria crude oil, coal, tin, columbite; palm oil, peanuts, cotton, rubber, wood; hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel, small commercial ship construction and repair

Niue tourism, handicrafts, food processing

Norfolk Island tourism, light industry, ready mixed concrete

Northern Mariana Islands tourism, construction, garments, handicrafts

Norway petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing

Oman crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas (LNG) production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals, optic fiber

Pakistan textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

Palau tourism, craft items (from shell, wood, pearls), construction, garment making

Panama construction, brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling

Papua New Guinea copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip production; mining of gold, silver, and copper; crude oil production, petroleum refining; construction, tourism

Paraguay sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel, metallurgic, electric power

Peru mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas; fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, food processing