SUBJECT INDEX

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z

A abacus, 12, 29; boss on, 135. acanthus, 141, n. 3. acroterion, 129. aedicula, 127, 129, 139. aisle of mosque, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159. aiwân, see lîwân. Alexandrian influence, 126, 127, 136. ancient road, Kûfah-Shethâthâ, 2, 43. antechamber, see ṭarmah. apadana, 63. arcade, 16, 17, 19, 23, 28, 30, 32, 35, 49, 50, 71, 125, 153, 154, 155, 156, 159; blind, 5, 6, 24, 25, 30, 32, 34. arch, breaking into vault, 10, 20, 34; construction, 6, 12, 15, 18, 24, 26, 29, 39, 42, 113, 166; decoration, 122; horse-shoed, 8, 24, 165, 166; ogee, 40; oversailing, 9, 15, 16, 26, 27, 33, 79, 115; ovoid, 6, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34, 114; pointed, 5, 6, 9, 16, 29, 32, 34, 112, 114, 118, 165; relieving, 112, 113, 115, 118; round, 30, 39, 41, 43, 76, 112, 113, 115, 118, 165; segmental, 13; set back from jambs, 14, 16, 20, 25, 26, 28, 33, 76, 79, 118, 166; stilted, 8, 29, 114, 118; transition from round or ovoid to pointed, 114, 165; transverse, 8, 9, 17, 18, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 37, 51, 53, 72, 73, 83, 96, 97, 112, 115, 140. architrave, 123, 131, 135, 136; broken, 125, 128. archivolt, 128, 129, 131, 133, 135. armamentarium, 102, 103. Assyro-Babylonian influence, 142, 164. asymmetry, 51, 52, 79, 81, 93, 94; in façade, 130, 131, 132. âteshgâh, 91, 92. attic, 127, 128, 129, 130. B bâdiyah, 55, 112, 119. bait, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 104, 105, 106, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120. balcony, 19, 23, 25, 133. barracks, in Roman camp, 100, 102, 105. base, absence of, 27, 42, 134; bell-shaped, 156. bastion, 107, 108. bath, see ḥammâm. battering-ram, 107. brackets, horizontal, under domes, semi-domes, and calottes, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24, 25, 27, 42, 73, 97, 111, 112, 113. brick, 13, 24, 26, 28, 30, 39, 40, 41, 45, 54, 69, 70, 71, 79, 82, 84, 96, 113, 115, 117, 154, 155, 160; enamelled, 122, 123, 140; sun-dried, 38, 68, 75, 146, 147, 148, 153, 154, 160. buttress, 4, 35, 71, 122. buttressing vaults, 14, 26, 35, 74, 75, 95. Byzantine influence, 115, 119, 143, 147. C calotte, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24, 26, 34, 38, 73, 133, 138; construction, 13; laid in rings, 24, 42; stilted, 13. capital, 25, 77; absent, 6, 30, 138, 140; bell-shaped, 156; Corinthian, 135, 141; impost-, of masonry and stucco, 12, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 42, 134, 135, 138, 140; Ionic, 65; wreathed acanthus, 153. caravanserai type, 104, 106, 111 n. casemate, 22, 107, 108, 109, 121. castrum, Sasanian, 105. cavetto, 12. cella, 94, 126. centering, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, 26, 28, 30, 33 nn. 1 and 2, 45, 71, 72, 75, 76, 96, 118, 166. centralization, 129, 131. chapel replacing sacellum, 105. chemin de ronde, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 21, 73, 106, 116. chimney, 29, 32, 82. Christian influence, 147, 148, 149. cloister, see arcade. closet, 83, 118. coffering, 140. colonnade, 84, 98, 123, 125. column, absence of, in Babylonia and Assyria, 62, 77; clustered, 24, 131, 135, 158; double, 138; dwarf, 127, 128, 130, 133; engaged, 8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32, 34, 36, 42, 46, 78, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 136; free-standing, 16, 17, 28, 29, 32, 35, 45, 47, 63, 80, 82, 123, 136, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159, 160; of wood, 148, 154, 157, 158, 160; quarter-, in antis, 127, 128, 129, 138. concrete, 28. cornice, 25, 34, 70, 133; broken, 128. courts, isolation of, 31, 33, 48, 49, 83. crémaillère, 106, 108, 109. crenellated motive on archivolt, 14, 18, 140. crenellation, 7, 18, 107, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 133, 134, 140, 143. curtain wall, 7, 106 n. 8, 108. cusp, 19, 24, 132, 133, 135, 142, 153. D Days of Ignorance, 56, 120, 168. decoration, continuous niches, 123, 124, 125, 136; continuous pattern, 123, 130, 131, 135, 143; Coptic, 141, 143, 147, 164; derived from wooden structure, 123; geometric, 143; imitative architecture, 65, 77, 123, 124, 125, 127-36; in horizontal zones, 122, 124-36; of structural character, 140. dîwân, 19, 22. djâmi’, see mosque. dog-tooth, brick, 40, 79. dome, 8, 10, 51, 53, 56, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 92, 97, 112, 117, 118, 152; fluted, 9, 13, 166; on columns, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78; ribbed, 7, 111; thrust of, concentrated on angle piers, 78, 96. dragon motive, 90, 143. dungeon, 9. Duru, 88. E Egyptian fortification, 106; influence, 127 n. 1; tombs, 124. entablature, 76, 130; broken, 127, 128; Ionic, 127. F façade, Babylonian and Assyrian, 122, 123; Graeco-Roman, 123; Hellenistic, 24, 25, 51, 66, 88, 119, 122, 123, 124, 126-34; of lîwân, 32, 34, 66, 78, 82, 95, 136, 137, 138; of mosque court, 143, 144, 156, 158; Roman, 124, 125; single-arched, 138, 139; towered, of khilâni, 62, 63, 75, 77, 78, 116; triple-arched, 136, 137, 138. fillet, 8, 10, 25, 27, 51, 52, 76, 79, 115, 123, 133. fire altar, see âteshgâh. flutes, triple, 78, 115. fluting, 40, 41, 78, 122, 123, 133. forum, 72, 98. fresco, 112, 140, 142; Alexandrian, 128 n. 3; of Boscoreale, 125, 127, 128 n. 3. frieze, broken, 128, 133. funnel above arch, 8, 14 n. 1. G gangway, see balcony. gate-house, Ukhaiḍir, 8, 81, 117. gate, monumental, 4, 7, 9, 41, 49, 51, 52, 53, 81, 84, 86, 92, 96, 116, 122, 142. gate towers, 7, 9, 10, 41, 114; of Roman camp, 99. gorge, Egyptian, 76, 127. graffito, Kharâneh, 115; Ukhaiḍir, 31, 161, 162, 163. Greek influence, 65, 66, 75, 87, 97, 119, 127, 130, 137, 139; in India, 123, 136, 140, 141, 142, 143, 152, 164. guard-rooms, 50, 51, 81, 92. H ḥair, 56. ḥammâm, 4, 37, 56, 111, 112. ḥaram, 17, 18, 21, 26, 27, 82, 83, 122, 147, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 167. ḥarb, 58. Hazârbâf, 26, 138. head wall, 19, 27. ḥertâ, 56. ḥîrah, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 74, 78, 81, 86, 87, 90, 97, 117, 119, 120, 161, 162, 166. ḥîri, 58, 59, 86, 121. horizontal decoration, 24, 79, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133. horreum, 102, 103. hourd, 107, 116, 121, 133, 134. house, Arab, 145, 146, 158; Hellenistic, 65, 87, 89, 99, 120; lîwân-ṭarmah, 87, 117; Roman, 87, 89. hypostyle pavilion over gate, 81. I incrusted style, 124. inscriptions, absence of, in early Mohammadan architecture, 161. inscription with date, Diyârbekr, 158; Ḥarrân, 152; Kharâneh, 115; Mayâfârqîn, 159; Môṣul, 160; Qaṣr ibn Wardân, 112; Raqqah, 153. intervallum, 98, 100, 102, 103. K khân, 40, 41, 43, 143. khilâni, 62, 63, 66, 75, 76, 80, 82, 84, 87-93, 116, 119, 120. khuṭbah, 146 n. 1. kitchen, 32, 33, 42, 47, 48, 49, 82, 83. L label, rectangular, 13, 27, 51. latitudinal chamber, 45, 47, 49, 62, 65 n. 4, 78, 80, 90, 92, 93, 94. ledge, see balcony. limes, Roman oriental, 97, 98, 100-6, 110, 111, 120; Roman western, 98, 110. lintel, 112, 113, 115; of masonry, 16, 25, 118. lîwân, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 70, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 104, 112, 116, 117, 119, 132, 137, 138, 142, 143, 167. loggia, 78, 123. longitudinal chamber, 78, 93, 94. loophole, 6, 7, 9, 107, 115, 116, 121, 140, 166. lozenge, 8, 17. M machicolation, 7, 107, 121. madjlis, 145. madrasah, 159. Magi, 91, 92. maqṣûrah, 147, 148, 149. masdjid, 145. masdjid al-djamâ’ah, 146, 148. megaron, 65 n. 4, 89, 120. miḥrâb, 16, 17 n., 18, 132, 141, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 157, 159, 168. minaret, at Abu Dulaf, 156; at Baghdâd, 40; at Baṣrah, 148; at Iṣfahân, 41 n. 1; at Raqqah, 153, 154; at Sâmarrâ, 156; at Ṭâûq, 40; of Ghazni, 41; of Ibn Ṭulûn, 156. minbar, 146, 149, 150, 151. misr, 146, 148. Mohammadan art, 142. mortar, bitumen, 69, 96; clay, 96; gypsum, 12, 15, 44, 96. mosaic, 65, 147, 148. mosque, 16, 17, 20, 21, 26, 40, 86, 117, 132, 133, 141, 142, 144, 145-60, 168. moulding, 124, 125, 128, 133, 166; continuous, 133. N narthex, see ṭarmah. niche, arched, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 24, 25, 34, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 76, 78, 122, 123, 124, 125, 130, 131, 133, 138, 139, 142, 154, 158; architraved, 40, 126; flanked by colonnettes, 13, 24, 25, 27, 28, 42, 52, 130, 131, 139, 140; in rectangular frame, 8, 34, 40, 76, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139. O oecus, 87. orientation of mosques, 150, 151. orthostatae, 62, 122, 123 n. 1, 124. ovolo, 29. P painting, Greek, 125. palace, Achaemenid, 62-4, 140; Assyrian, 93, 94, 124, 140; Babylonian, 93; Byzantine, 121; Greek, 89; Hittite, see khilâni; Mohammadan, 84-7, 110-21, 168; Parthian, 65-72, 89, 90, 140; Roman, 121; Sasanian, 44-54, 73-81, 83, 84, 90-7, 118, 119, 120, 121. palmette, 141 n. 3; broken, 132; tree, 143. panel, 42, 122. pediment, 129, 139; broken, 125, 127, 128. pendentive, 42, 73, 111. peristyle, 65, 87, 99, 120, 136. pier, 12, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 29, 30, 33, 123, 127, 128, 152, 153, 158; heart-shaped, 46, 74. piers, clustered, 135, 156, 158. pilaster, 5, 6, 8, 34, 123, 126. plan, basilical, 111, 117, 142; change of, at Ukhaiḍir, 10, 33 n. 3, 60, 81; circular city, 107, 109; conjunctive, 89; disjunctive, 89; injunctive, 89, 90, 106, 120. plaster, see stucco. plinth, 122, 128, 134. podium, 122, 123, 124, 125, 130; broken, 125, 127, 128. Porta Decumana, 98, 103. Porta Praetoria, 98, 103. Porta Principalis Dextra, 98. Porta Principalis Sinistra, 98. portcullis, 7, 10. portico, 58, 59, 126, 152. potsherds, mediaeval, 38, 56. Praetentura, 102. Praetorium, 72, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 120. prostas, 87. pylon-like wall, 130, 131. pylon tombs, 127, 128. Pyraetheia, 91. R ramp, 12, 14, 19, 21, 45, 46, 50, 80, 86. recess, see niche. recessed calotte, 13; ornament, 18, 27, 34, 40, 133, 140; square containing circle, on mosques, 156. Retentura, 102. retreating angles, see crémaillère. rinceaux, 141 n. 3. riwâq, arûqah, 17, 20, 58, 59, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160. rock-cut monuments, 72, 123, 126-30, 142. Roman camp, stockaded earthwork, 97, 99, 110; stone, 97, 99, 100-4; type, 98, 99, 103, 105, 106, 120, 121. Roman influence, 136, 137. Roman temple tomb, 127. roof, wooden, 144, 150, 152, 153, 156, 158. rosette, 17, 18, 27, 140. S sacellum, 98, 101, 103, 104. safâfîd, 149. ṣaḥn, 17, 20, 21, 23, 143, 144, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160. Sasanian influence, 59, 75, 115, 137, 141, 164. scollop, see cusp. semi-dome, 18, 27, 28, 38, 42, 73, 79, 111, 112, 115, 139; fluted, 25, 118, 139. serdâb, 25, 28, 35, 37, 82. spandrel, 6, 12, 24, 27, 34, 131, 133. spear-shaped motive, 27, 140. spiral motive, 133. squinch arch, 18, 23, 27, 38, 50, 51, 52, 53, 73, 79, 96, 97, 115, 140, 159; fluted, 18. stair, 7, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 46, 82; on âtesgâh, 91, 92. staircase motive, 127. stela, 123, 135. stoa, 65, 124, 126. stone, dressed, 65 n. 1, 70, 96, 124, 126, 159; undressed masonry, 6, 24, 28, 44, 69, 76, 78, 84, 96, 113, 116, 117, 160. stucco, 12, 16, 17, 18, 23, 24, 26, 34, 52, 86, 115, 124, 125, 134, 140, 164; oversailing bars, 18, 26, 28, 38, 51, 65, 66, 140. stupa, 123. ṣuffah, 146. symmetry, 92. T tabernacle in votive niches and tombs, 127. ṭâqchah, 28, 35, 51, 52, 76. ṭarmah, 30, 32, 48, 53, 83, 84, 87, 88, 93, 94, 119, 137, 138. temple, Assyrian, 92, 93, 94, 124; Babylonian, 92, 93, 94; fire, 90, 92, 94; in antis, 66; peripteral, 65. tetrapylon, 98. theatre, at Babylon, 65; at Ephesus, 125. tholos, 128, 129. torus, 76. towers, à cheval, 103, 108; chamber, 7, 31; flanking, 4, 6, 7, 33, 36, 37, 41, 60, 99-110, 113, 114, 116, 117, 121, 153, 155; in Roman camp, 99; polygonal, 109; rounded and rectangular, 103, 107, 108, 109; tomb, 41 n. 1. transept of mosque, 152, 155, 158, 159. trifoliate apse, 117. tubes, decoration, value of, 35, 143; imply vault, 143; in vault, 14, 19, 22, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 76, 143, 144. U Ukhaiḍir, absence of bath, 166; central court, 23, 24-6, 33, 34, 82, 131; corridor, 28, pp. 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 33; court A, 16, 19; court B, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 82, 83; court C, 23, 30, 32, 33, 82, 83; court D, 23, 33; court E, 23, 24, 30, 33, 83; court F, 29, 33; court G, 23, 30, 32, 33, 82, 83; court H, 23, 30, 32, 33, 82, 83; east annex, 34, 35, 82; great hall (7), 12-14, 19, 24, 81; ḥammâm, 37; imperfect seclusion of ḥaram courts, 166; inner walls and towers, 33; mosque, 16-19, 150; name of, 162; north annex, 36, 37, 60; north gate tower, 9, 10, 19, 21; outer walls and gates, 4-9, 34, 78, 81; palace yard, 5, 14, 20, 32, 33, 34; passages 5 and 6 pp. 10, 14, 16, 34; room 4, p. 9; rooms 29-42, pp. 26-9, 34, 35, 82; three-storied block, 14-23, 24, 25, 32, 33, 81, 117. underground rooms, see serdâb. ‘uqûd, 148. V vault, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 51, 72, 73, 75, 82, 83, 95, 112, 115, 143, 144, 150, 155, 160, 165, 166; at Hatra, 70-3; construction, 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, 43, 118; elliptical, see (vault) ovoid; flattened, 22; groined, 29, 33, 35, 73, 97, 111, 112, 120, 166; history of, 68-70; intersection, avoided, 9, 17, 29, 53, 73; introduction of changes plan, 66; on columns, 71-2, 78; over inclined plane, 7, 16, 46, 97; oversailing, 9, 43, 45, 52, 70, 79, 118; —imitation of, 27; ovoid, 31, 52, 71, 76, 165; pointed, 45, 50, 165; pointed and oversailing, 8, 9, 14, 16, 17; segmental, 28; stilted, 13, 70; want of skill in Sasanian, 97. Via Praetoria, 98, 103, 121; Principalis, 98, 121; Quintana, 98; Sagularis, 98. Viceroys of ‘Irâq, 168. vine motive, 141. W wall, buttressed, 131; construction, 6, 38, 45; outer, angle sliced off, 39, 54; unbroken face, 126, 131. ward, 17. water basin in mosque, 151. windows in drum of dome, 79, 111. wooden beams, in wall, 6, 12, 13, 95; under vault, 9, 17, 18, 21, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39. Z ziggurat, 92. zigzag motive, 17, 27, 38, 40, 116, 140. ziyâdah, 156. ẓullah, 148, 150.