Chapter XI
Reading edition
ADDITIONAL TESTS AT ATLANTIC CITY AND PITTSBURG
A series of new test panels to take the place of those panels which were condemned and subsequently removed from the Atlantic City and Pittsburg fences, were painted and exposed during June, 1909. These new test panels are of white pine, this wood having been selected by the joint inspection committee as offering the best condition for future tests. The method used in painting these panels was the same as in the previous tests, together with the adoption of certain refinements in the reductions, application, etc. Thirty-six formulas were selected with careful regard to the percentage of components, including several paints containing lithopone combined with whiting and zinc oxide,[22] two pigments which gave promise of supporting the lithopone for outside use. Some of these lithopone paints contained special vehicles which it was thought would prevent the destructive action which lithopone seems to have upon linseed oil. In order to obtain a criterion of the value of the new formulas applied, as against the wearing of straight white leads, the original white leads used in the previous tests were included, and other brands were added. Each formula was painted out in white, yellow, and gray, upon panels of white pine wood arranged in sequence upon the fence, and properly identified. The customary opacity test, in the form of a small black square, was stencilled over the priming coat of each panel, as in the former tests. The composition of the vehicle in all the new tests was standard, using pure linseed oil with a small percentage of turpentine drier. The tints used in each formula were secured at the time of application by the use of standard colors, lampblack, and medium chrome yellow, using an approximate amount for each formula.
Section of Fence Showing New Panels Recently Placed
Appearance of 1909 Tests
An inspection of these new tests was made during June, 1910, and the results of the inspection are shown on pages 178 to 181. The results of the inspection prove that it is unsafe to use lithopone in a paint containing white lead of any type, early darkening and failure being shown in every case where such a combination existed. The formulas in the new test, which were properly balanced and which had a low percentage of lithopone combined with zinc oxide and whiting, presented in some cases very good surfaces. A rough, sandy surface, however, was shown where lithopone was used in any great quantity.
TESTS INAUGURATED IN 1909 RESULTS OF INSPECTION OF ATLANTIC CITY TEST FENCE, MAY, 1910
FORMULAS REPORT OF INSPECTION Pa- nel Num- ber
For- mu- la Num- ber Basic Car- bonate White Lead Zinc Oxide Basic Sul- phate White Lead Preci- pitated White Lead Zinc Lead Litho- pone INERT PIGMENTS
Cal- cium Car- bonate Silica Asbes- tine China Clay Bary- tes Blanc Fixe
CHALKING CHECKING GENERAL CONDITION REMARKS
% % % % % % % % % % % %
1 — — 45 — — 40 15 — — — — — None None Rough surface, but fair for repainting 1
2 — — 45 — — 40 — 15 — — — — None None Fair; rough surface and slightly dark 2
3 — 45 — — — 45 10 — — — — — Very slight Very slight Good; very white surface 3
4 — — 45 — — 45 10 — — — — — None None Rough surface and slightly dark 4
5 — 40 — — — 40 20 — — — — — Very slight Very slight Good; very white surface 5
6 — — 45 — — 35 — — 20 — — — None None Rough surface; dark 6
7 50 — — — 36 — — — 2 8 4 — None Very slight lateral checking Good 7
8 — — 50 — — 36 — — 2 8 4 — Heavy Slight Excellent; very white 8
9 — — 50 — — 36 — — 2 — 12 — Heavy Some Excellent; very white 9
10 — 36 50 — — — — — 2 8 4 — None Slight Good 10
11 28 55 — — — — — — 3 — 7 7 None Slight Good; slightly dark 11
12 — 55 28 — — — — — 3 — 7 7 None Slight lateral Good 12
13 — 60 — — — 30 10 — — — — — Very slight Considerable lateral running along grain of wood Fair 13
14 — 30 30 — — 30 10 — — — — — Very slight Considerable lateral running along grain of wood Fair 14
15 — — 60 — — 30 — — 10 — — — Heavy Slight lateral checking Fair 15
16 — — — — — 100 — — — — — — Heavy Considerable Dark color; rough surface 16
17 — — — — — 100 — — — — — — Considerable Medium Better than No. 16; not as rough or dark 17
18 33 33 — — — — — 17 — 17 — — Very slight None Good 18
19 34 33 — — — — — 33 — — — — Very slight Slight Good 19
20 34 33 — — — — — — — 33 — — Very slight None Good 20
21 [23]100 — — — — — — — — — — — Slight Slight Fair; rough surface 21
22 100 — — — — — — — — — — — Very slight Lateral cracking Fairly good 22
23 100 — — — — — — — — — — — Medium Lateral cracking Fair 23
24 — — 100 — — — — — — — — — Slight Slight cracking Good for repainting 24
25 — — — — 100 — — — — — — — Medium None Good surface 25
26 — — — 100 — — — — — — — — Heavy Slight cracking Fair; surface rough & dark 26
27 100 — — — — — — — — — — — Heavy Lateral cracking Fair 27
28 100 — — — — — — — — — — — Medium Considerable Poor; very rough, dark surface 28
29 24 45 13 — — — — — 18 — — — Slight None Good 29
30 45 — — — — 40 15 — — — — — Heavy Heavy checking and alligatoring Poor 30
31 45 — — — — 40 — 15 — — — — None Alligatoring Rough surface; dark 31
32 45 — — — — 35 — — 20 — — — Slight Medium Dark and rough surface 32
33 50 — — — — 36 — — 2 — 12 — Considerable Slight Poor; dark surface 33
34 75 — 25 — — — — — — — — — None None Fair; dark surface 34
35 50 — 50 — — — — — — — — — None Slight Fair; rough surface 35
36 — — — — — — — 100 — — — — Extremely bad Medium Fair Vehicle disintegrated; spotted in places 36
TESTS INAUGURATED IN 1909 RESULTS OF INSPECTION OF PITTSBURG TEST FENCE, MAY, 1910
FORMULAS REPORT OF INSPECTION Pa- nel Num- ber
For- mu- la Num- ber Basic Car- bonate White Lead Zinc Oxide Basic Sul- phate White Lead Preci- pitated White Lead Zinc Lead Litho- pone INERT PIGMENT
Cal- cium Car- bonate Silica Asbes- tine China Clay Bary- tes Blanc Fixe
CHALKING CHECKING GENERAL CONDITION REMARKS
% % % % % % % % % % % %
1 — — 45 — — 40 15 — — — — — Considerable Slight Fair Dark in places. Diffused 1
2 — — 45 — — 40 — 15 — — — — Slight Bad Fair Dark in places 2
3 — 45 — — — 45 10 — — — — — Medium None Good Darkening shown in places 3
4 — — 45 — — 45 10 — — — — — Considerable None Good Medium dark 4
5 — 40 — — — 40 20 — — — — — Slight None Good No excessive darkness 5
6 — — 45 — — 35 — — 20 — — — Medium Slight Good Surface fairly white 6
7 50 — — — 36 — — — 2 8 4 — Medium None Excellent Whitest surface of new tests 7
8 — — 50 — — 36 — — 2 8 4 — Extremely bad Slight Fair Surface darkening 8
9 — — 50 — — 36 — — 2 — 12 — Extremely bad Slight Fair Not as bad as No. 8 9
10 — 36 50 — — — — — 2 8 4 — Slight None Good Excellent surface; very white 10
11 28 55 — — — — — — 3 — 7 7 Slight None Excellent Surface fairly white; thin soot 11
12 — 55 28 — — — — — 3 — 7 7 Medium None Good Surface white 12
13 — 60 — — — 30 10 — — — — — Medium Very bad in spots Fair Slight darkening 13
14 — 30 30 — — 30 10 — — — — — Heavy Considerable Fair Slight darkening 14
15 — — 60 — — 30 — — 10 — — — Extremely bad Slight Fair Fairly white 15
16 — — — — — 100 — — — — — — Extremely bad Advanced and deep Bad Surface rough with considerable disintegration and much darkness 16
17 — — — — — 100 — — — — — — Not as bad as No. 16 Less advanced than No. 16 Fair Not as dark as No. 16; slightly mottled in places; buff color 17
18 33 33 — — — — — 17 — 17 — — Very slight Practically none Fair Surface white 18
19 34 33 — — — — — 33 — — — — Very slight None Good Surface fairly white 19
20 34 33 — — — — — — — 33 — — None None Good Surface fairly white 20
21 100 — — — — — — — — — — — Slight Slight Fair Surface very rough and dark 21
22 [24]100 — — — — — — — — — — — Medium Slight Fair Surface fairly white 22
23 100 — — — — — — — — — — — Slight Bad Fair Surface rough and darkest on fence 23
24 — — 100 — — — — — — — — — Bad None Good Surface white 24
25 — — — — 100 — — — — — — — Slight None Good Fairly white surface 25
26 — — — 100 — — — — — — — — Medium Slight Fair Rough and very dark; chalking is disrupting black coating 26
27 100 — — — — — — — — — — — Medium Slight Good Surface fairly white 27
28 100 — — — — — — — — — — — Medium Deep; evident without glass Poor Surface rough and very dark 28
29 24 45 13 — — — — — 18 — — — Slight Slight Good Very white surface 29
30 45 — — — — 40 15 — — — — — None Slight Fair Color dark 30
31 45 — — — — 40 — 15 — — — — Very slight Advanced Fair Color very dark 31
32 45 — — — — 35 — — 20 — — — Extremely slight Considerable Fair Color very dark; rough surface 32
33 50 — — — — 36 — — 2 — 12 — Extremely slight Slight Fair Surface dark and rough 33
34 75 — 25 — — — — — — — — — Slight Deep Fair Surface medium dark 34
35 50 — 50 — — — — — — — — — Considerable Slight Fair Surface medium dark 35
36 — — — — — — — 100 — — — — Extremely bad None Fair Vehicle disintegrated, leaving very white, chalked surface of pigment 36