INDEX

INDEX[BK]

A Abbeville, 109, 116, 124, 125, 127, 149, 152, 156, 166, 167, 244, 331 Abri Audit, 245, 246, 248, 255, 269, 277, 305, 307, 309, 311, 314 Abri Dufaure, 471 Abri Mège, 435, 442 Abris, see Rock Shelters Achenheim, 30, 160, 161, 167, 176, 195, 284, 314 Achenschwankung, see Postglacial Stage Acheulean, 14-16, 18, 30; chronology, 33, 41, 89; climate, 112, 117, 118, 165, 166, 173, 174, 175-177, 186; fauna, 144-148, 165; geography (physical), 166; human fossils, 24, 181-185; industry, 14, 16, 18, 41, 108, 113, 122-124, 169-173, 177-180, 270, 280, 362; stations, 151, 158-162, 166-169; see Origin Æschylus, on the prehistory of man, 3, 505 Aggsbach, 29, 435, 448 Agriculture, 2, 486, 496 Aiguille, needle, 271, 310, 313, 387, 388, 391, 392, 440, 443-445, 449, 461, 462 Alactaga jaculus, 373, 374; see Jerboa Alces, 187, 287, 369; latifrons, 70, see Moose Alento, 167 Alpera, 469, 497 Alpine fauna, see Fauna Alpine race, 278, 458, 479, 480, 481, 484, 485, 491, 499, 500 Alpine vole, 371, see Arvicola nivalis Altamira, 17, 319, 321, 331, 332, 346, 368, 385, 394, 395, 399, 408, 415, 416, 422-427, 434, 435, Pl. VIII Ancestry of Man, see Man Ancona, 167 Andernach, 160, 195, 279, 372, 378, 435 Anthropoid Apes, 3, 21; ancestry, 49-61; brain, 52-60; compared with Grimaldi, 266, with Neanderthal, 9, 217, 230-233, 237-240, with Piltdown, 140, 141, with Pithecanthropus, 9, 77-79; known to Carthaginians, 511, 512; recent discoveries, 511 Anthropology, rise of, 3-10 Antilope saiga, see Saiga antelope Anvils, bone, 211, 253, 256, 271; see Compresseur Apes, see Anthropoid Arboreal life, effects of, 56, 57 Archæology, rise of, 10-18 Archer, 329 Arctomys marmotta, 182, 370; see Marmot Arcy-sur-Cure, 214, 219, 435 Argali sheep, 46, 285, 287, 371; see Ovis argaloides Arrow, 214, 258, 270, 272, 344, 353, 354, 410, 450, 497 Art, 13, 14, 17, 21, 315-330, 332, 347-350, 392-434, 449, see Aurignacian, Magdalenian, Solutrean, Engraving, Painting, Sculpture, Industry; implements used in, 270, 309-312, 321, 329, 330, 385, 396, 415, 463; means of dating, 317-320 Arudy, 435, 436 Arvicola, amphibius, 147; gregalis, 373; nivalis, 370, 371 Ascoli Piceno, 167 Ass, wild (kiang), see Horse Aurensan, 435, 438, 471 Aurignac, 5, 13, 14, 16, 275, 279, 290, 294, 314 Aurignacian, 14-16, 18, 275, 276; art, 315-330, 403, 404, 408; burial customs, 302-305; chronology, 33, 41, 351; climate, 123, 281-286; fauna, 285-289; human fossils, 289-305; industry, 16, 18, 41, 108, 269-271, 275-277, 280, 305-313, 329, 330, 362; stations, 275, 283, 284, 289, 307, 313-315; see Origin Aurignacian race, see Combe-Capelle man Aurochs, see Bos primigenius and Cattle Australian head type, 136, 228, 232, 234 Awl, see Poinçon Axe, 493, 494 Azilian, see Azilian-Tardenoisian Azilian-Tardenoisian, 16, 275, 451, 456; art, 456; burial customs, 475-479; chronology, 275, 456, 459; climate, 463, 468; fauna, 463, 466, 468-470, 471, 472, 474; human fossils, 461, 475-485; industry (Azilian), 15, 16, 18, 270, 271, 275, 276, 456, 459-465, 466, 470-475, (Tardenoisian) 16, 18, 270, 271, 450, 456, 465-468, 470-472, (painted pebbles) 394, 456, 461, 463-465; stations, 459, 463, 466, 467, 472-475; see Origin B Badegoule, 279, 331, 336, 435 Badger, 165, 201, 343, 367, 447, 498; see Meles taxus Ballahöhle, 279, 331, 336 Baltic race, 458, 486, 500; see Maglemose Balverhöhle, 471 Baoussé Roussé, see Grimaldi, Grottes de Baousso da Torre, see Grimaldi, Grottes de Barma Grande, see Grimaldi, Grottes de Bâton de commandement, 271, 311, 312, 345, 358, 359, 388, 391, 432, 443-445, 449 Baumannshöhle, 160, 195, 245, 247, 248, 439 Bear, 43, 44, 62, 95, 96, 165, 213, 245, 264, 287, 288, 333, 343, 348, 367, 378, 430, 441, 447, 461, 468, 498; see Cave-bear and Ursus Beaver, 63, 95, 134, 165, 182, 288, 348, 367, 447, 461, 468, 498, see Castor; giant, III, 155, see Trogontherium Bernifal, 321, 395, 396, 435 Billancourt, 109, 149, 152 Bison, Wisent, 13, 43, 44, 69, 71, 95, 98, 106, 125, 147, 165, 192, 194, 196, 202, 206, 211, 223, 287, 288, 317, 321, 333, 348, 353, 356, 364, 368, 372, 385, 403, 405, 406, 410, 414, 420, 421, 423-428, 430, 431, 449, 466, 469, 496, 498, 505, 506, Pls. VII and VIII; see Bison Bison, antiquus, 69; priscus, 71, 95, 148, 368, see Bison Blade, see Couteau and Lame Bléville, 167 Boar, wild, 2, 3, 43, 44, 76, 95, 264, 265, 421, 426, 447, 461, 466, 468, 498; see Sus Bockstein, 285, 314, 435, 442 Bois Colombes, 109, 149, 152 Borer, drill, see Perçoir Bos, 71, 369, 405; longifrons, 498; primigenius, 71, 94, 222, 368, 413, 468, 469, 498; taurus, 447, 498; see Cattle Bossuet, on the prehistory of man, 503, 504 Brachycephaly, 7, 8, 78, 183, 457, 458, 478-485 Brain, anthropoid, 51, 52, 56, 59; Brünn, 334, 490; Combe-Capelle, 236, 302, 490; Crô-Magnon, 272, 292, 294, 299, 490; evolution of, 8, 9, 56-60; Grimaldi, 269, 490; Modern, 56-59, 83, 84, 140, 235, 303, 490; Neanderthal, 9, 58, 59, 235-237, 490; Ofnet, 480, 490; Piltdown, 58, 59, 139-141, 236, 490; Pithecanthropus 9, 58, 59, 83, 84, 490 Brassempouy, 14, 279, 314, 322, 331, 347, 355, 393, 395, 433-435, 438 Brive, 307, 314 Bronze Age, 12, 18, 21, 202, 267, 460, 461, 476 Bruniquel, 279, 348, 388, 427, 435, 436 Brünn, 279, 315, 322, 331, 334-337, 395, Pl. II; race, 23, 257, 276, 278, 302, 331, 333, 334-338, 480, 489-491, 500; see Brüx, Galley Hill, Předmost, Human fossils, and Origin Brüx, 334; see Brünn race Buchenloch, 245, 314, 435 Buffon, G. L. L., 3 Bühl, see Postglacial Stage Burial customs, 24, 215, 221-223, 270, 271, 302, 303-305, 337, 376-380, 475-479 Burin, graver, 270, 306-308, 310, 386, 389, 470 C Cabeço da Arruda, 467, 471, 474 Camargo, 279, 294, 314, 331, 435 Campignian, 493-495 Campigny, 471; see Campignian Camps, open, 29, 30, 176, 283, 284, 314, 334, 337, 341-343, 442, 448 Canary Islands, 453, 454, 506-510 Canis, lagopus, 193, 206, see Fox, arctic; neschersensis, 333; suessi, 147; see Dog, Jackal, and Wolf Cannibalism, 184, 477 Cannstatt, 10, 105, 218, 220, 331 Cap-Blanc, 317, 395, 428, 431, 435 Capreolus, 70, 147, 367, 469; see Deer, roe- Capri, 167, 168 Caramanico, 167 Castillo, 33, 150, 162-165, 167, 245, 246, 279, 314, 319, 320, 324, 325, 331, 342, 349, 395, 402, 408, 435, 436, 459, 460, 471 Castor, 69; fiber, 147, 183, 470; see Beaver Cattle, wild (Aurochs, Urochs, urus), 43, 44, 62, 66, 76, 95, 98, 106, 119, 125, 148, 165, 182, 192, 206, 211, 214, 245, 265, 284, 288, 325, 333, 348, 356, 368, 372, 392, 405, 413, 461, 466, 468, 469, 497, 498, 505, 506; see Bos and Leptobos Cave-bear, 10, 11, 13, 182, 194, 197, 201, 202, 206, 210, 211, 212, 213, 218, 287, 401, 413; see Ursus spelæus Cave-hyæna, 11, 212, 218, 265, 287, 288; see Hyæna crocuta spelæa Cave-leopard, 206, 287; see Felis pardus spelæa Cave-lion, 201, 206, 265, 287; see Felis leo spelæa Caverns, 24; formation of, 30-33, 212; life in, 2, 30, 32, 211-213, 457 Cavillon, Grotte de, see Grimaldi, Grottes de Cazelle, 435 Cephalic index, 8, 480, 490 Ceppagna, 167 Cergy, 109, 149, 152 Cervus, carnutorum, 71; dama, 498; dicranius, 71; elaphus, 70, 94, 147, 367, 392, 426, 461, 469; maral, 367, 447; sedgwicki, 69, 71; see Deer and Stag Chaffaud, Grotte du, 396, 404, 435, 438 Chaleux, Trou de, 435 Chamois, Rupicapra, 44, 46, 201, 264, 265, 357, 365, 366, 369, 371, 466 Champs, 435, 436 Champs Blancs, 331, 348, 435 Chancelade, 279, 376-378, 382, 435 Chapelle-aux-Saints, La, 7, 9, 203, 214, 222-224, 226-232, 235-238, 241-243, 245, 246 Châtelperron, 305, 307, 314; see Pointe Chellean, 14-16, 18; chronology, 33, 34, 113-115, 120; climate, 117, 118; fauna, 144-148; geography (physical), 115, 116, 154-157; industry, 12, 14, 16, 18, 41, 108, 114, 148-154, 270, 280, 362; stations, 149, 152, 154-158; see Origin Chelles, 16, 109, 111, 116, 149, 152, 154, 167, 244 Chimpanzee, 3, 8, 49, 52-56, 58, 59, 78, 140, 227, 231, 235, 490, 511, 512 Chipping, see Flint Chisel, see Ciseau Chronology, 10, 12-14, 16, 18-24, 41, 510; tables, 18, 21, 22, 23, 33, 41, 43, 54, 108, 280, 362, 395, 491; means of estimating, 19, 20, 22-24, 317-320 Ciseau, chisel, 270, 271, 388, 392, 444 Climate, effect on fauna, 46, 47, 192, 194, 205, 284-287; effect on man, 33, 297, 332, 372, 382; glacial, 20, 29, 34, 37-43, 64-66, 89, 104, 105, 114, 117, 188-194, 202, 205, 281, 285; interglacial, 20, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37-41, 43, 67, 90, 91, 95, 103, 112, 117, 118, 186-188; Pliocene, 63; Postglacial, 23, 41, 43, 276, 281-284, 361-363 Clothing, 2, 178, 186, 213, 388, 392, 496 Cogul, 394, 497 Colombes, 109, 149, 152 Combarelles, 319, 395-397, 399-401, 435 Combe-à-Roland, 331 Combe-Capelle, 167, 192, 196, 197, 199, 211, 245, 248, 249, 252, 253, 255, 279, 314; man (Homo aurignacensis), 302, 303, 338 Combo-Negro, 435, 436 Compresseur, 271; see Anvils Continental outline, 19, 34-37, 64, 65, 71, 86, 92, 105, 115, 116, 155, 156, 166, 189, 190, 281, 282, 288, 362 Cotte de St. Brelade, La, 214, 225, 245 Cottés, Les, 213, 314 Coup de poing, 113, 114, 121, 129, 130, 152-154, 169-173, 177-180, 222, 251-254, 256, 270 Couteau (knife, blade), 130, 172, 177, 180, 270, 306, 308, 310, 386, 389, 488, 494 Crayford, 198, 245 Créteil, 109, 149, 152 Cricetus phæus, 373, 374; see Hamster Crô-Magnon, 279, 291, 314, 331, 437, Pl. II; man, 7, 273, 279, 291-294, 300, 301; race, 7, 23, 54, 240, 257, 258, 260, 261, 263, 265-276, 278, 280-282, 284, 289-305, 336, 351, 358, 376-382, 434, 440, 443, 449-454, 457-459, 489-492, 499, 500, 506-510, Pl. VII Cromer, Forest Bed of, 64, 67, 68, 71 Crosle Biscot, 435 Crouzade, 331, 341, 435, 437 Culture, see Industry Cyon alpinus fossilis, 201 D Dart-thrower, see Propulseur Daun, see Postglacial Stage Deer, 44, 125, 134, 245, 265, 356, 426, see Cervus; Axis, 62, 71, 76, 102; fallow, 265, 469, 497, see Cervus dama; giant, 43, 94, 96, 165, 187, 206, 211, 213, 288, 335, see Megaceros; polycladine, 63, 102, see Cervus dicranius and sedgwicki; red, 44, 287, 426, 447, see Cervus elaphus and Stag; roe-, 44, 94, 95, 165, 264, 265, 287, 404, 447, 466, 468, 488, 498, see Capreolus; rusa, 76 Dicerorhinus (R.), antiquitatis, 46, 106, 285, see Rhinoceros, woolly; etruscus, 41, 63, 69, see Rhinoceros, Etruscan; merckii, 41, 92-94, 117, 148, 263, see Rhinoceros, Merck's Dog, domestic, 474, 486, 488, 497, 499 Dolichocephaly, 7, 8, 78, 220, 230, 231, 266, 268, 334, 336, 338, 457, 478-481 Domestic Animals, 447, 466, 474, 486, 488, 497-499 Drill, see Perçoir Dryopithecus, 6, 49, 50, 511 Dürnten, 20, 117, 119 Dürntenian, 107, 119 Duruthy, see Sorde E Ehringsdorf, 167, 181, 214 Elasmothere, E. sibiricum, 46, 286, 373 Elephant, 38, 43, 44, 47, 72, 76, 86, 91-95, 102, 117, 119, 123, 124, 147, 148, 155, 157, 161, 174, 177, 186, 187, 192, 205, 245, 264; see Elephas Elephas, antiquus, 27, 41, 47, 72, 76, 92-94, 96, 117, 123, 125, 148, 165, 263; hysudricus, 76; meridionalis, 26, 27, 41, 62, 69, 72, 92, 125; planifrons, 62; primigenius, 26, 46, 106, 285; trogontherii, 41, 93, 102, 117; see Elephant and Mammoth Elevation, see Continental outline Enfants, Grotte des, see Grimaldi, Grottes de, and Grimaldi race Engis, 435, 453 Engraving, 317, 319-324, 326, 348, 349, 353, 355, 356, 358, 392-407 Eoanthropus dawsoni, 138, see Piltdown Eolith, 11, 68, 84-86, 135 Eolithic, Era, 17, 18; industry, 17 Equus, caballus celticus, 367-369, 400, 408, 412, 419, 431, 432, 498; przewalski, 194, 367, 373, 408, 410, 419; stenonis, 27, 62, 63, 69, 72; see Horse Erect attitude, 4, 57-60, 73, 74, 82, 241-244 Ermine, Mustela erminia, 46, 207, 370, 447, 469 Etruscan rhinoceros, see Rhinoceros Eyzies, Les, 13, 249, 279, 331, 378, 388, 394, 435 F Fate, Grotte delle, 245, 247 Fauna, 19-21, 38-47, 61-64, 66, 69, 108; Acheulean, 117, 147, 148, 165, 177, 182; African-Asiatic, 43, 44, 47, 62, 63, 71, 72, 86, 91-94, 205, 206, 287; alpine, 44, 46, 206, 287; Aurignacian, 284-289; Azilian-Tardenoisian, 466, 468-470, 472; Chellean, 117, 125, 144-148; forest, 44, 71, 206, 287; glacial, 105, 106, 117, 190-194, 196, 197, 205-214, 265; interglacial, 69-72, 91-98, 101-103, 108-112, 117, 119, 123-125, 186-188, 265; Magdalenian, 364-376, 385, 397-434, 449, 466, 469; meadow, 44, 71, 206, 287; Mousterian, 117, 186-188, 190-194, 196, 197, 199-214, 218, 221-223, 225, 263, 264; Pliocene, 54, 61-64, 144; Postglacial, 281, 364, 468, 469, 498, 499; Pre-Chellean, 108-112, 117, 125; Siwalik, 76; Solutrean, 332, 333, 343, 348; steppe, 44, 46, 194, 206, 281, 287, 362-366, 373-376, 449, 450; tundra, 44, 46, 190-194, 206-211, 281, 285, 287, 348, 361, 362-366, 370-373; migrations of, 19, 34-37, 62-64, 71, 72, 202, 205-210, 287; represented in Palæolithic art (list), 366; see Climate, for effect of, and Faunal lists Faunal lists, 95, 125, 147, 206, 207, 287, 366 Faune chaude, 39, 91, 192; see Mousterian fauna Faune froide, see Mousterian fauna Faustkeil, see Coup de poing Fées, Grotte des, 279, 435 Felis, leo, 72, 92, 469; leo antiqua, 147; leo spelæa, 47, 188; manul, 447; pardus spelæa, 201; see Cave-leopard, Cave-lion, Leopard, Lion, and Wildcat Femur (thigh-bone), 73, 74, 77, 80, 237-241, 266, 298, 376, 380 Fère-en-Tardenois, 16, 465, 471 Ferrassie, La, 7, 214, 216, 219, 224, 232, 237, 245, 246, 269 Fire, use of, 2, 165, 212, 213 First Glacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch First Interglacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch Fishing, 355, 385, 390, 450, 465, 471 Flake, see Levallois Flaking, see Flint Flint, chipping, 170; cleavage, 171; flaking, 169 Floors, Mousterian, 198, 199 Flora, 20; Acheulean, 117, 118, 174, 175; Chellean, 117, 118; glacial, 65, 108, 117-119, 191, 192, 202, 208; interglacial, 20, 67, 90, 91, 117-119; Mousterian, 199; Pliocene, 61, 63; Postglacial, 361, 372, 375, 463, 488; Pre-Chellean, 117, 118; Pre-Neolithic, 488 Font-de-Gaume, 283, 314, 318, 319, 321, 325, 331, 349, 356, 358, 365, 372, 395-397, 399, 406-409, 412, 414-424, 435, 449 Font Robert, 277, 311, 314, 331, 340, 344 Forestian, Upper, 362; Lower, 282 Forests, see Flora Foro, 167 Fourth Glacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch Fox, 43, 63, 71, 206, 265, 287, 333, 343, 348, 366, 447, 498, see Vulpes; arctic, 44, 46, 193, 207, 287, 289, 348, 370, 447, 468, 469, see Canis lagopus. Freudenthal, 279, 435 Frileuse, 167 Frontal, Trou de, 435 Fuente del Frances, 435 Furfooz, 7, 279, 481-483, Pl. II; race, 278, 458, 480, 482-485, 489, 491, 492, 500; see Grenelle, Ofnet, and Origin Furninha, 167, 168 G Galley Hill, 28, 302, 337, 338; see Brünn race Gansersfelsen, 435 Garenne, 435, 440 Gargano, 167 Gargas, 31, 307, 314, 317, 325, 327, 349, 394, 395 Germolles, 307, 314 Gibbon, 49-54, 58, 61, 63, 77, 511; see Hylobates Gibraltar skull, 7, 9, 140, 214, 215, 216, 219, 226, 228, 232, 233, 236 Glacial Epoch, 18-23, 33, 40, 41, 43, 54; chronology, 18-23, 40, 41, 108, 188, 280, 362; see Climate, Continental outline, Fauna, Glaciers; First Glacial Stage (Günz), 23, 25, 26, 37, 38, 41, 43, 64-66; Second Glacial Stage (Mindel), 23, 25, 26, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43, 65, 86-90; Third Glacial Stage (Riss), 23, 25, 26, 33, 37-39, 41, 43, 94, 104-106, 115; Fourth Glacial Stage (Würm), 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30, 32, 33, 36-38, 41, 43, 107, 108, 117, 160, 188-195, 205, 206, 280, 281, 284, 285, 362, Laufenschwankung, 41, 108, 280, 362; First Interglacial Stage (Günz-Mindel or Norfolkian), 23, 26, 29, 33-35, 38, 41, 43, 66-72, 84, 95, 115; Second Interglacial Stage (Mindel-Riss), 23, 25, 29, 33, 38, 40, 41, 43, 69, 90-95, 109-111, 114, 115; Third Interglacial Stage (Riss-Würm), 23, 25, 29, 33, 34, 36, 38-41, 43, 69, 94, 107, 108, 112, 113, 115-119, 186-188, 280, 362; Postglacial Stage, 18-23, 29, 32, 33, 36, 41, 43, 108, 280-284, 362, 468, 510, Bühl, 23, 25, 26, 41, 108, 276, 280, 281, 361, 362, 370, 372, 446, 447, 449, Gschnitz, 23, 41, 108, 276, 280, 281, 362, 363, 372, 449, 450, Daun, 23, 41, 108, 276, 280, 281, 362, 363, Achenschwankung, 25, 26, 281, 282, 284 Glaciers, 64-66, 89, 90, 94, 104-106, 118, 189, 190, 361-363 Glutton, see Gulo luscus and Wolverene Gobelsburg, 435, 448 Goccianello, 167, 168 Gorge d'Enfer, 331, 435 Gorilla, 49, 52, 54-56, 511, 512 Goulaine, 435, 438 Gourdan, 214, 279, 331, 341, 369, 388, 392, 435, 438 Goyet, 435 Grattoir, 129, 130, 177, 254, 270, 306-310, 386, 390, 470, 473, 494; caréné, 308, 309, 463 Graver, see Burin Gravette, etching tool, 270 Gravette, La, 277, 311, 314 Gray's Thurrock, 28, 109, 116, 128, 149, 152, 156, 157 Greek conception of nature and of the prehistory of man, 1-3 Grenelle, 279, 481, 482, 484; race, see Furfooz Grèze, La, 314, 317, 327, 331, 395, 396 Grimaldi, Grottes de (Baoussé Roussé), 245, 247, 262-265, 279, 294, 295, 312-314, 321, 323, 380; Baousso da Torre, 263, 294; Barma Grande, 263, 294; Cavillon, Grotte de, 263, 294; Enfants, Grotte des, 263-265, 292, 294-297, see Grimaldi race; Prince, Grotte du, 262, 263 Grimaldi race, 7, 19, 245, 260, 262-269, 278, 279, 294, 301, 314, 490-492 Gschnitz, see Postglacial Stage Guanches, 453-455, 507-510 Gudenushöhle, 245, 248, 279, 307, 314, 435, 448 Gulo luscus, 469; borealis, 193; see Wolverene Günz, see Glacial Epoch H Hachette (tranchette, chopper, cleaver), 270, 488, 494 Hammer-stone, see Percuteur Hamster, 46, 63, 147, 165, 287, 362, 364, 374 Hand-axe, see Coup de poing Hand-stone, see Coup de poing Hare, 289, 333, 368, 447, 468, 498, see Lepus (timidus); arctic, 46, 207, 287, 348, 370, 447, 468, 469, see Lepus variabilis; tailless, see Lagomys and Pika Harpoons, 355, 383-385, 387, 388, 390, 391, 440, 443-445, 449, 450, 456, 460-462, 465, 466, 470, 474, 486, 487 Hastings, 471, 475 Heidelberg man, Mauer, 7, 23, 24, 40, 41, 53, 54, 90, 95-101, 114, 138, 143, 144, 214, 228, 229, 489, 491, 492, Pl. II Heidelberg race, see Heidelberg man and Origin Helin, 109, 116, 127, 128, 149, 152, 166, 167 Helvetian, see Dürntenian Hermida, La, 435 Hippopotamus, H. major, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 47, 69, 71, 86, 91, 92-94, 102, 117, 123-125, 134, 147, 148, 155, 157, 165, 174, 177, 186, 192, 199, 263, 264 Höhlefels bei Hütten, 435, 442 Höhlefels bei Schelklingen, 435, 442 Hohlestein, 314, 435 Hommes, Grotte des, 279, 435 Homo, aurignacensis, see Combe-Capelle man; heidelbergensis, see Heidelberg man; mousteriensis, see Neanderthal race; neanderthalensis, see Neanderthal race; sapiens, 7, 9, 10, 54, 230-234, 257, 260, 261, 278, 334, 484, 490, 491, 500 Horace, on the prehistory of man, 3, 504 Hornos de la Peña, 245-247, 314, 331, 395, 435, 436 Horse, 45, 165, 182, 192, 225, 284, 355, 385, 392, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 412-414, 431, 432, 469, 498; Desert, Plateau or Celtic, see Equus caballus celticus; Forest or Nordic, 95, 147, 288, 289, 367, 369, 400, 498; Hipparion, 63; kiang or wild ass, 194, 285-287, 366, 367, 372-374, 400, 447; Solutré, 288, 289, 414; Steno's, 34, 96, 110, 111, 125, see Equus stenonis; Steppe, see Equus przewalski Hôteaux, Les, 279, 378, 379, 435 Hoxne, 158 Human figures, 317, 321-323, 328, 329, 337, 357, 393, 395, 399, 433, 434, 497 Human fossils, 4, 11; distribution of, 214, 279; tables of, 7, 219, 294, 336, 378, 490; see Lists Human races, see Lists and Origin Hunting, 2, 11, 166, 202, 211-214, 283, 372, 456, 471, 496, 497 Hyæna, 43, 62, 76, 110, 147, 148, 155, 165, 188, 214, 245, 265, 317, 356, 476; see Cave-hyæna and Hyæna Hyæna, brevirostris, 125; crocuta, 102, 147; crocuta spelæa, 47, 102, 188; striata, 92, 102; see Hyæna Hylobates, 6; see Gibbon I Ibex, Ibex priscus, 44, 46, 201, 206, 264, 265, 287, 289, 321, 348, 357, 369, 371, 391, 401, 405, 433, 447, 466, 469, 497 Ice Age, see Glacial Epoch Ice-fields, 19, 22; see Glaciers Implements, 11, 27-30, 130, 270, 271; art, 270, 329, 330; see Eolith, Flint, Industry, Lists, Neolith, Palæolith Industry, 4, 11, 12-14, 19, 33, see Acheulean, Aurignacian, Azilian-Tardenoisian, Chellean, Campignian, Magdalenian, Mousterian, Neolithic, Pre-Chellean, Solutrean; see Lists and Implements Interglacial Stages, see Glacial Epoch Iron Age, 12, 18, 21, 202, 267 Irpfelhöhle, 245, 248 Istein, 469, 471-473 Isturitz, 347, 395 J Jackal, 43, 44; see Canis neschersensis Javelin point, see Sagaie Jerboa, 46, 194, 287, 364; see Alactaga jaculus K Kärlich, 314 Kartstein, 245, 248, 314, 435 Kastlhäng, 370, 435, 442 Kent's Hole, 10, 152, 244, 245, 435, 440 Kesslerloch, 279, 286, 355, 361, 364, 378, 383, 435, 436, 441, 442, 444-446, 449 Kiang, wild ass, see Horse Kleinkems, 471 Knife, blade, see Couteau and Lame Knight, Charles R., see Restorations Kostelìk, 435, 448 Krapina, 7, 162, 167, 181-185, 214, 219, 220, 228, 229, 256 Krems, 119, 248, 289, 307, 314, 435, 448 L Lacave, 279, 331, 340, 345, 347, 391 Lagomys, 63; pusillus, 202, 370, see Pika Lagopus, see Ptarmigan Lamarck, on man, 4 Lame, blade, 271 Lampe, lamp, 270, 401, 402 Laufenschwankung, see Glacial Epoch Laugerie Basse, 13, 14, 275, 279, 331, 348, 376-378, 385, 388, 392, 407, 434, 435, 471 Laugerie Haute, 13, 14, 279, 294, 296, 314, 331, 346, 352, 435 Laussel, 245, 246, 249, 275, 313, 314, 317, 326-329, 331, 352, 395, 435 Lauterach, 314 Lemming, 46, 191, 193, 194, 202, 207, 281, 287, 333, 348, 361, 364, 370, 469, 476; see Myodes Leopard, 265, 348; see Cave-leopard and Felis pardus spelæa Leptobos, 71; elatus, 62; etruscus, 63; see Cattle Lepus, 469; cuniculus, 364, see Rabbit; timidus, 364, see Hare; variabilis, 206, see Hare, arctic Levallois, 167, 179 Levallois flake, 167, 168, 179, 180, 199, 250, 251 Limeuil, 279, 435 Lion, 43, 86, 94-96, 98, 148, 165, 188, 281, 317, 348, 356, 365, 378, 400, 407, 446, 468, 472, 498; see Cave-lion and Felis leo Lissoir, polisher, smoother, 270, 271, 380, 388, 392, 456, 463, 466, 470 Lists and Tables, chronology, 18, 21, 22, 23, 33, 41, 54, 108, 280, 362; climatic changes, 38, 39, 41, 43, 117, 191, 192, 275, 281, 284, 361-364; fauna, 21, 41, 43, 54, 62, 95, 125, 147, 206, 207, 287; human fossils, 7, 9, 219, 236, 237, 239, 266, 294, 295, 336, 378, 490; human races, 41, 54, 108, 278, 280, 362, 458, 490, 491, 499, 500; industries, divisions of, 18, 113, 114, 248, 249, 252, 340, 389; succession of, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 33, 41, 108, 280, 362; implements, 130, 172, 254, 270, 271, 306, 308, 310 Liveyre, 331, 435 Loam, 5, 24, 27, 28 Loess, 5, 23-25, 29, 30, 36, 38, 46, 97, 103, 112, 115, 117-119, 122-124, 151, 159, 161, 162, 174, 176, 181, 252, 281, 282, 284, 286, 314, 334, 337, 364, 376, 442, 448; stations, see Camps, open Longueroche, 435, 471 Lorthet, 406, 407, 435, 438, 471 Lourdes, 279, 388, 432, 435, 436, 438, 471 Lower Rodent Layer, see Rodent Layers Lucretius on the prehistory of man, 1, 2, 503 Lussac, 279, 435 Lutra vulgaris, 147; see Otter Lynchus lynx, 469; see Lynx Lynx, 43, 63, 206, 287, 367, 466; see Lynchus lynx M Macaque, 54, 61, 63, 69, 76 Macerata, 167 Machærodus, 41, 69, 244; see Sabre-tooth tiger Madeleine, La, 13, 16, 279, 351, 383-389, 398, 435, 443, 445, 449, 471 Magdalenian, 14-16, 18, 276, 277, 351-360; art, 351-357, 365, 366, 393, 395-434; burial customs, 376-380; chronology, 18, 33, 41, 108, 276, 280, 281, 351, 361-364; climate, 276, 360-364, 370-376, 443, 447, 449, 450; fauna, 361-376, 443, 445-447, 449, 450; human fossils, 376-382; industry, 14-16, 270, 271, 275, 276, 351-356, 358, 382-392, 436, 440, 443-450; stations, 351, 434-449; see Origin and Rodent Layers Maglemose, 458, 471, 487, 488, 501 Magrite, Trou, 314, 331, 344, 435 Mairie, Grotte de la, 317, 395, 400, 405, 412, 413, 435, 442 Malarnaud, 214, 219 Mammoth, 10, 43, 102, 109, 117, 134, 147, 148, 177, 187, 194, 200, 202, 205, 206, 213, 218, 281, 288, 289, 316, 317, 321, 324-326, 333, 337, 348-350, 356, 364, 372, 385, 401, 403, 420, 421, 427, 429, 449, 450, 476, see Elephas; woolly, 13, 40, 41, 43, 106, 117, 174, 187, 190-192, 196, 205, 207, 208, 210, 218, 221, 285-289, 334, 335, 363, 370, 372, 384, 397, 398, 420, 427, 446, see Elephas primigenius Man, ancestry of, 3-7, 49-64, 491, 511 Mantes-la-Ville, 167 Marcilly-sur-Eure, 214 Mare-au-Clercs, La, 167 Marignac, 109, 126, 149, 152 Markkleeberg, 167 Marmot, Arctomys marmotta, 182, 201, 206, 265, 370 Marsoulas, 314, 319, 321, 328, 373, 394, 395, 396, 399, 403, 405, 415, 416, 435, 471, 485 Marten, 71, 165, 201, 265, 367, 380, 447, 498; see Mustela martes Martinshöhle, 435, 471 Mas d'Azil, 15, 16, 279, 319, 357, 375, 380, 385, 388, 391-396, 432, 433, 435, 437, 449, 458-465, 471, 472, 474 Massat, 437, 471 Mastodon, 62, 70, 134 Maszycka, 435, 436, 449 Mauer, see Heidelberg man McGregor, J. Howard, see Restorations Mediterranean race, 261, 278, 457, 458, 479, 480, 485, 489, 491, 492, 499, 500 Megaceros, 45, 68, 70, 106, 147, 182, 196, 287, 367; see Deer, giant Meles taxus, 147; see Badger Mentone, 247, 322, 395, 472, 473; see Grimaldi, Grottes de Merck's Rhinoceros, see Dicerorhinus and Rhinoceros Mesaticephaly, 8, 479 Metternich, 284, 314 Micoque, La, 113, 167, 168, 179, 192, 196, 245, 246, 248, 249 Microlith, see Microlithique Microlithique, microlith, 270, 306, 308, 310, 388, 396, 450, 470-472 Migration, of fauna, see Fauna; of human races and industries, see Origin Mindel, see Glacial Epoch Miskolcz, 245, 248, 331 Mommenheim, 245, 247, 248 Monkeys, 54, 61-63 Montconfort, 279, 331, 435 Montfort, 341, 471 Monthaud, 331, 346 Montières, 109, 127, 149, 152, 186, 244, 245, 283, 314, 331 Moose, 44, 94, 96, 265, 281, 348, 366, 468, 469, 472, 488, 496-498; see Alces Moulin-de-Laussel, 331 Mousterian, 14-16, 18, 30, 186-188, 248-250; burial customs, 222, 223, 271; chronology, 18, 33, 41, 108, 280, 362; climate, 117, 123, 188-199, 202, 205, 207; fauna, 117, 190-194, 196, 199-214; flora, 199; human fossils, 218-226; industry, 14-16, 113, 248-256, 270, 271; stations, 194-202, 244-248; see Caverns, life in, Floors, and Origin Moustier, Le, 13, 16, 196-199, 214, 245, 246, 251, 253, 255; man, 7, 196, 214, 221-223, 226, 228, frontispiece Mouthe, La, 17, 246, 279, 314, 317, 320, 321, 394, 395, 398, 399, 401 Mugem, 471, 474, 486 Munzingen, 160, 195, 435, 439, 442, 443 Murals, see Painting Musk-ox, 42-44, 46, 65, 66, 187, 191, 193, 207, 285, 287, 289, 348, 362, 366, 370; see Ovibos moschatus Mustela, erminea, see Ermine; martes, 147, 469, see Marten. Myodes, lemmus, 210; obensis, 206, 285, 370; torquatus, 193, 202, 206, 285, 370, 441, 446, 447; see Lemming N Narbonne, 435, 437 Naulette, La, 7, 214, 221, 228 Neanderthal, cave, 31, 214, 216, 217, Pl. II; burial customs, see Mousterian; man, 5, 7, 9, 56, 181, 216-219, 490; race, frontispiece, 5-7, 9, 23, 40, 41, 54, 136, 182, 191, 196, 211-244, 256, 258, 263, 272, 491, 492, anatomical features, 53-56, 183, 184, 203, 219-223, 226-244, 490, chronology, 41, 108, 257, 262, 280, 491, compared with Crô-Magnon, 297, 298, discoveries, 181-185, 215-226, distribution of, 214, 219; see Origin Necklace, 302, 304, 376, 378, 437, 472 Needle, see Aiguille Negroid race, 261, 262, 266-269, 278, 301, 302, 321, 492 Neolith, 11, 496 Neolithic, New Stone Age, 10, 13, 18, 19, 21, 41, 108, 280, 362, 447, 482, 484-486, 488, 493-501 Neopithecus, 49 Neschers, 245, 435, 438 Niaux, 314, 319, 353, 373, 391, 394, 395, 400, 406, 409-411, 412, 429, 435 Niedernau, 370, 435 Norfolkian, see First Interglacial Stage and Forest Bed of Cromer Nutons, Trou des, 435 O Oban, 474, 475, 486 Obercassel, man, 7, 279, 353, 378, 380-382, 435, 443 Oberlarg, 435 Ochos, 214, 219, 221, 228, 245, 248 Ofnet, 279, 285, 314, 331, 370, 435, 469, 471, 473, 475-481; races, 442, 457-460, 480, 481, 490, 491, 500; see Furfooz race and Origin Ojcow, 331, 436, 449 Ondratitz, 331 Orang, 3, 49, 52-54, 56, 77, 511 Origin, of industries, Acheulean, 261, 492, Aurignacian, 261, 289, 305-307, 322, 492, Azilian-Tardenoisian, 457, 470-472, 492, Chellean, 126, 261, 492, Magdalenian, 351-353, 383, Mousterian, 261, Pre-Chellean, 126, Solutrean, 330, 331, 340, 353, 492; of human races, Alpine, 458, 484, 485, Brünn, 331, 492, Crô-Magnon, 261, 322, 492, Furfooz, 492, Grimaldi, 262, Heidelberg, 492, Mediterranean, 492, Neanderthal, 492, Ofnet, 457, 484, 485, Piltdown, 492, Teutonic, 486 Otter, 63, 71, 76, 165, 201, 287, 468, 498; see Lutra vulgaris Ovibos, 376; moschatus, 193, 445, 447, see Musk-ox Ovis argaloides, 369; see Argali sheep P Painted Pebbles, see Azilian-Tardenoisian industry Painting, 305, 316-318, 320, 321, 324, 325, 327, 328, 330, 358, 365, 394-396, 404-406, 408-429, 464, 465, 474, 496, 497 Pair-non-Pair, 279, 307, 314, 317, 320-322, 331, 336, 394-396 Palæolith, 11, 24, 84, 85, 109, 111, 158, 389 Palæolithic, Old Stone Age, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 28, 33, 41, 108, 160, 280, 362; Lower Palæolithic, 14, 41, 108, 113, 114, 214, 280, 362, 490, 491; Upper Palæolithic, 14, 41, 108, 214, 275, 276, 278, 280, 362, 395, 396, 490, 491, 500; chronology, 18, 41, 108, 280, 362, 456 Palæopithecus, 49, 511 Parietal Art, see Painting Pasiega, La, 319, 395, 402-405 Pataud, 245, 246, 331 Paviland, 279, 289, 290, 294, 314, 440 Pech de l'Azé, 214, 219, 245 Perçoir, drill, borer, 130, 135, 153, 172, 179, 253, 254, 270, 306, 308, 310, 311, 344, 346, 385, 386, 388, 390, 392, 470, 473, 488 Percuteur, hammer-stone, 130, 254, 270, 306 Pescara, 167 Petit Puymoyen, 214, 245, 246 Pic, pick, 494 Pierre de jet, throwing stone, 130, 172, 213, 254, 270, 306 Pika, 46, 362, 447; see Lagomys (pusillus) Piltdown, 109, 116, 128, 130-135, 149, 152, 214, Pl. II; industry, 127, 128, 133-135; man (Eoanthropus), 7, 23, 24, 40, 50, 53, 54, 56, 130-145, 214, 489-491; race, see Piltdown man and Origin Pindal, 314-316, 325, 349, 394, 395 Pithecanthropus, Trinil race, 7, 23, 24, 40, 53, 54, 86, 491, 511, Pl. II; anatomical features, 9, 10, 53, 56, 74, 77-84, 233, 234, 240, 490; discovery, 73-77 Placard, 279, 331, 333, 334, 340, 345-348, 352, 353, 355, 378-380, 383, 385, 389, 435, 436, 438 Planing tool, see Grattoir Pleistocene, see Glacial Epoch Pliohylobates, 49, 54 Pliopithecus, 49, 54 Poignard, dagger, poniard, 271, 392, 432 Poinçon, awl, 271, 308, 346, 392, 470 Pointe, point, knife, lance head, spear head, 15, 113, 153, 172, 177, 179, 248-255, 270, 306, 308, 310, 311, 473; Châtelperron, 306, 307, 311; pointe à cran, shouldered, 270, 308, 310, 313, 334, 340, 342, 345, 346, 352; pointe à face plane, 341; pointe de lance, 271, 306; pointe de laurier, laurel leaf, 15, 270, 310-312, 334, 337, 339-341, 344, 345, 347, 348, 352; pointe de sagaie, javelin point, 271, 308, 340, 346, 354, 355, 361, 364, 370, 383, 387, 390, 442, 449, 462, 494; pointe de saute, willow leaf, 340, 344, 347; pointe à soie, 270, 310, 311, 313, 340, 345 Polisher, see Lissoir Portel, Le, 319, 394, 411, 412 Postglacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch Pottery, 461, 466, 474, 486, 488, 496 Praule, Trou de, 435 Pre-Chellean, 16, 18, 36, 41; chronology, 18, 33, 40, 41, 90, 107-115, 280, 362; climate, 108, 112, 114, 117, 118, 123; fauna, 108-112, 117, 124, 125; industry, 40, 114, 120-130, 270; stations, 109, 116, 122-128, 149, 150-152, 158, see Continental outline and Origin Předmost, 257, 279, 331, 341, 345, 348, 349, 366, 395, 427; see Brünn race; mammoth hunters, 279, 337 Primates, 3-10, 40, 49-64, 73-84, 86, 140, 141, 217, 219, 227, 231, 233-235, 237-240, 490, 491 Prince, Grotte du, see Grimaldi, Grottes de Propliopithecus, 49, 54 Propstfels, 372, 435, 442, 469 Propulseur, spear thrower, dart thrower, 271, 355, 391, 432, 433, 436, 445, 449 Ptarmigan, Lagopus, 44, 206, 207, 287, 289, 370, 371, 375, 469 Q Quartz, 166 Quartzite, 163, 164, 265 Quina, La, 9, 113, 211, 213, 214, 245, 246, 248, 253-256; man, 7, 9, 214, 216, 217, 219, 221, 225, 236, 237, 248 R Rabbit, 265, 343, 368, 468; see Lepus cuniculus Racloir, scraper, 113, 114, 130, 135, 172, 178, 209, 248, 250, 251, 253-255, 270, 306, 387, 388, 470, 472, 473, 488 Rangifer tarandus, 193, 209, 210, 285; see Reindeer Räuberhöhle, 245, 247, 248, 314 Raymonden, 349, 376, 388, 435 Reilhac, 331, 471 Reindeer, 13, 41, 43, 44, 46, 102, 103, 187, 191-194, 196, 197, 202, 205, 206, 209, 210-212, 214, 221, 223, 225, 284, 285, 286-289, 314, 317, 332, 333, 365, 366, 370, 372, 385, 392, 399, 405, 407, 411-413, 415, 419-421, 429, 433, 440, 441, 445, 447, 461, 462, 468, 469, 471, 474, 481, 498; see Rangifer Reindeer Epoch, Period, 13, 14, 102, 192, 275, 286, 363, 375, 392, 438, 456, 459 Religion, 272, 358-360, 463, 465, 501 Remouchamp, 471, 474 Ressaulier, 435, 436 Restorations, Knight, Charles R., frontispiece, 358; McGregor, J. Howard, 9, 79-82, 87, 137, 140, 142, 143, 145, 203, 242, 243, 273, 293, 300, 301; Rutot-Mascré, 73, 101, 484, 495 Retouch, 169-172, 248, 269, 306, 308, 310, 331, 332, 338, 339, 358, 389 Rey, 331 Rhens, 284, 314 Rhinoceros, 38, 39, 43, 44, 62, 76, 123, 221, 245, 289, 337, 356, 365, see Dicerorhinus; Etruscan, 34, 95-97, 101, 109, 110-112, 117, 125, 134, 144, see D. etruscus; Merck's (broad-nosed), 27, 43, 47, 93, 94, 97, 102, 109, 119, 124, 125, 134, 147, 148, 151, 155, 157, 161, 164, 165, 177, 182, 186, 187, 192, 205, 263-265, see D. merckii; woolly, 11, 13, 40, 41, 117, 148, 174, 187, 190, 191, 196, 199, 205, 206, 208-210, 213, 218, 223, 225, 281, 285-288, 314, 319, 324-326, 348, 363, 366, 372, 400, 409, see D. antiquitatis Riss, see Glacial Epoch River-drifts, 5, 11, 12, 23; formation, 24-27, 90, 119, 154-157, 186; stations, 114-116, 119-124, 154-156; terraces, 20, 23, 24-28, 34, 85, 90, 104, 154-157, 162 Robenhausen, 471, 495 Roccamorice, 167 Roche au Loup, 307, 314 Rochette, La, 245, 246 Rock Shelters, 32, 33 Rodent Layers, 447; Lower, 206, 207, 211, 281, 314; Upper, 281, 361, 363, 446 Romanelli, 306, 314 Rüderbach, 167 Rüdersheim, 167 Rupicapra, see Chamois Ruth, Le, 314, 331, 435 Rutot-Mascré, see Restorations S Sablon, 162, 167 Sabre-tooth tiger, 34, 43, 62, 69, 70, 72, 94, 102, 110-112, 117, 125, 144, 147; see Machærodus Sagaie, javelin point, see Pointe de sagaie Saiga antelope, 44, 46, 194, 287, 289, 333, 357, 362, 366, 373, 374, 376, 449 Saiga tartarica, see Saiga antelope Salitre, 435 Saint Acheul, 5, 14, 16, 109, 116, 119-124, 127-129, 149-152, 155, 162, 163, 166, 167, 170, 244, 245, 249, 283, 314, 331, 435, 440 Saint Lizier, 435 Saint Martin d'Excideuil, 331 Saint Prest, 17, 67-69 San Isidro, 109, 126, 149, 152, 167, 245, 246 Sciurus vulgaris, 367; see Squirrel Schmiechenfels, 372, 435, 469 Schussenquelle, 372, 435, 442 Schussenried, 435, 441; see Schussenquelle Schweizersbild, 286, 361, 364, 370, 435, 441, 442, 444-447, 449, 460 Scraper, see Racloir Sculpture, 317, 320-323, 328, 329, 347-349, 356-358, 392, 393, 395, 396, 427-434 Second Glacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch Second Interglacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch Seven Oaks, 471, 475 Shelters, abris, see Rock Shelters Šipka, 214, 219, 221, 228, 245, 247, 248, 435, 449 Sireuil, 314, 322, 395 Sirgenstein, 201, 202, 245, 248, 285, 314, 331, 370, 372, 435, 441, 460 Sivapithecus, 511 Siwalik, see Fauna Solutré, 16, 279, 283, 286, 288, 294, 314, 330, 331, 341-345, 373, 435, 436, 438 Solutrean, 14-16, 18, 41, 270, 271, 276, 278, 280; art, 347-350, 357; burial customs, 332; chronology, 18, 33, 41, 108, 280, 362; climate, 41, 108, 276, 280, 281, 332, 333; fauna, 332-334, 343, 348, 366; human fossils, 279, 334-337; industry, 275-278, 330-332, 334, 338-348, 351, 352, 354, 358; stations, 326-328, 331, 337, 340-348, see Origin Somme River, 12, 110, 112, 114-117, 119, 120, 122-125, 127, 162, 252, 276 Sorde, 279, 378, 435, 438 Souzy, 435 Spermophilus rufescens, 194, 373; see Suslik Spear-point, see Pointe Speech, power of, 4, 58, 60, 139, 140 Spiennes, 127, 128, 495 Spy, 162, 214, 244, 245, 311, 314, 331; man, 7, 181, 214, 218-220, 226, 228, 229, 231-233, 235-237, 244, 256, 257, 490 Squirrel, 447, 498; see Sciurus vulgaris Stag, 43, 44, 95, 106, 119, 187, 201, 202, 264, 265, 288, 333, 364, 367, 370, 372, 405, 426, 429, 456, 461, 463, 468, 469, 481, 488, 497, 498; see Cervus elaphus and Deer, red Stegodon, 76, 134 Strassberg, 435 Stratification of Castillo, 164; Enfants, Grotte des, 265; Heidelberg, 97; Madeleine, La, 385; Mas d'Azil, 461; Ofnet, 476; Piltdown, 133; Placard, 333-334; Saint Acheul, 122, 123, 150; Schweizersbild, 447; Sirgenstein, 202 Subsidence, see Continental outline Sureau, Trou du, 435 Sus, arvernensis, 63; scrofa, 71; scrofa ferus, 147, 165, 368, 469; scrofa palustris, 499; see Boar Suslik, 206, 289, 447; see Spermophilus rufescens T Tables, see Lists Tardenoisian, see Azilian-Tardenoisian Tasmanian compared with Neanderthal, 232, 233; see Neanderthal Taubach, 119, 167, 214 Tectiforms, 283, 284, 403, 404 Terraces, see River-drifts Teutonic race, 458, 486, 488, 499-501 Teyjat, 388, 394, 396, 435; see Mairie, Grotte de la, and Abri Mège Thiede, 314 Third Glacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch Third Interglacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch Throwing stone, see Pierre de jet Thumb, opposable, 55, 58, 60, 240 Tibia, shin-bone 237-239, 241, 266, 298 Tilloux, 109, 149, 152, 167 Torralba, 109, 126, 149, 152 Tourasse, La, 471, 486 Trilobite, Grotte du, 314, 324, 326, 331, 340, 341, 344, 347, 440 Trinil race, see Pithecanthropus Trogontherium, 45, 69, 94; see Beaver, giant Tuc d'Audoubert, 32, 395, 396, 406, 427-431, 435 Tundra, see Climate, glacial; see Fauna Turbarian, Lower, 361; Upper, 363 U Upper drift, 191 Upper Rodent Layer, see Rodent Layers Urochs, Aurochs, see Bos primigenius and Cattle Ursus, arctos, 102, 147, 211, 469; arvernensis, 63, 94, 102; deningeri, 102; spelæus, 45, 183, 210, 211, 369; see Bear and Cave-bear V Vache, Grotte de la, 435, 437, 471 Valle, 435, 466, 471, 474 Venosa, 167 Villejuif, 30, 167, 176 Volgu, 331, 339, 345 Völklinshofen, 284, 314 Vulpes, 469; see Fox W Warm fauna, see Faune chaude Weimar, 167 Wierschowie, 245, 248, 331 Wildcat, Felis catus, 43, 63, 95, 287, 498 Wildhaus, 314, 435 Wildkirchli, 200, 201, 245, 247, 256 Wildscheuer, 286, 314, 370, 435, 442, 444 Willendorf, 30, 279, 311-315, 322, 395 Winterlingen, 435 Wisent, see Bison Wolf, 43, 44, 71, 95, 147, 165, 187, 206, 264, 265, 287, 288, 333, 343, 348, 356, 366, 441, 447, 468, 498; see Canis suessi and Cyon alpinus fossilis Wolvercote, 167 Wolverene, glutton, 44, 46, 71, 193, 287, 289, 348, 370, 447, 468, 498; see Gulo luscus Würm, see Glacial Epoch Wüste Scheuer, 471 Z Zonhoven, 471, 474 Zuffenhausen, 314

Larger Image

THE PRINCIPAL CAVERN REGIONS OF SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE INCLUDING THE CAVERNS THAT CONTAIN PALEOLITHIC MURAL DECORATIONS

Region traversed in the author's motor tour of 1912 through the Palæolithic caverns of Italy, France, and Spain.

Footnotes:

[A] The folding map at the end of the volume exhibits the entire extent of the author's tour.

[B] Lucretius was born 95 B. C. His poem was completed before 53 B. C. In the opening lines of Book III he attributes all his philosophy and science to the Greeks. See Appendix, Note I.

[C] Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, metrical version by J. M. Good. Bohn's Classical Library, London, 1890.

[D] Horace was born 65 B. C., and his Satires are attributed to the years 35-29 B. C. See Appendix, Note II.

[E] Æschylus was born 525 B. C. See Appendix, Note III.

[F] Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon (b. 1707, d. 1788). For reviews of Buffon's opinions and theories see Osborn, 1894.1, pp. 130-9; also Butler, 1911.1, pp. 74-172.

[G] Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, known as the Chevalier de Lamarck (b. 1744, d. 1829). For a summary of the views of Lamarck see Osborn, 1894.1, pp. 152-181; also Butler, 1911.1, pp. 235-314, an excellent presentation of Lamarck's opinions.

[H] References are indicated by numbers only throughout the text. At the close of each chapter is a list giving the author, date, and reference number for every citation. A full list of all the works cited, including those from which illustrations have been taken, together with complete references, will be found in the bibliography at the end of the book.

[I] The best reference works on the history of French and German Palæolithic Archæology are: Cartailhac,(12) La France Préhistorique; Déchelette,(13) Manuel d'Archéologie, T. 1; Reinach,(14) Catalogue du Musée de St.-Germain: Alluvions et Cavernes; Schmidt,(15) Die diluviale Vorzeit Deutschlands; Avebury,(16) Prehistoric Times.

[J] The Cannstatt skull and Cannstatt race are now regarded as Neolithic, and therefore not contemporary with the mammoth or the cave-bear.

[K] Note that lists and tables of races, cultural stages, faunæ, etc., in this volume are given not in chronological but in stratigraphic order, beginning with the most recent at the top and ending with the oldest at the bottom.

[L] This table is a modification of that of Obermaier in his Mensch der Vorzeit.(38) To each period of the chronologic reckoning should be added the 1900 years of our era.

[M] Bison and wild cattle are grass eaters, and their natural habitats are the open plain and meadow regions. They also range into open forest lands where grasses can be found. The prehistoric 'urus' and 'wisent' of Europe were both found in forests, but this may not have been their natural habitat in Palæolithic times. See Appendix, Note IV.

[N] A recent article by A. Smith Woodward describes the fourth known specimen of Dryopithecus, lately discovered in northern Spain (see Woodward, 1914.2).

[O] There is a vast Pithecanthropus literature. That chiefly utilized in the present description includes Dubois,(13) Fischer,(14) Schwalbe,(15) Büchner.(16)

[P] In the Trinil skull as restored by McGregor (Fig. 36) the cranial capacity is 900 c.cm.

[Q] These horses are now identified respectively as E. mauerensis, E. mosbachensis, and E. süssenbornensis.

[R] This glaciation as it occurs in northern Europe has been termed Polandian by Geikie; in the Alps Penck has termed it the Riss; in America it is known as the Illinoian from the great drifts it deposited over the State of Illinois.

[S] This stage is known as the Helvetian or Dürntenian of Geikie; it is the Riss-Würm of Penck's terminology and the Sangamon of the American glaciologists.

[T] Modified after Schmidt.

[U] The weakness of Penck's argument for placing the Chellean in the Second Interglacial was exposed by precise observations of Boule(5) and Obermaier(6) in the Alps, the Jura, and the Pyrenees.

[V] The writer is indebted to M. Marcelin Boule and to M. l'Abbé Henri Breuil for their observations on this fauna and culture period.

[W] Industry similar to the Chellean, but not necessarily of the same age, is distributed all over eastern Africa from Egypt to the Cape.

[X] Schmidt regards the Strépyan implements, which are considered by Rutot and others to be transitional, between the Mesvinian and the Chellean, as closely similar to the Pre-Chellean of France and probably of the same age.

[Y] The original paper describing this remarkable discovery was read before the Geological Society of London, December, 1912, and published as a separate pamphlet in March, 1913. A discussion as to the geologic age by Kennard, Clement Reid, and others was held at the time of the reading of the original paper.

[Z] By the author of this work, and also by Professor J. Howard McGregor of Columbia University and Doctor William K. Gregory of Columbia University and of the American Museum of Natural History.

[AA] Guide to the Fossil Remains of Man, 1915.1.

[AB] The reconstruction (Fig. 66) of the Piltdown skull made by Professor J. H. McGregor has a cranial capacity of about 1300 c.cm. The brain (Fig. 70) is seen to be very narrow and low in the prefrontal area, the seat of the higher mental faculties. In the reconstruction the cranial region is in the main very like the second restoration by Doctor Smith Woodward, but the jaws differ in some respects. The tooth hitherto regarded as a right lower canine, is now placed as the left upper canine, in accord with the conclusions of the author of this work and of Doctors Matthew and Gregory of the American Museum of Natural History. The dental arches are more curved, thus more human and less ape-like than in the Smith Woodward restoration, and the chin region is made somewhat deeper, thus giving a somewhat less prognathous aspect to the face.

[AC] The early Teutonic designation of these animals was as follows: bison, 'wisent,' wild ox, 'auerochs,' 'urochs' (the 'urus' of Cæsar). The urus survived in Germany as late as the seventeenth century, while a few of the bison or 'wisent' survive to the present time. The bison was distinctively a short-headed animal, while its contemporary, the urus, was long-headed and less agile. At Dürnten, near Zürich, remains of the urus are found associated with those of the hardy, straight-tusked elephant and of Merck's rhinoceros. (See Appendix, Note IV.)

[AD] The author was guided through this station by Doctor Hugo Obermaier in the summer of 1912.

[AE] The entire fourth glaciation has been termed Mecklenburgian by Geikie;(6) the recession may correspond with his Fourth Interglacial Stage, the Lower Forestian. It is the Würm of Penck in the Alpine region, with a first and second maximum separated by the recession known as the Laufenschwankung. In America it is the early Wisconsin with the Peorian recession interval, followed by the late Wisconsin, which is the final great glaciation of America.

[AF] Obermaier, Breuil and Schmidt assign La Micoque to the transition between late Acheulean and early Mousterian times.

[AG] The climate of the tundras is extreme, the winter temperature falling on an average to 27°F. below zero, while in summer the temperature is about 50°F. In the subarctic steppes the average January temperature hardly exceeds 30°F., while that of July is 70°F.

[AH] The last of this very primitive race of the great island of Tasmania became extinct in 1877.(62)

[AI] This cavern, like many of those discovered in the early days of anthropological research, was not carefully explored in reference to the all-important horizontal bedding of the layers of flint flakes and of animal remains.

[AJ] See Appendix, Note VI.

[AK] Named in honor of the reigning Prince of Monaco, whose generous gifts and personal interest made the adequate exploration of these grottos possible.

[AL] This correlation agrees in the main with that of Schmidt in his Diluviale Vorzeit Deutschlands.(10)

[AM] Obermaier,(19) R. Martin.(20)

[AN] Denotes very frequent occurrence of a typical form.

[AO] Denotes very frequent occurrence of a typical form.

[AP] Denotes very frequent occurrence of a typical form.

[AQ] Breuil,(34) Schmidt.(35)

[AR] The writer had the privilege of visiting all these caverns in the company either of Professor Emile Cartailhac, or of the Abbé Breuil.

[AS] Despite Schwalbe's statement, the supraorbital ridges in this skull appear to form a complete bridge. Doctor Hrdlička regards the related Předmost skull as distinctly showing Neanderthaloid affinity.

[AT] Obermaier,(45) R. Martin.(46)

[AU] From notes by Doctor Robert H. Lowie (Nov. 16, 1914) of the American Museum of Natural History on the opinions of Marett (Anthropology) and of James.

[AV] After Obermaier,(10) R. Martin,(11) and others.

[AW] This custom is observed again in Azilian times in the burials at Ofnet on the Danube (see page 475).

[AX] The whole history of these successive discoveries, beginning with the finding of an engraved bone, in 1834, in the grotto of Chaffaud, and concluding with the discoveries of Lalanne, and of Bégouen, in 1912, is summarized in the admirable little handbook by Salomon Reinach.(23) This convenient volume also includes outline tracings of the more important drawings and sculptures found in western Europe up to the present time.

[AY] Only a few drawings from this cavern have as yet been published, such as the famous mammoth of Combarelles; the entire work is in the hands of Breuil.

[AZ] The stations of Castillo, of Pasiega, and of Altamira were visited by the writer, under the guidance of Doctor Hugo Obermaier, in August, 1912.

[BA] Letter of October 23, 1912.

[BB] J. Bayer(34) has lately expressed the opinion that the industry of the open 'loess' stations of Munzingen, Aggsbach, and Gobelsburg is not really of Magdalenian age, but represents an atypical Aurignacian.

[BC] Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, metrical version by J. M. Good. Bohn's Classical Library, London, 1890.

[BD] Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, Discours sur l'Histoire universelle (first published in 1681), pp. 9, 10. Edition conforme à celle de 1700, troisième et dernière édition revue par l'auteur. Paris, Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1845.

[BE] The Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica of Horace, the Latin Text with Conington's Translation, pp. 29, 31. George Bell & Sons, London, 1904.

[BF] Æschylus, Prometheus Bound. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Poetical Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, pp. 148, 149. Oxford edition, 1906. Henry Frowde, London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, New York, and Toronto.

[BG] Kobelt, W., Die Verbreitung der Tierwelt, pp. 403-7. C. H. Tauchnitz, Leipsic, 1902.

[BH] Abercromby, Hon. John, The Prehistoric Pottery of the Canary Islands and Its Makers. Royal Anthropological Institute, November 17, 1914. Nature, December 3, 1914, p. 383.

[BI] Verneau, Dr. R., Cinq années de séjour aux îles Canaries. (Ouvrage couronné par l'Académie des sciences, 1891.)

[BJ] Bunbury, E. H. History of Ancient Geography, vol. I, pp. 318-333. John Murray, London, 1879.

[BK] Authors' names are given in the bibliography and in the reference lists at the end of each chapter.