Part 3 — INDEX

Aden, #$1#, 152

Admiralty, British, organization of, 118–122, 194, 195

Adriatic Sea, 26, 306

Africa, 46. See South Africa

Alabama, Confederate cruiser, 96

Alaska, 40

Alava, Spanish admiral, 215

Alexander the Great, campaigns of, 4, 14

Alexander I, of Russia, 224–226

Algeciras Conference, 306

Alliances, military weakness of, 60, 61, 315. See Entente; Triple Alliance

Alsace-Lorraine, 326, 349

American Independence, War of, 23, 85, 343; unwise policy of England in, 143–144; influence of sea power in, 164–170.

Amsterdam, 34, 39.

Antilles, Lesser, strategic value of, 102, 105, 107, 108

Antwerp, 30, 306

Arbitration, #$1#, inadequacy of, 293–295, 344–347

Armenia, 345, 347

Armored cruiser, a faulty type, 260

Asia. See China; Japan; Far East

Atlantic Coast, of United States, 35, 65–67, 111–112, 274, 285

Australia, 148, 149, 350

Austria, in Thirty Years’ War, 50 ff.; in Napoleonic Wars, 76, 191, 228; in Seven Years’ War, 147; an ally of Germany, 304–306, 317, 322, 323, 327

Balkan States, 306

Baltic Sea, 31, 82, 186, 188, 191, 273, 274, 313

Barbados, 60, 196

Bases, naval, for permanent operations, 28; in the Caribbean, 29; exposed to land attack, 71; useless without a navy, 287. See Ports; Strategic Positions

Battleships, design of, 61–62. See Speed

Beachy Head, battle of, 81, 155, 157

Belgium, ports of, closed, 30; a possession of Spain, 38, 50, 57, 60, 67

Berlin Decree, 95, 331

Bermuda, 105

Biscay, Bay of, 192

Bismarck, Prince, #$1#, 326

Blockade, in the Civil War, 41–42, 94; military, 86; commercial, 94–99, 330–331; defense against, 129–132; of Santiago, 251–255; of France, in Napoleonic Wars, 300–311

Bombardment, defense against, 129–132

Bombay, #$1#, 153

Boulogne, 191, 192, 194, 197

Bourrienne, Napoleon’s secretary, 13, 14

Boyne, battle of, 37

Brest, 23, 24, 31, 154, 174, 192–194, 196, 222

Brock, General, 233, 234

Brunswick, British ship, 180–182

Bucentaure, French ship, 215–219

Bulgaria, 345

Byng, British Admiral, 85, 86, 158

Cadiz, 26, 58; Villeneuve at, 197–202, 208–211, 219–222

Cæsar, campaigns of, 4, 14

Calder, British Admiral, 196

Cámara, Spanish Admiral, 252

366Canada, 143, 147, 154; in War of 1812, 229–240, 307

Cape Verde Islands, 241

Caribbean Sea, strategic importance of, 27–29, 289, 325; features of, 100–112; map of, 100; hurricane in, 244

Cartagena, 26

Central Line, or Position, defined and illustrated, 50–67, 103; of Germany, 53

Cervera, Spanish Admiral, squadron of, 59, 88, 89; approach of, 241–249; blockaded at Santiago, 251–255

Champlain, Lake, battle of, 235, 239

Channel, British, 23, 24, 25, 52, 53, 69, 140; defenses in, against Napoleon, 191–195; controlled by England, 312–315

Charles, Archduke, campaigns of, 11 ff

Chauncey, Commodore, 235–236

Chemulpo, 256, 267

Cherbourg, 31, 174

Chesapeake Bay, British forces in, 31; battle off, 164–170

China, at war with Japan, 296; and foreign powers, 300, 345; emigration from, 349, 352. See Open Door

Cienfuegos, 59, 88, 89, 103, 241, 246, 247

Civil War, American, Mahan’s service in, #$1#; blockade in, 41–42, 94–96; Farragut in, 76; results of, 292

Clausewitz, Karl von, quoted, 89

Clinton, Sir Henry, 164, 167

Coasts, influence of, on naval development, 28–32, 40–42; defense of, 89, 129–133; fortification of, 261. See Frontiers

Codrington, Sir Edward, 178, 183, 201

Colbert, French Minister, 138, 139

Collingwood, British Admiral, at battle of June First, 178; off Rochefort, 192; at Trafalgar, 197, 201, 206, 213–217, 220

Colonies, national policies regarding, #$1#, 45–46; as motives for a navy, 20; British, 22; Germany’s desire for, 319, 323

Commerce, easier by sea than by land, 16; importance of foreign, 17, 148; as a motive for naval power, 18–19, 355–357; routes of, 69–70, 76–78

Commerce Warfare, operations of, discussed, 5, 91–99; a weapon of the weaker sea power, 24; requires distant bases, 25, 154; in the Napoleonic Wars, 198, 223–228. See Blockade; Private Property

Communications, facility of, by sea, 16, 77, 286, 331–332; between England and Ireland, 37, 38; importance of, in warfare, 52–60, 75–78, 92; maintained by naval forces, 154; altered by interoceanic canals, 288–290

Compromise, evils of, 259–262; in Rozhestvensky’s plans, 281

Concentration, defined and illustrated, 60–67; disregarded by Russia in war with Japan, 270–275, 277–282

Continental System, Napoleon’s, 198, 223–228

Contraband, 99

Convoys, 17

Copenhagen, Nelson’s campaign of, 184–191

Corbett, Sir Julian, quoted, 85, 89

Corfu, 287

Cornwallis, British Admiral, 192, 194, 196

Cornwallis, General, at Yorktown, 159, 164–170

Corsica, 26

Corunna, 52

Crete, 58, 70, 347

Cronstadt, 273

Cuba, strategic value of, 59, 74, 79, 100–112; in Spanish War, 243, 245, 345, 348, 349

Culebra Island, 111

Curaçao, 241, 248

367Curieux, British brig, 196

Curtis, British Captain, 178, 179, 183

Cyprus, 153

D’Aché, French Admiral, 153

Danube, central position on, 50, 53–56, 60, 67

Dearborn, General, 236, 238

De Barras, French Admiral, in the American Revolution, 164–168

Defensive, limited rôle of, in naval warfare, 87–90, 309–311; in the War of 1812, 228 ff

De Grasse, French Admiral, at Saints’ Passage, 160; off the Chesapeake, 164–170

Du Guichen, French Admiral, engaged with Rodney, 159–163

Denmark, trade of, 25; waters of, 51; Nelson’s campaign against, 184–190

De Ruyter, Dutch Admiral, 207

Detroit, 233, 238, 239

Dewey, Admiral, #$1#

Dominica, 160

Dumanoir, French Admiral, at Trafalgar, 218–220

Egypt, Napoleon in, 58, 127, 192; British rule in, 152, 191, 343

England. See Great Britain

Entente, Triple, 53, 304–306, 317–318

Erie, Lake, operations on, 232, 233, 235–236, 238, 240

Far East, political conditions in, 289–291, 296–297. See China; Japan; Open Door

Farragut, Admiral, his place as a naval leader, #$1#; at Mobile, 64, 251; on the Mississippi, 76; quoted, 340

Ferrol, 192, 196, 197

Fighting Instructions, of the British Navy, 157–158

Fleet in Being, theory of, 81; illustrated by Cervera’s fleet, 242–248; in Russo-Japanese War, 258–269

Florida, exposed position of, 36, 65, 66; Straits of, 69, 147

Flying Squadron, in Spanish War, #$1#, 59, 88, 89, 241, 246

Fortress Fleet, 258–269

Française, Cape, 165, 166

France, a rival of Great Britain, #$1#; geographical conditions affecting, 22–25; ports of, 31, 32; in Napoleonic Wars, 43–44, 171–174; colonial policy of, 46; in Thirty Years’ War, 50–57; exhausted under Louis XIV, 137–140; in American Revolution, 143–144; in Seven Years’ War, 147, 153–154; opposed to Germany, 305, 317–318, 320; arrested growth of, in population, 307, 322; Channel coast of, 312–313. See Navy, French

Franklin, Benjamin, quoted, 350

Frederick the Great, 14, 147

French Revolution, 152; effect on French navy, 171–174, 178

Frontiers, advantage of seaboard, 30; of United States, regarded as a line, 65–67, 112; warfare on, in 1812, 229–234. See Coasts

Genoa, 67

Germany, recent naval policy of, #$1#–xv, 51; trade of, 25; rivers of, 33, 69; central position of, 53; possible acquisitions in West Indies, 288; political character and aims of, 292, 302–308, 317–327; and Far East, 299; her sea routes threatened by Great Britain, 312–316, 333, 336. See Navy, German

Gibraltar, an important base, 20, 22, 58, 69, 74, 152, 154; acquired by Great Britain, 26, 147, 157; siege of, 85, 86, 107, 178; Nelson at, 196, 199, 209

Good Hope, Cape of, 20, 26, 33, 51, 152, 290, 314

Graves, British Admiral, off the Chesapeake, 160, 164–170

Gravina, Spanish Admiral, at Trafalgar, 210–211, 214, 219–220

368Great Britain, growth of, in naval power, #$1#, 32–34, 43–44; colonial policy of, 45, 46, 343; naval policy of, 47–48, 141–146; community of interests with United States, 111, 291–295, 318–332; in American Revolution, 143–144; gains of, in Seven Years’ War, 147–154; navy her first line of defense, 191–195; in commerce warfare with Napoleon, 223–228, 310–311; and problem of imperial federation, 293; threatened by Germany, 302–308; policy of, relating to seizure of private property at sea, 333–338. See Navy, British

Guadeloupe, 25, 143

Guantanamo, 58, 103–107, 111

Hague, The, 155–157, 165, 166. See Peace Conferences

Haiti, 105, 108

Halifax, 105

Hamilton, Lady Emma, 200

Hampton Roads, #$1#, 59, 66, 89, 241, 246

Hannibal, campaigns of, 4, 14

Havana, 39, 59, 88, 89, 105, 106, 110, 143, 166, 241, 246, 247

Havre, 174

Hawaiian Islands, value of, to the United States, 285–287, 356, 357; Japanese in, 301

Hawke, British Admiral, 155

Heligoland, #$1#

Holland, dependent on commerce, 161; as a sea power, 22, 23; trade of, 25; closes Belgian ports, 30; raids Chatham, 30; naval rivalry with England, 32–34, 312, 313; at war with Spain, 37–38, 342; colonial policy of, 45–46; rivers of, 69; in wars of Louis XIV, 137–140; in Napoleonic Wars, 193; possible union with Germany, 320

Hood, British Admiral, 167, 168

Hotham, British Admiral, 81

Howe, British Admiral, policy of, 5; in the battle of June First, 175–183

Hudson River, 31, 166

India, British in, 147, 151, 317, 343; route to, 152, 153

Interior Lines, value of, in warfare, 51–67; illustrated, 103, 314

International Law, regard for, in Napoleonic Wars, 227–228; inadequate to check national aggressions, 300

Ireland, 37, 313

Italy, position of, 26; exposed by sea, 36–37; in wars of France and Austria, 50, 56, 60; unification of, 292; interests of, opposed to those of Germany and Austria, 305–306, 317

Jamaica, lost by Spain, 39; threatening position of, 58; strategic value of, 100–112

James II, of England, 38, 277; fighting instructions issued by, 157–158

Japan, influenced by Mahan’s writings, #$1#; in war with Russia, 56, 57, 60; influence in Asia, 76–78, 82–84; coerced by the European powers, 291–292; growth of, 296–297, 326; and the Open Door Policy, 299–301; compared with Germany, 303, 324; and Great Britain, 306–307, 318, 320; emigration from, 349–352. See Russo-Japanese War

Jervis. See St. Vincent

Jomini, on strategy, 11, 12, 49, 321; on strategic lines, 64, 65, 238; on Napoleon, 80; on British sea power, 141

June First, battle of, 175–183

Kamimura, Japanese Admiral, 66

Kamranh Bay, 83

Keith, British Admiral, 194

Key West, 29, 36, 111, 241, 269

Kiel Canal, #$1#, 51

Kingston, in Canada, 231–240; in Jamaica, 107

Korea, 256, 300, 346

Kuropatkin, Russian General, 256, 257

369Lafayette, General, 164, 169

La Hogue, battle of, 155–157, 165, 166

Levant, trade of, 33

Line of Battle, of fleets, 62, 156, 158, 162, 163. See Strategic Lines

Logistics, defined, 49

London, 30

Louis XIV, of France, 37, 155; wars of, 137–141

Louis XVI, of France, 172

Louisburg, 20, 154

Macdonough, Commodore, 142

Madagascar, #$1#, 82

Madrid, 81, 209

Magellan, Straits of, 51, 67, 290

Malta, 20, 26, 58, 70, 107, 152, 287

Manchuria, 56, 57, 267, 300

Manila, 39, 143

Mantua, 76, 80

Marengo, battle of, 13, 14, 76, 257

Marlborough, Duke of, 142

Martinique, 25, 74, 104, 143, 154, 160, 161, 196, 241

Masampo Bay, 66

Mauritius, 20, 152

Mediterranean Sea, position of France on, 22, 59, 140; importance of, as a trade route, 27, 31, 39, 289–290; Villeneuve ordered to, 198–199; bases in, 287, 314

Metz, 71

Mexico, Gulf of, 29, 31, 35, 36, 65, 66; strategic features of, 100–112, 325

Milan, 50, 53

Minorca, 39, 107, 147, 154, 158

Mississippi River, importance of, 29, 31, 35, 69, 100, 101; in the Civil War, 42, 76, 143

Mobile Bay, battle of, 64, 251

Mona Passage, 102

Monroe Doctrine, 102, 111, 149, 288–291, 318, 320–322, 325, 356

Montreal, 231, 233, 234, 238, 240

Moore, Sir John, 81

Morocco, 306, 318, 320

Mukden, battle of, 56, 256

Naples, 38, 39

Napoleon, as a strategian, 11; anecdote of, 12–14; quoted, 4, 14, 55, 58, 70, 78, 110, 155, 173, 241, 271, 287, 296, 335; at Marengo and Mantua, 76, 257; a believer in the offensive, 80, 81, 152, 153; in commerce warfare with Great Britain, 92, 93, 95, 223–228, 331; armies of, 172; and the northern neutrals, 184, 187; his plan for the invasion of England, 191–198; and the Trafalgar campaign, 221–223, 248; downfall of, 237; at Waterloo, 239

Napoleonic Wars, 12, 31, 80, 81, 142, 307, 310, 343

Naval Administration, civil vs. military, 113–115; in peace and war, 115–118; British, 118–122; United States, 122–124. See Admiralty

Naval Training, 8–15

Naval War College, Mahan at, #$1#; aims of, 10–15

Navarino, battle of, 178

Navies, motives for, 18, 355–357; a protection for commerce, 19; fighting order of, 61; an offensive weapon, 71–73

Navigation Acts, British, 337

Navy, British; training of officers in, 8–9; compared with French, 43; maneuvers of, 72; tactics of, in the 18th century, 156–158; protection afforded by, 306–308; French: training of officers in, 8–9; compared with British, 43; weakness of, in Revolutionary Wars, 146, 171–174, 178; faulty policy of, 155–158; German: growth and purpose of, 111, 299, 307, 317–320; United States: interested chiefly in material, 8; in Civil War, 41; insufficient, 44; in Spanish War, 59–60, 245, 250–253; concentration of fleet of, 60, 274–275; administration of, 122–124; requirements of, 128–134

Nebogatoff, Russian Admiral, 83

Nelson, British Admiral, his place as a naval leader, #$1#; 370in the Trafalgar campaign, 5, 62, 63, 196–223; his pursuit of Napoleon in the Mediterranean, 58; on concentration, 61; quoted, 80, 82, 85, 175, 253; and the rule of obedience, 126–127; in the Copenhagen campaign, 184–190; in command of channel forces, 191–192, 195

Netherlands. See Belgium; Holland

Neutrality, League of Armed, 184–190

Newport, Rhode Island, #$1#, 164, 166

New York, 31, 69, 73, 164–167

Niagara frontier, warfare on, 231–232, 235–236

Nile, battle of, 153

North Sea, 23, 25, 51, 313–316

Nossi-Bé, 82, 83

Offensive, advantage of, in war, 128–133, 229, 309–311; operations of, discussed, 79–86; navy chiefly useful for, 70–73

Ontario, Lake, campaign on, in War of 1812, 229–240

Open Door Policy, 299–301, 325, 356, 357

Oregon, United States ship, 59, 60

Oswego, 232

Pacific Coast, of United States, 35, 40, 67, 111, 112, 285, 289; immigration to, 350, 356

Pacific Ocean, interest of the United States in, 289, 299–301

Panama Canal, its effect on naval policy, 18, 27–29, 325; an interior line, 51, 301; central position of, 67, 70, 77; strategic importance of, 100–112, 149, 150, 356–357; need of controlling approaches to, 285–287; and the Monroe Doctrine, 288–291, 318

Paris, Treaty of, 147–148; Declaration of, 99, 337; city of, 198

Parker, British Admiral, 184–190

Peace Conferences, at The Hague, #$1#, 132, 331, 342, 346

Peninsular War, 81, 82

Pensacola, 29

Philippine Islands, 252, 349

Pitt, Sir William, British Prime Minister, 143, 151

Plevna, 56, 57

Plymouth, England, 24, 31

Pondicherry, 78, 154

Population, affecting sea power, 43–44; of Pacific Coast, 301

Port Arthur, threatening Japanese communications, 56, 57; attacked by siege, 71, 82; squadron based on, 256–271, 275

Port Mahon, 289

Porto Rico, 241, 349

Ports, in Gulf and Caribbean, 128, 29; flanking communications, 56–58

Portsmouth, England, 31

Preparation, for war, 128–134, 229–230, 237–238, 357

Private property at sea, immunity of, 78, 93, 98, 99, 328–341; Rule of 1756 regarding, 227–228

Prussia, 147, 153, 189, 191, 228

Puget Sound, 67

Pyrenees, 52, 65

Ratisbon, 50

Red Sea, 152

Resources, affecting strategic value of positions, 68, 69, 74

Revel, 188–190

Rhine River, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60, 197.

Richelieu, Cardinal, 31, 60

Rions, Commodore de, 174

Robespierre, 178

Rochambeau, 164, 166, 170

Rochefort, 174, 192

Rodney, Admiral, in battle with De Guichen, 155, 159–164

Roman Empire, 301

Rooke, British Admiral, 156, 157

Rosily, French Admiral, 199, 208, 221

Rotterdam, 336

Royal Sovereign, British ship, 123–217

Rozhestvensky, Russian Admiral, 66, 70, 82–84, 257, 265, 270, 274, 276–282

371Russia, trade of, 25; alliance of, 53; in Asia, 76–78, 153, 300; in Seven Years’ War, 147; in Napoleonic Wars, 184–190, 192, 224–226; a member of the Entente, 305, 317–318; decreased strength of, 322; her need of a navy, 327, 355–356. See Russo-Japanese War

Russo-Japanese War, 56–57, 64, 66, 82–84, 88, 256–282, 355

Sackett’s Harbor, 232, 239

St. George’s Channel, 37

St. Helena, 20, 152

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, 20; river, true frontier in 1812, 230 ff.

St. Thomas, 103

St. Vincent, Lord, policy of, 5, 193

Saint-André, French Commissioner, 173, 179

Saints’ Passage, battle of, 160, 169

Samana Bay, 103

Sampson, Admiral, #$1#, 241, 249, 250–255

Santa Lucia, 74, 103, 105, 108

Santiago de Cuba, 71, 103, 104, 107, 241, 243, 246, 247; blockade and battle of, 250–255

Santisima Trinidad, Spanish ship, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220

Sardinia, 37

Scheldt River, 30, 248

Schleswig Holstein, 349

Schley, Admiral, 241, 246

Sea Power, dependence on, a British policy, #$1#; scope of history of, 3; elements of, 16–47; conditions affecting, 21; growth of British, 141–146, 151–152; controls communications, 77–78; decisive in warfare, 98, 99; an important element in national growth, 154, 286–287; in Napoleonic Wars, 191–197, 221–224; a protection against aggressions by land powers, 306–308; interest in, 326–327

Secession, War of. See Civil War

Semenoff, Russian Captain, quoted, 280

Seven Years’ War, 85–86, 142–144, 147–154, 307

Shafter, General, 269

Sherman, General, quoted, 335

Ship design, unity of purpose in, 61–62

Sicily, 37, 38, 39, 42

Situation, determines strategic value of a point, 69–70, 110

Smith, Sir Sidney, 126

Socotra, 152

Sound, between North and Baltic Seas, 51, 185, 186, 190

South Africa, 290; war in, 293–295, 347

South America, unstable political conditions in, 148–149; application of Monroe Doctrine to, 290

Spain, position of, 26; dependence on sea power, 38, 39; colonial policy of, 45; in 18th century, 141–142, 143–144, 151–152; in Napoleonic Wars, 81, 221, 226; colonial empire of, lost, 291, 342. See Spanish-American War

Spanish-American War, strategy of, #$1#, 59–60, 88–90; Cervera’s fleet in, 241–249; Santiago blockade, 250–255; strengthened Anglo-American unity, 291–295; could not have been avoided by arbitration, 342, 348–349

Speed, of battleships, 61, 246–248

Strasburg, 71, 137

Strategic Lines and Positions, in the Caribbean, 65–78, 100–112; in the War of 1812, 238–240

Strategy, defined, 4, 12, 49; value of study of, 5; in War of 1812, 229–240; must take into account political conditions, 250–253, 320–327; illustrated by mistakes, 257; must be exercised in time of peace, 274; chief aim of, 311

Submarines, 70, 99

Suez Canal, 26, 28, 51, 70, 77, 152, 252, 261, 289, 290

Suffren, French Admiral, 86, 153

Sully, French Minister, 38

Suvarof, General, 262

Sweden, trade of, 25; in Thirty Years’ War, 53; in 1800, 184–190

372Tactics, defined, 4, 49; illustrated in history, 5–7; in naval combats, 62–64; formalism in, 155–158; changes in, at close of 18th century, 159 ff., 168; chief aim of, 311

Territory, extent of, affecting sea power, 39–42

Texel, 193

Tobago, 160

Togo, Japanese Admiral, 60, 66, 82–84, 90, 270, 276–280

Torbay, 24

Toronto, 231, 236

Torpedo craft, 130–134

Torrington, British Admiral, 242, 248

Toulon, 57, 58, 154, 174, 192, 193, 196, 248

Tourville, French Admiral, 80, 81, 155, 159, 207

Trade. See Commerce

Trafalgar, battle of, 5, 62, 192, 194, 196–223, 248

Trieste, 306

Trincomalee, 86

Triple Alliance, 53, 304–306, 317–318

Triple Entente. See Entente

Tsushima, battle of, 64, 70, 82–84, 88, 265, 276–282

Turkey, 33, 148, 150

Ulm, 50, 71, 76, 191

United States, merchant marine of, 18, 35; geographical position of, 22; and Panama Canal, 27–29; seacoasts of, inadequately protected, 34–36; exposed only by sea, 39; deficient in seafaring population, 44; colonial policy of, 46; seacoasts of, regarded as a line, 65–67; naval requirements of, 133–134; community of interests with Great Britain, 291–295, 306–308, 318–327; expansion of, 297–298; and the Open Door Policy, 299; political ideals of, 302; policy of, regarding commerce warfare, 331–333. See Navy, United States

Utrecht, peace of, 141–142

Vengeur, French ship, 180–182

Venice, 306

Victory, Nelson’s flagship, 213–214

Vigo Bay, 157

Villaret-Joyeuse, French Admiral, 178

Villeneuve, French Admiral, quoted, 173; in Trafalgar campaign, 196, 199, 202, 210–223

Vistula River, 12, 78

Vladivostok, 66, 73, 82, 83, 88; squadron based on, 256–261, 265, 266, 270, 274; objective of Rozhestvensky, 276–282

Von der Goltz, General, quoted, 321

War, principles of, 6; causes of, 148; preparedness for, 128–134; beneficial results of, 292–295, 342–354

War of 1812, commerce warfare in, 91–99, 226–228; strategy of, 229–240

Washington, General, 164; quoted, 169, 170

Washington, city of, 31

Waterloo, battle of, 82, 239

Weapons, changes in, 6

Wellington, Duke of, 82, 234, 239

West Indies, a source of wealth for Spain, 37; Nelson in, 196–197, 202. See Caribbean Sea

William II, of England, 81, 277, 281

Wilkinson, General, 238

Windward Passage, 102

Wireless, in war, 84, 85

Yalu River, 268

Yang-tse River, 276

Yeo, British Commodore, 235

Yucatan Passage, 102, 104

Zuyder Zee, 34

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling.

Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.

Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter.