GLOSSARY (continued 6)

þeóstor, adj., dark, gloomy: instr. pl. þeóstrum ge-þoncum, 2333.

þicgan, st. v. w. acc., to seize, attain, eat, appropriate: inf. þät he (Grendel) mâ môste manna cynnes þicgean ofer þâ niht, 737; symbel þicgan (take the meal, enjoy the feast), 1011; pret. pl. þät hie me þêgon, 563; þær we medu þêgun, 2634.

ge-þicgan, w. acc., to grasp, take: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) ge-þeah, 619, 629; Beówulf ge-þah ful on flette, 1025; pret. pl. (medo-ful manig) ge-þægon, 1015.

þider, þyder, adv., thither: þyder, 3087, 379, 2971.

þihtig, þyhtig, adj., doughty, vigorous, firm: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... ecgum þyhtig, 1559.—Comp. hyge-þihtig.

þincan. See þyncan.

þing, st. n.: 1) thing: gen. pl. ænige þinga (ullo modo), 792, 2375, 2906.—2) affair, contest, controversy: nom. sg. me wearð Grendles þing ... undyrne cûð (Grendel's doings became known to me), 409.—3) judgment, issue, judicial assembly(?): acc. sg. sceal ... âna gehegan þing wið þyrse (shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant: see hegan), 426.

ge-þing, st. n.: 1) terms, covenant: acc. pl. ge-þingo, 1086.—2) fate, providence, issue: gen. sg. ge-þinges, 398, 710; (ge-þingea, MS.), 525.

ge-þingan, st. v., to grow, mature, thrive (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwên môde ge-þungen (mature-minded, high-spirited, queen), 625. See wel-þungen.

ge-þingan (see ge-þing), w. v.: 1) to conclude a treaty: w. refl. dat, enter into a treaty: pres. sg. III. gif him þonne Hrêðrîc tô hofum Geáta ge-þingeð (if H. enters into a treaty (seeks aid at?) with the court of the Geátas, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.—2) to prepare, appoint: pret. part. wiste [ät] þäm ahlæcan ... hilde ge-þinged, 648; hraðe wäs ... mêce ge-þinged, 1939.

þingian, w. v.: 1) to speak in an assembly, make an address: inf. ne hýrde ic snotor-lîcor on swâ geongum feore guman þingian (I never heard a man so young speak so wisely), 1844.—2) to compound, settle, lay aside: inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... feó þingian (would not compound the life-bale for money), 156; so, pret. sg. þâ fæhðe feó þingode, 470.

þîhan. See þeón.

þin, possess, pron., thy, thine, 267, 346, 353, 367, 459, etc.

ge-þôht, st. m., thought, plan: acc. sg. ân-fealdne ge-þôht, 256; fäst-rædne ge-þôht, 611.

þolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to endure, bear: inf. (inwid-sorge) þolian, 833; pres. sg. III. þreá-nýd þolað, 284; pret. sg. þolode þryðswyð, 131.—2) to hold out, stand, survive: pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis sweord þolað (as long as this sword holds out), 2500; pret. sg. (seó ecg) þolode ær fela hand-gemôta, 1526.

ge-þolian: 1) to suffer, bear, endure: gerund. tô ge-þolianne, 1420; pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrage ge-þolode..., þät he ... dreám gehýrde (bore ill that he heard the sound of joy), 87; torn ge-þolode (bore the misery), 147.—2) to have patience, wait: inf. þær he longe sceal on þäs waldendes wære ge-þolian, 3110.

þon (Goth, þan) = tum, then, now, 504; äfter þon (after that), 725; ær þon däg cwôme (ere day came), 732; nô þon lange (it was not long till then), 2424; näs þâ long tô þon (it was not long till then), 2592, 2846; wäs him se man tô þon leóf þät ... (the man was to that degree dear to him that ...), 1877.

þonne: 1) adv., there, then, now, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(?).—2) conj., if, when, while: a) w. indic., 573, 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; þät ic gum-cystum gôdne funde beága bryttan, breác þonne môste (that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1180, 3065; þonne ...þonne (then ... when), 484-85, 2447-48; gif þonne ...þonne (if then ... then), 1105-1107. c) than after comparatives, 44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, l. 70, before þone: þät he ... hâtan wolde medo-ärn micel men ge-wyrcean þone yldo bearn æfre ge-frunon (a great mead-house (greater) than men had ever known).

þracu, st. f., strength, boldness: in comp. môd-þracu; = impetus in ecg-þracu.

þrag, st. f., period of time, time: nom. sg. þâ hine sió þrag be-cwom (when the [battle]-hour befell him), 2884; acc. sg. þrage (for a time), 87; longe (lange) þrage, 54, 114.—Comp. earfoð-þrag.

ge-þräc, st. n., multitude, crowd: in comp. searo-ge-þräc.

þrec-wudu, st. m., (might-wood), spear (cf. mägen-wudu): acc. sg., 1247.

þreá, st. m. f., misery, distress: in comp. þeód-þreá, þreá-nêdla, -nýd.

þreá-nêdla, w. m., crushing distress, misery: dat. sg. for þreá-nêdlan, 2225.

þrea-nýd, st. f., oppression, distress: acc. sg. þreá-nýd, 284; dat. pl. þreá-nýdum, 833.

þreát, st. m., troop, band: dat. sg. on þam þreáte, 2407; dat. pl. sceaðena þreátum, 4.—Comp. îren-þreát.

þreátian, w. v. w. acc., to press, oppress: pret. pl. mec ...þreátedon, 560.

þreot-teoða, num. adj. w. m., thirteenth: nom. sg. þreot-teoða secg, 2407.

þreó, num. (neut.), three: acc. þrió wicg, 2175; þreó hund wintra, 2279.

þridda, num. adj. w. m., third: instr. þriddan sîðe, 2689.

ge-þring, st. n., eddy, whirlpool, crush: acc. on holma ge-þring, 2133.

þringan, st. v., to press: pret. sg. wergendra tô lyt þrong ymbe þeóden (too few defenders pressed round the prince), 2884; pret. pl. syððan Hrêðlingas tô hagan þrungon (after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge), 2961.

for-þringan, to press out; rescue, protect: inf. þät he ne mehte ...þâ weá-lâfe wîge for-þringan þeódnes þegne (that he could not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war), 1085.

ge-þringan, to press: pret. sg. ceól up geþrang (the ship shot up), i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913.

þritig, num., thirty (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: þritig þegna, 123; gen. þrittiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, 379.

þrîst-hydig, adj., bold-minded, valorous: nom. sg. þióden þrîst-hydig (Beówulf), 2811.

þrowian, w. v. w. acc., to suffer, endure: inf. (hât, gnorn) þrowian, 2606, 2659; pret. sg. þrowade, 1590, 1722; þrowode, 2595.

þryð, st. f., abundance, multitude, excellence, power: instr. pl. þryðum (excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?), 494.

þryð-ärn, st. n., excellent house, royal hall: acc. sg. (of Heorot), 658.

þryðlîc, adj., excellent, chosen: nom. sg. þryð-lîc þegna heáp, 400, 1628; superl. acc. pl. þryð-lîcost, 2870.

þrýð-swýð, st. n.?, great pain (?): acc., 131, 737 [? adj., very powerful, exceeding strong].

þryð-word, st. n., bold speech, choice discourse: nom. sg., 644. (Great store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; Rîgsmâl, 29, 7, in Möbius, p. 79b, 22.)

þrym, st. m.: 1) power, might, force: nom. sg. ýða þrym, 1919; instr. pl. = adv. þrymmum (powerfully), 235.—2) glory, renown: acc. sg. þrym, 2.—Comp. hyge-þrym.

þrym-lîc, adj., powerful, mighty: nom. sg. þrec-wudu þrym-lîc (the mighty spear), 1247.

þu, pron., thou, 366, 407, 445, etc.; acc. sg. þec (poetic), 948, 2152, etc.; þe, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. sêlran þe (a better one than thee), 1851. See ge.

þunca, w. m. See äf-þunca.

ge-þungen. See ge-þingan, st. v.

þurfan, pret.-pres. v., to need: pres. sg. II. nô þu ne þearft ... sorgian (needest not care), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne þearf ... onsittan (need not fear), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. þät he ... sêcean þurfe, 2496; pret. sg. þorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fêðe-wîges (needed not boast of their foot-fight), 2365.

ge-þuren. See þweran.

þurh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, through, throughout: wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc (went then through the battle-reek), 2662.—II. causal: l) on account of, for the sake of, owing to: þurh slîðne nîð (through fierce hostility, heathenism), 184; þurh holdne hige (from friendliness), 267; so, þurh rûmne sefan, 278; þurh sîdne sefan, 1727; eóweð þurh egsan uncûðne nîð (shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) by means of, through: heaðo-ræs for-nam mihtig mere-deór þurh mîne hand, 558; þurh ânes cräft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069.

þus, adv., so, thus, 238, 337, 430.

þunian, w. v., to din, sound forth: pret. sg. sund-wudu þunede, 1907.

þûsend, num., thousand: 1) fem. acc. ic þe þûsenda þegna bringe tô helpe, 1830.—2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan þûsendo, 2196; gen. hund-þûsenda landes and locenra beága (100,000 sceattas' worth of land and rings), 2995.—3) uninflected: acc. þûsend wintra, 3051.

þwære, adj., affable, mild: in comp. man-þwære.

ge-þwære, adj., gentle, mild: nom. pl. ge-þwære, 1231.

ge-þweran, st. v., to forge, strike: pret. part. heoru ... hamere ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (hammer-forged sword), 1286.

þyhtig. See þihtig.

ge-þyld (see þolian), st. f.: 1) patience, endurance: acc. sg. ge-þyld, 1396.—2) steadfastness: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (steadfastly, patiently), 1706.

þyle, st. m., spokesman, leader of the conversation at court: nom. sg., 1166, 1457.

þyncan, þincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to seem, appear: pres. sg. III. þinceð him tô lytel (it seems to him too little), 1749; ne þynceð me gerysne, þät we (it seemeth to me not fit that we ...), 2654; pres. pl. hy ... wyrðe þinceað eorla ge-æhtlan (they seem worthy contenders with (?) earls; or, worthy warriors), 368; pres. subj. swâ him ge-met þince, 688; inf. þincean, 1342; pret. sg. þûhte, 2462, 3058; nô his lîf-gedâl sâr-lîc þûhte secga ænigum (his death seemed painful to none of men), 843; pret. pl. þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, 867.

of-þincan, to displease, offend: inf. mäg þäs þonne of-þyncan þeóden (dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwâm þâra leóda, 2033.

þyrs, st. m., giant: dat. sg. wið þyrse (Grendel), 426.

þys-lîc, adj., such, of such a nature: nom. sg. fem. þys-lîcu þearf, 2638.

þý. See þät.

þýwan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., to crush, oppress: inf. gif þec ymb-sittend egesan þýwað (if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread), 1828.

þýstru, st. f., darkness: dat. pl. in þýstrum, 87.

ge-þýwe, adj., customary, usual: nom. sg. swâ him ge-þýwe ne wäs (as was not his custom), 2333.

U

ufan, adv., from above, 1501; above, 330.

ufera (prop. higher), adj., later: dat. pl. ufaran dôgrum, 2201, 2393.

ufor, adv., higher, 2952.

uhte, w. f., twilight or dawn: dat. or acc. on uhtan, 126.

uht-floga, w. m., twilight-flier, dawn-flier (epithet of the dragon): gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761.

uht-hlem, st. m., twilight-cry, dawn-cry: acc. sg., 2008.

uht-sceaða, w. m., twilight- or dawn-foe: nom. sg., 2272.

umbor, st. n., child, infant: acc. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188.

un-blîðe, adv.(?), unblithely, sorrowfully, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pl.?), 3032.

un-byrnende, pres. part., unburning, without burning, 2549.

unc, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, us two, to us two, 1784, 2138, 2527; gen. hwäðer ... uncer twega (which of us two), 2533; uncer Grendles (of us two, G. and me), 2003.

uncer, poss. pron., of us two: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran eaferan, 1186.

un-cûð, adj.: 1) unknown: nom. sg. stîg ... eldum uncûð, 2215; acc. sg. neut. uncûð ge-lâd (unknown ways), 1411.—2) unheard-of, barbarous, evil: acc. sg. un-cûðne nîð, 276; gen. sg. un-cûðes (of the foe, Grendel), 961.

under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = under (of rest), contrasted with over: bât (wäs) under beorge, 211; þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð gân under gyldnum beáge (W. walked forth under a golden circlet, i.e. decked with), 1164; siððan he under segne sine ealgode (under his banner), 1205; he under rande ge-cranc (sank under his shield), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-grîman, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.—2) w. acc.: a) answering question whither? = under (of motion): þâ secg wîsode under Heorotes hrôf, 403; siððan æfen-leóht under heofenes hâdor be-holen weorðeð, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; fleón under fen-hleoðu, 821; hond âlegde ... under geápne hrôf, 837; teón in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, häfde þâ for-sîðod sunu Ecg-þeówes under gynne grund, 1552 (for-sîðian requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: he under hârne stân ...âna ge-nêðde frêcne dæde, 888; ne dorste under ýða ge-win aldre ge-nêðan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles begong (as far as the sky extends), 861, 1774; under heofenes hwealf (as far as heaven's vault reaches), 2016.

II. Adv., beneath, below: stîg under läg (a path lay beneath, i.e. the rock), 2214.

undern-mæl, st. n., midday: acc. sg., 1429.

un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., without concealment, plain, clear: nom. sg., 127, 2001; un-derne, 2912.

un-dyrne, adv., plainly, evidently; un-dyrne cûð, 150, 410.

un-fäger, adj., unlovely, hideous: nom. sg. leóht un-fäger, 728.

un-fæcne, adj., without malice, sincere: nom. sg., 2069.

un-fæge, adj., not death-doomed or "fey": nom. sg., 2292; acc. sg. un-fægne eorl, 573.

un-flitme, adv., solemnly, incontestably: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme âðum benemde (F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths) [if an adj., elne un-f. = unconquerable in valor], 1098.

un-forht, adj., fearless, bold: nom. sg., 287; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?), 444. See Note.

un-from, adj., unfit, unwarlike: nom. sg., 2189.

un-frôd, adj., not aged, young: dat sg. guman un-frôdum, 2822.

un-gedêfelîce, adv., unjustly, contrary to right and custom, 2436.

un-gemete, adv., immeasurably, exceedingly, 2421, 2722, 2729.

un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793.

un-geâra, adv., (not old), recently, lately, 933; soon, 603.

un-gifeðe, adj., not to be granted; refused: nom. sg., 2922.

un-gleáw, adj., regardless, reckless: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum ungleáw (of a sharp-edged sword), 2565.

un-hâr, adj., very gray: nom. sg., 357; (bald?).

un-hælo, st. f., mischief, destruction: gen. sg. wiht un-hælo (the demon of destruction, Grendel), 120.

un-heóre, un-hýre, adj., monstrous, horrible: nom. sg. m., weard un-hióre (the dragon), 2414; neut. wîf un-hýre (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unheóru (of Grendel's claws), 988.

un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = lot; O.N. hluti = part division), undivided, unseparated, united, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See Note.

un-leóf, adj., hated: acc. pl. seah on un-leófe, 2864.

un-lifigende, pres. part., unliving, lifeless: nom. sg. un-lifigende, 468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, 745.

un-lytel, adj., not little, very large: nom. sg. duguð un-lytel (a great band of warriors? or great joy?), 498; dôm un-lytel (no little glory), 886; acc. sg. torn un-lytel (very great shame, misery), 834.

un-murnlîce, adv., unpityingly, without sorrowing, 449, 1757.

unnan, pret.-pres. v., to grant, give; wish, will: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic þe an tela sinc-gestreóna, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. ûðe ic swîðor þät þu hine selfne ge-seón môste, 961; III. he ne ûðe þät ...(he granted not that ...), 503; him god ûðe þät ... he hyne sylfne ge-wräc (God granted to him that he avenged himself), 2875; þeáh he ûðe wel (though he well would), 2856.

ge-unnan, to grant, permit: inf. gif he ûs ge-unnan wile þät we hine ... grêtan môton, 346; me ge-ûðe ylda waldend, þät ic ... ge-seah hangian (the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ...), 1662.

un-nyt, adj., useless: nom. sg., 413, 3170.

un-riht, st. n., unright, injustice, wrong: acc. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; instr. sg. un-rihte (unjustly, wrongly), 3060.

un-rîm, st. n., immense number: nom. sg., 1239, 3136; acc. sg., 2625.

un-rîme, adj., countless, measureless: nom. sg. gold un-rîme, 3013.

un-rôt, adj., sorrowing: nom. pl. un-rôte, 3149.

un-snyttru, st. f., lack of wisdom: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (for his unwisdom), 1735.

un-softe, adv., unsoftly, with violence (hardly?), 2141; scarcely, 1656.

un-swýðe, adv., not strongly or powerfully: compar. (ecg) bât unswîðor þonne his þiód-cyning þearfe häfde (the sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed), 2579; fýr unswîðor weóll, 2882.

un-synnig, adj., guiltless, sinless: acc. sg. un-synnigne, 2090.

un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., guiltlessly, 1073.

un-tæle, adj., blameless: acc. pl. un-tæle, 1866.

un-tyder, st. m., evil race, monster: nom. pl. un-tydras, 111. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.]

un-wâclîc, adj., that cannot be shaken; firm, strong: acc. sg. âd ... un-wâclîcne, 3139.

un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., unawares, suddenly; (unresistingly?), 742.

un-wrecen, pret. part., unavenged, 2444.

up, adv., up, upward, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the voice), þâ wäs ... wôp up âhafen, 128; so, 783.

up-lang, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., 760.

uppe (adj., ûfe, ûffe), adv., above, 566.

up-riht, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., 2093.

uton. See wuton.

Û

ûð-genge, adj., transitory, evanescent, ready to depart, (fled?): þær wäs Äsc-here ... feorh ûð-genge, 2124.

ûs, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of we (see we), us, to us, 1822, 2636, 2643, 2921, 3002, 3079; acc. (poetic), ûsic, 2639, 2641, 2642;—gen. ûre: ûre æg-hwylc (each of us), 1387; ûser, 2075.

ûser, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ûre man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. ûssum hlâforde, 2635; gen. sg. neut. ûsses cynnes, 2814; dat. pl. ûrum ... bâm (to us both, two) (for unc bâm), 2660.

ût, adv., out, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131.

ûtan, adv., from without, without, 775, 1032, 1504, 2335.

ût-fûs, adj., ready to go: nom. sg. hringed-stefna îsig and ût-fûs, 33.

ût-weard, adj., outward, outside, free: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) wäs ût-weard, 762.

ûtan-weard, adj., without, outward, from without: acc. sg. hlæw ... ealne ûtan-weardne, 2298.

W

*wacan, st. v., to awake, arise, originate: pret. sg. þanon (from Cain) wôc fela geó-sceaft-gâsta, 1266; so, 1961; pl. þâm feówer bearn ... in worold wôcun, 60.

*on-wacan: 1) to awake (intrans.): pret. sg. þâ se wyrm on-wôc (when the drake awoke), 2288.—2) to be born: pret. sg. him on-wôc heáh Healfdene, 56; pl. on-wôcon, 111.

wacian, w. v., to watch: imper. sg. waca wið wrâðum! 661.

wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) to traverse; stride, go: pret. sg. wôd þurh þone wäl-rêc, 2662; wôd under wolcnum (stalked beneath the clouds), 715.

ge-wadan, to attain by moving, come to, reach: pret. part. ôð þät ... wunden-stefna ge-waden häfde, þät þâ lîðende land ge-sâwon (till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land), 220.

on-wadan, w. acc., to invade, befall: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wôd(?), 916.

þurh-wadan, to penetrate, pierce: pret. sg. þät swurd þurh-wôd wrät-lîcne wyrm, 891; so, 1568.

wag, st. m., wall: dat. sg. on wage, 1663; dat. pl. äfter wagum (along the walls), 996.

wala, w. m., boss: nom. pl. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.).

walda, w. m., wielder, ruler: in comp. an-, eal-walda.

wald-swaðu, st. f., forest-path: dat. pl. äfter wald-swaðum (along the wood-paths), 1404.

wam, wom, st. m., spot, blot, sin: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom (cannot protect himself from evil or from the evil strange orders, etc.; wom = wogum? = crooked?), 1748; instr. pl. wommum, 3074.

wan, won, adj., wan, lurid, dark: nom. sg, ýð-geblond ... won (the dark waves), 1375; se wonna hrefn (the black raven), 3025; wonna lêg (lurid flame), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu ... wan, 652.

wang, st. m., mead, field; place: acc. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, 2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; wonge, 2243, 3040; acc. pl. wongas, 2463.—Comp.: freoðo-, grund-, medo-, sæ-wang.

wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), spot, place: dat. sg. wong-stede, 2787.

wan-hýd (for hygd), st. f., heedlessness, recklessness: dat. pl. for his won-hýdum, 434.

wanian, w. v.: 1) intrans., to decrease, wane: inf. þâ þät sweord ongan ... wanian, 1608.—2) w. acc., to cause to wane or lessen: pret. sg. he tô lange leóde mîne wanode, 1338.

ge-wanian, to decrease, diminish: pret. part. is mîn flet-werod ... ge-wanod, 477.

wan-sælig, adj., unhappy, wretched: nom. sg. won-sælig wer (Grendel), 105.

wan-sceaft, st. f., misery, want: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120.

warian, w. v. w. acc., to occupy, guard, possess: pres. sg. III. þær he hæðen gold warað (where he guards heathen gold), 2278; pl. III. hie (Grendel and his mother) dýgel land warigeað, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) wêsten warode, 1266.

waroð, st. m., shore: dat. sg. tô waroðe, 234; acc. pl. wide waroðas, 1966.

waru, st. f., inhabitants, (collective) population: in comp. land-waru.

wâ, interj., woe! wâ bið þäm þe... (woe to him that...), 183.

wâðu, st. f., way, journey: in comp. gamen-wâðu.

wânian, w. v., to weep, whine, howl, w. acc.: inf. gehýrdon ... sâr wânigean helle häftan (they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his pain), 788; pret. sg. [wânode], 3152(?).

wât. See witan.

wäcean, w. v., to watch: pret. part wäccende, 709, 2842; acc. sg. m. wäccendne wer, 1269. See wacian.

wäcnan, w. v., to be awake, come forth: inf., 85.

wäd, st. n., (the moving) sea, ocean: nom. wado weallende, 546; wadu weallendu, 581; gen. pl. wada 508.

wäfre, adj., wavering (like flame), ghostlike, without distinct bodily form: nom. sg. wäl-gæst wäfre (of Grendel's mother), 1332;—flickering, expiring: nom. sg. wäfre môd, 1151; him wäs geômor sefa, wäfre and wäl-fûs, 2421.

be-wägnan, w. v., to offer: pret part, him wäs ... freónd-laðu wordum be-wägned, 1194.

wäl, st. n., battle, slaughter, the slain in battle: acc. sg. wäl, 1213, 3028, blôdig wäl, 448; oððe on wäl crunge (or in battle, among the slain, fall), 636; dat. sg. sume on wäle crungon (some fell in the slaughter), 1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es wäle (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom. pl. walu, 1043.

wäl-bed, st. n., slaughter-bed, deathbed: dat. sg. on wäl-bedde, 965.

wäl-bend, st. f., death-bond: acc. sg. or pl. wäl-bende ... hand-gewriðene, 1937.

wäl-bleát, adj., deadly, mortal, cruel: acc. sg. wunde wäl-bleáte, 2726.

wäl-deáð, st. m., death in battle: nom. sg., 696.

wäl-dreór, st. m., battle-gore: instr. sg. wäl-dreóre, 1632.

wäl-fâh, adj., slaughter-stained, blood-stained: acc. sg. wäl-fâgne winter, 1129.

wäl-fähð, st. f., deadly feud: gen. pl. wäl-fæhða, 2029.

wäl-feall, st. m., (fall of the slain), death, destruction: dat. sg. tô wäl-fealle, 1712.

wäl-fûs, adj., ready for death, foreboding death: nom. sg., 2421.

wäl-fyllo, st. f., fill of slaughter: dat. sg. mid þære wäl-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wäl-fylla? 3155.

wäl-fýr, st. n.: 1) deadly fire: instr. sg. wäl-fýre (of the fire-spewing dragon), 2583.—2) corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre: gen. pl. wäl-fýra mæst, 1120.

wäl-gæst, st. m., deadly sprite (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg. wäl-gæst, 1332; acc. sg. þone wäl-gæst, 1996.

wäl-hlem, st. m., death-stroke: acc. sg. wäl-hlem þone, 1996.

wälm, st. m., flood, whelming water: nom. sg. þære burnan wälm, 2547; gen. sg. þäs wälmes (of the surf), 2136.—Comp. cear-wälm.

wäl-nîð, st. m., deadly hostility: nom. sg., 3001; dat. sg. äfter wäl-nîðe, 85; nom. pl. wäl-nîðas, 2066.

wäl-râp, st. m., flood-fetter, i.e. ice: acc. pl. wäl-râpas, 1611; (cf. wäll, wel, wyll = well, flood: leax sceal on wäle mid sceóte scrîðan, Gnom. Cott. 39).

wäl-ræs, st. m., deadly onslaught: nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wäl-ræse, 825, 2532.

wäl-rest, st. f., death-bed, acc. sg. wäl-reste, 2903.

wäl-rêc, st. m., deadly reek or smoke: acc. sg. wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc, 2662.

wäl-reáf, st, n., booty of the slain, battle-plunder: acc. sg., 1206.

wäl-reów, adj., bold in battle: nom. sg., 630.

wäl-sceaft, st. m., deadly shaft, spear: acc. pl. wäl-sceaftas, 398.

wäl-seax, st. n., deadly knife, war-knife: instr. sg. wäll-seaxe, 2704.

wäl-stenge, st. m., battle-spear: dat. sg. on þam wäl-stenge, 1639.

wäl-stôw, st. f., battle-field: dat. sg. wäl-stôwe, 2052, 2985.

wästm, st. m., growth, form, figure: dat. sg. on weres wästmum (in man's form), 1353.

wäter, st. n., water: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. wäter, 1365, 1620; deóp wäter (the deep), 509, 1905; ofer wîd wäter (over the high sea], 2474; dat. sg. äfter wätere (along the Grendel-sea), 1426; under wätere (at the bottom of the sea), 1657; instr. wätere, 2723; wätre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wäteres hrycg (over the surface of the sea), 471; on wäteres æht, 516; þurh wäteres wylm (through the sea-wave), 1694; gen. = instr. wäteres weorpan (to sprinkle with water), 2792.

wäter-egesa, st. m., water-terror, i.e. the fearful sea: acc. sg., 1261

wäter-ýð, st. f., water-wave, billow: dat. pl. wäter-ýðum, 2243.

wæd, st. f., (weeds), garment: in comp. here-, hilde-wæd.

ge-wæde, st. n., clothing, especially battle-equipments: acc. pl. gewædu, 292.—Comp. eorl-gewæde.

wæg, st. m., wave: acc. sg. wæg, 3133.

wæg-bora, w. m., wave-bearer, swimmer (bearing or propelling the waves before him): nom. sg. wundorlîc wæg-bora (of a sea-monster), 1441.

wæg-flota, w. m., sea-sailer, ship: acc. sg. wêg-flotan, 1908.

wæg-holm, st. m., the wave-filled sea: acc. sg. ofer wæg-holm, 217.

wæge, st. n., cup, can: acc. sg. fäted wæge, 2254, 2283.—Comp.: ealo-, lîð-wæge.

wæg-lîðend, pres. part., sea-farer: dat. pl. wæg-lîðendum (et lîðendum, MS.), 3160.

wæg-sweord, st. n., heavy sword: acc. sg., 1490.

wæn, st. m., wain, wagon: acc. sg. on wæn, 3135.

wæpen, st. n., weapon; sword: nom. sg., 1661; acc. sg. wæpen, 686, 1574, 2520, 2688; instr. wæpne, 1665, 2966; gen. wæpnes, 1468; acc. pl. wæpen, 292; dat. pl. wæpnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. —Comp.: hilde-, sige-wæpen.

wæpned-man, st. m., warrior, man: dat. sg. wæpned-men, 1285.

wær, st. f., covenant, treaty: acc. sg. wære, 1101;—protection, care: dat. sg. on freán (on þäs waldendes) wære (into God's protection), 27, 3110.—Comp.: frioðo-wær.

wæsma, w. m., fierce strength, war-strength: in comp. here-wæsma, 678.

we, pers. pron., we, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc.

web, st. n., woven work, tapestry:, nom. pl. web, 996.

webbe, w. f., webster, female weaver: in comp. freoðu-webbe.

weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., to wake, rouse; recall: inf. wîg-bealu weccan (to stir up strife), 2047; nalles hearpan swêg (sceal) wîgend weccean (the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors), 3025; ongunnon þâ ... bæl-fýra mæst wîgend weccan (the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine wätre (roused him with water, i.e. Wîglâf recalled Beówulf to consciousness), 2855.

tô-weccan, to stir up, rouse: pret, pl. hû þâ folc mid him (with one another), fæhðe tô-wehton, 2949.

wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), pledge: dat. sg. hyldo tô wedde (as a pledge of his favor), 2999.

weder, st. n., weather: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pl. wedera cealdost, 546.

ge-wef, st. n., woof, weaving: acc. pl. wîg-spêda ge-wiofu (the woof of war-speed: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), 698.

weg, st. m., way: acc. sg. on weg (away, off), 264, 764, 845, 1431, 2097; gyf þu on weg cymest (if thou comest off safe, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), 1383.—Comp.: feor-, fold-, forð-, wîd-weg.

wegan, st. v. w. acc., to bear, wear, bring, possess: subj. pres. nâh hwâ sweord wege (I have none that may bear the sword), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan mâððum tô ge-myndum (no earl shall wear a memorial jewel), 3016; pret. ind. he þâ frätwe wäg ... ofer ýða ful (bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves), 1208; wäl-seaxe ... þät he on byrnan wäg, 2705; heortan sorge wäg (bore heart's sorrow); so, 152, 1778, 1932, 2781.

ät-wegan = auferre, to carry off: syððan Hâma ät-wäg tô þære byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene (since H. bore from the bright city the Brosing-collar), 1199.

ge-wegan (O.N. wega), to fight: inf. þe he wið þam wyrme ge-wegan sceolde, 2401.

wel, adv.: 1) well: wel bið þäm þe ... (well for him that ...!), 186; se þe wel þenceð (he that well thinketh, judgeth), 289; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.—2) very, very much: Geát ungemetes wel ... restan lyste (the Geat longed sorely to rest), 1793.—3) indeed, to be sure, 2571, 2856.

wela, w. m., wealth, goods, possessions: in comp. ær-, burg-, hord-, mâððum-wela.

wel-hwylc, indef. pron., = quivis, any you please, any (each, all): gen. pl. wel-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc, 266;—substantively: acc. neut. wel-hwylc, 875.

welig, adj., wealthy, rich: acc. sg. wîc-stede weligne Wægmundinga, 2608.

wel-þungen, pres. part., well-thriven (in mind), mature, high-minded: nom. sg. Hygd (wäs) swîðe geong, wîs, wel-þungen, 1928.

wenian, w. v., to accustom, attract, honor: subj. pret. þät ... Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes heáp hringum wenede (sh. honor), 1092.

be-(bi-)wenian, entertain, care for, attend: pret. sg. mäg þäs þonne of-þyncan þeóden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne he mid fæmnan on flet gæð, dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (may well displease the prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights, cf. 494 seqq.; or, a noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?), 2036; pret. part. nom. pl. wæron her tela willum be-wenede, 1822.

wendan, w. v., to turn: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendeð on willan (all the world turns at his will), 1740.

ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) to turn, turn round: pret. sg. wicg gewende (turned his horse), 315.—2) to turn (intrans.), change: inf. wâ bið þäm þe sceal ... frôfre ne wênan, wihte ge-wendan (woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at all), 186.

on-wendan, to avert, set aside: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor häleð weán on-wendan, 191.—2) intrans.: sibb æfre ne mäg wiht on-wendan þam þe wel þenceð (in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set aside), 2602.

wer, st. m., man, hero: nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (Beówulf), 1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres wästmum (in man's form), 1353; nom. pl. weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pl. werum, 1257; gen. pl. wera, 120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948.

wered, st. n., (as adj. = sweet), a sort of beer (probably without hops or such ingredients): acc. sg. scîr wered, 496.

were-feohte, f., defensive fight, fight in self-defence: dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457.

werhðo, st. f., curse, outlawry, condemnation: acc. sg. þu in helle scealt werhðo dreógan, 590.

werian, to defend, protect: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscrûda ... þät mîne breóst wereð, 453; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas werian þôhton, 541; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tô lyt (too few defenders), 2883; pret. ind. wäl-reáf werede (guarded the battle-spoil), 1206; se hwîta helm hafelan werede (the shining helm protected his head), 1449; pl. hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. ge ... byrnum werede (ye ... corselet-clad), 238, 2530.

be-werian, to protect, defend: pret. pl. þät hie ... leóda land-geweorc lâðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (that they the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend), 939

werig, adj., accursed, outlawed: gen. sg. wergan gâstes (Grendel), 133; (of the devil), 1748.

werod, weorod, st. n., band of men, warrior-troop: nom. sg. werod, 652; weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; acc. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, 1012, 2347; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pl. wereda, 2187; weoroda, 60.—Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.

wer-þeód, st. f., people, humanity: dat. sg. ofer wer-þeóde, 900.

wesan, v., to be: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. þu eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nu is þînes mägenes blæd âne hwîle (the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while), 1762; ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. we synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sîe, 435, 683, etc.; sý, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. wassail, wes hæl), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, 1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fêðe-wîges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. wäs, 11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; wäs on sunde (was a-swimming), 1619; so, 848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, wäs secgende (for sæde), 3029; II. wære, 1479, etc.; pl. wæron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; wæran (w. reflex, him), 2476; pret. subj. wære, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend wære (for myndgie), 1106.—Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + is, 249, 1373, etc.; näs = ne + wäs, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne wäs, 890, 1472); næron = ne + wæron, 2658; nære = ne + wære, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende.

wêg. See wæg.

wên, st. f., expectation, hope: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nu is leódum wên orleg-hwîle (gen.) (now the people have weening of a time of strife), 2911; acc. sg. þäs ic wên häbbe (as I hope, expect), 383; so, þäs þe ic [wên] hafo, 3001; wên ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bega on wênum (in expectation of both, i.e. the death and the return of Beówulf), 2896. See or-wêna.

wênan, w. v., to ween, expect, hope: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. þäs ic wêne (as I hope), 272; swâ ic þe wêne tô (as I hope thou wilt: Beówulf hopes Hrôðgâr will now suffer no more pain), 1397.—2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan ge-þinges, 525; ic þær heaðu-fýres hâtes wêne, 2523; III. secce ne wêneð to Gâr Denum (weeneth not of contest with the Gar-Danes), 601; inf. (beorhtre bôte) wênan (to expect, count on, a brilliant [? a lighter penalty] atonement), 157; pret. pl. þäs ne wêndon ær witan Scyldinga þät ... the wise men of the Scyldings weened not of this before, that...), 779; þät hig þäs äðelinges eft ne wêndon þät he ... sêcean côme (that they looked not for the atheling again that he ... would come to seek ...), 1598.—3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wênde, 934.—4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wêne ic þät..., 1185; wên' ic þät..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wênde, 2330; pl. wêndon, 938, 1605.

wêpan, st. v., to weep: pret. sg. [weóp], 3152 (?).

wêrig, adj., weary, exhausted, w. gen.: nom. sg. siðes wêrig (weary from the journey, way-weary), 579; dat. sg. siðes wêrgum, 1795;—w. instr.: acc. pl. wundum wêrge (wound-weary), 2938.—Comp.: deáð-, fyl-, gûð-wêrig.

ge-werigean, w. v., to weary, exhaust: pret. part. ge-wêrgad, 2853.

wêrig-môd, adj., weary-minded (animo defessus): nom. sg., 845, 1544.

wêste, adj., waste, uninhabited: acc. sg. win-sele wêstne, 2457.

wêsten, st. n., waste, wilderness: acc. sg. wêsten, 1266.

wêsten, st. f., waste, wilderness: dat. sg. on þære wêstenne, 2299.

weal, st. m.: 1 wall, rampart: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308.—2) elevated sea-shore: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.—3) wall of a building: acc, sg. wið þäs recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324.—Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sæ-, scyld-weal.

ge-wealc, st. n., rolling: acc. sg. ofer ýða ge-wealc, 464.

ge-weald, st. n., power, might: acc. sg. on feónda ge-weald (into the power of his foes), 809, 904; so, 1685; geweald âgan, häbban, â-beódan (w. gen. of object = to present) = to have power over, 79, 655, 765, 951, 1088, 1611, 1728. See on-weald.

wealdan, st. v., to wield, govern, rule over, prevail: 1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif he wealdan môt (if he may prevail), 442; þær he ... wealdan môste swâ him Wyrd ne ge-scrâf (if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him), 2575; pres. part. waldend (God), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.—2) with instr. or dat.: inf. þâm wæpnum wealdan (to wield, prevail with, the weapons), 2039; Geátum wealdan (to rule the Geátas), 2391; þeáh-hordum wealdan (to rule over, control, the treasure of rings), 2828; wäl-stôwe wealdan (to hold the field of battle), 2985; pret. sg. weóld, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; þenden wordum weóld wine Scyldinga (while the friend of the S. ruled the G.), 30; pl. weóldon, 2052.—3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden ic wealde wîdan rîces, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17, 183, 1753; weard, 2514; the 'dragon is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fira, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. weóld, 703, 1771.

ge-wealdan, to wield, have power over, arrange: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg. hâlig god ge-weóld wîg-sigor, 1555.—2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-weóld his ge-witte (the king possessed his senses), 2704.—3) w. gen.: inf. he ne mihte nô ... wæpna ge-wealdan, 1510.

ge-wealden, pret. part., subject, subjected: acc. pl. gedêð him swâ gewealdene worolde dælas, 1733.

weallan, st. v.: 1) to toss, be agitated (of the sea): pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. weól, 515, 850, 1132; weóll, 2139.—2) figuratively (of emotions), to be agitated: pres. pl. III. syððan Ingelde weallað wäl-nîðas (deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld), 2066; pres. part. weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreðer inne weóll (his heart was moved within him), 2114; hreðer æðme weóll (his breast [the dragon's] swelled from breathing, snorting), 2594; breóst innan weóll þeóstrum ge-þoncum, 2332; so, weóll, 2600, 2715, 2883.

weall-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133.

weallian, w. v., to wander, rove about: pres. part. in comp. heoro-weallende, 2782.

weard, st. m., warden, guardian; owner: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (the Scyldings' warden of the march), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sâwele hyrde, 1742; the king is called beáh-horda weard, 922; rîces weard, 1391; folces weard, 2514; the dragon is called weard, 3061; weard un-hióre, 2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.—Comp.: bât-, êðel-, gold-, heáfod-, hord-, hýð-, land-, rên-, sele-, yrfe-weard.

weard, st. m., possession (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp. eorð-weard, 2335.

weard, st. f., watch, ward: acc. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde heóld, 305.—Comp. æg-weard.

weard, adj., -ward: in comp. and-, innan-, ût-weard, 1288, etc.

weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to watch, guard, keep: inf. he his folme forlêt tô lîf-wraðe, lâst weardian (Grendel left his hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sió swîðre swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (his right hand kept guard for him in H., i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hýrde ic þät þâm frätwum feówer mearas lungre gelîce last weardode (I heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor), 2165.—2) to hold, possess, inhabit: pret. sg. fîfel-cynnes eard ... weardode (dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends), 105; reced weardode un-rîm eorla (an immense number of earls held the hall), 1238; pl. þær we gesunde säl weardodon, 2076.

wearh, st. m., the accursed one; wolf: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268.

wearn, st. f.: 1) resistance, refusal, 366.—2) warning?, resistance? See un-wearnum, 742.

weaxan, st. v., to wax, grow: pres. sg. III. ôð þät him on innan ofer-hygda dæl weaxeð (till within him pride waxeth), 1742; inf. weaxan, 3116; pret. sg. weôx, 8.

ge-weaxan, to grow up: pret. sg. oft þät seó geogoð ge-weôx, 66.

ge-weaxan to, to grow to or for something: pret. sg. ne ge-weôx he him to willan (grew not for their benefit), 1712.

weá, w. m., woe, evil, misfortune: nom. sg., 937; acc. sg. wean, 191, 423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pl. weána, 148, 934, 1151, 1397.

weá-lâf, st. f., wretched remnant: acc. pl. þâ weá-lâfe (the wretched remnant, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), 1085, 1099.

weá-spel, st. n., woe-spell, evil tidings: dat. sg. weá-spelle, 1316.

ge-weoldum. See ge-wild.

weorc, st. n.: 1) work, labor, deed: acc. sg., 74; (war-deed), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, 1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.—2) work, trouble, suffering: acc. sg. þäs gewinnes weorc (misery on account of this strife), 1722; dat. pl. adv. weorcum (with labor), 1639.—Comp.: bædo-, ellen-, heaðo-, niht-weorc.

ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) work, deed, labor: nom. acc. sg., 455, 1563, 1682, 2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-weorces, 2712. Comp.: ær-, fyrn-, gûð-, hond-, nîð-ge-weorc.—2) fortification, rampart: in comp. land-geweorc, 939.

weorce, adj., painful, bitter: nom. sg., 1419.

weorð, st. n., precious object, valuable: dat. sg. weorðe, 2497.

weorð, adj., dear, precious: nom. sg. weorð Denum äðeling (the atheling dear to the Danes, Beówulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. þät he syððan wäs ... mâðme þý weorðra (more honored from the jewel), 1903; cf. wyrðe.

weorðan, st. v.: 1) to become: pres. sg. III. beholen weorðeð (is concealed), 414; underne weorðeð (becomes known), 2914; so, pl. III. weorðað, 2067; wurðað, 282; inf. weorðan, 3179; wurðan, 808; pret. sg. I., III. wearð, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.—2) inf. to frôfre weorðan (to become a help), 1708; pret. sg. wearð he Heaðolâfe tô hand-bonan, 460; so, wearð, 906, 1262; ne wearð Heremôd swâ (i.e. to frôfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.—3) pret. sg. þät he on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), 1545.—4) to happen, befall: inf. unc sceal weorðan ... swâ unc Wyrd ge-teóð (it shall befall us two as Fate decrees), 2527; þurh hwät his worulde gedâl weorðan sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. þâ þær sôna wearð ed-hwyrft eorlum (there was soon a renewal to the earls, i.e. of the former perils), 1281.

ge-weorðan: 1) to become: pret. sg. ge-wearð, 3062; pret. part. cearu wäs geniwod ge-worden (care was renewed), 1305; swâ us ge-worden is, 3079.—2) to finish; complete?: inf. þät þu ... lête Sûð-Dene sylfe ge-weorðan gûðe wið Grendel (that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel), 1997.—3) impersonally with acc., to agree, decide: pret. sg. þâ þäs monige ge-wearð þät ... (since many agreed that ...), 1599; pret. part. hafað þäs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rîces hyrde, and þät ræd talað þät he ... (therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that ...), 2027.

weorð-ful, adj., glorious, full of worth: nom. sg. weorð-fullost, 3100.

weorðian, w. v., to honor, adorn: pret. sg. þær ic ... þîne leóde weorðode weorcum (there honored I thy people by my deeds), 2097; subj. pret. (þät he) ät feoh-gyftum ... Dene weorðode (that he would honor the Danes at, by, treasure-giving), 1091.

ge-weorðian, ge-wurðian, to deck, ornament: pret. part. hire syððan wäs äfter beáh-þege breóst ge-weorðod, 2177; wæpnum ge-weorðad, 250; since ge-weorðad, 1451; so, ge-wurðad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weorðad (known, honored, afar), 1960.

weorð-lîce, adv., worthily, nobly: superl. weorð-lîcost, 3163.

weorð-mynd, st. f. n., dignity, honor, glory: nom. sg., 65; acc. sg. geseah þâ eald sweord ..., wîgena weorðmynd (saw an ancient sword there, the glory of warriors), 1560; dat. instr. pl. weorð-myndum, 8; tô worð-myndum, 1187; gen. pl. weorð-mynda dæl, 1753.

weorðung, st. f., ornament: in comp. breóst-, hâm-, heorft-, hring-, wîg-weorðung.

weorod. See werod.

weorpan, st. v.: 1) to throw, cast away, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp þâ wunden-mæl wrättum gebunden yrre oretta, þät hit on eorðan läg (the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth), 1532.—2) to throw around or about, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wäl-fýre (threw death-fire around), 2583.—3) to throw upon: inf. he hine eft ongan wäteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (began to cast water upon him again), 2792.

for-weorpan, w. acc., to cast away, squander: subj. pret. þät he genunga gûð-gewædu wrâðe for-wurpe (that he squandered uselessly the battle-weeds, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873.

ofer-weorpan, to stumble: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þâ ... wîgena strongest, 1544.

weotian, w. v., to provide with, adjust(?): pret. part. acc. pl. wäl-bende weotode, 1937.

be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., to regard, observe, care for: pres. pl. III. be-witiað, 1136; pret. sg. þegn ... se þe ... ealle be-weotede þegnes þearfe (who would attend to all the needs of a thane), 1797; draca se þe ... hord be-weotode (the drake that guarded a treasure), 2213;—to carry out, undertake: pres. pl. III. þâ ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sîð on segl-râde, 1429.

wicg, st. n., steed, riding-horse: nom. sg., 1401; acc. sg. wicg, 315; dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; acc. pl. wicg, 2175; gen. pl. wicga, 1046.

ge-widor, st. n., storm, tempest: acc. pl. lâð ge-widru (loathly weather), 1376.

wið prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and opposition: 1) w. dat., against, with (in hostile sense), from: þâ wið gode wunnon, 113; âna (wan) wið eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, lâð wið lâðum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; þät him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið lîge, 2342; hwät ... sêlest wære wið fær-gryrum tô ge-fremmanne, 174; þät him gâst-bona geóce gefremede wið þeód-þreáum, 178; wið rihte wan (strove against right), 144; häfde ... sele Hrôðgâres ge-nered wið nîðe (had saved H.'s hall from strife), 828; (him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blôde (the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Beówulf), 1881; sundur ge-dælan lîf wið lîce (to sunder soul from body), 2424; streámas wundon sund wið sande (the currents rolled the sea against the sand), 213; lîg-ýðum forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim), 2674; holm storme weól, won wið winde (the sea surged, wrestled with the wind), 1133; so, hiora in ânum weóll sefa wið sorgum (in one of them surged the soul with sorrow [against?, Heyne]), 2601; þät hire wið healse heard grâpode (that the sharp sword bit against her neck), 1567.—2) w. acc.: a) against, towards: wan wið Hrôðgâr (fought against H.), 152; wið feónda gehwone, 294; wið wrâð werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine hâlig god ûs on-sende wið Grendles gryre, 384; þät ic wið þone gûð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte (that I refrain from boastful speech against the battle-flier), 2529; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran (would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men; or, withdraw life-bale from, etc.? or, peace would not have with any man..., mortal bale withdraw?, Kemble), 155; ic þâ leóde wât ge wið feónd ge wið freónd fäste geworhte (towards foe and friend), 1865; heóld heáh-lufan wið häleða brego (cherished high love towards the prince of heroes), 1955; wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd (prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge), 1550. b) against, on, upon, in: setton sîde scyldas ... wið þäs recedes weal (against the wall of the hall), 326; wið eorðan fäðm (eardodon) (in the bosom of the earth), 3050; wið earm ge-sät (sat on, against, his arm), 750; so, stîð-môd ge-stôd wið steápne rond, 2567; [wið duru healle eode] (went to the door of the hall), 389; wið Hrefna-wudu (over against, near, H.), 2926; wið his sylfes sunu setl ge-tæhte (showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son), 2014. c) towards, with (of contracting parties): þät hie healfre ge-weald wið Eotena bearn âgan môston (that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess), 1089; þenden he wið wulf wäl reáfode (whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain), 3028.—3) Alternately with dat. and acc., against: nu wið Grendel sceal, wið þam aglæcan, âna gehegan þing wið þyrse, 424-426;—with, beside: ge-sät þâ wið sylfne..., mæg wið mæge, 1978-79.

wiðer-gyld, st. n., compensation: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?].

wiðer-rähtes, adv., opposite, in front of, 3040.

wiðre, st. n., resistance: gen. sg. wiðres ne trûwode, 2954.

wig-weorðung, st. f., idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols: acc. pl. -weorðunga, 176.

wiht, st. f.: 1) wight, creature, demon: nom. sg. wiht unhælo (the demon of destruction, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllîcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.—2) thing, something, aught: nom. sg. w. negative, ne hine wiht dweleð (nor does aught check him), 1736; him wiht ne speów (it helped him naught), 2855; acc. sg. ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde (nor did he count the worm's warring for aught), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan (I could not do aught ...), 1661;—w. partitive gen.: nô ... wiht swylcra searo-niða, 581;—the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. nicht: ne hie hûru wine-drihten wiht ne lôgon (did not blame their friendly lord aught), 863; so, ne wiht = naught, in no wise, 1084, 2602, 2858; nô wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (in aught, in any way), 1992; ne ... wihte (by no means), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.—Comp.: â-wiht (âht = aught), äl-wiht, ô-wiht.

wil-cuma, w. m., one welcome (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman Denigea leódum (welcome to the people of the Danes), 388; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, 394; wil-cuman Wedera leódum (welcome to the Geátas), 1895.

ge-wild, st. f., free-will? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (sponte, voluntarily, Bugge), 2223.

wil-deór (for wild-deór), st. n., wild beast: acc. pl. wil-deór, 1431.

wil-gesîð, st. m., chosen or willing companion: nom. pl. -ge-sîðas, 23.

wil-geofa, w. m., ready giver (= voti largitor: princely designation), joy-giver?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra leóda, 2901.

willa, w. m.: 1) will, wish, desire, sake: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. ânes willan (for the sake of one), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. tô willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum (according to wish), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna, 1345.—2) desirable thing, valuable: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951.

willan, aux. v., will: in pres. also shall (when the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic â-secgan (I will set forth, tell out), 344; so, 351, 427; ic tô sæ wille (I will to sea), 318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. þu wylt, 1853; sg. III. he wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; ær he in wille (ere he will in, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2767; pl. I. we ... wyllað, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; nô ic fram him wolde (i.e. fleótan), 543; so, swâ he hira mâ wolde (i.e. â-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.—Forms contracted w. negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, I will not, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. þâ metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519.

wilnian, w. v., to long for, beseech: inf. wel bið þäm þe môt ... tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian (well for him that may beseech protection in the Father's arms), 188.

wil-sîð, st. m., chosen journey: acc. sg. wil-sîð, 216.

ge-win, st. n.: 1) strife, struggle, enmity, conflict: acc. sg., 878; þâ hie ge-win drugon (endured strife), 799; under ýða ge-win (under the tumult of the waves), 1470; gen. sg. þäs ge-winnes weorc (misery for this strife), 1722.—2) suffering, oppression: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg. eald ge-win, 1782.—Comp.: fyrn-, ýð-ge-win.

wîn-ärn, st. n., hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall: gen. sg. wîn-ärnes, 655.

wind, st. m., wind, storm: nom. sg., 547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg. winde, 217; wið winde, 1133.

windan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to wind, whirl: pret. sg. wand tô wolcnum wäl-fýra mæst, 1120.—2) w. acc., to twist, wind, curl: pret. pl. streámas wundon sund wið sande, 212; pret. part. wunden gold (twisted, spirally-twined, gold), 1194, 3135; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, 1383.

ät-windan, to wrest one's self from, escape: pret. sg. se þäm feónde ät-wand, 143.

be-windan, to wind with or round, clasp, surround, envelop (involvere): pret. sg. þe hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wîrum be-wunden (wound with wires) 1032; feorh ... flæsce be-wunden (flesh-enclosed), 2425; gâr ... mundum be-wunden (a spear grasped with the hands), 3023; iû-manna gold galdre be-wunden (spell-encircled gold), 3053; (âstâh ...) lêg wôpe be-wunden (uprose the flame mingled with a lament), 3147.

ge-windan, to writhe, get loose, escape: inf. wîdre ge-windan (to flee further), 764; pret. sg. on fleám ge-wand, 1002.

on-windan, to unwind, loosen: pres. sg. (þonne fäder) on-windeð wäl-râpas, 1611.

win-däg, st. m., day of struggle or suffering: dat. pl. on þyssum win-dagum (in these days of sorrow, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063.

wind-bland (blond), st. n., wind-roar: nom. sg., 3147.

wind-gereste, f., resting-place of the winds: acc. sg., 2457.

windig, adj., windy: acc. pl. windige (weallas, nässas), 572, 1359; windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), 1225.

wine, st. m., friend, protector, especially the beloved ruler: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, leóf land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hrôðgâr), 148, 1184. As vocative: mîn wine, 2048; wine mîn, Beówulf (Hunferð), 457, 530, 1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrôðgâr), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Beówulf), 3097; acc. pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl. winigea leásum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.—Comp.: freá-, freó-, gold-, gûð-, mæg-wine.

wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), friendly lord, lord and friend: acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. wine-drihtne, 360.

wine-geômor, adj., friend-mourning: nom. sg., 2240.

wine-leás, adj., friendless: dat. sg. wine-leásum, 2614.

wine-mæg, st. m., dear kinsman: nom. pl. wine-mâgas, 65.

ge-winna, w. m., striver, struggler, foe: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna.

winnan, st. v., to struggle, fight: pret. sg. III. wan âna wið eallum, 144; Grendel wan ... wið Hrôðgâr, 151; holm ... won wið winde (the sea fought with the wind: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II. eart þu se Beówulf, se þe wið Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wið gode wunnon, 113; þær þâ graman wunnon (where the foes fought), 778.

wîn-reced, st. n., wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests: acc. sg., 715, 994.

wîn-sele, st. m., the same, wine-hall: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. wîn-sele, 696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]).

winter, st. m. n.: 1) winter: nom. sg., 1133, 1137; acc. sg. winter, 1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516.—2) year (counted by winters): acc. pl. fîftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pl. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pl. wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051.

wintre, adj., so many winters (old): in comp. syfan-wintre.

ge-wislîce, adv., certainly, undoubtedly: superl. gewislîcost, 1351.

wist, st. f., fundamental meaning = existentia, hence: 1) good condition, happiness, abundance: dat. sg. wunað he on wiste, 1736.—2) food, subsistence, booty: dat. sg. þâ wäs äfter wiste wôp up â-hafen (a cry was then uplifted after the meal, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), 128.

wist-fyllo, st. f., fulness or fill of food, rich meal: gen. sg. wist-fylle, 735.

wit, st. n., (wit), understanding: nom. sg., 590.—Comp.: fyr-, in-wit.

ge-wit, st. n.: 1) consciousness. dat. sg. ge-weóld his ge-witte, 2704.—2) heart, breast: dat. sg. fýr unswîðor weóll (the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast), 2883.

wit, pers. pron. dual of we, we two, 535, 537, 539, 540, 544, 1187, etc. See unc, uncer.

wita, weota, w. m., counsellor, royal adviser; pl., the king's council of nobles: nom. pl. witan, 779: gen. pl. witena, 157, 266, 937 weotena, 1099.—Comp.: fyrn-, rûn-wita.

witan, pret.-pres. v., to wot, know. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wât, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelâce wât þät he ... (I know as to H., that he ...), 1831; so, god wât on mec þät ...(God knows of me, that ...), 2651; sg. II. þu wâst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.—2) w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wât, 1864.—3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. tô þäs he win-reced ... gearwost wisse, fättum fâhne, 716; so, 1310; wiste þäm ahlæcan hilde ge-binged, 647.—4) w. acc., to know: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames grâpum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181.

nât = ne + wât, I know not: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = some or other: sceaða ic nât hwylc.—2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nât he þâra gôda, þät he me on-geán sleá, 682.

ge-witan, to know, perceive: inf. þäs þe hie gewis-lîcost ge-witan meahton, 1351.

be-witian. See be-weotian.

witig, adj., wise, sagacious: nom. sg. witig god, 686, 1057; witig drihten (God), 1555; wittig drihten, 1842.

ge-wittig, adj., conscious: nom. sg. 3095.

ge-witnian, w. v., to chastise, punish: wommum gewitnad (punished with plagues), 3074.

wîc, st. n., dwelling, house: acc. sg. wîc, 822, 2590;—often in pl. because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wîcum, 1305, 1613, 3084; gen. wîca, 125, 1126.

ge-wîcan, st. v., to soften, give way, yield (here chiefly of swords): pret. sg. ge-wâc, 2578, 2630.

wîc-stede, st. m., dwelling-place: nom. sg. 2463; acc. sg. wîc-stede, 2608.

wîd, adj., wide, extended: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer wîd wäter, 2474; gen. sg. wîdan rîces, 1860; acc. pl. wîde sîðas, waroðas, 878, 1966.—2) temporal: acc. sg. wîdan feorh (acc. of time), 2015; dat. sg. tô wîdan feore, 934.

wîde, adv., widely, afar, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wîde cûð (widely, universally, known), 2136, 2924; so, underne wîde, 2914; wîde geond eorðan (over the whole earth, widely), 3100;—modifier of superl.: wreccena wîde mærost (the most famous of wanderers, exiles), 899.—Compar. wîdre, 764.

wîd-cûð, adj., widely known, very celebrated: nom. sg. neut., 1257; acc. sg. m. wîd-cûðne man (Beówulf), 1490; wîd-cûðne weán, 1992; wîd-cûðes (Hrôðgâr), 1043.

wîde-ferhð, st. m. n., (long life), great length of time: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wîde-ferhð (down to distant times, always), 703, 938; ealne wîde-ferhð, 1223.

wîd-floga, w. m., wide-flier (of the dragon): nom. sg., 2831; acc. sg. wîd-flogan, 2347.

wîd-scofen, pret. part., wide-spread? causing fear far and wide? 937.

wîd-weg, st. m., wide way, long journey: acc. pl. wîd-wegas, 841, 1705.

wîf, st. n., woman, lady, wife: nom. sg. freó-lîc wîf (Queen Wealhþeów), 616; wîf un-hýre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlîce wîf (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid þý wîfe (Hrôðgâr's daughter, Freáwaru), 2029; dat. sg. þam wîfe (Wealhþeów), 640; gen. sg. wîfes (as opposed to man), 1285; gen. pl. wera and wîfa, 994.—Comp.: aglæc-, mere-wîf.

wîf-lufe, w. f., wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love: nom. pl. wîf-lufan, 2066.

wîg, st. m.: 1) war, battle: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg., 686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wîge, 1338, 2630; as instr., 1085; (wigge, MS.), 1657, 1771; gen. sg. wîges, 65, 887, 1269.—2) valor, warlike prowess: nom. sg. wäs his môd-sefa manegum ge-cýðed, wîg and wîsdôm, 350; wîg, 1043; wîg ... eafoð and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wîges, 2324.—Comp. fêðe-wîg.

wîga, w. m., warrior, fighter: nom. sg., 630; dat. pl. wîgum, 2396; gen. pl. wîgena, 1544, 1560, 3116.—Comp.: äsc-, byrn-, gâr-, gûð-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wîga.

wîgan, st. v., to fight: pres. sg. III. wîgeð, 600; inf., 2510.

wîgend, pres. part., fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pl. wîgend, 1126, 1815, 3145; acc. pl. wîgend, 3025; gen. pl. wîgendra, 429, 900, 1973, 2338.—Comp. gârwîgend.

wîg-bealu, st. n., war-bale, evil contest: acc. sg., 2047.

wîg-bil, st. n., war-bill, battle-sword: nom. sg., 1608.

wîg-bord, st. n., war-board or shield: acc. sg., 2340.

wîg-cräft, st. m., war-power: acc. sg., 2954.

wîg-cräftig, adj., vigorous in fight, strong in war: acc. sg. wîg-cräftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812.

wîg-freca, w. m., war-wolf, war-hero: acc. sg. wîg-frecan, 2497; nom. pl. wîg-frecan, 1213.

wîg-fruma, w. m., war-chief or king: nom. sg., 665; acc. sg. wîg-fruman, 2262.

wîg-geatwe, st. f. pl., war-ornaments, war-gear: dat. pl. on wîg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368.

wîg-ge-weorðad, pret. part., war-honored, distinguished in war, 1784? See Note.

wîg-gryre, st. m., war-horror or terror: nom. sg., 1285.

wîg-hete, st. m., war-hate, hostility: nom. sg., 2121.

wîg-heafola, w. m., war head-piece, helmet: acc. sg. wîg-heafolan, 2662.—Leo.

wîg-heáp, st. m., war-band: nom sg., 447.

wîg-hryre, st. m., war-ruin, slaughter, carnage: acc. sg., 1620.

wîg-sigor, st. m., war-victory: acc. sg., 1555.

wîg-sped, st. f.?, war-speed, success in war: gen. pl. wîg-spêda, 698.

wîn, st. n., wine: acc. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. wîne, 1468.

wîr, st. n., wire, spiral ornament of wire: instr. pl. wîrum, 1032; gen. pl. wîra, 2414.

wîs, adj., wise, experienced, discreet: nom. sg. m. wîs (in his mind, conscious), 3095; f. wîs, 1928; in w. form, se wîsa, 1401, 1699, 2330; acc. sg. þone wîsan, 1319; gen. pl. wîsra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wîs wordcwida (wise of speech), 1846.

wîsa, w. m., guide, leader: nom. sg. werodes wîsa, 259.—Comp.: brim-, here-, hilde-wîsa.

wîscte. See wýscan.

wîs-dôm, st. m., wisdom, experience: nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wîs-dôme, 1960.

wîse, w. f., fashion, wise, custom: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde wîsan (after ancient custom), 1866.

wîs-fäst, adj., wise, sagacious (sapientiâ firmus): nom. sg. f., 627.

wîs-hycgende, pres. part. wise-thinking, wise, 2717.

wîsian, w. v., to guide or lead to, direct, point out: 1) w. acc.: inf. heán wong wîsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wîsade land-gemyrcu, 208.—2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic eów wîsige (I shall guide you), 292, 3104; pret. sg. se þæm heaðo-rincum hider wîsade, 370; sôna him sele-þegn ... forð wîsade (the hall-thane led him thither forthwith, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stîg wîsode gumum ät-gädere, 320; so, 1664.—3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. þâ secg wîsode under Heorotes hrôf (when the warrior showed them the way under Heorot's roof, [but under H.'s hrôf depends rather on snyredon ätsomne]), 402.

wîtan, st. v., properly to look at; to look at with censure, to blame, reproach, accuse, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-þam me wîtan ne þearf waldend fira morðor-bealo mâga, 2742.

ät-wîtan, to blame, censure (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. ät-witon weána dæl, 1151.

ge-wîtan, properly spectare aliquo; to go (most general verb of motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft ge-wât ... tô hâm faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... mearum rîdan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þâ Scyld ge-wât ... fêran on freán wære, 26; gewât him ... rîdan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.—2) associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wîtað forð beran wæpen and gewædu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wât þâ neósian heán hûses, 115; he þâ fâg ge-wât ... man-dreám fleón, 1264; nyðer eft gewât dennes niósian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewât ... hâmes niósan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.—3) without inf. and with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. þær firgen-streám under nässa genipu niðer ge-wîteð, 1361; ge-wîteð on sealman, 2461; inf. on flôdes æht feor ge-wîtan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wât, 217; him ge-wât, 1237, 1904; of lîfe, ealdre ge-wât (died), 2472, 2625; fyrst forð ge-wât (time went on), 210; him ge-wât ût of healle, 663; ge-wât him hâm, 1602; pret. part. dat. sg. me forð-ge-witenum (me defuncto, I dead), 1480.

ôð-wîtan, to blame, censure, reproach: inf. ne þorfte him þâ leán ôð-wîtan mon on middan-gearde, 2997.

wlanc, wlonc, adj., proud, exulting: nom. sg. wlanc, 341; w. instr. æse wlanc (proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen. mâðm-æhta wlonc (proud of the treasures), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, 2954.—Comp. gold-wlanc.

wlâtian, w. v., to look or gaze out, forth: pret. sg. se þe ær ... feor wlâtode, 1917.

wlenco, st. f., pride, heroism: dat. sg. wlenco, 338, 1207; wlence, 508.

wlite, st. m. form, noble form, look, beauty: nom. sg., 250.

wlite-beorht, adj., beauteous, brilliant in aspect: acc. sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, 93.

wlite-seón, st. n. f., sight, spectacle: acc. sg., 1651.

wlitig, adj., beautiful, glorious, fair in form: acc. sg. wlitig (sweord), 1663.

wlîtan, st. v., to see, look, gaze: pret. sg. he äfter recede wlât (looked along the hall), 1573; pret. pl. on holm wliton (looked on the sea), 1593; wlitan on Wîglâf, 2853.

geond-wlîtan, w. acc., to examine, look through, scan: inf. wräte giond-wlîtan, 2772.

woh-bogen, pret. part., (bent crooked), crooked, twisted: nom. sg. wyrm woh-bogen, 2828.

wolcen, st. n. m., cloud (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (under the clouds, on earth), 8, 652, 715, 1771; tô wolcnum, 1120, 1375.

wollen-teár, adj., tear-flowing, with flowing tears: nom. pl. wollen-teáre, 3033.

wom. See wam.

won. See wan.

worc. See weorc.

word, st. n.: 1) word, speech: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. þät word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pl. þâ word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173, 1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (tell them in words, expressly), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wägnan, secgan, hêrgan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.—2) command, order: gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban (to rule, reign), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum weóld, 30.—Comp.: beót-, gylp-, meðel-, þryð-word.

word-cwide, st. m., (word-utterance), speech: acc. pl. word-cwydas, 1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846.

word-gid, st. m, speech, saying: acc. sg. word-gyd, 3174.

word-hord, st. n., word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth: acc. sg. word-hord on-leác (unlocked his word-hoard, opened his mouth, spoke), 259.

word-riht, st. n., right speech, suitable word: gen. pl. Wîglâf maðelode word-rihta fela, 2632.

worð-mynd. See weorð-mynd.

worðig (for weorðig), st. m., palace, estate, court: acc. sg. on worðig (into the palace), 1973.

worn, st. n., multitude, number: acc. sg. worn eall (very many), 3095; wintra worn (many years), 264; þonne he wintrum frôd worn ge-munde (when he old in years thought of their number), 2115. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwät þu worn fela ... spræce (how very much thou hast spoken!), 530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543.

woruld, worold, st. f., humanity, world, earth: nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (to be born, come into the world), 60; worold oflætan, of-gifan (die), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dâl (his separation from the world, death), 3069; worolde brûcan (to enjoy life, live), 1063; worlde, 2712.

worold-âr, st. f., worldly honor or dignity: acc. sg. worold-âre, 17.

woruld-candel, st. f., world-candle, sun: nom. sg., 1966.

worold-cyning, st. m., world king, mighty king: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, 1685.

woruld-ende, st. m., world's end: acc. sg., 3084.

worold-ræden, st. f., usual course, fate of the world, customary fate: dat. sg. worold-rædenne, 1143?

wôp, st. m., (whoop), cry of grief, lament: nom. sg., 128; acc. sg. wôp, 786; instr. sg. wôpe, 3147.

wracu, st. f., persecution, vengeance, revenge: nom. sg. wracu (MS, uncertain), 2614; acc. sg. wräce, 2337.—Comp.: gyrn-, nýd-wracu.

wraðu, st. f., protection, safety: in comp. lîf-wraðu.

wrâð, adj., wroth, furious, hostile: acc. sg. neut. wrâð, 319; dat. sg. wrâðum, 661, 709; gen. pl. wrâðra, 1620.

wrâðe, adv., contemptibly, disgracefully, 2873.

wrâð-lîce, adv., wrathfully, hostilely (in battle), 3063.

wrâsn, st. f., circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown: in comp. freá-wrâsn.

wräc-lâst, st. m., exile-step, exile, banishment: acc. sg. wräc-lâstas träd (trod exile-steps, wandered in exile), 1353.

wräc-mäcg, st. m., exile, outcast: nom. pl. wräc-mäcgas, 2380.

wräc-sîð, st. m., exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution: acc. sg., 2293; dat. sg. -sîðum, 338.

wrät, st. f., ornament, jewel: acc. pl. wräte (wræce, MS.), 2772, 3061; instr. pl. wrättum, 1532; gen. pl. wrätta, 2414.

wrät-lîc, adj.: 1) artistic, ornamental; valuable: acc. sg. wrät-lîcne wundur-mâððum, 2174; wrät-lîc wæg-sweord, 1490; wîg-bord wrät-lîc, 2340.—2) wondrous, strange: acc. sg. wrät-lîcne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], 892; wlite-seón wrät-lîc, 1651.

wræc, st. f., persecution; hence, wretchedness, misery: nom. sg., 170; acc. sg. wræc, 3079.

wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to press, force: pret. part. þær wäs Ongenþeó ... on bîd wrecen, 2963.—2) to drive out, expel: pret. sg. ferh ellen wräc, 2707.—3) to wreak or utter: gid, spel wrecan (to utter words or songs); subj. pres. sg. III. he gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-râde, 874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd äfter wräc, 2155; pres. part. þær wäs ... gid wrecen, 1066.—4) to avenge, punish: subj. pres. þät he his freónd wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire mæg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part. wrecend (an avenger), 1257; pret. sg. wräc Wedera nîð, 423; so, 1334, 1670.

â-wrecan, to tell, recount: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þe â-wräc (I have told this tale for thee), 1725; so, 2109.

for-wrecan, w. acc., to drive away, expel; carry away: inf. þý läs him ýða þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves might carry away the winsome ship), 1920; pret. sg. he hine feor for-wräc ... man-cynne fram, 109.

ge-wrecan, w. acc., to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish: pret. sg. ge-wräc, 107, 2006; he ge-wräc (i.e. hit, this) cealdum cear-sîðum, 2396; he hine sylfne ge-wräc (avenged himself), 2876; pl. ge-wræcan, 2480; pret. part. ge-wrecen, 3063.

wrecca, w. m., (wretch), exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pl. wreccena wîde mærost (Sigemund), 899.

wreoðen-hilt, adj., wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt: nom. sg., 1699.

wridian, w. v., to flourish, spring up: pret. sg. III. wridað, 1742.

wriða, w. m., band: in comp. beág-wriða (bracelet), 2019.

wrixl, st. n., exchange, change: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (in a worse way, with a worse exchange), 2970.

ge-wrixle, st. n., exchange, arrangement, bargain: nom. sg. ne wäs þät ge-wrixle til (it was not a good arrangement, trade), 1305.

wrixlan, w. v., to exchange: inf. wordum wrixlan (to exchange words, converse), 366; 875 (tell).

wrîðan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to bind, fasten, wreathe together: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wäl-bedde wrîðan þôhte, 965.—2) to bind up (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þâ wæron monige þe his mæg wriðon, 2983. See hand-gewriðen.

wrîtan, st. v., to incise, engrave: pret. part. on þäm (hilte) wäs ôr writen fyrn-gewinnes (on which was engraved the origin of an ancient struggle), 1689.

for-wrîtan, to cut to pieces or in two: pret. sg. for-wrât Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706.

wrôht, st. m. f., blame, accusation, crime; here strife, contest, hostility: nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914.

wudu, st. m., wood: 1) material, timber: nom. pl. wudu, 1365; hence, the wooden spear: acc. pl. wudu, 398.—2) forest, wood: acc. sg. wudu, 1417.—3) wooden ship: nom. sg. 298; acc. sg. wudu, 216, 1920.—Comp.: bæl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, mägen-, sæ-, sund-, þrec-wudu.

wudu-rêc, st. m., wood-reek or smoke: nom. sg., 3145.

wuldor, st. n., glory: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (God), 666; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (designations of God).

wuldor-cyning, st. m., king of glory, God. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796

wuldor-torht, adj., glory-bright, brilliant, clear: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137.

wulf, st. m., wolf: acc. sg., 3028.

wulf-hlið, st. n., wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves house: acc. pl. wulf-hleoðu, 1359.

wund, st. f., wound: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; acc. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907; acc. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pl. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938.—Comp. feorh-wund.

wund, adj., wounded, sore: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. pl. wunde, 565, 1076.

wunden-feax, adj., curly-haired (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401.

wunden-heals, adj., with twisted or curved neck or prow: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (the ship), 298.

wunden-heorde?, curly-haired?: nom. sg. f., 3153.

wunden-mæl, adj., damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments(?): nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword).

wunden-stefna, w. m. curved prow, ship: nom. sg., 220.

wundor, st. n.: 1) wonder, wonderwork: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063; acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (wondrously), 1453, 2688; gen. pl. wundra, 1608.—2) portent, monster: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.—Comp.: hand-, nîð-, searo-wundor.

wundor-bebod, st. n., wondrous command, strange order: instr. pl. -bebodum, 1748.

wundor-deáð, st. m., wonder-death, strange death: instr. sg. wundor deáðe, 3038.

wundor-fät, st. n., wonder-vat, strange vessel: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum (from wondrous vessels), 1163.

wundor-lîc, adj., wonder like, remarkable: nom. sg., 1441.

wundor-mâððum, st. m., wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure: acc. sg., 2174.

wundor-smið, st. m., wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682.

wundor-seón, st. f., wondrous sight: gen. pl. wunder-sióna, 996.

wunian, w. v.: 1) to stand, exist, remain: pres. sg. III. þenden þær wunað on heáh-stede hûsa sêlest (as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place), 284; wunað he on wiste (lives in plenty), 1736; inf. on sele wunian (to remain in the hall), 3129; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (remained with F.), 1129.—2) w. acc. or dat., to dwell in, to inhabit, to possess: pres. sg. III. wunað wäl-reste (holds his death-bed), 2903; inf. wäter-egesan wunian scolde..., streámas, 1261; wîcum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelâc þær ät hâm wunað, 1924.

ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) to inhabit: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276.—2) to remain with, stand by: subj. pres. þät hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-sîðas, 22.

wurðan. See weorðan.

wuton, v. from wîtan, used as interj., let us go! up! w. inf.: wutun gangan tô (let us go to him!), 2649; uton hraðe fêran! 1391; uton nu êfstan, 3102.

wylf, st. f., she-wolf: in comp. brim-wylf.

wylm, st. m., surge, surf, billow: num. sg. flôdes wylm, 1765; dat. wintres wylme (with winter's flood), 516; acc. sg. þurh wäteres wylm, 1694; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, 2508.—Comp.: breóst-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fýr-, heaðo-, holm-, sæ-, sorh-wylm. See wälm.

wyn, st. f., pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment: acc. sg. mæste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly joy), 1081; eorðan wynne (earth-joy, the delightful earth), 1731; heofenes wynne (heaven's joy, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (harp-joy, the pleasant harp), 2108; þät he ... ge-drogen häfde eorðan wynne (that he had had his earthly joy), 2728; dat. sg. weorod wäs on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. mägenes wynnum (in joy of strength), 1717; so, 1888.—Comp.: êðel-, hord-, lîf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.

wyn-leás, adj., joyless: acc. sg. wyn-leásne wudu, 1417; wyn-leás wîc, 822.

wyn-sum, adj., winsome, pleasant: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (the ship), 1920; nom. pl. word wæron wyn-sume, 613.

wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) to do, effect, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, 931.—2) to make, create, w. acc.: pret. sg. þät se äl-mihtiga eorðan worh[te], 92; swâ hine (the helmet) worhte wæpna smið, 1453.—3) to gain, win, acquire, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, se þe môte, dômes ær deáðe, 1388.

be-wyrcan, to gird, surround: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, 3163.

ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., to act, behave: inf. swâ sceal geong guma gôde gewyrcean ... on fäder wine þät ... (a young man shall so act with benefits towards his father's friends that ...), 20.—2) w. acc., to do, make, effect, perform: inf. ne meahte ic ät hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on þam aglæcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic þâ leóde wât ... fäste ge-worhte. 1865.—3) to make, construct: inf. (medo-ärn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wîg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlæw) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, 1697.—4) to win, acquire: pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge dôm ge-wyrce, 1492.

Wyrd, st. f., Weird (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly weakened down = fate, providence): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206, 2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)

wyrdan, w. v., to ruin, kill, destroy: pret. sg. he tô lange leóde mine wanode and wyrde, 1338.

â-wyrdan, w. v., to destroy, kill: pret. part.: äðeling monig wundum â-wyrded, 1114.

wyrðe, adj., noble; worthy, honored, valued: acc. sg. m. wyrðne (ge-dôn) (to esteem worthy), 2186; nom. pl. wyrðe, 368; compar. nom. sg. rîces wyrðra (worthier of rule), 862.—Comp. fyrd-wyrðe. See weorð.

wyrgen, st, f., throttler [cf. sphinx], she-wolf; in comp. grund-wyrgen.

ge-wyrht, st. n., work; desert; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658.

wyrm, st. m., worm, dragon, drake: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630, 2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg. wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl. wyrmas, 1431.

wyrm-cyn, st. m., worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons: gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426.

wyrm-fâh, adj., dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned (ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fâh, 1699.

wyrm-hord, st. n., dragon-hoard: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223.

for-wyrnan, w. v., to refuse, reject: subj. pres. II. þät þu me nô for-wyrne, þät... (that thou refuse me not that...), 429; pret. sg. he ne for-wyrnde worold-rædenne, 1143.

ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., to refresh one's self, recover: pret. sg. he hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977.

wyrpe, st. m., change: acc. sg. äfter weá-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things), 1316.

wyrsa, compar. adj., worse: acc. sg. neut. þät wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan wîg-frecan, 1213, 2497.

wyrt, st. f., [-wort], root: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum fäst, 1365.

wýscan, w. v., to wish, desire: pret. sg. wîscte (rihde, MS.) þäs yldan (wished to delay that or for this reason, 2440, 1605(?). See Note.

Y

yfel, st n., evil: gen. pl. yfla, 2095.

yldan, w. v., to delay, put off: inf. ne þät se aglæca yldan þôhte, 740; weard wine-geômor wîscte þäs yldan, þät he lytel fäc long-gestreóna brûcan môste, 2240.

ylde, st. m. pl., men: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150, 606, 1662. See elde.

yldest. See eald.

yldo, st. f., age (senectus), old age: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, 1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.—2) age (ætas), time, era: gen. sg. yldo bearn, 70. See eldo.

yldra. See eald.

ylf, st. f., elf (incubus, alp): nom. pl. ylfe, 112.

ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, around, about, at, upon: ymb hine (around, with, him), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford (around the seas, on the high sea), 568; ymb þâ gif-healle (around the gift-hall, throne-hall), 839; ymb þäs helmes hrôf (around the helm's roof, crown), 1031.—2) temporal, about, after: ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores (about the same time the next day), 219; ymb âne niht (after a night), 135.—3) causal, about, on account of, for, owing to: (frînan) ymb þînne sîð (on account of, concerning?, thy journey), 353; hwät þu ... ymb Brecan spræce (hast spoken about B.), 531; so, 1596, 3174; nâ ymb his lîf cearað (careth not for his life), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte beheóld ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (about the swimming, the prize for swimming), 507.

ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hlæw oft ymbe hwearf (prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.—II. adv., around: him ... ymbe, 2598.

ymb-sittend, pres. part., neighbor gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9.

ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl. ymbe-sittendra, 2735.

yppe, w. f., high seat, dais, throne: dat. sg. eode ... tô yppan, 1816.

yrfe, st. n., bequest, legacy: nom. sg., 3052.

yrfe-lâf, st. f., sword left as a bequest: acc. sg. yrfe-lâfe, 1054; instr. sg. yrfe-lâfe, 1904.

yrfe-weard, st. m., heir, son: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. (-as, MS.)

yrmðo, st. f., misery, shame, wretchedness: acc. sg. yrmðe, 1260, 2006.

yrre, st. n., anger, ire, excitement: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg, on yrre, 2093.

yrre, adj., angry, irate, furious: nom. sg. yrre oretta (Beówulf), 1533; þegn yrre (the same), 1576; gäst yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770. See eorre.

yrringa, adv., angrily, fiercely, 1566, 2965.

yrre-môd, adj., wrathful-minded, wild: nom. sg., 727.

ys, he is. See wesan.

Ý

ýð (O.H.G. unda), st. f., wave; sea: nom. pl. ýða, 548; acc. pl. ýðe, 46, 1133, 1910; dat. pl. ýðum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; ýðum weallan (to surge with waves), 515, 2694; gen. pl. ýða, 464, 849, 1209, 1470, 1919.—Comp: flôd-, lîg-, wäter-ýð.

ýðan, w. v., to ravage, devastate, destroy: pret. sg. ýðde eotena cyn, 421 (cf. îðende = depopulating, Bosworth, from Ælfric's Glossary; pret. ýðde, Wanderer, 85).

ýðe. See eáðe.

ýðe-lîce, adv., easily: ýðe-lîce he eft â-stôd (he easily arose afterwards), 1557.

ýð-gebland, st. n., mingling or surging waters, water-tumult: nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621.

ýð-gewin, st. n., strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water: dat. sg. ýð-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435.

ýð-lâd, st. f., water-journey, sea-voyage: nom. pl. ýð-lâde, 228.

ýð-lâf, st. f., water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum reliquiae), shore: dat. sg. be ýð-lâfe, 566.

ýð-lida, w. m., wave-traverser, ship: acc. sg. ýð-lidan, 198.

ýð-naca, w. m., sea-boat: acc. sg. [ýð-]nacan, 1904.

ýð-gesêne. See êð-gesýne.

ýwan, w. v. w. acc., to show: pret. sg. an-sýn ýwde (showed itself, appeared), 2835. See eáwan, eówan.

ge-ýwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to lay before, offer: inf., 2150.

GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.

âbrecan, st. v., to shatter: part. his byrne âbrocen wære (his byrnie was shattered).

ânyman, st. v., to take, take away.

bân-helm, st. m., bone-helmet; skull, [shield, Bosw.].

buruh-þelu, st. f., castle-floor.

cêlod, part, (adj.?), keeled, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow.

dagian, w. v., to dawn: ne þis ne dagiað eástan (this is not dawning from the east).

deór-môd, adj., brave in mood: deór-môd häleð.

driht-gesîð, st m., companion, associate.

eástan, adv., from the east.

eorð-bûend, st. m., earth-dweller, man.

fêr, st. m. fear, terror.

fýren, adj., flaming, afire: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fýrenu wære (as if all Finnsburh were afire).

gehlyn, st. n., noise, tumult.

gellan, st. v., to sing (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleð græg-hama (the gray garment [byrnie] rings); (the gray wolf yelleth?).

genesan, st. v., to survive, recover from: pret. pl. þâ wîgend hyra wunda genæson (the warriors were recovering from their wounds).

gold-hladen, adj., laden with gold (wearing heavy gold ornaments).

græg-hama, w. m., gray garment, mail-coat; (wolf?—Brooke).

gûð-wudu, st. m., war-wood, spear.

häg-steald, st. m., one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl.

heaðo-geong, adj., young in war.

here-sceorp, st. n., war-dress, coat of mail.

hleoðrian, w. v., to speak, exclaim: pret. sg. hleoðrode ... cyning (the prince exclaimed).

hræw, st. n., corpse.

hrôr, adj., strong: here-sceorpum hrôr (strong [though it was] as armor, Bosw.).

lac (lað?)? for flacor, fluttering?

oncweðan, st. v., to answer: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyð (the shield answers the spear).

onwacnian, w. v., to awake, arouse one's self: imper. pl. onwacnigeað ..., wîgend mine (awake, my warriors!).

sceft (sceaft), st. m., spear, shaft.

sealo-brûn, adj., dusky-brown.

sige-beorn, st. m., victorious hero, valiant warrior.

swäðer (swâ hwäðer), pron., which of two, which.

swân, st. m., swain, youth; warrior.

sweart, adj., swart, black.

swêt, adj., sweet: acc. m. swêtne medo ... forgyldan (requite the sweet mead, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief).

swurd-leóma, w. m., sword-flame, flashing of swords.

þyrl, adj., pierced, cloven.

undearninga, adv., without concealment, openly.

wandrian, w. v., to fly about, hover: pret. sg. hräfn wandrode (the raven hovered).

waðol, st. m., the full moon [Grein]; [adj., wandering, Bosw.].

wäl-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., combat, deadly struggle: gen. pl. wäl-slihta gehlyn (the din of combats)

weâ-dæd, st. f., deed of woe: nom. pl. ârisað weâ-dæda.

witian (weotian), w. v., to appoint, determine: part. þe is ... witod.

wurðlîce (weorðlîce), adv., worthily, gallantly: compar. wurð-lîcor.

wäg, weg, st. m., way.

CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:

ARGUMENT, recals = recalls ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrýð-swýð l. 256 ôfest = ôfost l. 303 sciónon = scionon l. 706 buton = bûton l. 1115 ât = ät l. 1133 wîð = wið ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436 here-sträl = here-stræl l. 1642 feôwer- = feówer l. 1747 sträle = stræle l. 1828 þywað = þýwað l. 1926 betlic = betlîc l. 2224 gesceód = gesceôd ll. 2288, 3036 wâs = wäs l. 2453 to = tô l. 2503 Huga = Hûga (marked long, correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) l. 2586 niðe = nîðe l. 2587 sið = sîð l. 2684 irenna = îrenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hûgas l. 2956 heáðo-liðendum = heaðo-lîðendum (heáðu- in glossary) l. 3000 Þât = Þät; feônd- = feónd- l. 3056 sóð = sôð l. 3137 Hrônes = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, Scedenîgge = Scedenigge Eádgils, Ohthere = Ôhthere Freáwaru, Freawaru = Freáwaru Hrôðgâr, Hrôð-gâre = Hrôðgâre Hygelac, Hæreð = Häreð notes, for l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, wôð- = wæg- l. 1916, leôfra = leófra glossary, under: äðele, Beowulf's = Beówulf's ân, gehwilces = gehwylces æg-hwâ, ægh-wäs = æghwäs ät-beran, beadolâce = beadulâce beadu-lâc, beado- = beadu- (twice) beág, beages = beáges beorh, heáford- = heáfod beódan, leodum = leódum beón, cwênlic = cwênlîc biddan, bliðne = blîðne bitter, sträle = stræle ge-bîdan, therefor = therefore on-bîdan, earfôðlîce = earfoðlîce brecan, lêtdse = lêt se burne, of of = of bûtan, swîce = swice cempa, Huga = Hûga ge-ceósan, usic = ûsic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corðer, þä = þâ cûð, wîð- = wîd- cunnan, þeáwe = þeáw dôgor, gehwam = gehwâm dôn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þýwað drîfan, feoran = feorran dryhten, freáh- = freá- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype ge-dýgan, wräcsið = wräcsîð eal, oncyððe = oncýððe ealdor, heresträl = herestræl eácen-cräftig, iúmanna = iúmonna eofor-spreót, hocyhtum = hôcyhtum eorlîc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlîc fâh, wâldreóre = wäldreóre ôð-ferian, panon = þonan fela, maððum- = mâððum fêran, wäre = wære feónd, feonda = feónda fleón, fenhôpu = fenhopu floga, wîð- = wîd- folc-toga, Hrôðgar = Hrôðgâr for, wonhydum = wonhýdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fôt-gemearc, long = lang ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þeódcyninga ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frätwum ge-fýsan, to sêcanne = tô sêceanne gân, swa = swâ; [or] giong = gióng; flore = flôre; sîttan = sittan ge-gan, Wîglaf = Wîglâf gâr-wîga, Wîglaf = Wîglâf gäst, fêde- = fêðe- gegn-cwide, þinra = þînra ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ýðlidan geóc, gást = gâst geômore-lîc, [bið] geômorlic = geômorlîc for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gûðrinc grêtan, walgæst = wälgæst grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene = gecorone wið-habban, winsele = wînsele hatan, sæliðend = sælîðend hatian, guð-sceaða = gûð-sceaða hâr, heâre = heáre here-stræl, -sträl = stræl heard, -sträl = -stræl; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-dreór, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-dreóre hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) hôp, hôp = hop hreow, þât = þät hrôf, geseáh = geseah hwîl, seo = seó hýran, æghwilc = æghwylc inne, abeád = âbeád îren, drihtlîc = dryhtlîc lâð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-leán, beleân = beleán mêtan, Aescheres = Äscheres mearcian, môrhôpu = môrhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwâm morðor-bed, stred = strêd môd, stið- = stîð nænig, horð-mâðum = hord-mâððum on, heáðe = heoðe; willen = willan ræd, fæst- = fäst reccan, hu = hû rîdan, gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = leásne sceapan, Hugas = Hûgas (twice) scânan, sciónon = scionon scînan, scînon = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne ge-sêcan, -cyððe = cýððe ge-sîgan, ätsäcce = ät säcce ge-sleán, ge-slôgan = ge-slôgon standan, sträl = stræl stapan, furðor = furður ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ôhteres stincan, þä = þâ styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru sweord, maððum- = mâððum ge-swîcan, þeodne = þeódne teón (w. v.), naläs = nalas; teodan = teódan tô, hälum = hælum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-trûwan, -wäre = wære ge-twæfan, ôððe = oððe þær, snotera = snottra þe, gimfästan = ginfästan of-þincan, gehwam = gehwâm ge-þolian, þât = þät þu, sælran = selran þûsend, seófon = seofan un-heóre, -speru = -sporu ûs, æg-hwilc = æg-hwylc wacan, wôcon = wôcun werian, beaduscrûd = beaduscrûda be-werian, scynnum = scinnum wên, orlêg = orleg; ôr-wena = or-wêna weorðian, leôde = leóde willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, fäðer = fäder nât, hwilc = hwylc (twice) ge-wîtan, wäre = wære