GLOSSARY (continued 4)

in-frôd, adj., very aged: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-frôdum, 1875.

in-gang, st. m., entrance, access to: acc. sg., 1550.

in-genga, w. m., in-goer, visitor: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777.

in-gesteald, st. m., house-property, possessions in the house: acc. sg., 1156.

inn, st. n., apartment, house: nom. sg. in, 1301.

innan, adv., within, inside, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (in the interior), within, 1741, 2716; þær on innan (in there), 71; burgum on innan (within his city), 1969. Also, therein: þær on innan, 2090, 2215, 2245.

innan-weard, adv., inwards, inside, within, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999.

inne, adv.: 1) inside, within, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne âbeád (called, sent word, in, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; in it (i.e. the battle), 1142; þær inne (therein), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227, 3088.—2) = insuper, still further, besides, 1867.

inwit, st. n., evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility, as in

inwit-feng, st. m., malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe: nom. sg., 1448.

inwit-gäst, st. m., evil guest, hostile stranger: nom. sg., 2671.

inwit-hrôf, st. m., hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe: acc. sg. under inwit-hrôf, 3124.

inwit-net, st. n., mischief-net, cunning snare: acc. sg., 2168.

inwit-nîð, st. n., cunning hostility, hostile contest: nom. pl. inwit-nîðas (hostility through secret attack), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-nîða, 1948.

inwit-scear, st. m., massacre through cunning, murderous attack: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479.

inwit-searo, st. n., cunning, artful intrigue: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo, 1102. See searo.

inwit-sorh, st. f., grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832.

inwit-þanc, adj., ill-disposed, malicious: dat. sg. he onfêng hraðe inwit-þancum (he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind [Grendel]), 749.

irnan (for rinnan), st. v., to run: so be-irnan, to run up to, occur: pret. sg him on môd be-arn (came into his mind), 67.

on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. duru sôna onarn, 722.

irre-môd, adj. See yrre-môd.

Î

îdel, adj., empty, bare; deprived of: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen. lond-rihtes þære mægburge îdel (deprived of his land-possessions among the people [of the Geátas]), 2889.

îdel-hende, adj., empty-handed, 2082.

îren, st. n., iron, sword: nom. sg. dryhtlîc îren (the doughty, lordly sword), 893; îren ær-gôd, 990; acc. sg. leóflîc îren, 1810; gen. pl. îrena cyst (choicest of swords), 674; îrenna cyst, 803; îrenna ecge (edges of swords), 2684.

îren, adj., of iron: nom. sg. ecg wäs îren, 1460.

îren-bend, st. f., iron band, bond, rivet: instr. pl. îren-bendum fäst (bold), 775, 999.

îren-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. îren-byrnan, 2987. See îsern-byrne.

îren-heard, adj., hard as iron: nom. sg., 1113.

îrenne, adj., of iron: in comp. eall-îrenne.

îren-þreát, st. m., iron troop, armored band: nom. sg., 330.

îs, st. n., ice: dat. sg. îse, 1609.

îsern-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. îsern-byrnan, 672. See îren-byrne.

îsern-scûr, st. f., iron shower, shower of arrows: gen. sg. þone þe oft gebâd îsern-scûre, 3117.

îs-gebind, st. n., fetters of ice: instr. sg. îs-gebinde, 1134.

îsig, adj., shining, brilliant (like brass): nom. sg. îsig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.—Leo.

IO IU

iú. See geó.

iú-man. See geó-man.

ió-meówle. See geó-meówle.

L

laðu, st. f., invitation.—Comp.: freónd-, neód-laðu.

ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, to refresh, lave: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wätere gelafede, 2723.

lagu, st. m., lake, sea: nom. sg., 1631.

lagu-cräftig, adj., acquainted with the sea: nom. sg. lagu-cräftig mon (pilot), 209.

lagu-stræt, st. f., path over the sea: acc. sg. ofer lagu-stræte, 239.

lagu-streám, st. m., sea-current, flood: acc. pl. ofer lagu-streámas, 297.

land, st. n., land: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande (in the land), 2311, 2837; at near, land, shore, 1914; tô lande (to the land, ashore), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer landa fela (over much country, space; afar), 311.—Comp.: el-, eá-land.

land-bûend, part, pres., terricola, inhabitant of the land: nom. pl. lond-bûend, 1346; dat. pl. land-bûendum, 95.

land-fruma, w. m., ruler, prince of the country: nom. sg., 31.

land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., frontier, land-mark: acc. pl., 209.

land-geweorc, st. n., land-work, fortified place: acc. sg. leóda land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc.

land-riht, st. n., prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to possess land, hence real estate itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes îdel, 2887.

land-waru, st. f., inhabitants, population: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322.

land-weard, st. m., guard, guardian of the frontier: nom. sg., 1891.

lang, long, adj., long: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tô lang, 2094; näs þâ long (lang) tô þon (not long after), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwîle (for a long time), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) þrage, 54, 114, 1258; lange tîd, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.—2) local, nom. sg. se wäs fîftiges fôtgemearces lang, 3044.—Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.

lange, longe, adv., long: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062, 2752, 3109; tô lange (too long, excessively long), 906, 1337, 1749. Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; nô þý leng (none the longer), 975. Superl. lengest (longest), 2009, 2239.

ge-lang, adj., extending, reaching to something or somebody, hence ready, prepared: nû is ræd gelang eft ät þe ânum (now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone), 1377; gen is eall ät þe lissa gelong (all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine), 2151. See ge-lenge.

lang-ge-streón, st. n., long-lasting treasure: gen. pl. long-gestreóna, 2241.—Leo.

langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, to long, yearn: pres. sg. III. him ...äfter deórum men dyrne langað beorn (the hero longeth secretly after the dear man), 1880.

lang-sum, adj., long-lasting, continuing: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, 1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537.

lang-twidig, adj., long-granted, assured: nom. sg., 1709.

lata, w. m., a lazy, cowardly one; in comp. hild-lata.

lâ, interj., yes! indeed! 1701, 2865.

lâc, st. n.: 1) measured movement, play: in comp. beadu-, heaðo-lâc.—2) gift, offering: acc. pl. lâc, 1864; lâðlîcu lâc (loathly offering, prey), 1585; dat. pl. lâcum, 43, 1869.—Comp. sæ-lâc.

ge-lâc, st. n., sport, play: acc. pl. sweorda gelâc (battle), 1041; dat. pl. ät ecga gelâcum, 1169.

lâcan, st. v., to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying, etc.: inf. dareðum lâcan (fight), 2849; part. pres. äfter lyfte lâcende (flying through the air), 2833.

for-lâcan, to deceive, betray: part, pret. he wearð on feónda geweald forð forlâcen (deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands), 904.

lâd, st. f., street, way, journey: dat. sg. on lâde, 1988; gen. sg. lâde, 569.—Comp.: brim-, sæ-lâd.

ge-lâd, st. n., way, path, road: acc. sg. uncûð gelâd, 1411.

lâð, adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hostile: nom. sg. lâð, 816; lâð lyft-floga, 2316; lâð (enemy), 440; ne leóf ne lâð, 511; neut. lâð, 134, 192; in weak form, se lâða (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. lâðne (wyrm), 3041; dat. sg. lâðum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. lâðes (of the enemy), 842; fela lâðes (much evil), 930; so, 1062; lâðan lîges, 83; lâðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; þäs lâðan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. lâð gewidru (hateful storms), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wið lâðum, 550; lâðum scuccum and scinnum, 939; lâðum dædum (with evil deeds), 2468; lâðan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. lâðra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; lâðra (the enemy), 242. Compar. nom. sg. lâðra ... beorn, 2433.

lâð-bite, st. m., hostile bite: dat. sg. lâð-bite lîces (the body's hostile bite = the wound), 1123.

lâð-geteóna, w. m., evil-doer, injurer: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. lâð-geteónan, 559.

lâð-lîc, adj., loathly, hostile: acc. pl. lâð-lîcu, 1585.

lâf, st. f.: 1) what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy: nom. sg. Hrêðlan lâf (Beówulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fêla lâfe (the leavings of files = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lâfe, 2830; on him gladiað gomelra lâfe, heard and hringmæl Heaðobeardna gestreón (on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lâfe (leavings of the sword, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937.—2) the sword as a specially precious heir-loom: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lâfe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge lâfe, 2578.—Comp.: ende-, eormen-, weá-, yrfe-, ýð-lâf.

lâr, st. f., lore, instruction, prescription: dat. sg. be fäder lâre, 1951; gen. pl. lâra, 1221; lârena, 269.—Comp. freónd-lâr.

lâst, st. m., footstep, track: acc. sg. lâst, 132, 972, 2165; on lâst (on the traces of, behind), 2946; nom. pl. lâstas, 1403; acc. pl. lâstas, 842.—Comp.: fêðe-, feorh-, fôt-, wräc-lâst.

läger. See leger.

lâger-bed, st. n., bed to lie on : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008.

läs, adj., less, 1947; þý läs (the less), 487; conjunct, that not, lest, 1919.

lässa, adj., less, fewer: nom. sg. lässa, 1283; acc. sg. m. lässan, 43; fem, lässan hwîle, 2572; dat. sg. for lässan (for less, smaller), 952. Superl. nom. sg. nô þät läsest wäs hond-gemôt[a], 2355.

lät, adj., negligent, neglectful; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes lät, 1530.

lædan, w. v. w. acc.: to lead, guide, bring: inf. lædan, 239; pret. pl. læddon, 1160.

for-1ædan, to mislead: pret. pl. for-læddan, 2440 (?).

ge-lædan, lead, bring: part. pret. ge-læded, 37.

læfan, w. v.: 1), to bequeathe, leave: imper. sg. þînum magum læf folc and rîce, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum læfde ... lond and leódbyrig, 2471.—2) spare, leave behind: âht cwices læfan (to spare aught living), 2316.

læn-dagas, st. m. pl., loan-days, transitory days (of earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. læn-dagas, 2592; gen. pl. læn-daga, 2342.

læne, adj., inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or destruction: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; þâs lænan gesceaft (this fleeting life), 1623; gen. sg. lænan lîfes, 2846.

læran, w. v., to teach, instruct: imper. sg. þu þe lær be þon (learn this, take this to heart), 1723.

ge-læran, to teach, instruct, give instruction: inf. ic þäs Hrôðgâr mäg ... ræd gelæran (I can give H. good advice about this), 278; so, 3080; pret. pl. þâ me þät ge-lærdon leóde mîne (gave me the advice), 415.

læstan, w. v.: 1) to follow, to sustain, serve: inf. þät him se lîc-homa læstan nolde (that his body would not sustain him), 813.—2) perform: imper. læst eall tela (do all well), 2664.

ge-læstan: 1) to follow, serve: pret. sg. (sweord) þät mec ær and oft gelæste, 2501.—2) to fulfil, grant: subj. pres. pl. þät ... wilgesîðas, þonne wîg cume, leóde gelæstan (render war service), 24; inf. ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde (shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful), 1707; pret. sg. beót ... gelæste (fulfilled his boast), 524; gelæste swâ (kept his word), 2991; pres. part. häfde Eást-Denum ... gilp gelæsted (had fulfilled for the East Danes his boast), 830.

lætan, st. v., to let, allow, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. læteð, 1729; imper. pl. II. lætað, 397; sg. II. læt, 1489; pret. sg. lêt, 2390, 2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. lêton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. lête, 1997; sg. III. lête, 3083.

â-lætan: 1) to let, allow: subj. pres. sg. II. þät þu ne âlæte ... dôm ge-dreósan, 2666.—2) to leave, lay aside: inf. âlætan læn-dagas (die) 2592; so, âlætan lîf and leódscipe, 2751.

for-lætan: 1) to let, permit, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lêt, 971; pret. pl. for-lêton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hleó ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlætan (would not let the murderous spirit go alive), 793.—2) to leave behind, leave: pret. sg. in þam wong-stede ... þær he hine ær forlêt (where he had previously left him), 2788.

of-lætan, to leave, lay aside: pres. sg. II. gyf þu ær þonne he worold oflætest (leavest the world, diest), 1184; so pret. sg. oflêt lîf-dagas and þâs lænan gesceaft, 1623.

on-lætan, to release, liberate: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend fäder on-læteð (as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters), 1610.

â-lecgan, w. v.: 1) to lay, lay down: pret. sg. syððan hilde-deór hond â-legde ... under geápne hrôf, 835; þät he on Beówulfes bearm â-legde (this [the sword] he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him), 2195; pret. pl. â-ledon þâ leófne þeóden ... on bearm scipes, 34; â-legdon þâ tô middes mærne þeóden (laid the mighty prince in the midst [of the pyre]), 3142.—2) to lay aside, give up: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh â-legde (laid down his life, died), 852; nu se here-wîsa hleahtor â-legde, gamen and gleó-dreám (now the war-chief has left laughter, etc.), 3021.

leger, st. n., couch, bed, lair: dat. sg. on legere, 3044.

lemian, w. v., to lame, hinder, oppress: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede tô lange, 906. MS.

leng. See lang.

lenge, adj., extending along or to, near (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne wäs hit lenge þâ gen (nor was it yet long), 83.

ge-lenge, adj., extending, reaching to, belonging: nom. sg. yrfe-weard ... lîce gelenge (an heir belonging to one's body), 2733.

let, st. m., place of rest, sojourn? in comp. eo-let (voyage?).

lettan, w. v., to hinder: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), þät syððan nâ ... brim-lîðende lâde ne letton (might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying), 569.

â-lêdon. See â-lecgan.

lêg, st. m., flame, fire: nom. sg. wonna lêg (the lurid flame), 3116; swôgende lêg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lêge, 2550. See lîg.

lêg-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flaming dragon: nom. sg., 3041.

*leahan, leán, st. v. w. acc. to scold, blame: pres. sg. III. lyhð, 1049; pret. sg. lôg, 1812; pret. pl. lôgon, 203, 863.

be-leán, to dissuade, prevent: inf. ne inc ænig mon ... beleán mihte sorhfullne sîð (no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult journey), 511.

leahtre. See or-leahtre.

leáf, st. n., leaf, foliage: instr. pl. leáfum, 97.

leáfnes-word, st. n., permission, leave: acc. pl., 245.

leán. See leahan.

leán, st. n., reward, compensation: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; dat. sg. leáne, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc. þâ leán, 2996; dat. þam leánum, 2146; gen. leána, 2991.—Comp.: and-, ende-leán.

leân (for læn, O.H.G. lêhan), st. n, loan, 1810.

leánian, w. v., to reward, compensate: pres. sg. I. ic þe þâ fæhðe feó leánige (repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures), 1381; pret. sg. me þone wäl-ræs wine Scyldinga fättan golde fela leánode (the friend of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold), 2103.

leás, adj., false: nom. pl. leáse, 253.

leás, adj., deprived of, free from, w. gen.: nom. sg. dreáma leás, 851; dat. sg. winigea leásum, 1665.—Comp.: dôm-, dreám-, ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlâford-, sâwol-, sige-, sorh-, tîr-, þeóden-, wine-, wyn-leás.

leásig, adj., concealing one's self; in comp. sin-leásig(?).

leoðo-cräft, st. m., the art of weaving or working in meshes, wire, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoðo-cräftum (a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold), 2770.

leoðo-syrce, w. f., shirt of mail (limb-sark): acc. sg. locene leoðo-syrcan (locked linked sark), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoðo-syrcan, 1891.

leomum. See lim.

leornian, w. v., to learn, devise, plan: pret. him þäs gûð-cyning ... wräce leornode (the war-king planned vengeance therefor), 2337.

leód, st. m., prince: nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613, 1654, etc.; acc. leód, 626.

leód, st. f., people: gen. sg. leóde, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates individuals, people, kinsmen: nom. pl. leóde, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.; gum-cynnes Geáta leóde (people of the race of the Geátas), 260; acc. pl. leóde, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. leódum, 389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. leóda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc.

leód-bealo, st. n., (mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people), great, unheard-of calamity: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. leód-bealewa, 1947.

leód-burh, st. f., princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city: acc. pl. -byrig, 2472.

leód-cyning, st. m., king of the people: nom. sg., 54.

leód-fruma, w. m., prince of the people, ruler: acc. sg. leód-fruman, 2131.

leód-gebyrgea, w. m., protector of the people, prince: acc. sg. -gebyrgean, 269.

leód-hryre, st. m., fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler: dat. sg. äfter leód-hryre (after the fall of the king of the Heaðobeardas, Frôda, cf. 2051, 2031; gen. sg. þäs leód-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389, 2392.

leód-sceaða, w. m., injurer of the people: dat. sg. þam leód-sceaðan, 2094.

leód-scipe, st. m., the whole nation, people: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on þam leód-scipe, 2198.

leóð, st. n., song, lay: nom. sg., 1160.—Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, gûð-, sorh-leóð.

leóf, adj., lief, dear: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., leófa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. leófne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. leófes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 2911; dat. pl. leófum, 1074; gen. pl. leófra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. leófre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. leófost, 1297; acc. sg. þone leófestan, 2824.

leóflîc, dear, precious, valued: nom. sg. m. leóflîc lind-wîga, 2604; acc. sg. neut. leóflîc îren, 1810.

leógan, st. v., to lie, belie, deceive. subj. pres. näfne him his wlite leóge (unless his looks belie him), 250; pret. sg. he ne leág fela wyrda ne worda, 3030.

â-leógan, to deceive, leave unfulfilled: pret. sg. he beót ne â-lêh (he left not his promise unfulfilled), 80.

ge-leógan, to deceive, betray: pret. sg. him seó wên geleáh (hope deceived him), 2324.

leóht, st. n., light, brilliance: nom. sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?); acc. sg. sunnan leóht, 649; godes leóht geceás (chose God's light, died), 2470; dat. sg. tô leóhte, 95.—Comp.: æfen-, fýr-, morgen-leóht.

leóht, adj., luminous, bright: instr. sg. leóhtan sweorde, 2493.

leóma, w. m.: 1) light, splendor: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. leóman, 1518; sunnan and mônan leóman (light of sun and moon), 95.—2) (as beadu- and hilde-leóma), the glittering sword: nom. sg. lixte se leóma (the blade-gleam flashed), 1571.

leósan, st. v., = amitti, in

be-leósan, to deprive, be deprived of: pres. part. (heó) wearð beloren leófum bearnum and brôðrum (was deprived of her dear children and brethren), 1074.

for-leósan, with dat. instr., to lose something: pret. sg. þær he dôme for-leás, ellen-mærðum (there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic deeds), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. þâm þe ær his elne for-leás (to him who, before, had lost his valor), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic þâm leánum for-loren häfde (not at all had I lost the rewards), 2146.

libban, w. v., to live, be, exist: pres. sing. III. lifað, 3169; lyfað, 945; leofað, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be þe lifigendum (in thy lifetime), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon, 99. See unlifigende.

licgan, st. v.: 1) to lie, lie down or low: pres. sg. nu seó hand ligeð (now the hand lies low), 1344; nu se wyrm ligeð, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. läg, 40, 552, 2078; syððan Heardrêd läg (after Heardrêd had fallen), 2389; pret. pl. lâgon, 3049; lægon, 566.—2) to lie prostrate, rest, fail: pret. sg. næfre on ôre läg wîd-cûðes wîg (never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front), 1042; syððan wiðer-gyld läg (after vengeance failed, or, when Withergyld lay dead, if W. is a proper name), 2052.

â-licgan, to succumb, fail, yield: inf. 2887; pret. sg. þät his dôm â-läg (that its power failed it), 1529.

ge-licgan, to rest, lie still: pret. sg. wind-blond geläg, 3147.

lida, w. m., boat, ship (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, ýð-lida.

lid-man, st. m., seafarer, sailor: gen. pl. lid-manna, 1624.

lim, st. n., limb, branch: instr. pl. leomum, 97.

limpan, st. v., to happen, befall (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret. sg. hû lomp eów on lâde (how went it with you on the journey?), 1988.

â-limpan, to come about, offer itself: pret. sg. ôð þät sæl â-lamp (till the opportunity presented itself), 623; pret. part, þâ him â-lumpen wäs wistfylle wên (since a hope of a full meal had befallen him), 734.

be-limpan, to happen to, befall: pret. sg. him sió sâr belamp, 2469.

ge-limpan, to happen, occur, turn out: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeð þät..., 1754; subj. pres. þisse ansýne alwealdan þanc lungre gelimpe (thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!), 930; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp þät..., 76; swâ him ful-oft gelamp (as often happened to them), 1253; þäs þe hire se willa gelamp þät ... (because her wish had been fulfilled), 627; frôfor eft gelamp sârig-môdum, 2942; subj. pret. gif him þyslîcu þearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa gelumpen, 825.

lind, st. f. (properly linden; here, a a wooden shield covered with linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., 2342; acc. sg. geolwe linde, 2611; acc. pl. linde, 2366.

lind-gestealla, w. m., shield-comrade, war-comrade: nom. sg., 1974.

lind-häbbend, pres. part., provided with a shield, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. -häbbende, 245; gen. pl. häbbendra, 1403.

lind-plega, w. m., shield-play, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040.

lind-wîga, w. m., shield-fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 2604.

linnan, st. v., to depart, be deprived of: inf. aldre linnan (depart from life), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444.

lis, st. f., favor, affection: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, 2151.

list, st. m., art, skill, cleverness, cunning: dat. pl. adverbial, listum (cunningly), 782.

lixan, w. v., to shine, flash: pret. sg. lixte, 311, 485, 1571.

lîc, st. n.: 1) body, corpse: nom. sg., 967; acc. sg. lîc, 2081; þät lîc (the body, corpse), 2128; dat. sg. lîce, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, 2744; gen. sg. lîces, 451, 1123.— 2) form, figure: in comp. eofor-, swîn-lîc.

ge-lîc, adj., like, similar: nom. pl. m. ge-lîce, 2165. Superl. ge-lîcost, 218, 728, 986, 1609.

lîc-hama, -homa, w. m. (body-home, garment), body: nom. sg. lîc-homa, 813, 1008, 1755; acc. sg. lîc-haman, 2652; dat. sg. lîc-haman, 3179.

lîcian, w. v., to please, like (impers.): pres. sg. III. me þîn môd-sefa lîcað leng swâ wel, 1855; pret. pl. þam wîfe þâ word wel lîcodon, 640.

lîcnes. See on-lîcnes.

lîc-sâr, st. n., bodily pain: acc. sg. lîc-sâr, 816.

lîc-syrce, w. f., body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body: nom. sg., 550.

1îðan, st. v., to move, go: pres. part. nom. pl. þâ lîðende (navigantes, sailors), 221; þâ wäs sund liden (the water was then traversed), 223.—Comp.: heáðu-, mere-, wæg-lîðend.

lîðe (O.H.G. lindi), adj., gentle, mild, friendly: nom. sg. w. instr. gen. lâra lîðe, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. lîðost, 3184.

lið-wæge, st. n., can in which lîð (a wine-like, foaming drink) is contained: acc. sg., 1983.

lîf, st. n., life: acc. sg. lîf, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. sg. lîfe, 2572; tô lîfe (in one's life, ever) 2433; gen. sg. lîfes, 197, 791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde lîfes (of the earthly life), 1388, 2344.—Comp. edwît-lîf.

lîf-bysig, adj. (striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of death: nom. sg., 967.

lîf-dagas, st. m. pl., lifetime: acc.-dagas, 794, 1623.

lîf-freá, w. m., lord of life, God: nom. sg., 16.

lîf-gedâl, st. n., separation from life: nom. sg., 842.

lîf-gesceaft, st. f., fate, destiny: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065.

lîf-wraðu, st. f., protection for one's life, safety: acc. sg. lîf-wraðe, 2878; dat. sg. tô lîf-wraðe, 972.

lîf-wyn, st. f., pleasure, enjoyment, joy (of life): gen. pl. lîf-wynna, 2098.

lîg, st. m. n., flame, fire: nom. sg., 1123; dat. instr. sg. lîge, 728, 2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. lîges, 83, 782. See lêg.

lîg-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flaming dragon; nom. pl., 2334. See lêg-draca.

lîg-egesa, w. m., horror arising through fire, flaming terror: acc. sg., 2781.

lîge-torn, st. m., false, pretended insult or injury, fierce anger(?): dat. sg. äfter lîge-torne (on account of a pretended insult? or fierce anger? cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944.

lîg-ýð, st. m., wave of fire: instr. pl. lîg-ýðum, 2673.

león, st. v., to lend: pret. sg. þät him on þearfe lâh þyle Hrôðgâres (which H.'s spokesman lent him in need), 1457.

on-leóon, to lend, grant as a loan, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. þâ he þäs wæpnes on-lâh sêlran sweord-frecan, 1468.

loca, w. m., bolt, lock: in comp. bân-, burh-loca.

locen. See lûcan.

lond, long. See land, lang.

lof, st. m. n., praise, repute: acc. sg. lof, 1537.

lof-dæd, st. f., deed of praise: instr. pl. lof-dædum, 24.

lof-georn, adj., eager for praise, ambitious: superl. nom. sg. lof-geornost, 3184.

loga, w. m., liar; in comp. treów-loga.

losian, w. v., to escape, flee: pres. sg. III. losað, 1393, 2063; pret. sg. he on weg losade (fled away), 2097.

lôcian, w. v., to see, look at: pres. sg. II. sæ-lâc ... þe þu her tô lôcast (booty of the sea that thou lookest on), 1655.

ge-lôme, adv., often, frequently, 559.

lufe, w. f., love: in comp. heáh-, môd-, wîf-lufe.

lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, nourishment), w. m., food, subsistence; property, real estate: acc. sg. on lufan (on possessions), 1729.—Comp. eard-lufa.

lufen, st. f. (cf. lufa), subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?): nom. sg. lufen (parallel with êðel-wyn), 2887.

luf-tâcen, st. n., love-token: acc. pl. luf-tâcen, 1864.

lufian, w. v., to love, serve affectionately: pret. sg. III. lufode þâ leóde (was on affectionate terms with the people), 1983.

lungre, adv.: 1) hastily, quickly, forthwith, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.—2) quite, very, fully: feówer mearas lungre gelîce (four horses quite alike), 2165.

lust, st. m., pleasure, joy: dat. pl. adv. lustum (joyfully), 1654; so, on lust, 619, cf. 600.

lûcan, st. v., to twist, wind, lock, interweave: pret. part. acc. sg. and pl. locene leoðo-syrcan (shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings interlocked), 1506, 1891; gen. pl. locenra beága (rings wrought of gold wire), 2996.

be-lûcan: 1) to shut, close in or around: pret. sg. winter ýðe be-leác îs-gebinde (winter locked the waves with icy bond), 1133.— 2) to shut in, off, preserve, protect: pret. sg. I. hig wîge beleác manegum mægða (I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe), 1771. Cf. me wîge belûc wrâðum feóndum (protect me against mine enemies), Ps. 34, 3.

ge-lûcan, to unite, link together, make: pret. part. gelocen, 2770.

on-lûcan, to unlock, open: pret. sg. word-hord on-leác (opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech), 259.

tô-lucan, (to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy: inf., 782.

lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), air: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. äfter lyfte (along, through, the air), 2833.

lyft-floga, w. m., air-flier: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316.

lyft-geswenced, pret. part., urged, hastened on, by the wind, 1914.

lyft-wyn, st. f., enjoyment of the air: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044.

lyhð. See leahan.

lystan, w. v., to lust after, long for: pret. sg. Geát ungemetes wel ... restan lyste(the Geát [Beówulf] longed sorely to rest), 1794.

lyt, adj. neut. (= parum), little, very little, few: lyt eft becwom ... hâmes niósan (few escaped homeward), 2366; lyt ænig (none at all), 3130; usually with gen.: wintra lyt, 1928; lyt ... heáfod-mâga, 2151; wergendra tô lyt (too few defenders), 2883; lyt swîgode nîwra spella (he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings), 2898; dat. sg. lyt manna (too few of men), 2837.

lytel, adj., small, little: nom. sg. neut. tô lytel, 1749; acc. sg. f. lytle hwîle (a little while), 2031, 2098; lif-wraðe lytle (little protection for his life), 2878.—Comp. un-lytel.

lyt-hwôn, adv., little = not at all: lyt-hwôn lôgon, 204.

lýfe, st. n., leave, permission, (life?): instr. sg. þîne lýfe (life, MS.), 2132.—Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., leave, permission, in Möbius' Glossary, p. 266.

lýfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning to believe, trust) in

â-lýfan, to allow, grant, entrust: pret. sg. næfre ic ænegum men ær âlýfde ... þryð-ärn Dena (never before to any man have I entrusted the palace of the Danes), 656; pret. part. (þâ me wäs) sîð ... âlýfed inn under eorð-weall (the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me), 3090.

ge-lýfan, w. v., to believe, trust: 1) w. dat.: inf. þær gelýfan sceal dryhtnes dôme se þe hine deáð nimeð (whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God, i.e. in the contest between Beówulf and Grendel), 440.—2) w. acc.: pret. sg. geóce gelýfde brego Beorht-Dena (believed in, expected, help, etc.), 609; þät heó on ænigne eorl gelýfde fyrena frôfre (that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles), 628; se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde (who trusted in him as a help out of evils), 910; him tô anwaldan âre gelýfde (relied for himself on the help of God), 1273.

â-lýsan, w. v., to loose, liberate: pret. part. þâ wäs of þäm hrôran helm and byrne lungre â-lýsed (helm and corselet were straightway loosed from him), 1631.

M

maðelian, w. v. (sermocinari), to speak, talk: pret. sg. maðelode, 286, 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maðelade, 2426.

maga, w. m., son, male descendant, young man: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes (Hrôðgâr), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecgþeówes (Beówulf), 2588: maga (Grendel), 979; se maga geonga (Wîglâf), 2676; Grendeles maga (a relative of Grendel), 2007; acc. sg. þone magan, 944.

magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, to be able: pres. sg. I. III. mäg, 277, 478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht þu, 2048; subj. pres. mæge, 2531, 2750; þeáh ic eal mæge (even though I could), 681; subj. pl. we mægen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, 1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mäg, sometimes = licet, may, can, will (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865.

mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., male, son: nom. sg. mago Ecglâfes (Hunferð), 1466; mago Healfdenes (Hrôðgâr), 1868, 2012.

mago-dryht, st. f., troop of young men, band of men: nom. sg. mago-driht, 67.

mago-rinc, st. m., hero, man (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, heáp, 731.

magu-þegn, mago-þegn, st. m., vassal, war-thane: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. sg. magu-þegne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-þegnum, 1481; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone sêlestan (the best of vassals), 1406.

man, mon, st. m.: 1) man, human being: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wîd-cûðne man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.—2) indef. pron. = one, they, people (Germ. man): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.—Comp.: fyrn-, gleó-, gum-, iú-, lid-, sæ-, wæpned-man.

man. See munan.

man-cyn, st. n., mankind: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes, 164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956.

man-dreám, st. m., human joy, mundi voluptas: acc. sg. man-dreám, 1265; dat. pl. mon-dreámum, 1716.

man-dryhten, st. m. (lord of men), ruler of the people, prince, king: nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150.

ge-mang, st. m., troop, company: dat. sg. on gemonge (in the troop [of the fourteen Geátas that returned from the sea]), 1644.

manian, w. v., to warn, admonish: pres. sg. III. manað swâ and myndgað ... sârum wordum (so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words), 2058.

manig, monig, adj., many, many a, much: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc manig, 399; geong manig (many a young man), 855; monig snellîc sæ-rinc, 690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre mægðe, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum mâðmum, 2104; monegum mægðum, 5; gen. pl. manigra mêda, 1179.—2) substantively: nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, 2092.—3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mægða, 1772; monegum fira, 2002; häleða monegum bold-âgendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; (mâðm)-æhta monige, 1614.

manig-oft, adv., very often, frequently, 171 [if manig and oft are to be connected].

man-lîce, adv., man-like, manly, 1047.

man-þwære, adj., kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic: nom. sg. superl. mon-þwærust, 3183.

mâ, contracted compar., more: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056.

mâðum, mâððum, st. m., gift, jewel, object of value: acc. sg. mâððum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. mâðme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. mâðmas, 1861; acc. pl. mâdmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pl. mâðmum, mâdmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. mâðma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; mâdma, 36, 41.—Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-mâðum.

mâðm-æht, st. f., treasure in jewels, costly objects: gen. pl. mâðm-æhta, 1614, 2834.

mâððum-fät, st. n., treasure-casket or cup, costly vessel: nom. sg., 2406.

mâðm-gestreón, st. n., precious jewel: gen. pl. mâðm-gestreóna, 1932.

mâðum-gifu, st. f., gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure: dat. sg. äfter mâððum-gife, 1302.

mâðum-sigl, st. n., costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration: gen. pl. mâððum-sigla, 2758.

mâðum-sweord, st. n., costly sword (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. sg., 1024.

mâðum-wela, w. m., wealth of jewels, valuables:: dat. sg. äfter-mâððum-welan (after the sight of the wealth of jewels), 2751.

mâgas. See mæg.

mâge, w. f., female relative: gen. sg. Grendles mâgan (mother), 1392.

mân, st. n., crime, misdeed: instr. sg. mâne, 110, 979; adv., criminally, 1056.

mân-for-dædla, w. m., evil-doer, criminal: nom. pl. mân-for-dædlan, 563.

mân-scaða, w. m., mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus: nom. sg. 713, 738, 1340; mân-sceaða, 2515.

mâra (comp. of micel), adj., greater, stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m. mâra, 1354, 2556; neut. mâre, 1561; acc. sg. m. mâran, 2017; mund-gripe mâran (a mightier hand-grip), 754; with following gen. pl. mâran ... eorla (a more powerful earl), 247; fem. mâran, 533, 1012; neut. mâre, 518; with gen. pl. morð-beala mâre (more, greater, deeds of murder), 136; gen. sg. f. mâran, 1824.

mæst (superl. of micel, mâra), greatest, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), mæst, 78, 193; fem. mæst, 2329; acc. sg. fem. fæhðe mæste, 459; mæste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly pleasure), 1080; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mæst mærða, 2646; hond-wundra mæst, 2769; bæl-fýra mæst, 3144; instr. sg. m. mæste cräfte, 2182.

mäcg. See mecg.

mägð, st. f., wife, maid, woman: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. mägða hôse (accompanied by her maids of honor), 925; mägða, 944, 1284.

mägen, st. n.: 1) might, bodily strength, heroic power: acc. sg. mägen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. mägene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. mägenes, 418, 1271, 1535, 1717, etc.; mägnes, 671, 1762; mägenes strang, strengest (great in strength), 1845, 196; mägenes rôf (id.), 2085.—2) prime, flower (of a nation), forces available in war: acc. sg. swâ he oft (i.e. etan) dyde mägen Hrêðmanna (the best of the Hreðmen), 445; gen. sg. wið manna hwone mägenes Deniga (from(?) any of the men of the Danes), 155.—Comp. ofer-mägen.

mägen-âgend, pres. part., having great strength, valiant: gen. pl. -âgendra, 2838.

mägen-byrðen, st. f., huge burthen: acc. sg. mägen-byrðenne, 3092; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626.

mägen-cräft, st. m., great, hero-like, strength: acc. sg., 380.

mägen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660.

mägen-fultum, st. m., material aid: gen. pl. näs þät þonne mætost mägen-fultuma (that was not the least of strong helps, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456.

mägen-ræs, st. m., mighty attack, onslaught: acc. sg., 1520.

mägen-strengo, st. f., main strength, heroic power: acc. sg., 2679.

mägen-wudu, st. m., might-wood, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236.

mäst, st. m., mast: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be mäste (beside the mast), 36; to the mast, 1906.

mæðum. See mâðum, hyge-mæðum.

mæg, st. m., kinsman by blood: nom. sg. mæg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531, 1945, etc; (brother), 468, 2605? acc. sg. mæg (son), 1340; (brother), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. mæge, 1979; gen. sg. mæges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. mâgas, 1016; acc. pl. mâgas, 2816; dat. pl. mâgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (to brothers), 1168; mægum, 2354; gen. pl. mâga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.—Comp.: fäderen-, heáfod-, wine-mæg.

mæg-burh, st. f., borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood; (in wider sense) race, people, nation: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ... þære mæg-burge (of land possessions among the people, i.e. of the Geátas), 2888.

mægð, st. f., race, people: acc. sg. mægðe, 1012; dat. sg. mægðe, 75; dat. pl. mægðum, 5; gen. pl. mægða, 25, 1772.

mæg-wine, st. m., blood kinsman, friend, 2480 (nom. pl.).

mæl, st. n.: l) time, point of time: nom. sg. 316; þâ wäs sæl and mæl (there was [appropriate] chance and time), 1009; acc. sg. mæl, 2634; instr. pl. ærran mælum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. mæla, 1250; sæla and mæla, 1612; mæla gehwylce (each time, without intermission), 2058.—2) sword, weapon: nom. sg. broden (brogden) mæl (the drawn sword), 1617, 1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).—3) mole, spot, mark.—Comp.: græg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mæl.

mæl-cearu, st. f., long-continued sorrow, grief: acc. sg. mæl-ceare, 189.

mæl-gesceaft, st. f., fate, appointed time: acc. pl. ie on earde bâd mæl-gesceafta (awaited the time allotted for me by fate), 2738.

mænan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) to remember, mention, proclaim: inf. mænan, 1068; pret. part. þær wäs Beówulfes mærðo mæned, 858.—2) to mention sorrowfully, mourn: inf. 3173; pret. sg. giohðo mænde (mourned sorrowfully), 2268; pret. pl. mændon, 1150, 3150.

ge-mænan (see mân), w. v. with acc., to injure maliciously, break: subj. pret. pl. ge-mænden, 1102.

ge-mæne, adj., common, in common: nom. sg. gemæne, 2474; þær unc hwîle wäs hand gemæne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal ûrum þät sweord and helm bâm gemæne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemæne, 1861; dat. pl. þät þâm folcum sceal ... sib gemænum (attraction for gemæne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela mâðma gemænra (we two shall share many treasures together), 1785.

mærðu, st. f.: 1) glory, a heroes fame: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. mærðo, 660, 688; acc. pl. mærða, 2997; instr. pl. mærðum (gloriously), 2515: gen. pl. mærða, 504, 1531.—2) deed of glory, heroism: acc. sg. mærðo, 2135; gen. pl. mærða, 408, 2646.—Comp. ellen-mærðu.

mære, adj., memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious: nom. sg. m. mære, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se mæra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se mæra, 1475; nom. fem. mæru, 2017; mære, 1953; neut. mære, 2406; acc. sg. m. mærne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mære, 1024; dat. sg. mærum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; tô þäm mæran, 270; gen. sg. mæres, 798; mæran, 1730; nom. pl. mære, 3071; superl. mærost, 899,—Comp.: fore-, heaðo-mære.

mæst. See mâra.

mæte, adj., moderate, small: superl. nom. sg. mætost, 1456.

mecg, mäcg, st. m., son, youth, man. in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, wräc-mäcg.

medla. See on-medla.

medu, st. m., mead: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. tô medo, 605.

medo-ärn, st. n., mead-hall: acc. sg. medo-ärn (Heorot), 69.

medu-benc, st. f., mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall: nom. sg. medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; meodu-bence, 1903.

medu-dreám, st. m., mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking: acc. sg. 2017.

medo-ful, st. n., mead-cup: acc. sg. 625, 1016.

medo-heal, st. f., mead-hall: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639.

medu-scenc, st. m., mead-can, vessel: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981.

medu-seld, st. n., mead-seat, mead-house: acc. sg., 3066.

medo-setl, st. n., mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking: gen. pl. meodo-setla, 5.

medo-stîg, st. f., mead-road, road to the mead-hall: acc. sg. medo-stîg, 925.

medo-wang, st. m., mead-field (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, 1644.

meðel, st. n., assembly, council: dat. sg. on meðle, 1877.

meðel-stede, st. m., (properly place of speech, judgment-seat), here meeting-place, battle-field (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on þäm meðel-stede, 1083.

meðel-word, st. n., words called forth at a discussion; address: instr. pl. meðel-wordum, 236.

melda, w. m., finder, informer, betrayer: gen. sg. þäs meldan, 2406.

meltan, st. v. intrans., to consume by fire, melt or waste away: inf., 3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121.

ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se môd-sefa (his courage did not desert him), 2629.

men. See man.

mene, st. m., neck ornament, necklace, collar: acc. sg., 1200.

mengan, w. v., to mingle, unite, with, w. acc. of thing: inf. se þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450.

ge-mengan, to mix with, commingle: pret. part. 849, 1594.

menigu, st. f., multitude, many: nom. and acc. sg. mâðma menigeo (multitude of treasures, presents), 2144; so, mänigo, 41.

mercels, st. m., mark, aim: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440.

mere, st. m., sea, ocean: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856.

mere-deór, st. n., sea-beast: acc. sg., 558.

mere-fara, w. m., seafarer: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502.

mere-fix, st. m., sea-fish: gen. pl. mere-fixa (the whale, cf. 540, 549.

mere-grund, st. m., sea-bottom: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, 1450.

mere-hrägl, st. n., -sea-garment, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hrägla sum, 1906.

mere-lîðend, pres. part., moving on the sea, sailor: nom. pl. mere-lîðende, 255.

mere-stræt, st. f., sea-street, way over the sea: acc. pl. mere-stræta 514.

mere-strengo, st. f., sea-power, strength in the sea: acc. sg., 533.

mere-wîf, st. n., sea-woman, mer-woman: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 1520.

mergen. See morgen.

met, st. n., thought, intention (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsæl meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's Zeits. 11, 411; Körner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).

ge-met, st. n., an apportioned share; might, power, ability : nom. sg. nis þät ... gemet mannes nefne mîn ânes (nobody, myself excepted, can do that), 2534; acc. sg. ofer mîn gemet (beyond my power), 2880; dat. sg. mid gemete, 780.

ge-met, adj., well-measured, meet, good: nom. sg. swâ him gemet þince (þûhte), (as seemed meet to him), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv.

metan, st. v., to measure, pass over or along: pret. pl. fealwe stræte mearum mæton (measured the yellow road with their horses), 918; so, 514, 1634.

ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stîg gemät.(measured, walked over, the road to the mead-hall), 925.

metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) Creator, God: nom. sg., 110, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; scîr metod, 980; sôð metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod, 180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.—Comp. eald-metod.

metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) the Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.—2) the Creators glory: acc. sg. metod-sceaft seón (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. tô metod-sceafte, 2816.

mêce, st. m., sword: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. mêce, 2048; brâdne mêce, 2979; gen. sg. mêces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. mêcum, 565; gen. pl. mêca, 2686.—Comp.: beado-, häft-, hilde-mêce.

mêd, st. f., meed, reward: acc. sg. mêde, 2135; dat. sg. mêde, 2147; gen. pl. mêda, 1179.

ge-mêde, st. n., approval, permission (Grein): acc. pl. ge-mêdu, 247.

mêðe, adj., tired, exhausted, dejected: in comp. hyge-, sæ-mêðe.

mêtan, w. v., to meet, find, fall in with: with acc., pret. pl. syððan Äscheres ... hafelan mêtton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. þät he ne mêtte ... on elran man mundgripe mâran (that he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip), 752.

ge-mêtan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemêtte, 758, 2786; pl. näs þâ long tô þon, þät þâ aglæcean hy eft gemêtton (it was not long after that the warriors again met each other), 2593.

ge-mêting, st. f., meeting, hostile coming together: nom. sg., 2002.

meagol, adj., mighty, immense; formal, solemn: instr. pl. meaglum wordum, 1981.

mearc, st. f., frontier, limit, end: dat. sg. tô mearce (the end of life), 2385.—Comp. Weder-mearc, 298.

ge-mearc, st. n., measure, distance: comp. fôt-, mîl-ge-mearc.

mearcian, w. v., to mark, stain: pres. ind. sg. mearcað môrhopu (will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse), 450.

ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morðre gemearcod (murder-marked [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; swâ wäs on þæm scennum ... gemearcod ... hwâm þät sweord geworht wære (engraved for whom the sword had been wrought), 1696.

mearc-stapa, w. m., march-strider, frontier-haunter (applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349.

mearh, st. m., horse, steed: nom. pl. mearas, 2164; acc. pl. mearas, 866, 1036; dat. pl. inst. mearum, 856, 918; mearum and mâðmum, 1049, 1899; gen. pl. meara and mâðma, 2167.

mearn. See murnan.

meodu. See medu.

meoto. See met.

meotud. See metod.

meowle, w. f., maiden: comp. geó-meowle.

micel, adj., great, huge, long (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. mâre must be supplied before þone in: medo-ärn micel ... (mâre) þone yldo beam æfre ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923; micle (by much, much); micle leófre (far dearer), 2652; efne swâ micle (lässa), ([less] even by so much), 1284; oftor micle (much oftener), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = much, very: micles wyrðne gedôn (deem worthy of much, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; tô fela micles (far too much, many), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see mâra.

mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preëminently union, community, with, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) with, in company, community, with; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hrôðgâre, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid gesîðum (with his comrades), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his freó-drihtne, 2628; mid þæm lâcum (with the gifts), 1869; so, 2789, 125; mid hæle (with good luck!), 1218; mid bæle fôr (sped off amid fire), 2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (with him, in his company), 41; with him, 1626; ne wäs him Fitela mid (was not with him), 890. b) with, among: mid Geátum (among the Geátas), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (with, among, one another), 2949. In temporal sense: mid ær-däge (at dawn), 126.—2) with, with the help of, through, w. dat.: mid âr-stafum (through his grace), 317; so, 2379; mid grâpe (with the fist), 438; so, 1462, 2721; mid his hete-þoncum (through his hatred), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877; mid gemete (through, by, his power), 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918; mid gôde (with benefits), 1185; mid hearme (with harm, insult), 1893; mid þære sorge (with [through?] this sorrow), 2469; mid rihte (by rights), 2057. With instr.: mid þý wîfe (through [marriage with] the woman), 2029.—3) w. acc., with, in community, company, with: mid his eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid mînne gold-gyfan, 2653.

II. adv., mid, thereamong, in the company, 1643; at the same time, likewise, 1650.

middan-geard, st. m., globe, earth: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752.

midde, w. f., middle = medius: dat. sg. on middan (through the middle, in two), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) tô-middes (in the midst), 3142.

middel-niht, st. f., midnight: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834.

miht, st. f., might, power, authority: acc. sg. þurh drihtnes miht (through the Lord's help, power), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701.

mihtig, adj.: 1) physically strong, powerful: acc. sg. mihtig mere-deór, 558; mere-wîf mihtig, 1520.—2) possessing authority, mighty: nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.—Comp.: äl-, fore-mihtig.

milde, adj., kind, gracious, generous: nom. sg. môdes milde (kind-hearted), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (graciously), 1173. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (a king most liberal to men), 3183.

milts, st. f., kindness, benevolence: nom. sg., 2922.

missan, w. v. with gen., to miss, err in: pret. sg. miste mercelses (missed the mark), 2440.

missere, st. n., space of a semester, half a year: gen. pl. hund missera (fifty winters), 2734, 2210; generally, a long period of time, season, 1499, 1770; fela missera, 153, 2621.

mist-hlið, st. n., misty cliff, cloud-capped slope: dat. pl. under mist-hleoðum, 711.

mistig, adj., misty: acc. pl. mistige môras, 162.

mîl-gemearc, st. n., measure by miles: gen. sg. mîl-gemearces, 1363.

mîn: 1) poss. pron., my, mine, 255, 345, etc.; Hygelâc mîn (my lord, or king, H.), 2435.—2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, of me, 2085, 2534, etc.

molde, w. f., dust; earth, field: in comp. gräs-molde.

mon. See man.

ge-mong. See ge-mang.

morð-bealu, st. n., murder, deadly hale or deed of murder: gen. pl. morð-beala, 136.

morðor, st. n., deed of violence, murder: dat. instr. sg. morðre, 893, 1265, 2783; gen. sg. morðres, 2056; morðres scyldig (guilty of murder), 1684.

morðor-bed, st. n., bed of death, murder-bed: acc. sg. wäs þam yldestan ... morðor-bed strêd (a bed of death was spread for the eldest, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437.

morðor-bealu, st. n., death-bale, destruction by murder: acc. sg. morðor-bealo, 1080, 2743.

morðor-hete, st. m., murderous hate: gen. sg. þäs morðor-hetes, 1106.

morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., morning, forenoon; also morrow: nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125; (morrow), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (in the morning), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (every morning), 2451.

morgen-ceald, adj., morning-cold, dawn-cold: nom. sg. gâr morgen-ceald (spear chilled by the early air of morn), 3023.

morgen-lang, adj., lasting through the morning: acc. sg. morgen-longne däg (the whole forenoon), 2895.

morgen-leóht, st. n., morning-light: nom. sg., 605, 918.

morgen-swêg, st. m., morning-cry, cry at morn: nom. sg., 129.

morgen-tîd, st. f., morning-tide: acc. sg. on morgen-tîde, 484, 818(?)

morn. See morgen.

môd, st. n.: 1) heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking: nom. sg., 50, 731; wäfre môd (the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath), 1151; acc. sg. on môd (into his mind), 67; dat. instr. sg. môde geþungen (of mature, lofty spirit), 625; on môde (in heart, mind), 754, 1845, 2282? 2528; on hreóum môde (fierce of spirit), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes blîðe (gracious-minded, kindly disposed), 436; so, môdes milde, 1230; môdes seóce (depressed in mind), 1604.—2) boldness, courage: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) passion, fierceness: nom. sg., 549.—Comp. form adj.: galg-, geômor-, gläd-, gûð-, hreóh-, irre-, sârig-, stîð-, swîð-, wêrig-môd.

môd-cearu, st. f., grief of heart: acc. sg. môd-ceare, 1993, 3150.

môd-gehygd, st. f ., thought of the heart; mind: instr. pl. môd-gehygdum, 233

môd-ge-þanc, st. n., mood-thought, meditation: acc. sg. môd-ge-þonc, 1730.

môd-giômor, adj., grieved at heart, dejected: nom. sg., 2895.

môdig, adj., courageous: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; he þäs (þäm, MS.) môdig wäs (had the courage for it), 1509; se môdega, 814; dat. sg. mid þam môdigan, 3012; gen. sg. môdges, 502; môdiges, 2699; Geáta leód georne trûwode môdgan mägnes (trusted firmly in his bold strength), 671; nom. pl. môdge, 856; môdige, 1877; gen. pl. môdigra, 312, 1889.—Comp, fela-môdig.

môdig-lîc, adj., of bold appearance: compar. acc. pl. môdiglîcran, 337.

môd-lufe, w. f., hearts affection, love: gen. sg. þînre môd-lufan, 1824.

môd-sefa, w. m., thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage: nom. sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. môd-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. môd-sefan, 180.

môd-þracu, st. f., boldness, courage, strength of mind: dat. sg. for his môd-þräce, 385.

môdor, f., mother: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg. môdor, 1539, 2140, 2933.

môna, w. m., moon: gen. sg. mônan, 94.

môr, st. m., moor, morass, swamp: acc. sg. ofer myrcan môr, 1406; dat. sg. of môre, 711; acc. pl. môras, 103, 162, 1349.

môr-hop, st. n., place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp: acc. pl. môr-hopu, 450.

ge-môt, st. n., meeting: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-môt.

môtan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) power or permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can: pres. sg. I., III. môt, 186, 442, 604; II. môst, 1672; pl. môton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic môte, 431; III. se þe môte, 1388; pret sg. môste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. môston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. þät þu hine selfne geseón môste (mightest see), 962.—2) shall, must, be obliged: pres. sg. môt, 2887; pret. sg. môste, 1940; þær he þý fyrste forman dôgore wealdan môste, swâ him Wyrd ne gescrâf, hrêð ät hilde (if he must for the first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575.

ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc (each of the knowing ones still remembers him well), 265; ic þe þäs leán geman (I shall not forget thy reward for this), 1221; ic þät eall gemon (I remember all that), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he þät eall gemon hwät ... (if he is mindful of all that which ...), 1186; ic þät mæl gemon hwær... (I remember the time when...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... æfen-spræce (recalled his evening speech), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, 2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; se þäs leód-hryres leán ge-munde (was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler), 2392; þät he Eotena bearn inne gemunde (that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens), 1142; so, hond gemunde fæhðo genôge (his hand remembered strife enough), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglâfes þät ... (remembered not that which ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in môd-sefan (their thoughts [as heathens] fixed themselves on, remembered, hell), 179.

on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to admonish, exhort: pret. sg. onmunde ûsic mærða (exhorted us to deeds of glory), 2641.

mund, st. f., hand: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, 3092.

mund-bora, w. m., protector, guardian, preserver: nom. sg., 1481, 2780.

mund-gripe, st. m., hand-grip, seizure: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; äfter mund-gripe (after having seized the criminal), 1939.

murnan, st. v., to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid: pret. sg. nô mearn fore fæhðe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (was not apprehensive for his life), 1443.—2) to mourn, grieve: pres. part. him wäs ... murnende môd, 50; pres. subj., þonne he fela murne (than that he should mourn much), 1386.

be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., to mourn over: pret. be-mearn, 908, 1078.

murn-lîce. See un-murn-lîce.

mûð-bana, w. m., mouth-destroyer: dat. sg. tô mûð-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), 2080.

mûða, w. m., mouth, entrance: acc. sg. recedes mûðan (mouth of the house, door), 725.

ge-mynd, st. f., memory, memorial, remembrance: dat. pl. tô gemyndum, 2805, 3017. See weorð-mynd.

myhdgian, w. v., to call to mind, remember: pres. sg. myndgað, 2058; pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Fresna hwylc ... þäs morðor-hetes myndgiend wære (were to call to mind the bloody feud), 1106.

ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., to remember: bið gemyndgad ... eaforan ellor-sîð (is reminded of his son's decease), 2451.

ge-myndig, adj., mindful: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, etc.

myne, st. m.: 1) mind, wish: nom. sg., 2573.—2) love(?): ne his myne wisse (whose [God's] love he knew not), 169.

ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., to be mindful of: imper. sg. gemyne mærðo! 660.

myntan, w. v., to intend, think of, resolve: pret. sg. mynte ... manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (meant to entrap all(?) [see sum], some one of (?), the men), 713; mynte þät he gedælde ... (thought to sever), 732; mynte se mæra, þær he meahte swâ, wîdre gewindan (intended to flee), 763.

myrce, adj., murky, dark: acc. sg. ofer myrcan môr, 1406.

myrð, st. f., joy, mirth: dat. (instr.) sg. môdes myrðe, 8n.

N

naca, w. m., vessel, ship: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan, 214.—Comp.: hring-, ýð-naca.

nacod, adj., naked: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gûð-bill nacod, 539, 2586; nacod nîð-draca, 2274.

nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles.

nama, w. m., name: nom. sg. Beówulf is mîn nama, 343; wäs þäm häft-mêce Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. scôp him Heort naman (gave it the name Hart), 78.

nâ (from ne-â), strength, negative, never, not all, 445, 567, 1537.

nâh, from ne-âh. See âgan.

nân (from ne-ân), indef. pron., none, no: with gen. pl. gûð-billa nân, 804; adjectively, nân ... îren ærgôd, 990.

nât, from ne-wât: I know not=nescio. See witan.

nât-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wât-hwylc, know not who, which, etc.), indef. pron., any, a certain one, some or other: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nât-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nât-hwylces (þâra banena), 2054; niða nât-hwylces(?), 2216; nât-hwylces häleða bearna, 2225.—2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nið-sele nât-hwylcum, 1514.

näbben, from ne-häbben (subj. pres.). See habban.

näfne. See nefne.

nägel, st. m., nail: gen. pl. nägla (of the finger-nails), 986.

nägled, part., nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?: acc. sg. neut. nägled (MS. gled) sinc, 2024.

näs, st. m., naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory: acc. sg. näs, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. nässe, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige nässas, 1412; gen. pl. nässa, 1361.

näs, from ne-wäs (was not). See wesan.

näs, neg. adv., not, not at all, 562, 2263.

näs-hlið, st. n., declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to the sea: dat. pl. on näs-hleoðum, 1428.

næfre, adv., never, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also strengthened by ne: næfre ne, 1461.

ge-nægan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to attack, press; pret. pl. nîða genægdan nefan Hererîces (in combats pressed hard upon H.'s nephew), 2207; pret. part. wearð ... nîða genæged, 1440.

nænig (from ne-ænig), pron., not any, none, no: 1) substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. nænegum, 599; gen. pl. nænigra, 950.—2) adjectively: nom. sg. ôðer nænig, 860; nænig wäter, 1515; nænig ... deór, 1934; acc. sg. nænigne ... hord-mâððum, 1199.

nære, from ne-wære (were not, would not be). See wesan.

ne, simple neg., not, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! 1385; ne gým! 1761, etc. Doubled =certainly not, not even that: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson (ye certainly have not known, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic ... wihte ne wêne (nor do I at all in the least expect), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg.: nôðer ... ne, 2125; swâ he ne mihte nô ... (so that he absolutely could not), 1509.

ne ... ne, not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor, 154-157, 511, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nô ... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; næfre ... ne, 583-584; nalles ... ne, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ær ne siððan (neither before nor after, before nor since), 719; sûð ne norð (south nor north), 859; âdl ne yldo (neither illness nor old age), 1737; wordum ne worcum (neither by word nor deed), 1101; wiston and ne wêndon (knew not and weened not), 1605.

nefa, w. m., nephew, grandson: nom. sg. nefa (grandson), 1204; so, 1963; (nephew), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (nephew), 2207; dat. sg. nefan (nephew), 882.

nefne, näfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. clause = unless: nefne him witig god wyrd forstôde (if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (unless God himself, etc.), 3055; näfne him his wlite leóge (MS. næfre) (unless his face belie him), 250; näfne he wäs mâra (except that he was huger), 1354; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.—b) w. follow. substantive = except, save, only: nefne sin-freá (except the husband), 1935; ic lyt hafo heáfod-mâga nefne Hygelâc þec (have no near kin but thee), 2152; nis þät eówer (gen. pl.) sîð ... nefne mîn ânes, 2534.—2) Prep. with dat., except: nemne feáum ânum, 1082.

ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe.

nelle, from ne-wille (I will not). See willan.

nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to name, call: pres. pl. þone yldestan oret-mecgas Beówulf nemnað (the warriors call the most distinguished one Beówulf), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.—2) to address, as in

be-nemnan, to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell: pret. sg. Fin Hengeste ... âðum be-nemde þät (asserted, promised under oath that ...), 1098; pret. pl. swâ hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon þeódnas mære (put under a curse), 3070.

nemne. See nefne.

nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., to save, rescue, liberate: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nereð unfægne eorl, 573; pret. part. häfde ... sele Hrôðgâres ge-nered wið nîðe (saved from hostility), 828.

ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to remain over, be preserved: pret. sg. hrôf âna genäs ealles ansund (the roof alone was quite sound), 1000.—2) w. acc., to endure successfully, survive, escape from: pret. sg. se þâ säcce ge-näs, 1978; fela ic ... gûð-ræsa ge-näs, 2427; pret. part. swâ he nîða gehwane genesen häfde, 2398.

net, st. n., net: in comp. breóst-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.

nêdla, w. m., dire necessity, distress: in comp. þreá-nêdla.

nêðan (G. nanþjan), w. v., to venture, undertake boldly: pres. part. nearo nêðende (encountering peril), 2351; pret. pl. þær git ... on deóp water aldrum nêðdon (where ye two risked your lives in the deep water), 510; so, 538.

ge-nêðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ýða gewin aldre ge-nêðan, 1470. With depend. clause: nænig þät dorste genêðan þät (none durst undertake to ...), 1934; pret. sg. he under hârne stân âna genêðde frêcne dæde (he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock), 889; (ic) wîge under wätere weorc genêðde earfoð-lîce (I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic genêðde fela gûða (ventured on, risked, many contests), 2512; pres. pl. (of majesty) we ... frêcne genêðdon eafoð uncûðes (we have boldly risked, dared, the monster's power), 961.

nêh. See neáh.

ge-neahhe, adv., enough, sufficiently, 784, 3153; superl. genehost brägd eorl Beówulfes ealde lâfe (many an earl of B.'s), 795.

nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., omnino non, not at all, by no means: nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, 1812.

nearo, st. n., strait, danger, distress: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595.

nearo, adj., narrow: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410.

nearwe, adv., narrowly, 977.

nearo-cräft, st. m., art of rendering difficult of access?, inaccessibility (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cräftum, 2244.

nearo-fâh, m., foe that causes distress, war-foe: gen. sg. nearo-fâges, 2318.

nearo-þearf, st. f., dire need, distress: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422.

ge-nearwian, w. v., to drive into a corner, press upon: pret. part. genearwod, 1439.

neáh, nêh: 1) adj., near, nigh: nom. sg. neáh, 1744, 2729. In superl. also = last: instr. sg. nýhstan sîðe (for the last time), 1204; niéhstan sîðe, 2512.

2) adv., near: feor and (oððe) neáh, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, sæ-grunde neáh, 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme nêh, 2412. Compar. neár, 746.

neán, adv., near by, (from) close at hand, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105; feorran and neán, 840; neán and feorran, 1175, 2318.

ge-neát, st. m., comrade, companion: in comp. beód-, heorð-geneát.

nioðor. See niðer.

neowol, adj., steep, precipitous: acc. pl. neowle, 1412.

neód, st. f., polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?: acc. sg. nióde, 2117; inst. (= joy), 2216.

neód-laðu, st. f., polite invitation; wish: dat. sg. äfter neód-laðu (according to his wishes), 1321.

neósan, neósian, w. v. w. gen., to seek out, look for; to attack: inf. neósan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; niósan, 2389, 2672; neósian, 115, 1126; niósian, 3046; pret. sg. niósade, 2487.

neótan, st. v., to take, accept, w. gen.; to use, enjoy: imper. sg. neót, 1218.

be-neótan, w. dat., to rob, deprive of: inf. hine aldre be-neótan, 681; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-neát (deprived the king of life), 2397.

nicor, st. m., sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster (cf. Bugge in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl. nicera, 846.

nicor-hûs, st. n., house or den of sea-monsters: gen. pl. nicor-hûsa, 1412.

nið st. m., man, human being: gen. pl. niðða, 1006; niða? (passage corrupt), 2216.

niðer, nyðer, neoðor, adv., down, downward: niðer, 1361; nioðor, 2700; nyðer, 3045.

nið-sele, st. m., hall, room, in the deep (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nið-sele nât-hwylcum, 1514.

nigen, num., nine: acc. nigene, 575.

niht, st. f. night: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (yester-night), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwîlum (sometimes at night, in the hours of the night), 3045; as adv. = of a night, by night, G. nachts, 422, 2274; däges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht (se'nnight, seven days, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.—Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.

niht-bealu, st. n., night-bale, destruction by night: gen. pl. niht-bealwa, 193.

niht-helm, st. m., veil or canopy of night: nom. sg., 1790.

niht-long, adj., lasting through the night: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst (space of a night), 528.

niht-weorc, st. n., night-work, deed done at night: instr. sg. niht-weorce, 828.

niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to take, hold, seize, undertake: pret. sg. nam þâ mid handa hige-þihtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. we . . . nióde nâman, 2117.—2) to take, take away, deprive of: pres. sg. se þe hine deáð nimeð (he whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 447; nymeð, 1847; nymeð nýd-bâde, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongenþió îren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he ... mâðm-æhta mâ (he took no more of the rich treasures), 1613; pret. part. þâ wäs ... seó cwên numen (the queen carried off), 1154.

be-niman, to deprive of: pret. sg. ôð þät hine yldo benam mägenes wynnum (till age bereft him of joy in his strength), 1887.

for-niman, to carry off: pres. sg. þe þâ deáð for-nam (whom death carried off), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him îrenna ecge fornâmon, 2829.

ge-niman: 1) to take, seize: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (clasped him around the neck, embraced him), 1873.—2) to take, take away: pret. on reste genam þritig þegna, 122; heó under heolfre genam cûðe folme, 1303; segn eác genom, 2777; þâ mec sinca baldor ... ät mînum fäder genam (took me at my father's hands, adopted me), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.

ge-nip, st. n., darkness, mist, cloud: acc. pl. under nässa genipu, 1361; ofer flôda genipu, 2809.

nis, from ne-is (is not): see wesan.

niwe, niówe, adj., new, novel; unheard-of: nom. sg. swêg up â-stâg niwe geneahhe (a monstrous hubbub arose), 784; beorh ... niwe (a newly-raised(?) grave-mound), 2244; acc. sg. niwe sibbe (the new kinship), 950; instr. sg. niwan stefne (properly, novâ voce; here = de novo, iterum, again), 2595; niówan stefne (again), 1790; gen. pl. niwra spella (new tidings), 2899.

ge-niwian, w. v., to renew: pret. part. ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geniwad, 2288.

niw-tyrwed, pret. part., newly-tarred: acc. sg. niw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295.

nîð, st. m., properly only zeal, endeavor; then hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nîð, 184, 276; Wedera nîð (enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders), 423; dat. sg. wið (ät) nîðe, 828, 2586; instr. nîðe, 2681; gen. pl. nîða, 883, 2351, 2398, etc.; also instr. = by, in, battle, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.—Comp.: bealo-, fær-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wäl-nîð.

nîð-draca, w. m., battle-dragon: nom. sg., 2274.

nîð-gast, st. m., hostile alien, fell demon: acc. sg. þone nîð-gäst (the dragon), 2700.

nîð-geweorc, st. n., work of enmity, deed of evil: gen. pl. -geweorca, 684.

nîð-grim, adj., furious in battle, savage: nom. sg., 193.

nîð-heard, adj., valiant in war: nom. sg., 2418.

nîð-hydig, adj., eager for battle, valorous: nom. pl. nîð-hydige men, 3167.

ge-nîðla, w. m., foe, persecutor, waylayer: in comp. ferhð-, feorh-genîðla.

nîð-wundor, st. n., hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil: acc. sg., 1366.

nîpan, st. v., to veil, cover over, obscure; pres. part. nîpende niht, 547, 650.

nolde, from ne-wolde (would not); see willan.

norð, adv., northward, 859.

norðan, adv., from the north, 547.

nose, w. f., projection, cliff, cape: dat. sg. of hliðes nosan, 1893; ät brimes nosan, 2804.

nô (strengthened neg.), not, not at all, by no means, 136, 244, 587, 755, 842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; nô ... nô (neither ... nor), 541-543; so, nô ... ne, 168. See ne.

nôðer (from nâ-hwäðer), neg., and not, nor, 2125.

ge-nôh, adj., sufficient, enough: acc. sg. fæhðo genôge, 2490; acc. pl. genôge ... beágas, 3105.

nôn, st. f., [Eng. noon], ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Screádunga, 24 2: we hâtað ænne däg fram sunnan upgange ôð æfen): nom. sg. nôn, 1601.

nu, adv.: l) now, at present, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nu gyt (up to now, hitherto), 957; nu gen (now still, yet), 2860; (now yet, still), 3169.—2) conj., since, inasmuch as: nu þu lungre geong ... nu se wyrm ligeð (go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead), 2746; so, 2248; þät þu me ne forwyrne ... nu ic þus feorran com (that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far), 430; so, 1476; nu ic on mâðma hord mîne bebohte frôde feorh-lege, fremmað ge nu (as I now..., so do ye), 2800; so, 3021.

nymðe, conj. w. subj., if not, unless, 782; nymðe mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), 1659.

nyt, st. f., duty, service, office, employment: acc. sg. þegn nytte beheóld (did his duty), 494; so, 3119.—Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt.

nyt, adj., useful: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt.

ge-nyttian, w. v., to make use of, enjoy: pret. part. häfde eorð-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (had enjoyed, made use of), 3047.

nýd, st. f., force, necessity, need, pain: acc. sg. þurh deáðes nýd, 2455; instr. sg. nýde, 1006. In comp. (like nýd-maga, consanguineus, in Æthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nêd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, tie of blood.—Comp. þreá-nýd.

ge-nýdan, w. v.: 1) to force, compel: pret. part. nîðe ge-nýded (forced by hostile power), 2681.—2) to force upon: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nýde genýdde ... gearwe stôwe (the inevitable place prepared for each, i.e. the bed of death), 1006.

nýd-bâd, st. f., forced pledge, pledge demanded by force: acc. pl. nýd-bâde, 599.

nýd-gestealla, w. m., comrade in need or united by ties of blood: nom. pl. nýd-gesteallan, 883.

nýd-gripe, st. m., compelling grip: dat. sg. in nýd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977.

nýd-wracu, st. f., distressful persecution, great distress: nom. sg., 193.

nýhst. See neáh.

O

oððe, conj.: 1) or; otherwise, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc.—2) and(?), till(?), 650, 2476, 3007.

of, prep. w. dat., from, off from: 1) from some point of view: ge-seah of wealle (from the wall), 229; so, 786; of hefene scîneð (shineth from heaven), 1572; of hliðes nosan gästas grêtte (from the cliff's projection), 1893; of þam leóma stôd (from which light streamed), 2770; þær wäs mâðma fela of feorwegum ... gelæded (from distant lands), 37; þâ com of môre (from the moor), 711, 922.—2) forth from, out of: hwearf of earde (wandered from his home, died), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þâ ic of searwum com (when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe), 419; þâ him Hrôðgâr gewât ... ût of healle (out of the hall), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rêc â-stâh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire), 3145; (icge gold) â-häfen of horde (lifted from the hoard), 1109; lêt þâ of breóstum ... word ût faran (from his breast), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (doffed his helmet), 673; so, 1130; sealdon wîn of wunder-fatum (presented wine from wondrous vessels), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flâne geswencte (with an arrow shot from the horned bow), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. postponed: þâ he him of dyde îsern-byrnan (doffed his iron corselet), 672.

ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., over, above: 1) w. dat, over (rest, locality): Wîglâf siteð ofer Biówulfe, 2908; ofer äðelinge, 1245; ofer eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þeóde (over the earth, among mankind), 900; ofer ýðum, 1908; ofer hron-râde (over the sea), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealowæge (over the beer-cup, drinking), 481.—2) w. acc. of motion: a) over (local): ofer ýðe (over the waves), 46, 1910; ofer swan-râde (over the swan-road, the sea), 200; ofer wægholm, 217; ofer geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (over the gangway), 231; ofer landa fela (over many lands), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer heáhne hrôf (along upon (under?) the high roof), 984; ofer eormen-grund (over the whole earth), 860; ofer ealle (over all, on all sides), 2900, 650; so, 1718;—606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebräc (over, above, the crashing of shields), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þâ niht (through the night, by night), 737. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, about, of, concerning: he ofer benne spräc, 2725. c) beyond, over: ofer mîn ge-met (beyond my power), 2880;—hence, against, contrary to: he ofer willan gióng (went against his will), 2410; ofer ealde riht (against the ancient laws, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331;—also, without: wîg ofer wæpen (war sans, dispensing with, weapons), 686;—temporal = after: ofer eald-gewin (after long, ancient, suffering), 1782.

ofer-hygd, st. n., arrogance, pride, conceit: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741; ofer-hyda, 1761.

ofer-mâðum, st. m., very rich treasure: dat. pl. ofer-mâðmum, 2994.

ofer-mägen, st. n., over-might, superior numbers: dat. sg. mid ofer-mägene, 2918.

ofer-þearf, st. f., dire distress, need: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe], 2227.

oft, adv., often, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [nô] seldan, 2030; oft nalles æne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664.

om-, on-. see am-, an-.

ombiht. See ambiht.

oncer. See ancer.

ond. See and.

onsýn. See ansýn.

on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily touching on, contact with: I. local, w. dat.: a) on, upon, in at (of exterior surface): on heáh-stede (in the high place), 285; on mînre êðel-tyrf (in my native place), 410; on þäm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þam holmclife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan (on earth), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þære medu-bence (on the mead-bench), 1053; beornas on blancum (the heroes on the dapple-greys), 857, etc.; on räste (in bed), 1299; on stapole (at, near, the pillar), 927; on wealle, 892; on wage (on the wall), 1663; on þäm wäl-stenge (on the battle-lance), 1639; on eaxle (on his shoulder), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on breóstum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (in his hand), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scân (on him shone the corselet), 405; on ôre (at the front), 1042; on corðre (at the head of, among, his troop), 1154; scip on ancre (the ship at anchor), 303; þät he on heoðe ge-stôd (until he stood in the hall), 404; on fäder stäle (in a father's place), 1480; on ýðum (on the waves, in the water), 210, 421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on êg-streámum, 577; on segl-râde, 1438, etc.; on flôde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Freslondum on, 2358.—b) in, inside of (of inside surface): secg on searwum (a champion in armor), 249; so, 963; on wîg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þäm se rîca bâd (in which the mighty one abode), 310; on Heorote (in Heorot), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on beór-sele, 492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (in the cities, boroughs), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mînum (in my mind), 473; on môde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (in his vitals), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.—c) among, amid: on searwum (among the arms), 1558; on gemonge (among the troop), 1644; on þam leód-scipe (among the people), 2198; nymðe lîges fäðm swulge on swaðule (unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke), 783;—in, with, touched by, possessing something: þâ wäs on sâlum sinces brytta (then was the dispenser of treasure in joy), 608; so, 644, 2015; wäs on hreón môde, 1308; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582, 2296; heó wäs on ôfste (she was in haste), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þâ wäs on blôde brim weallende (there was the flood billowing in, with, blood), 848; (he) wäs on sunde (was a-swimming), 1619; wäs tô fore-mihtig feónd on fêðe (too powerful in speed), 971; þær wäs swîgra secg ... on gylpspræce (there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech), 982;—in; full of, representing, something: on weres wästmum (in man's form), 1353.—d) attaching to, hence proceeding from; from something: ge-hýrde on Beówulfe fäst-rædne ge-þôht (heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve), 610; þät he ne mêtte ... on elran men mund-gripe mâran, 753;—hence, with verbs of taking: on räste genam (took from his bed), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ær on þe gôde be-geâton (took it before from thee), 2249.—e) with: swâ hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sâre ge-endod (as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure), 2312.—f) by: mäg þonne on þäm golde ongitan Geáta dryhten (the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold), 1485.—g) to, after weorðan: þät he on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), 1545.

With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., up to, on, upon, in: â-lêdon þâ leófne þeóden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; þâ him mid scoldon on flôdes æht feor ge-wîtan, 42; se þe wið Brecan wunne on sîdne sæ (who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea), 507, cf. 516; þät ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds), 2133; on feónda geweald sîðian, 809; þâra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on lufan læteð hworfan (lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?), 1729; him on môd bearn (came into his mind, occurred to him), 67; ræsde on þone rôfan (rushed on the powerful one), 2691; (cwom) on worðig (came into the palace), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (away), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.—b) towards, on: gôde gewyrcean ... on fäder wine (pl.), 21.—c) aim or object, to, for the object, for, as, in, on: on þearfe (in his need, in his strait), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrâðum on andan (as a terror to the foe), 709; Hrôðgâr maðelode him on andsware (said to him in reply), 1841; betst beado-rinca wäs on bæl gearu (on the pyre ready), 1110; wîg-heafolan bär freán on fultum (for help), 2663; wearð on bîd wrecen (forced to wait), 2963.—d) ground, reason, according to, in conformity with: rodera rædend hit on ryht gescêd (decided it in accordance with right), 1556; ne me swôr fela âða on unriht (swore no oaths unjustly, falsely), 2740; on spêd (skilfully), 874; nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas (giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised), 1750; on sînne selfes dôm (boastingly, at his own will), 2148; him eal worold wendeð on willan (according to his will), 1740.—e) w. verbs of buying, for, in exchange for: me ic on mâðma hord mîne be-bohte frôde feorh-lege (for the hoard of jewels), 2800.—f) of, as to: ic on Higelâce wât, Geáta dryhten (I know with respect to, as to, of, H.), 1831; so, 2651; þät heó on ænigne eorl ge-lýfde fyrena frôfre (that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble), 628; þâ hie ge-trûwedon on twâ healfa (on both sides, mutually), 1096; so, 2064; þät þu him ondrædan ne þearft ... on þâ healfe (from, on this side), 1676.—g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = among: näs ... sinc-mâððum sêlra (= þät wäs sinc-mâðma sêlest) on sweordes hâd (there was no better jewel in sword's shape, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; se wäs Hrôðgâre häleða leófost on ge-sîðes hâd (dearest of men as, in the character of, follower, etc.), 1298.

II. Of time: a) w. dat., in, inside of, during, at: on fyrste (in time, within the time appointed), 76; on uhtan (at dawn), 126; on mergenne (at morn, on the morrow), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoðe (in youth), 409, 466; on geogoð-feore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (in, during, battle), 1327; hû lomp eów on lâde (on the way), 1988; on gange (in going, en route), 1885; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582.—b) w. acc., towards, about: on undern-mæl (in the morning, about midday), 1429; on morgen-tîd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stäf (toward the end, at last), 1754; oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð (far oftener than once), 1580.

III. With particles: him on efn (beside, alongside of, him), 2904; on innan (inside, within), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þær on innan (in there), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þe often separated from its case: þe ic her on starie (that I here look on, at), 2797; þe ge þær on standað (that ye there stand in), 2867.

on-cýð (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., pain, suffering: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cýððe, 831.

on-drysne, adj., frightful, terrible: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.

onettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, to breathe, pant), w. v., to hasten: pret. pl. onetton, 306, 1804.

on-lîcnes, st. f., likeness, form, figure: nom. sg., 1352.

on-mêdla, w. m., pride, arrogance: dat. sg. for on-mêdlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.

on-sæge, adj., tending to fall, fatal: nom. sg. þâ wäs Hondsció (dat.) hild on-sæge, 2077; Hæðcynne wearð ... gûð on-sæge, 2484.

on-weald, st. m., power, authority: acc. sg. (him) bega ge-hwäðres ... onweald ge-teáh (gave him power over, possession of, both), 1044.

open, adj., open: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272.

openian, w. v., to open, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057.

orc (O.S. orc, Goth. aúrkei-s), st. m., crock, vessel, can : nom. pl. orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761.

orcnê, st. m., sea-monster: nom. pl. orcnêas, 112.

ord, st. n. point: nom. sg. ôð þät wordes ord breóst-hord þurh-bräc (till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance), 2792; acc. sg. ord (sword-point), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde (at the head of, in front [of a troop]), 2499, 3126.

ord-fruma, w. m., head lord, high prince: nom. sg., 263.

oret-mecg, st. m., champion, warrior, military retainer: nom. pl. oret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. oret-mecgas, 332.

oretta, w. m., champion, fighter, hero: nom. sg., 1533, 2539.

or-leg, st. n., war, battle: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408.

or-leg-hwîl, st. f., time of battle, war-time: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwîl, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwîle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwîla, 2428.

or-leahtre, adj., blameless: nom. sg 1887.

or-þanc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; orþancum = machinamentis, ibid. 477; or-þanc-scipe = mechanica, 479, st. m., mechanical art, skill: instr. pl. or-þoncum, 2088; smiðes or-þancum, 406.

or-wêna, adj. (weak form), hopeless, despairing, w. gen.: aldres or-wêna (hopeless of life), 1003, 1566.

or-wearde, adj., unguarded, without watch or guard: adv., 3128.

oruð, st. n., breath, snorting: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oreðe, 2840.

Ô

ôð (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., to, till, up to, only temporal: ôð þone ânne däg, 2400; ôð dômes däg, 3070; ô woruld-ende, 3084.—2) ôð þät, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, till, until, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc.

ôðer (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) one or other of two, a second, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ôðer, 2062; ôðer(one i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and Hygelâc), 2482; ôðer ... ôðer (the one ... the other), 1350-1352. Adj.: ôðer ... mihtig mân-sceaða (the second mighty, fell foe, referring to 1350, 1339; se ôðer ... häle, 1816; fem. niht ôðer, 2118; neut. ôðer geâr (the next, second, year), 1134; acc. sg. m. ôðerne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne(whilst one warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþeów), 2986; neut. ôðer swylc(another such, an equal number), 1584; instr. sg. ôðre sîðe (for the second time, again), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. ôðrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. ôðres dôgores, 219, 606; neut. ôðres, 1875.—2) another, a different one, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ôðer, 1756; ôðer nænig (no other), 860. Adj.: ænig ôðer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; ôðer in (a different house or room), 1301; acc. sg. ôðer flet, 1087; gen. sg. ôðres ... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende ôðer sædan (ale drinkers said other things), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word ôðer, 871.

ôfer, st. m., shore: dat. sg. on ôfre, 1372.

ôfost, st. f., haste: nom. sg. ôfost is sêlest tô gecýðanne (haste is best to make known, best to say at once), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. beó þu on ôfeste (ôfoste) (be in haste, hasten), 386, 2748; on ôfste, 1293; on ôfoste, 2784, 3091.

ôfost-lîce, adv., in haste, speedily, 3131.

ô-hwær, adv., anywhere, 1738, 2871.

ômig, adj., rusty: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. ômige, 3050.

ôr, st. n., beginning, origin; front: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on ôre, 1042.

ô-wiht, anything, aught: instr. sg. ô-wihte (in any way), 1823, 2433.

P

pâd, st. f., dress; in comp. here-pâd.

päð, st. m., path, road, way; in comp. ân-päð.

plega, w. m., play, emulous contest; lind-plega, 1074.

R

raðe, adv., quickly, immediately, 725, Cf. hrâðe.

rand, rond, st. m., shield: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; bî ronde, 2539; acc. pl. randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.—Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sîd-rand.

rand-häbbend, pres. part., shield-bearer, i.e. man at arms, warrior: gen. pl. rond-häbbendra, 862.

rand-wîga, w. m., shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior: nom. sg., 1299; acc. sg. rand-wîgan, 1794.

râd, st. f., road, street; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-râd.

ge-râd, adj., clever, skilful, ready: acc. pl. neut. ge-râde, 874.

râp, st. m., rope, bond, fetter: in comp. wäl-râp.

râsian, w. v., to find, discover: pret. part. þâ wäs hord râsod, 2284.

räst. See rest.

ræcan, w. v., to reach, reach after: pret. sg. ræhte ongeán feónd mid folme (reached out his hand toward the foe), 748.

ge-ræcan, to attain, strike, attack: pret. sg. hyne ... wæpne ge-ræhte (struck him with his sword), 2966; so, 556.

ræd, st. m.: 1) advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help: nom. sg. nu is ræd gelong eft ät þe ânum (now is help to be found with thee alone), 1377; acc. sg. ræd, 172, 278, 3081.—2) advantage, gain, use: acc. sg. þät ræd talað (counts that a gain), 2028; êcne ræd (the eternal gain, everlasting life), 1202; acc. pl. êce rædas, 1761.—Comp.: folc-ræd, and adj., ân-, fäst-ræd.

rædan, st. v., to rule; reign; to possess: pres. part. rodera rædend (the ruler of the heavens), 1556; inf. þone þe þu mid rihte rædan sceoldest (that thou shouldst possess by rights), 2057; wolde dôm godes dædum rædan gumena gehwylcum (God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds), 2859. See sele-rædend.

ræd-bora, w. m. counsellor, adviser: nom. sg., 1326.

ræden, st. f., order, arrangement, law: see Note on 1143; comp. worold-ræden(?).

â-ræran, w. v.: 1) to raise, lift up: pret. pl. þâ wæron monige þe his mæg ... ricone â-rærdon (there were many that lifted up his brother quickly), 2984.—2) figuratively, to spread, disseminate: pret. part. blæd is â-ræred (thy renown is far-spread), 1704.

ræs, st. m., on-rush, attack, storm: acc. sg. gûðe ræs (the storm of battle, attack), 2627; instr. pl. gûðe ræsum, 2357.—Comp.: gûð-, hand-, heaðo-, mägen-, wäl-ræs.

(ge-)ræsan, w. v., to rush (upon): pret. sg. ræsde on þone rôfan, 2691, 2840.

ræswa, w. m., prince, ruler: dat. sg. weoroda ræswan, 60.

reccan, w. v., to explicate, recount, narrate: inf. frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan (recount the origin of man from ancient times), 91; gerund, tô lang is tô reccenne, hû ic ... (too long to tell how I...), 2094; pret. sg. syllîc spell rehte (told a wondrous tale), 2111; so intrans. feorran rehte (told of olden times), 2107.

reced, st. n., building, house; hall (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412, 771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.—Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.

regn-heard, adj., immensely strong, firm: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, 326.

regnian, rênian, w. v., to prepare, bring on or about: inf. deáð rên[ian] hond-gesteallan (prepare death for his comrade), 2169.

ge-regnian, to prepare, deck out, adorn: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... golde ge-regnad, 778.

regn-, rên-weard, st. m., mighty guardian: nom. pl. rên-weardas (of Beówulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771.

rest, räst, st. f.: 1) bed, resting-place: acc. sg. räste, 139; dat. sg. on räste (genam) (from his resting-place), 1299, 1586; tô räste (to bed), 1238. Comp.: flet-räst, sele-rest, wäl-rest.—2) repose, rest; in comp. æfen-räst.

ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., resting-place: in comp. wind-gereste.

restan, w. v.: 1) to rest: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste hine þâ rûm-heort, 1800.—2) to rest, cease: inf., 1858.

rêc (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., reek, smoke: instr. sg. rêce, 3157.—Comp.: wäl-, wudu-rêc.

rêcan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., to reck, care about something, be anxious: pres. sg. III. wæpna ne rêceð (recketh not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him), 434.

rêðe, adj., wroth, furious: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. rêðe, 771. Also, of things, wild, rough, fierce: gen. sg. rêðes and-hâttres (fierce, penetrating heat), 2524.

reáf, st. n., booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments (as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, wäl-reáf.

reáfian, w. v., to plunder, rob, w. acc.: inf. hord reáfian, 2774; pret. sg. þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne, 2986; wäl reáfode, 3028; pret. pl. wäl reáfedon, 1213.

be-reáfian, w. instr., to bereave, rob of: pret. part. since be-reáfod, 2747; golde be-reáfod, 3019.

reord, st. f., speech, language; tone of voice: acc. sg. on-cniów mannes reorde (knew, heard, a human voice), 2556.

reordian, w. v., to speak, talk: inf. fela reordian (speak much), 3026.

ge-reordian, to entertain, to prepare for: pret. part. þâ wäs eft swâ ær ... flet-sittendum fägere ge-reorded (again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained), 1789

reót, st. m.?, f.?, noise, tumult? (grave?): instr. sg. reóte, 2458. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes reóte as dat. from reót (rest, repose).

reóc, adj., savage, furious: nom. sg., 122.

be-reófan, st. v., to rob of, bereave: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. reóte berofene, 2458.

reón. See rôwan.

reótan, st. v., to weep: pres. pl. ôð þät ... roderas reótað, 1377.

reów, adj., excited, fierce, wild: in comp. blôd-, gûð-, wäl-reów. See hreów.

ricone, hastily, quickly, immediately, 2984.

riht, st. n., right or privilege; the (abstract) right: acc. sg. on ryht (according to right), 1556; sôð and riht (truth and right), 1701; dat. sg. wið rihte, 144; äfter rihte (in accordance with right), 1050; syllîc spell rehte äfter rihte (told a wondrous tale truthfully), 2111; mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (the ten commandments), 2331; —Comp. in êðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.

riht, adj., straight, right: in comp. up-riht.

rihte, adv., rightly, correctly, 1696. See ät-rihte.

rinc, st. m., man, warrior, hero: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel, 721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hrôðgâr, 1678; gen. pl. rinca, 412, 729.—Comp. in beado-, gûð-, here-, heaðo-, hilde-, mago-, sæ-rinc.

ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., appropriate, proper: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, 2654.

rîce, st. n.: 1) realm, land ruled over: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg. rîce, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rîces, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081. Comp. Swió-rîce.—2) council of chiefs, the king with his chosen advisers(?): nom. sg. oft gesät rîce tô rûne, 172.

rîce, adj., mighty, powerful: nom. sg. (of Hrôðgâr), 1238; (of Hygelâc), 1210; (of Äsc-here), 1299; weak form, se rîca (Hrôðgâr), 310; (Beówulf), 399; (Hygelâc), 1976.—Comp. gimme-rîce.

rîcsian, rîxian, w. v. intrans., to rule, reign: inf. rîcsian, 2212; pret. sg. rîxode, 144.

rîdan, st. v., to ride: subj. pres. þät his byre rîde giong on galgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rîdend, 2458; inf. wicge rîdan, 234; mearum rîdan, 856; pret. sg. sæ-genga ... se þe on ancre râd, 1884; him tô-geánes râd (rode to meet them), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlæw riodan (rode round the grave-mound), 3171.

ge-rîdan, w. acc., to ride over: pret. sg. se þe näs ge-râd (who rode over the promontory), 2899.

rîm, st. n., series, number: in comp. däg-, un-rîm.

ge-rîm, st. n., series, number: in comp. dôgor-ge-rim.

ge-rîman, w. v., to count together, enumerate in all: pret. part. in comp. forð-gerîmed.

â-rîsan, st. v., to arise, rise: imper. sg. â-rîs, 1391; pret. sg. â-râs þâ se rîca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; â-râs þâ bî ronde (arose by his shield), 2539; hwanan sió fæhð â-râs (whence the feud arose), 2404.

rodor, st. m., ether, firmament, sky (from radius?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310; gen. pl. rodera, 1556.

rôf, adj., fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong: nom. sg., 2539; also with gen. mägenes rôf (strong in might), 2085; so, þeáh þe he rôf sîe nîð-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rôfne, 1794; on þone rôfan, 2691.—Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, sige-rôf.

rôt, adj., glad, joyous: in comp. un-rôt.

rôwan, st. v., to row (with the arms), swim: pret. pl. reón (for reówon), 512, 539.

rûm, st. m., space, room: nom. sg., 2691.

rûm, adj.: 1) roomy, spacious: nom. sg. þûhte him eall tô rûm, wongas and wîc-stede (fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.—2) in moral sense, great, magnanimous, noble-hearted: acc. sg. þurh rûmne sefan, 278.

rûm-heort, adj., big-hearted, noble-spirited: nom. sg., 1800, 2111.

ge-rûm-lîc, adj., commodious, comfortable: compar. ge-rûm-lîcor, 139.

rûn, st. f., secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation or council: dat. sg. ge-sät rîce tô rûne, 172.—Comp. beado-rûn.

rûn-stäf, st. m., rune-stave, runic letter: acc. pl. þurh rûn-stafas, 1696.

rûn-wita, w. m., rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser: nom. sg., 1326.

ge-rysne. See ge-risne.

ge-rýman, w. v.: 1) to make room for, prepare, provide room: pret. pl. þät hie him ôðer flet eal ge-rýmdon, 1087; pret. part. þâ wäs Geát-mäcgum ... benc gerýmed, 492; so, 1976.—2) to allow, grant, admit: pret. part. þâ me ge-rýmed wäs (sîð) (as access was permitted me), 3089; þâ him gerýmed wearð, þät hie wäl-stôwe wealdan môston, 2984.

S

ge-saca, w. m., opponent, antagonist, foe: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774.

sacan, st. v., to strive, contend: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439.

ge-sacan, to attain, gain by contending (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal sâwl-berendra ... gearwe stôwe (gain the place prepared, i.e. the death-bed), 1005.

on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), to withdraw, take away, deprive of: pres. subj. þätte freoðuwebbe feores on-säce ... leófne mannan, 1943.—2) to contest, dispute, withstand: inf. þät he sæmannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and brýde), 2955.

sacu, st. f., strife, hostility, feud: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg. säce, 154; säcce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. ät (tô) säcce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl. säcca, 2030.

ge-sacu, st. f., strife, enmity: nom. sg., 1738.

sadol, st. m., saddle: nom. sg., 1039.

sadol-beorht, adj., with bright saddles (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176.

ge-saga. See secgan.

samne, somne, adv., together, united; in ät-somne, together, united, 307, 402, 491, 544, 2848.

tô-somne (together), 3123; þâ se wyrm ge-beáh snûde tô-somne (when the dragon quickly coiled together), 2569.

samod, somod: I. adv., simultaneously, at the same time: somod, 1212, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod ät-gädere, 387, 730, 1064.—II. prep. w. dat., with, at the same time with: samod ær-däge (with the break of day), 1312; somod ær-däge, 2943.

sand, st. n., sand, sandy shore: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); äfter sande (along the shore), 1965; wið sande, 213.

sang, st. m., song, cry, noise: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scôpes, 90; acc. sg. sige-leásne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sârigne sang (Hrêðel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448.