GLOSSARY (continued 2)

ge-dreósan, st. v., to fall down, to sink: pres. sg. III. lîc-homa læne gedreóseð, the body, belonging to death, sinks down, 1755; inf. þät þu ne âlæte dôm gedreósan, honor fall, sink, 2667.

drincan, st. v., to drink (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blôd êdrum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wîn weras, the men drank wine, 1234; þær guman druncon, where the men drank, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slôg heorð-geneátas, slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means drunken: nom. sg. beóre (wîne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. beóre druncne, 480.

drîfan, st. v., to drive: pres. pl. þâ þe brentingas ofer flôda genipu feorran drîfað, who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þeáh þe he [ne] meahte on mere drîfan hringedstefnan, although he could not drive the ship on the sea, 1131.

to-drîfan, to drive apart, to disperse: pret. ôð þät unc flôd tôdrâf, 545.

drohtoð, st. m., mode of living or acting, calling, employment: nom. sg. ne wäs his drohtoð þær swylce he ær gemêtte, there was no employment for him (Grendel) there such as he had found formerly, 757.

drusian, w. v. (cf. dreósan, properly, to be ready to fall; here of water), to stagnate, to be putrid. pret. lagu drusade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631.

dryht, driht, st. f., company, troop, band of warriors; noble band: in comp. mago-driht.

ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., troop, band of noble warriors: nom. sg. mînra eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. äðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (häleða) gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.—Comp. sibbe-gedriht.

dryht-bearn, st. n., youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.

dryhten, drihten, st. m., commander, lord: a) temporal lord: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.—b) God: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.—Comp.: freá-, freó-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.

dryht-guma, w. m., one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrôðgâr's warriors).

dryht-lîc, adj., (that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, excellent: dryhtlîc îren, excellent sword, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlîce wîf (of Hildeburh), 1159.

dryht-mâðum, st. m., excellent jewel, splendid treasure: gen. pl. dryhtmâðma, 2844.

dryht-scipe, st. m., (lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed: acc. sg. drihtscype dreógan, to do a heroic deed, 1471.

dryht-sele, st. m., excellent, splendid hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.

dryht-sib, st. f., peace or friendship between troops of noble warriors: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.

drync, st. m., drink: in comp. heoru-drync.

drync-fät, st. n., vessel for drink, to receive the drink: acc. sg., 2255; drinc-fät, 2307.

drysmian, w. v., to become obscure, gloomy (through the falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376.

drysne, adj. See on-drysne.

dugan, v., to avail, to be capable, to be good: pres. sg. III. hûru se aldor deáh, especially is the prince capable, 369; ðonne his ellen deáh, if his strength avails, is good, 573; þe him selfa deáh, who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself, 1840; pres. subj. þeáh þîn wit duge, though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. þu ûs wel dohtest, you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us, 1822; similarly, nu seó hand ligeð se þe eów welhwylcra wilna dohte, which was helpful to each one of your desires, 1345; pret. subj. þeáh þu heaðoræsa gehwær dohte, though thou wast everywhere strong in battle, 526.

duguð (state of being fit, capable), st. f.: 1) capability, strength: dat. pl. for dugeðum, in ability(?), 2502; duguðum dêmdon, praised with all their might(?), 3176.—2) men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors, esp., noble warriors: nom. sg. duguð unlytel, 498; duguð, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, before the heroes, 2021; nalles frätwe geaf ealdor duguðe, gave the band of heroes no treasure (more), 2921; leóda duguðe on lâst, upon the track of the heroes of the people, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cûðe he duguðe þeáw, the custom of the noble warriors, 359; deórre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða, 2036.—3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675; duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne, 622.

durran, v. pret. and pres. to dare; prs. sg. II. þu dearst bîdan, darest to await, 527; III. he gesêcean dear, 685; pres. subj. sêc gyf þu dyrre, seek (Grendel's mother), if thou dare, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.

duru, st. f., door, gate, wicket: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.

ge-dûfan, st. v., to dip in, to sink into: pret. þät sweord gedeáf (the sword sank into the drake, of a blow), 2701.

þurh-dûfan, to dive through; to swim through, diving: pret. wäter up þurh-deáf, swam through the water upwards (because he was before at the bottom), 1620.

dwellan, w. v., to mislead, to hinder: prs. III. nô hine wiht dweleð, âdl ne yldo, him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age, 1736.

dyhtig, adj., useful, good for: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, 1288.

dynnan, w. v., to sound, to groan, to roar: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.

dyrne, adj.: 1) concealed, secret, retired: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.—2) secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cräfte, with secret magic art, 2291; dyrnum cräfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gâsta, of malicious spirits (of Grendel's kin), 1358.—Comp. un-dyrne.

dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly: him ...äfter deórum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880.

dyrstig, adj., bold, daring: þeáh þe he dæda gehwäs dyrstig wære, although he had been courageous for every deed, 2839.

ge-dýgan, ge-dîgan, w. v., to endure, to overcome, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þu þät ellenweorc aldre gedîgest, if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life, 662; III. þät þone hilderæs hâl gedîgeð, that he survives the battle in safety, 300; similarly, inf. unfæge gedîgan weán and wräcsîð, 2293; hwäðer sêl mæge wunde gedýgan, which of the two can stand the wounds better (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende deóp gedýgan, could not endure the deep without burning (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-dîgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.

dýgol. See deógol.

dýre. See deóre.

E

ecg, st. f., edge of the sword, point: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd, defended the entrance against point and edge (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; mêces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.—Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon: nom. sg. ne wäs ecg bona (not the sword killed him), 2507; sió ecg brûn (Beówulf's sword Nägling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, the sword snatched him away, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. äscum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) eácnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;—blade: ecg wäs îren, 1460.—Comp.: brûn-, heard-, stýl-ecg, adj.

ecg-bana, w. m., murderer by the sword: dat. sg. Cain wearð tô ecg-banan ângan brêðer, 1263.

ecg-hete, st. m., sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out: nom. sg., 84, 1739.

ecg-þracu, st. f., sword-storm (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þräce, 597.

ed-hwyrft, st. m., return (of a former condition): þâ þær sôna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (i.e. after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.

ed-wendan, w. v., to turn back, to yield, to leave off: inf. gyf him edwendan æfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease, 280.

ed-wenden, st. f., turning, change: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (reparation for former neglect), 2189.

edwît-lîf, st. n., life in disgrace: nom. sg., 2892.

efn, adj., even, like, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., upon the same level, near: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, lies near him, 2904.

efnan (see äfnan) w. v., to carry out, to perform, to accomplish: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (accomplish knightly deeds), 2536; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelâc efnan (to battle), 1042; gerund. tô efnanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.

efne, adv., even, exactly, precisely, just, united with swâ or swylc: efne swâ swîðe swâ, just so much as, 1093; efne swâ sîde swâ, 1224; wäs se gryre lässa efne swâ micle swâ, by so much the less as ..., 1284; leóht inne stôd efne swâ ... scîneð, a gleam stood therein (in the sword) just as when ... shines, 1572; efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende (a woman who has borne such a son), 944; efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ him gemet þûhte, to just such a man as seemed good to him, 3058; efne swylce mæla swylce ... þearf gesælde, just at the times at which necessity commanded it, 1250.

eft, adv.: l) thereupon, afterwards: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sôna bið, then it happens immediately, 1763; bôt eft cuman, help come again, 281.—2) again, on the other side: þät hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesîðas, that in old age again (also on their side) willing companions should be attached to him, 22;—anew, again: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swâ ær, again as formerly, 643.—3) retro, rursus, back: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þät hig äðelinges eft ne wêndon (did not believe that he would come back), 1597.

eft-cyme, st. m., return: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.

eft-sîð, st. m., journey back, return: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sîðes georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsîðas teáh, went the road back, i.e. returned, 1333.

egesa, egsa (state of terror, active or passive): l) frightfulness: acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gýmeð, cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors(?), 1758.—2) terror, horror, fear: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.—Comp.: glêd-, lîg-, wäter-egesa.

eges-full, adj., horrible (full of fear, fearful), 2930.

eges-lîc, adj., terrible, bringing terror: of Grendel's head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.

egle, adj., causing aversion, hideous: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.

egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., to have terror, distress: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.

ehtian, w. v., to esteem, to make prominent with praise: III. pl. pres. þät þe ... weras ehtigað, that thee men shall esteem, praise, 1223.

elde (those who generate, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the pl., men: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, among men, 2612.—See ylde.

eldo, st. f., age: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.

el-land, st. n., foreign land, exile: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, (shall be banished), 3020.

ellen, st. n., strength, heroic strength, bravery: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoð and ellen, 903; Geáta ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; ellen cýðan, show bravery, 2696; ellen fremedon, exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlîc ellen, 638; ferh ellen wräc, life drove out the strength, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þâ wäs ät þam geongum grim andswaru êðbegête þâm þe ær his elne forleás, then it was easy for (every one of) those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man (Wîglâf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, strongly, zealously, and with the nearly related meaning, hurriedly, transiently, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes lät, 1530; þâ him wäs elnes þearf, 2877.—Comp. mägen-ellen.

ellen-dæd, st. f., heroic deed: dat. pl. -dædum, 877, 901.

ellen-gæst, st. m., strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86.

ellen-lîce, adv., strongly, with heroic strength, 2123.

ellen-mærðu, st. f., renown of heroic strength, dat. pl. -mærðum, 829, 1472.

ellen-rôf, adj., renowned for strength: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. -rôfum, 1788.

ellen-seóc, adj., infirm in strength: acc. sg. þeóden ellensiócne (the mortally wounded king, Beówulf), 2788.

ellen-weorc, st. n., (strength-work), heroic deed, achievement in battle: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.

elles, adv., else, otherwise: a (modal), in another manner, 2521.—b (local), elles hwær, somewhere else, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.

ellor, adv., to some other place, 55, 2255.

ellor-gâst, -gæst, st. m., spirit living elsewhere (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgâst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellorgæst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgæstas, 1350.

ellor-sîð, st. m., departure, death: nom. sg. 2452.

elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), another: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.

el-þeódig, adj., of another people: foreign: acc. pl. el-þeódige men, 336.

ende, st. m., the extreme: hence, 1) end: nom. sg. aldres (lîfes) ende, 823, 2845; ôð þät ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende lîfgesceafta (lîfes, læn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; häfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, had used the end of the earth-caves (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (lîfes) ät ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes ät ende, 224.—2) boundary: acc. sg. sîde rîce þät he his selfa ne mäg ... ende geþencean, the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries, 1735.—3) summit, head: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, to the nobles at the end (the highest courtiers), 2022.—Comp. woruld-ende.

ende-däg, st. m., last day, day of death: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.

ende-dôgor, st. m., last day, day of death: gen. sg. bega on wênum endedôgores and eftcymes leótes monnes (hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man), 2897.

ende-lâf, st. f., last remnant: nom. sg. þu eart ende-lâf ûsses cynnes, art the last of our race, 2814.

ende-leán, st. n., final reparation: acc. sg. 1693.

ende-sæta, w. m., he who sits on the border, boundary-guard: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241.

ende-stäf, st. m. (elementum finis), end: acc. sg. hit on endestäf eft gelimpeð, then it draws near to the end, 1754.

ge-endian, w. v., to end: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.

enge, adj., narrow: acc. pl. enge ânpaðas, narrow paths, 1411.

ent, st. m., giant: gen. pl. enta ær-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta ær-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775.

entisc, adj., coming from giants: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.

etan, st. v., to eat, to consume: pres. sg. III. blôdig wäl ... eteð ân-genga, he that goes alone (Grendel) will devour the bloody corpse, 448; inf. Geátena leóde ... etan, 444.

þurh-etan, to eat through: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, swords eaten through (by rust), 3050.

Ê

êc. See eác.

êce, adj., everlasting; nom. êce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. êce eorðreced, the everlasting earth-hall (the dragon's cave), 2720; geceás êcne ræd, chose the everlasting gain (died), 1202; dat. sg. êcean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. geceós êce rædas, 1761.

êdre. See ædre.

êð-begête, adj., easy to obtain, ready: nom. sg. þâ wäs ät þam geongum grim andswaru êð-begête, then from the young man (Wîglâf) it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer, 2862.

êðe. See eáðe.

êðel, st. m., hereditary possessions, hereditary estate: acc. sg. swæsne êðel, 520; dat. sg. on êðle, 1731.—In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. êðel Scyldinga, of the kingdom of the Scyldings, 914; (Offa) wîsdôme heóld êðel sînne, ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom, 1961.

êðel-riht, st. n., hereditary privileges (rights that belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard êðel-riht, estate and inherited privileges, 2199.

êðel-stôl, st. m., hereditary seat, inherited throne: acc. pl. êðel-stôlas, 2372.

êðel-turf, st. f., inherited ground, hereditary estate: dat. sg. on mînre êðeltyrf, 410.

êðel-weard, st. m., lord of the hereditary estate (realm): nom. sg. êðelweard (king), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Eást-Dena êðel wearde (King Hrôðgâr), 617.

êðel-wyn, st. f., joy in, or enjoyment of, hereditary possessions: nom. sg. nu sceal ... eall êðelwyn eówrum cynne, lufen âlicgean, now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard êðelwyn, presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home, 2494.

êð-gesýne, ýð-gesêne, adj., easy to see, visible to all: nom. sg. 1111, 1245.

êfstan, w. v., to be in haste, to hasten: inf. uton nu êfstan, let us hurry now, 3102; pret. êfste mid elne, hastened with heroic strength, 1494.

êg-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer êg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.

êg-streám, st. m., sea-stream, sea-flood: dat. pl. on êg-streámum, in the sea-floods, 577. See eágor-streám.

êhtan (M.H.G. æchten; cf. æht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., to be a pursuer, to pursue: pres. part. äglæca êhtende wäs duguðe and geogoðe, 159; pret. pl. êhton aglæcan, they pursued the bringer of sorrow (Beówulf)(?), 1513.

êst, st. m. f., favor, grace, kindness: acc. sg. he him êst geteáh meara and mâðma (honored him with horses and jewels), 2166; gearwor häfde âgendes êst ær gesceáwod, would rather have seen the grace of the Lord (of God) sooner, 3076.—dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce heóld, êstum mid âre, 2379; êstum geýwan (to present), 2150; him wäs ... wunden gold êstum geeáwed (presented), 1195; we þät ellenweorc êstum miclum fremedon, 959.

êste, adj., gracious: w. gen. êste bearn-gebyrdo, gracious through the birth (of such a son as Beówulf), 946.

EA

eafoð, st. n., power, strength: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; we frêcne genêðdon eafoð uncûðes, we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy (Grendel) have withstood him, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cräftig, 1467; þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes getwæfed, shall rob of strength, 1764; acc. pl. eafeðo (MS. earfeðo), 534; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stêpte, made him great through strength, 1718. See Note for l. 534.

eafor, st. m., boar; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. eafor, 2153.

eafora (offspring), w. m.: 1) son: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, 2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.—2) in broader sense, successor: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711.

eahta, num., eight: acc. pl. eahta mearas, 1036; eode eahta sum, went as one of eight, with seven others, 3124.

eahtian, w. v.: 1) to consider; to deliberate: pret. pl. w. acc. ræd eahtedon, consulted about help, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone sêlestan þâra þe mid Hrôðgâre hâm eahtode, the best one of those who with Hrôðgâr deliberated about their home (ruled), 1408.—2) to speak with reflection of (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, spoke of his noble character, 3175.

eal, eall, adj., all, whole: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, 486; sg. eall êðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þät hit wearð eal gearo, healärna mæst, 77; þät hit (wîgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: þær wäs eal geador Grendles grâpe, there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel, 836; eall ... lissa, all favor, 2150; wäs eall sceacen dôgorgerîmes, 2728. With apposition: þûhte him eall tô rûm, wongas and wîcstede, 2462; acc. sg. beót eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncýððe ealle, all distress, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hlæw ... ealne ûtan-weardne, 2298; gif he þät eal gemon, 1186, 2428; þät eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wîde-ferhð, through the whole wide life, through all time, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mägene, with all strength, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þäs ealles mäg ... gefeán habban, 2740; brûc ealles well, 2163; freán ealles þanc secge, give thanks to the Lord of all, 2795; nom. pl. untydras ealle, 111; sceótend ... ealle, 706; we ealle, 942; acc. pl. feónd ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hie deáð fornam, 2237; lîg ealle forswealg þâra þe þær gûð fornam, all of those whom the war had snatched away, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-bûendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. âna wið eallum, one against all, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. äðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, the kinsmen of all twelve nobles (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. he âh ealra geweald, has power over all, 1728.

Uninflected: bil eal þurhwôd flæschoman, the battle-axe cleft the body through and through, 1568; häfde ... eal gefeormod fêt and folma, had devoured entirely feet and hands, 745; se þe eall geman gâr-cwealm gumena, who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear, 2043, etc.

Adverbial: þeáh ic eal mæge, although I am entirely able, 681; hî on beorg dydon bêg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, they placed in the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments, 3165.—The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of entirely, 1001, 1130.

eald, adj., old: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan (dragon), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.—b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ômig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lâfe (sword), 796, 1489; ealde wîsan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, old (lasting years), distress, 1782; eald enta geweorc (the precious things in the drake's cave), 2775; acc. pl. ealde mâðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, against the old laws (namely, the Ten Commandments; Beówulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331.

yldra, compar. older: mîn yldra mæg, 468; yldra brôðor, 1325; ôð þät he (Heardrêd) yldra wearð, 2379.

yldesta, superl. oldest, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þam yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, the most respected: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. þone yldestan, 363, both times of Beówulf.

eald-fäder, st. m., old-father, grandfather, ancestor: nom. sg. 373.

eald-gesegen, st. f., traditions from old times: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many of the old traditions, 870.

eald-gesîð, st. m., companion ever since old times, courtier for many years: nom. pl. eald-gesîðas, 854.

eald-gestreón, st. n., treasure out of the old times: dat. pl. eald-gestreónum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestreóna, 1459.

eald-gewinna, w. m., old-enemy, enemy for many years: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777.

eald-gewyrht, st. n., merit on account of services rendered during many years: nom. pl. þät næron eald-gewyrht, þät he âna scyle gnorn þrowian, that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone, 2658.

eald-hlâford, st. m., lord through many years: gen. sg. bill eald-hlâfordes (of the old Beówulf(?)), 2779.

eald-metod, st. m., God ruling ever since ancient times: nom. sg. 946.

ealdor, aldor, st. m., lord, chief (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346.

ealdor, aldor, st. n., life: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stôd herestræl hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not troubled about his life, 1443; of ealdre gewât, went out of life, died, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orwêna, despairing of life, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, having forfeited life, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nêðdon, 510, 538.—Phrases: on aldre (in life), ever, 1780; tô aldre (for life), always, 2006, 2499; âwa tô aldre, for ever and ever, 956.

ealdor-bealu, st. n., life's evil: acc. sg. þu ... ondrædan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, thou needest not fear death for the courtiers, 1677.

ealdor-cearu, st. f., trouble that endangers life, great trouble: dat. sg. he his leódum wearð ... tô aldor-ceare, 907.

ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., days of one's life: dat. pl. næfre on aldor-dagum (never in his life), 719; on ealder-dagum ær (in former days), 758.

ealdor-gedâl, st. n., severing of life, death, end: nom. sg. aldor-gedâl, 806.

ealdor-gewinna, w. m., life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (the dragon), 2904.

ealdor-leás, adj., without a ruler(?): nom. pl. aldor-leáse, 15.

ealdor-leás, adj., lifeless, dead: acc. sg. aldor-leásne, 1588; ealdor-leásne, 3004.

ealdor-þegn, st. m., nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrôðgâr's confidential adviser, Äschere), 1309.

eal-fela, adj., very much: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many old traditions, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884.

ealgian, w. v., to shield, to defend, to protect: inf. w. acc. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siððan he (Hygelâc) under segne sinc eal-gode, wälreáf werede, while under his banner he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205.

eal-gylden, adj., all golden, entirely of gold: nom. sg. swýn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.

eal-îrenne, adj., entirely of iron: acc. sg. eall-îrenne wîgbord, a wholly iron battle-shield, 2339.

ealu, st. n., ale, beer: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946.

ealu-benc, st. f., ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868.

ealu-scerwen, st. f., terror, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, 770.

ealu-wæge, st. n., ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowæge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowæge (at the ale-carouse), 481.

eal-wealda, w. adj., all ruling (God): nom. sg. fäder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.

eard, st. m., cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate; in a broader sense, ground in general, abode, place of sojourn: nom. sg. him wäs bâm ... lond gecynde, eard êðel-riht, the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it. 2199; acc. sg. fîfel-cynnes eard, the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn, 104; similarly, älwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, thought of his native ground, his home, 1130; eard git ne const, thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn. 1378; eard and eorlscipe, prædium et nobilitatem, 1728; eard êðelwyn, land and the enjoyment of home, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, went elsewhere from his place of abode, i.e. died, 56; þät we rondas beren eft tô earde, that we go again to our homes, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. eácne eardas, the broad expanses (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), 1622.

eardian, w. v.: 1) to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest: pret. pl. dýre swyrd swâ hie wið eorðan fäðm þær eardodon, costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom, 3051.—2) also transitively, to inhabit: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wîc eardian elles hwergen, inhabit a place elsewhere (i.e. die), 2590.

eard-lufa, w. m., the living upon one's land, home-life: acc. sg. eard-lufan, 693.

earfoð-lîce, adv., with trouble, with difficulty, 1637, 1658; with vexation, angrily, 86; sorrowfully, 2823; with difficulty, scarcely, 2304, 2935.

earfoð-þrag, st. f., time full of troubles, sorrowful time: acc. sg. -þrage, 283.

earh, adj., cowardly: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sîð (no coward undertaken that), 2542.

earm, st. m., arm: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wið earm gesät, supported himself with his arm, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513.

earm, adj., poor, miserable, unhappy: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, the unhappy woman, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, the unhappy band, 2939.—Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, a more wretched, more forsaken man, 577.

earm-beág, st. m., arm-ring, bracelet: gen. pl. earm-beága fela searwum gesæled, many arm-rings interlaced, 2764.

earm-hreád, st. f., arm-ornament. nom. pl. earm-hreáde twâ, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).

earm-lîc, adj., wretched, miserable: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedâl earmlîc wurðan, his end should be wretched, 808.

earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (properly, wretched by the decree of fate), wretched: nom. sg. 1352.

earn, st. m., eagle: dat. sg. earne, 3027.

eatol. See atol.

eaxl, st. f., shoulder: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, the woman sobbed on the shoulder (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. sät freán eaxlum neáh, sat near the shoulders of his lord (Beówulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wîglâf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358.

eaxl-gestealla, w. m., he who has his position at the shoulder (sc. of his lord), trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715.

EÁ

eác, conj., also: 97, 388, 433, etc.; êc, 3132.

eácen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., wide-spread, large: nom. pl. eácne eardas, broad plains, 1622.—great, heavy: eald sweord eácen, 1664; dat. pl. eácnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.—great, mighty, powerful: äðele and eácen, of Beówulf, 198.

eácen-cräftig, adj., immense (of riches), enormously great: acc. sg. hord-ärna sum eácen-cräftig, that enormous treasure-house, 2281; nom. sg. þät yrfe eácen-cräftig, iúmonna gold, 3052.

eádig, adj., blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property: nom. sg. wes, þenden þu lifige, äðeling eádig, be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches, 1226; eádig mon, 2471.—Comp. sige-, sigor-, tîr-eádig.

eádig-lîce, adv., in abundance, in joyous plenty: dreámum lifdon eádiglîce, lived in rejoicing and plenty, 100.

eáðe, êðe, ýðe, adj., easy, pleasant: nom. pl. gode þancedon þäs þe him ýð-lâde eáðe wurdon, thanked God that the sea-ways (the navigation) had become easy to them, 228; ne wäs þät êðe sîð, no pleasant way, 2587; näs þät ýðe ceáp, no easy purchase, 2416; nô þät ýðe byð tô befleónne, not easy (as milder expression for in no way, not at all), 1003.

eáðe, ýðe, adv., easily. eáðe, 478, 2292, 2765.

eáð-fynde, adj., easy to find: nom. sg. 138.

eáge, w. n., eye: dat. pl. him of eágum stôd leóht unfäger, out of his eyes came a terrible gleam, 727; þät ic ... eágum starige, see with eyes, behold, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. eágena bearhtm, 1767.

eágor-streám, st. m., sea-stream sea: acc. sg. 513.

eá-land, st. n., land surrounded by water (of the land of the Geátas): acc. sg. eá-lond, 2335; island.

eám, st. m., uncle, mothers brother: nom. sg. 882.

eástan, adv., from the east, 569.

eáwan, w. v., to disclose, to show, to prove: pres. sg. III. eáweð ... uncûðne nîð, shows evil enmity, 276. See eówan, ýwan.

ge-eáwan, to show, to offer: pret. part. him wäs ... wunden gold êstum ge-eáwed, was graciously presented, 1195.

EO

eode. See gangan.

eodor, st. m., fence, hedge, railing. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of house: acc. pl. hêht eahta mearas on flet teón, in under eoderas, gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house, 1038.—2) figuratively, lord, prince, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.

eofoð, st. n., strength: acc. pl. eofoðo, 2535. See eafoð.

eofer, st. m.: 1) boar, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer îrenheard, 1113.—2) figuratively, bold hero, brave fighter (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, when the heroes rushed upon each other, 1329, where eoferas and fêðan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.

eofor-lîc, st. n. boar-image (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-lîc scionon, 303.

eofor-spreót, st. m., boar-spear: dat. pl. mid eofer-spreótum heóro-hôcyhtum, with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks, 1438.

eoguð, ioguð. See geogoð.

eolet, st. m. n., sea(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224.

eorclan-stân, st. m., precious stone: acc. pl. -stânas, 1209.

eorð-cyning, st. m., king of the land: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), 1156.

eorð-draca, w. m., earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth: nom. sg. 2713, 2826.

eorðe, w. f.: 1) earth (in contrast with heaven), world: acc. sg. älmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wîde geond eorðan, far over the earth, through the wide world, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.—2) earth, ground: acc. sg. he eorðan gefeóll, fell to the ground, 2835; forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan healdan, let the earth hold the nobles' treasure, 3168; dat. sg. þät hit on eorðan läg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fäðm (in the bosom of the earth), 3050.

eorð-reced, st. n., hall in the earth, rock-hall: acc. sg. 2720.

eorð-scräf, st. n., earth-cavern, cave: dat. sg. eorð-[scräfe], 2233; gen. pl. eorð-scräfe, 3047.

eorð-sele, st. m., hall in the earth, cave: acc. sg. eorð-sele, 2411; dat sg. of eorðsele, 2516.

eorð-weall, st. m., earth-wall: acc. sg. (Ongenþeów) beáh eft under eorðweall, fled again under the earth-wall (into his fortified camp), 2958; þâ me wäs ... sîð âlýfed inn under eorðweall, then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me (into the dragon's cave), 3091.

eorð-weard, st. m., land-property, estate: acc. sg. 2335.

eorl, st. m., noble born man, a man of the high nobility: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.—Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.

eorl-gestreón, st. n., wealth of the nobles: gen. pl. eorl-gestreóna ... hardfyrdne dæl, 2245.

eorl-gewæde, st. n., knightly dress, armor: dat. pl. -gewædum, 1443.

eorlîc (i.e. eorl-lîc), adj., what it becomes a noble born man to do, chivalrous: acc. sg. eorlîc ellen, 638.

eorl-scipe, st. m., condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, to do chivalrous deeds, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008.

eorl-weorod, st. n., followers of nobles: nom. sg. 2894.

eormen-cyn, st. n., very extensive race, mankind: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958.

eormen-grund, st. m., immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.

eormen-lâf, st. f., enormous legacy: acc. sg. eormen-lâfe äðelan cynnes (the treasures of the dragon's cave) 2235.

eorre, adj., angry, enraged: gen. sg. eorres, 1448.

eoton, st. m.: 1) giant: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.—2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See List of Names, p. 114.

eotonisc, adj., gigantic, coming from giants: acc. sg. eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617.

EÓ

eóred-geatwe, st. f. pl., warlike adornments: acc. pl., 2867.

eówan, w. v., to show, to be seen: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ôhwær, ecghete eóweð, nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate, 1739. See eáwan, ýwan.

eówer: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: eówer sum, that one of you (namely, Beówulf), 248; fæhðe eówer leóde, the enmity of the people of you (of your people), 597; nis þät eówer sîð ... nefne mîn ânes, 2533.—2) poss. pron., your, 251, 257, 294, etc.

F

ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., to try, to search for, to find out, to experience: w. gen. pret. part. þät häfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, that a man had discovered the gold, 2302; þonne se ân hafað þurh deâðes nýd dæda gefondad, now the one (Herebeald) has with death's pang experienced the deeds (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455.

fara, w. m., farer, traveller: in comp. mere-fara.

faran, st. v., to move from one place to another, to go, to wander: inf. tô hâm faran, to go home, 124; lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, let the fallow horses go in emulation, 865; cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, had come to Friesland with a fleet, 2916; com leóda dugoðe on lâst faran, came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wæron äðelingas eft tô leódum fûse tô farenne, the nobles were ready to go again to their people, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum fôr [þâ] ofer myrcan môr, there had (Grendel's mother) gone away over the dark fen, 1405; sægenga fôr, the seafarer (the ship) drove along, 1909; (wyrm) mid bæle fôr, (the dragon) fled away with fire, 2309; pret. pl. þät ... scawan scîrhame tô scipe fôron, that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship, 1896.

gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. hû se mânsceaða under færgripum gefaran wolde, how he would act in his sudden attacks, 739.

ût faran, to go out: w. acc. lêt of breóstum ... word ût faran, let words go out of his breast, uttered words, 2552.

faroð, st. m., stream, flood of the sea: dat. sg. tô brimes faroðe, 28; äfter faroðe, with the stream, 580; ät faroðe, 1917.

faru, st. f., way, passage, expedition: in comp. âd-faru.

fâcen-stäf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., wickedness, treachery, deceit. acc. pl. fâcen-stafas, 1019.

fâh, fâg, adj., many-colored, variegated, of varying color (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fâh (covered with blood), 420; blôde fâh, 935; âtertânum fâh (sc. îren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to âterteárum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fâh (saddle artistically ornamented with gold), 1039; sweord swâte fâh, 1287; brim blôde fâh, 1595; wäldreóre fâg, 1632; (draca) fýrwylmum fâh (because he spewed flame), 2672; sweord fâh and fäted, 2702; blôde fâh, 2975; acc. sg. dreóre fâhne, 447; goldsele fättum fâhne, 717; on fâgne flôr treddode, trod the shining floor (of Heorot), 726; hrôf golde fâhne, the roof shining with gold, 928; nom. pl. eoforlîc ... fâh and fýr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þâ hilt since fâge, 1616; dat. pl. fâgum sweordum, 586.—Comp. bân-, blôd-, brûn-, dreór-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stân-, swât-, wäl-, wyrm-fâh.

fâh, fâg, fâ, adj.: 1) hostile: nom. sg. fâh feónd-scaða, 554; he wäs fâg wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fâne (the dragon), 2656; gen. pl. fâra, 578, 1464.—2) liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed: nom. sg. fâg, 1264; mâne fâh, outlawed through crime, 979; fyren-dædum fâg, 1002.—Comp. nearo-fâh.

fâmig-heals, adj., with foaming neck: nom. sg. flota fâmig-heals, 218; (sægenga) fâmig-heals, 1910.

fäc, st. n., period of time: acc. sg. lytel fäc, during a short time, 2241.

fäder, st. m., father: nom. sg. fäder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; fäder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. fäder, 1356; dat. sg. fäder, 2430; gen. sg. fäder, 21, 1480; of God, 188—Comp.: ær, eald-fäder.

fädera, w. m., father's brother in comp. suhter-gefäderan.

fäder-äðelo, st. n. pl., paternus principatus (?): dat. pl. fäder-äðelum, 912.

fäderen-mæg, st. m., kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant: dat. sg. fäderen-mæge, 1264.

fäðm, st. m.: 1) the outspread, encircling arms: instr. pl. feóndes fäð[mum], 2129.—2) embrace, encircling: nom. sg. lîges fäðm, 782; acc. sg. in fýres fäðm, 185.—3) bosom, lap: acc. sg. on foldan fäðm, 1394; wið eorðan fäðm, 3050; dat. pl. tô fäder (God's) fäðmum, 188.—4) power, property: acc. in Francna fäðm, 1211.—Cf. sîd-fäðmed, sîð-fäðme.

fäðmian, w. v., to embrace, to take up into itself: pres. subj. þät minne lîchaman ... glêd fäðmie, 2653; inf. lêton flôd fäðmian frätwa hyrde, 3134.

ge-fäg, adj., agreeable, desirable (Old Eng., fawe, willingly): comp. ge-fägra, 916.

fägen, adj., glad, joyous: nom. pl. ferhðum fägne, the glad at heart, 1634.

fäger, adj., beautiful, lovely: nom. sg. fäger fold-bold, 774; fäger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fägere, 522; nom. pl. þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, 867.—Comp. un-fäger.

fägere, fägre, adv., beautifully, well, becomingly, according to etiquette: fägere geþægon medoful manig, 1015; þâ wäs flet-sittendum fägere gereorded, becomingly the repast was served, 1789; Higelâc ongan ... fägre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990.

fär, st. n., craft, ship: nom. sg., 33.

fäst, adj., bound, fast: nom. sg. bið se slæp tô fäst, 1743; acc. sg. freóndscipe fästne, 2070; fäste frioðuwære, 1097.—The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wäs tô fäst on þâm (sc. on fæhðe and fyrene), 137; on ancre fäst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: feónd-grâpum fäst, (held) fast in his antagonist's clutch, 637; fýrbendum fäst, fast in the forged hinges, 723; handa fäst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fäst (beorn him langað), fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for (i.e. in secret), 1879.—Comp: âr-, blæd-, gin-, sôð-, tîr-, wîs-fäst.

fäste, adv., fäst 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.—Comp. fästor, 143.

be-fästan, w. v., to give over: inf. hêt Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befästan, to give over to the flames her own son, 1116.

fästen, st. n., fortified place, or place difficult of access: acc. sg. leóda fästen, the fastness of the Geátas (with ref. to 2327, 2334; fästen (Ongenþeów's castle or fort), 2951; fästen (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), 104.

fäst-ræd, adj., firmly resolved: acc. sg. fäst-rædne geþôht, firm determination, 611.

fät, st. m., way, journey: in comp. sîð-fät.

fät, st. n., vessel; vase, cup: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times, 2762.—Comp.: bân-, drync-, mâððum-, sinc-, wundor-fät.

fät, st. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal, especially gold plate (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fättum fâhne, shining with gold plates (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fätum befeallen (sc. wesan), the gold ornaments shall fall away from it, 2257.

fäted, fätt, part., ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form: gen. sg. fättan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fättan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, covered, ornamented with gold plate: nom. sg. sweord ... fäted, 2702; acc. sg. fäted wæge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. fätte scyldas, 333; fätte beágas, 1751. [fæted, etc.]

fäted-hleór, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mearas fäted-hleóre (eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold), 1037.

fät-gold, st. n., gold in sheets or plates: acc. sg., 1922.

fæge, adj.: 1) forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate: nom. sg. fæge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fæge and ge-flýmed, 847; fûs and fæge, 1242; acc. sg. fægne flæsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fægum, 2078; gen. sg. fæges, 1528.—2) dead: dat. pl. ofer fægum (over the warriors fallen in the battle), 3026.—Comp.: deáð-, un-fæge.

fæhð (state of hostility, see fâh), st. f., hostile act, feud, battle: nom. sg. fæhð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fæhðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrêðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fæhðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fæhðe mearn (did not recoil from the combat), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, 109; gen. pl. fæhða gemyndig, 2690.—Comp. wäl-fæhð.

fæhðo, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sió fæhðo, 3000; acc. fæhðo, 2490.

fælsian, w. v., to bring into a good condition, to cleanse: inf. þät ic môte ... Heorot fælsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hrôðgâres ... sele fælsode, 2353.

ge-fælsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. häfde gefælsod ... sele Hrôðgâres, 826; Heorot is gefælsod, 1177; wæron ýð-gebland eal gefælsod, 1621.

fæmne, w. f., virgin, recens nupta: dat. sg. fæmnan, 2035; gen. sg. fæmnan, 2060, both times of Hrôðgâr's daughter Freáware.

fær, st. m., sudden, unexpected attack: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnäf's band by Finn's), 1069, 2231.

fær-gripe, st. m., sudden, treacherous gripe, attack: nom. sg. fær-gripe flôdes, 1517; dat. pl. under færgripum, 739.

fær-gryre, st. m., fright caused by a sudden attack: dat. pl. wið fær-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174.

færinga, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly, 1415, 1989.

fær-nîð, st. m., hostility with sudden attacks: gen. pl. hwät me Grendel hafað ... færnîða gefremed, 476.

feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. (feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fûs, 3120.

fel, st. n., skin, hide: dat. pl. glôf ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, made of the skins of dragons, 2089.

fela, I., adj. indecl., much, many: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hwät þu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spræce, how very much you spoke about Breca, 530.—With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; tô fela micles ... Denigea leóde, too much of the race of the Danes, 695; uncûðes fela, 877; fela lâðes, 930; fela leófes and lâðes, 1061.—With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mâdma, 36; fela þæra wera and wîfa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missera, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; mâððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; ne me swôr fela âða on unriht, swore no false oaths, 2739, etc.; worn fela mâðma, 1784; worna fela gûða, 2543.—Comp. eal-fela.

II., adverbial, very, 1386, 2103, 2951.

fela-hrôr, adj., valde agitatus, very active against the enemy, very warlike, 27.

fela-môdig, adj., very courageous: gen. pl. -môdigra, 1638, 1889.

fela-synnig, adj., very criminal, very guilty: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380.

feólan, st. v., to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (in Heorot), 1282; þær inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.—to fall into, undergo, endure: searonîðas fealh, 1201.

ät-feólan, w. dat., insistere, adhærere: pret. nô ic him þäs georne ätfealh (held him not fast enough, 969.

fen, st. n., fen, moor: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. tô fenne, 1296; fenne, 2010.

fen-freoðo, st. f., refuge in the fen: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852.

feng, st. m., gripe, embrace: nom. sg. fýres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fâra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.—Comp. inwit-feng.

fengel (probably he who takes possession, cf. tô fôn, 1756, and fôn tô rîce, to enter upon the government), st. m., lord, prince, king: nom. sg. wîsa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346.

fen-ge-lâd, st. n., fen-paths, fen with paths: acc. pl. frêcne fengelâd (fens difficult of access), 1360.

fen-hlið, st. n., marshy precipice: acc. pl. under fen-hleoðu, 821.

fen-hop, st. n., refuge in the fen: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765.

ferh, st. m. n., life; see feorh.

ferh, st. m., hog, boar, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., 305.

ferhð, st. m., heart, soul: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde, þät ..., each of them trusted to his (Hûnferð's) heart, that ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fägne, happy at heart, 1634; þät mon ... ferhðum freóge, that one ... heartily love, 3178.—Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.

ferhð-frec, adj., having good courage, bold, brave: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, 1147.

ferhð-genîðla, w. m., mortal enemy: acc. sg. ferhð-genîðlan, of the drake, 2882.

ferian, w. v. w. acc., to bear, to bring, to conduct: pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað fätte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. tô scypum feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114.

ät-ferian, to carry away, to bear off: pret. ic þät hilt þanan feóndum ätferede, 1669.

ge-ferian, bear, to bring, to lead: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (we) geferian freán ûserne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles heáfod, 1639; pret. þät hi ût geferedon dýre mâðmas, 3131; pret. part. her syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Geáta leóde, men of the Geátas, come from afar, have been brought hither (by ship), 361.

ôð-ferian, to tear away, to take away: pret. sg. I. unsôfte þonan feorh ôð-ferede, 2142.

of-ferian, to carry off, to take away, to tear away: pret. ôðer swylc ût offerede, took away another such (sc. fifteen), 1584.

fetel-hilt, st. n., sword-hilt, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.)

fetian, w. v., to bring near, bring: pres. subj. nâh hwâ ... fe[tige] fäted wæge, bring the gold-chased tankard, 2254; pret. part. hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod, 1311.

ge-fetian, to bring: inf. hêt þâ eorla hleó in gefetian Hrêðles lâfe, caused Hrêðel's sword to be brought, 2191.

â-fêdan, w. v., to nourish, to bring up: pret. part. þær he âfêded wäs, 694.

fêða (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) foot-soldiers: nom. pl. fêðan, 1328, 2545.—2) collective in sing., band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors: nom. fêða eal gesät, 1425; dat. on fêðan, 2498, 2920.—Comp. gum-fêða.

fêðe, st. n., gait, going, pace: dat. sg. wäs tô foremihtig feónd on fêðe, the enemy was too strong in going (i.e. could flee too fast), 971.

fêðe-cempa, w. m., foot-soldier: nom. sg., 1545, 2854.

fêðe-gäst, st. m., guest coming on foot: dat. pl. fêðe-gestum, 1977.

fêðe-lâst, st. m., signs of going, footprint: dat. pl. fêrdon forð þonon fêðe-lâstum, went forth from there upon their trail, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, 1633.

fêðe-wîg, st. m., battle on foot: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fêðe-wîges, 2365.

fêl (= feól), st. f. file: gen. pl. fêla lâfe, what the files have left behind (that is, the swords), 1033.

fêran, w. v., iter (A.S. fôr) facere, to come, to go, to travel: pres. subj. II. pl. ær ge ... on land Dena furður fêran, ere you go farther into the land of the Danes, 254; inf. fêran on freán wære (to die), 27; gewiton him þâ fêran (set out upon their way), 301; mæl is me tô fêran, 316; fêran ... gang sceáwigan, go, so as to see the footprints, 1391; wîde fêran, 2262; pret. fêrdon folctogan ... wundor sceáwian, the princes came to see the wonder, 840; fêrdon forð, 1633.

ge-fêran: 1) adire, to arrive at: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefêre lîfgesceafta, reach the end of life, 3064; pret. part. häfde æghwäðer ende gefêred lænan lîfes, frail life's end had both reached, 2845.—2) to reach, to accomplish, to bring about: pret. hafast þu gefêred þät ..., 1222, 1856.—3) to behave one's self, to conduct one's self: pret. frêcne gefêrdon, had shown themselves daring, 1692.

feal, st. m., fall: in comp. wäl-feal.

feallan, st. v., to fall, to fall headlong: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg. þät he on hrusan ne feól, that it (the hall) did not fall to the ground, 773; similarly, feóll on foldan, 2976; feóll on fêðan (dat. sg.), fell in the band (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. þonne walu feóllon, 1043.

be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., deprived of, robbed: freóndum befeallen, robbed of friends, 1127; sceal se hearda helm ... fätum befeallen (sc. wesan), be robbed of its gold mountings (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), 2257.

ge-feallan, to fall, to sink down: pres. sg. III. þät se lîc-homa ... fæge gefealleð, that the body doomed to die sinks down, 1756.—Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefeóll, 2101; he eorðan gefeóll, 2835.

fealu, adj., fallow, dun-colored, tawny: acc. sg. ofer fealone flôd (over the sea), 1951; fealwe stræte (with reference to 320, 917; acc. pl. lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, 866.—Comp. äppel-fealo.

feax, st. n., hair, hair of the head: dat. sg. wäs be feaxe on flet boren Grendles heáfod, was carried by the hair into the hall, 1648; him ... swât ... sprong forð under fexe, the blood sprang out under the hair of his head, 2968.—Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.

ge-feá, w. m., joy: acc. sg. þære fylle gefeán, joy at the abundant repast, 562; ic þäs ealles mäg ... gefeán habban (can rejoice at all this), 2741.

feá, adj., few dat. pl. nemne feáum ânum, except some few, 1082; gen. pl. feára sum, as one of a few, with a few, 1413; feára sumne, one of a few (some few), 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. feá worda cwäð, spoke few words, 2663, 2247.

feá-sceaft, adj., miserable, unhappy, helpless: nom. sg. syððan ærest wearð feásceaft funden, 7; feásceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg. feásceaftum men, 2286; Eádgilse ... feásceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. feásceafte (the Geátas robbed of their king, Hygelâc), 2374.

feoh, feó, st. n., (properly cattle, herd) here, possessions, property, treasure: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo feó þingian, would not allay life's evil for treasure (tribute), 156; similarly, þâ fæhðe feó þingode, 470; ic þe þâ fæhðe feó leánige, 1381.

ge-feohan, ge-feón, st. v. w. gen. and instr., to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefægon, enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast, 1015; þeódnes gefêgon, rejoiced at (the return of) the ruler, 1628.—b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mærðum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; sælâce gefeah, mägen-byrðenne þâra þe he him mid häfde, rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) which he had with him, 1625.

feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., bestowing of gifts or treasures: gen. sg. þære feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. ät feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, with rich gifts, 21.

feoh-leás, adj., that cannot be atoned for through gifts: nom. sg. þät wäs feoh-leás gefeoht, a deed of arms that cannot be expiated (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442.

ge-feoht, st. n., combat; warlike deed: nom. sg. (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442; dat. sg. mêce þone þîn fader tô gefeohte bär, the sword which thy father bore to the combat, 2049.

ge-feohtan, st. v., to fight: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... wîg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (could by no means offer Hengest battle), 1084.

feohte, w. f., combat: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte.

feor, adj., far, remote: nom. sg. nis þät feor heonon, 1362; näs him feor þanon tô gesêcanne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (all that is far, past), 1702.

feor, adv., far, far away: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor and (oððe) neáh, far and (or) near, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.—b) of time: ge feor hafað fæhðe gestæled (has placed us under her enmity henceforth), 1341.

Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fästor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542.

feor-bûend, pt., dwelling far away: nom. pl. ge feor-bûend, 254.

feor-cýð, st. f., home of those living far away, distant land: nom, pl. feor-cýððe beóð sêlran gesôhte þäm þe him selfa deáh, foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own ability, 1839.

feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, world), st. m. and n., life, principle of life, soul: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; nô þon lange wäs feorh äðelinges flæsce bewunden, not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wräc, life expelled the strength (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), 2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, preserve his life, 2857; feorh âlegde, gave up his life, 852; similarly, ær he feorh seleð, 1371; feorh oðferede, tore away her life, 2142; ôð þät hie forlæddan tô þam lindplegan swæse gesîðas ond hyra sylfra feorh, till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif þu þîn feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (to fight for life), 439; wäs in feorh dropen, was wounded into his life, i.e. mortally, 2982; wîdan feorh, as temporal acc., through a wide life, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. feore, 1294, 1549; tô wîdan feore, for a wide life, i.e. at all times, 934; on swâ geongum feore (at a so youthful age), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. feores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. bûton ... feorum gumena, 73; freónda feorum, 1307.—Also, body, corpse: þâ wäs heal hroden feónda feorum (the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy), 1153; gehwearf þâ in Francna fäðm feorh cyninges, then the body of the king (Hygelâc) fell into the power of the Franks, 1211. —Comp. geogoð-feorh.

feorh-bana, w. m., (life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466.

feorh-ben, st. f., wound that takes away life, mortal wound: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum seóc, 2741.

feorh-bealu, st. n., evil destroying life, violent death: nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156.

feorh-cyn, st. n., race of the living, mankind: gen. pl. fela feorh-cynna, 2267.

feorh-genîðla, w. m., he who seeks life, life's enemy (N.H.G. Tod-feind), mortal enemy: acc. sg. -genîðlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genîðlan, 970; acc. sg. brægd feorh-genîðlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genîðlan, (Ongenþeów) pursued his mortal enemies, 2934.

feorh-lagu, st. f., the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate: acc. sg. on mâðma hord mine (mînne, MS.) bebohte frôde feorh-lege, for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life, 2801.

feorh-lâst, st. m., trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death : acc. pl. feorh-lâstas bär, 847.

feorh-seóc, adj., mortally wounded: nom. sg., 821.

feorh-sweng, st. m., (stroke robbing of life), fatal blow: acc. sg., 2490.

feorh-wund, st. f., mortal wound, fatal injury: acc. sg. feorh-wunde hleát, 2386.

feorm, st. f., subsistence, entertainment: acc. sg. nô þu ymb mînes ne þearft lîces feorme leng sorgian, thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body, 451.—2) banquet: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), 2386.

feormend-leás, adj., wanting the. cleanser: acc. pl. geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-leáse, 2762.

feormian, w. v., to clean, to cleanse, to polish: pres. part. nom pl. feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), 2257.

ge-feormian, w. v., to feast, to eat; pret. part. sôna häfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fêt and folma, 745.

feorran, w. v., w. acc., to remove: inf. sibbe ne wolde wið manna hwone mägenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, feó þingian, (Grendel) would not from friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute, 156.

feorran, adv., from afar: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siððan äðelingas feorran gefricgean fleám eówerne, when noble men afar learn of your flight (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; fêrdon folctogan feorran and neán, from far and from near, 840; similarly, neán and feorran þu nu [friðu] hafast, 1175; wäs þäs wyrmes wîg wîde gesýne ... neán and feorran, visible from afar, far and near, 2318.—b) temporal: se þe cûðe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan (since remote antiquity), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107.

feorran-cund, adj., foreign-born: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796.

feor-weg, st. m., far way: dat. pl. mâdma fela of feorwegum, many precious things from distant paths (from foreign lands), 37.

ge-feón. See feohan.

feónd, st. m., enemy: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; feónd on helle (Grendel), 101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. feónde, 143, 439; gen. sg. feóndes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. feónd, 699; dat. pl. feóndum, 420, 1670; gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904.

feónd-grâp, st. f., foe's clutch: dat. (instr.) pl. feónd-grâpum fäst, 637.

feónd-sceaða, w. m., one who is an enemy and a robber: nom. sg. fâh feónd-scaða (a hostile sea-monster), 554.

feónd-scipe, st. m., hostility: nom. sg., 3000.

feówer, num., four: nom. feówer bearn, 59; feówer mearas, 2164; feówer, as substantive, 1638; acc. feówer mâðmas, 1028.

feówer-tyne, num., fourteen: nom. with following gen. pl. feówertyne Geáta, 1642.

findan, st. v., to find, to invent, to attain: a) with simple object in acc.: inf. þâra þe he cênoste findan mihte, 207; swylce hie at Finnes-hâm findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; mäg þær fela freónda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swâ hyt weorðlîcost fore-snotre men findan mihton, so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it, 3164; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, 720; word ôðer fand, found other words, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelîcne grund-hyrde fond, 2137; þät ic gôdne funde beága bryttan, 1487; pret. part. syððan ærest wearð feásceaft funden (discovered), 7.—b) with acc. and pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sînne driórigne fand, 2790.—c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand þâ þær inne äðelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand wäccendne wer wîges bîdan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; ôð þät he fyrgen-beámas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon þâ sâwulleásne hlim-bed healdan, 3034.—d) with dependent clause: inf. nô þý ær feásceafte findan meahton ät þam äðelinge þät he Heardrêde hlâford wære (could by no means obtain it from the prince), 2374.

on-findan, to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice: a) w. acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsîð eorla, the coast-guard observed the return of the earls, 1892; pret. part. þâ heó onfunden wäs (was discovered), 1294.—b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. þâ se gist onfand þät se beado-leóma bîtan nolde, the stranger (Beówulf) perceived that the sword would not cut, 1523; sôna þät onfunde, þät ..., immediately perceived that..., 751; similarly, 810, 1498.

finger, st. m., finger: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765.

firas, fyras (O.H.G. firahî, i.e. the living; cf. feorh), st. m., only in pl., men: gen. pl. fira, 91, 2742; monegum fira, 2002; fyra gehwylcne leóda mînra, 2251; fira fyrngeweorc, 2287.

firen, fyren, st. f., cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and fæhðe, 153; fæhðe and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fæhðe and fyrene, 137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of maliciously, 1745, or fallaciously, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442.

firen-dæd, st. f., wicked deed: acc. pl. fyren-dæda, 1670; instr. pl. fyren-dædum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads.

firen-þearf, st. f., misery through the malignity of enemies: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, 14.

firgen-beám, st. m., tree of a mountain-forest: acc. pl. fyrgen-beámas, 1415.

firgen-holt, st. m., mountain-wood, mountain-forest: acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, 1394.

firgen-streám, st. m., mountain-stream: nom. sg. fyrgen-streám, 1360; acc. sg. under fyrgen-streám (marks the place where the mountain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129.

fisc, st. m., fish: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.

fîf, num., five: uninflect. gen. fîf nihta fyrst, 545; acc. fîfe (?), 420.

fîfel-cyn (O.N. fîfl, stultus and gigas), st. n., giant-race: gen. sg. fîfelcynnes eard, 104.

fîf-tene, fîf-tyne, num., fifteen: acc. fýftyne, 1583; gen. fîftena sum, 207.

fîf-tig, num., fifty: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fîftig wintra, 2734; gen. se wäs fîftiges fôt-gemearces lang, 3043.—2) as adjective: acc. fîftig wintru, 2210.

flân, st. m., arrow: dat. sg. flâne, 3120; as instr., 2439.

flân-boga, w. m., bow which shoots the flân, bow: dat. sg. of flân-bogan, 1434, 1745.

flæsc, st. n., flesh, body in contrast with soul: instr. sg. nô þon lange wäs feorh äðelinges flæsce bewunden, not much longer was the son of the prince contained in his body, 2425.

flæsc-hama, w. m., clothing of flesh, i.e. the body: acc. sg. flæsc-homan, 1569.

flet, st. n.: 1) ground, floor of a hall: acc. sg. heó on flet gebeáh, fell to the ground, 1541; similarly, 1569.—2) hall, mansion: nom. sg. 1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; þät hie him ôðer flet eal gerýmdon, that they should give up entirely to them another hall, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026.

flet-räst, st. f., resting-place in the hall: acc. sg. flet-räste gebeág, reclined upon the couch in the hall, 1242.

flet-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789.

flet-werod, st. n., troop from the hall: nom. sg., 476.

fleám, st. m., flight: acc. sg. on fleám gewand, had turned to flight, 1002; fleám eówerne, 2890.

fleógan, st. v., to fly: prs. sg. III. fleógeð, 2274.

fleón, st. v., to flee: inf. on heolster fleón, 756; fleón on fenhopu, 765; fleón under fen-hleoðu, 821; pret. hete-swengeas fleáh, 2226.

be-fleón, w. acc., to avoid, to escape: gerund nô þät ýðe byð tô befleónne, that is not easy (i.e. not at all) to be avoided, 1004.

ofer-fleón, w. acc., to flee from one, to yield: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferfleón fôtes trem, will not yield to the warder of the mountain (the drake) a foot's breadth, 2526.

fleótan, st. v., to float upon the water, to swim: inf. nô he wiht fram me flôd-ýðum feor fleótan meahte. hraðor on helme, no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), more swiftly in the sea, 542; pret. sægenga fleát fâmigheals forð ofer ýðe, floated away over the waves, 1910.

fliht. See flyht.

flitme. See un-flitme.

flîtan, st. v., to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate: pres. part. flîtende fealwe stræte mearum mæton (rode a race), 917; pret. sg. II. eart þu se Beówulf, se þe wið Brecan ... ymb sund flite, art thou the Beówulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming? 507.

ofer-flîtan, to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome: pret. w. acc. he þe ät sunde oferflât (overcome thee in a swimming-wager), 517.

ge-flît, st. n., emulation: acc. sg. lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, let the fallow horses go in emulation, 866.

floga, w. m., flyer; in the compounds: gûð-, lyft-, uht-, wîd-floga.

flota (see fleótan), w. m., float, ship, boat: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301; acc. sg. flotan eówerne, 294.—Comp. wæg-flota.

flot-here, st. m., fleet: instr. sg. cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, 2916.

flôd, st. m., flood, stream, sea-current: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; acc. sg. flôd, 3134; ofer fealone flôd, 1951; dat. sg. tô flôde, 1889; gen. pl. flôda begong, the region of floods, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; flôda genipu, 2809.

flôd-ýð, st. f., flood-wave: instr. pl. flôd-ýðum, 542.

flôr, st. m., floor, stone-floor: acc. sg. on fâgne flôr (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang þâ äfter flôre, along the floor (i.e. along the hall), 1317.

flyht, fliht, st. m., flight: nom. sg. gâres fliht, flight of the spear, 1766.

ge-flýman, w. v., to put to flight: pret. part. geflýmed, 847, 1371.

folc, st. n., troop, band of warriors; folk, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Sûðdene folc, 464; folc and rîce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sæ sîde, went with a band of warriors over the wide sea, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.—The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; freáwine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwên, 1933.—The pl., in the sense of warriors, fighting men: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. freó- (freá-) wine folca, of the king, 430, 2430; friðu-sibb folca, of the queen, 2018.—Comp. sige-folc.

folc-âgend, pres. part., leader of a band of warriors: nom. pl. folc-âgende, 3114.

folc-beorn, st. m., man of the multitude, a common man: nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222.

folc-cwên, st. f., queen of a warlike host: nom. sg., of Wealhþeów, 642.

folc-cyning, st. m., king of a warlike host: nom. sg., 2734, 2874.

folc-ræd, st. m, what best serves a warlike host: acc. sg., 3007.

folc-riht, st. n., the rights of the fighting men of a nation: gen. pl. him ær forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swâ his fäder âhte, 2609.

folc-scearu, st. f., part of a host of warriors, nation: dat. sg. folc-scare, 73.

folc-stede, st. m., position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; folcstede fâra (the battle-field), 1464.

folc-toga, w. m., leader of a body of warriors, duke: nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hrôðgâr are called folc-togan, 840.

fold-bold, st. n., earth-house (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fäger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774.

fold-bûend, pres. part. dweller on earth, man: nom. pl. fold-bûend, 2275; fold-bûende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-bûendum, 309.

folde, w. f., earth, ground: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; feóll on foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, the bosom of the earth, 1138; foldan sceátas, 96; foldan fäðm, 1394.—Also, earth, world: dat. sg. on foldan, 1197.

fold-weg, st. m., field-way, road through the country: acc. sg. fold-weg, 1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867.

folgian, w. v.: 1) to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow: pret. pl. þeáh hie hira beággyfan banan folgedon, although they followed the murderer of their prince, 1103.—2) to pursue, to follow after: folgode feorh-genîðlan (acc. pl.) 2934.

folm, st. f, hand: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743; acc. pl. fêt and folma, feet and hands, 746; dat. pl. tô banan folmum, 158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.—Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm.

for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, before, ante: þät he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, 358; for hlâwe, 1121.—b) before, coram, in conspectu: no he þære feohgyfte for sceótendum scamigan þorfte, had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors, 1027; for þäm werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguðe, before the noble band of warriors, 2021.—Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, on account of, through, from: for wlenco, from bravery, through warlike courage, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhýdum, 434; for onmêdlan, 2927, etc.—b) objective, partly denoting a cause, through, from, by reason of: for metode, for the creator, on account of the creator, 169; for þreánýdum, 833; for þreánêdlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrôfsele hrînan ne mehte fær-gripe flôdes, on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him, 1516; lîg-egesan wäg for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the treasure, 2782; for mundgripe mînum, on account of, through the gripe of my hand, 966; for þäs hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, through the stroke, 2967; ne meahte ... deóp gedýgan for dracan lêge, could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic þäm gôdan sceal for his môdþräce mâðmas beódan, will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage, 385; ful-oft for lässan leán teohhode, gave often reward for what was inferior, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not uneasy about his life, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for ârstafum, to the assistance, 382, 458.—2) w. instr. causal, because of, for: he hine feor forwräc for þý mane, 110.—3) w. acc., for, as, instead of: for sunu freógan, love as a son, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde, held the drake's fighting as nothing, 2349.

foran, adv., before, among the first, forward: siððan ... sceáwedon feóndes fingras, foran æghwylc (each before himself), 985; þät wäs ân foran ealdgestreóna, that was one among the first of the old treasures, i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; þe him foran ongeán linde bæron, bore their shields forward against him (went out to fight against him), 2365.

be-foran: 1) adv., local, before: he ... beforan gengde, went before, 1413; temporal, before, earlier, 2498.—2) prep. w. acc. before, in conspectu: mære mâððum-sweord manige gesâwon beforan beorn beran, 1025.

ford, st. m., ford, water-way: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568.

forð: 1) local, forth, hither, near: forð near ätstôp, approached nearer, 746; þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð gân, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleþegn forð wîsade, led him (Beówulf) forth (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; þät him swât sprong forð under fexe, forth under the hair of his head, 2968. Forward, further: gewîtað forð beran wæpen and gewædu, 291; he tô forð gestôp, 2290; freoðo-wong þone forð ofereodon, 2960. Away, forth, 45, 904; fyrst forð gewât, the time (of the way to the ship) was out, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; me ... forð-gewitenum, to me the departed, 1480; fêrdon forð, went forth (from Grendel's sea), 1633; þonne he forð scile, when he must (go) forth, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, carried him forth, over all men, 1719.—2) temporal, forth, from now on: heald forð tela niwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal forð sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2070. See furðum and furðor.

forð-gerîmed, pres. part., in unbroken succession, 59.

forð-gesceaft, st. f., that which is determined for farther on, future destiny: acc. sg. he þâ forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, 1751.

forð-weg, st. m., road that leads away, journey: he of ealdre gewât frôd on forð-weg (upon the way to the next world), 2626.

fore, prep. w. dat., local, before, coram, in conspectu: heó fore þäm werede spräc, 1216. Causal, through, for, because of: nô mearn fore fæhðe and fyrene, 136; fore fäder dædum, because of the father's deeds, 2060,—Allied to this is the meaning, about, de, super: þær wäs sang and swêg samod ätgädere fore Healfdenes hildewîsan, song and music about Healfdene's general (the song of Hnäf), 1065.

fore-mære, adj., renowned beyond (others), præclarus: superl. þät wäs fore-mærost foldbûendum receda under roderum, 309.

fore-mihtig, adj., able beyond (others), præpotens: nom. sg. wäs tô foremihtig feónd on fêðe, the enemy was too strong in going (could flee too rapidly), 970.

fore-snotor, adj., wise beyond (others), sapientissimus: nom. pl. foresnotre men, 3164.

fore-þanc, st. m., forethought, consideration, deliberation: nom. sg., 1061.

forht, adj., fearful, cowardly: nom. sg. forht, 2968; he on môde wearð forht on ferhðe, 755.—Comp. unforht.

forma, adj., foremost, first: nom. sg. forma sîð (the first time), 717, 1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman sîðe, 741, 2287; forman dôgore, 2574.

fyrmest, adv. superl., first of all, in the first place: he fyrmest läg, 2078.

forst, st. m., frost, cold: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610.

for-þam, for-þan, for-þon, adv. and conj., therefore, on that account, then: forþam, 149; forþan, 418, 680, 1060; forþon þe, because, 503.

fôn, st. v., to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take: prs. sg. III. fêhð ôðer tô, another lays hold (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grâpe sceal fôn wið feónde, 439; pret. sg. him tôgeánes fêng, caught at him, grasped at him, 1543; w. dat. he þâm frätwum fêng, received the rich adornments (Ongenþeów's equipment), 2990.

be-fôn, to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace: pret. part. hyne sâr hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; heó äðelinga ânne häfde fäste befangen (had seized him firmly), 1296; helm ... befongen freáwrâsnum (encircled by an ornament like a diadem), 1452; fenne bifongen, surrounded by the fen, 2010; (draca) fýre befongen, encircled by fire, 2275, 2596; häfde landwara lîge befangen, encompassed by fire, 2322.

ge-fôn, w. acc., to seize, to grasp: pret. he gefêng slæpendne rinc, 741; gûðrinc gefêng atolan clommum, 1502; gefêng þâ be eaxle ... Gûðgeáta leód Grendles môdor, 1538; gefêng þâ fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefêng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ôfoste gefêng micle mid mundum mägen-byrðenne, hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden, 3091.

on-fôn, w. dat., to receive, to accept, to take: pres. imp. sg. onfôh þissum fulle, accept this cup, 1170; inf. þät þät þeódnes bearn ... scolde fäder-äðelum onfôn, receive the paternal rank, 912; pret. sg. hwâ þäm hläste onfêng, who received the ship's lading, 52; hleór-bolster onfêng eorles andwlitan, the pillow received the nobleman's face, 689; similarly, 853, 1495; heal swêge onfêng, the hall received the loud noise, 1215; he onfêng hraðe inwit-þancum, he (Beówulf) at once clutched him (Grendel) devising malice, 749.

þurh-fôn, w. acc., to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasping: inf. þät heó þone fyrd-hom þurh-fôn ne mihte, 1505.

wið-fôn, w. dat., (to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of: pret. sg. him fäste wið-fêng, 761.

ymbe-fôn, w. acc., to encircle: pret. heals ealne ymbefêng biteran bânum, encircled his (Beówulf's) whole neck with sharp bones (teeth), 2692.

fôt, st. m., foot: gen. sg. fôtes trem (the measure of a foot, a foot broad), 2526; acc. pl. fêt, 746; dat. pl. ät fôtum, at the feet, 500, 1167.

fôt-gemearc, st. n., measure, determining by feet, number of feet: gen. sg. se wäs fîftiges fôtgemearces lang (fifty feet long), 3043.

fôt-lâst, st. m., foot-print: acc. sg. (draca) onfand feóndes fôt-lâst, 2290.

fracod, adj., objectionable, useless. nom. sg. näs seó ecg fracod hilde-rince, 1576.

fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. away from something: þær fram sylle âbeág medubenc monig, 776, 1716; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesîðas ... fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from þäm holmclife hafelan bæron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: he hine feor forwräc ... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, hither from something: þâ ic cwom ... from feóndum, 420; æghwäðrum wäs ... brôga fram ôðrum, 2566.—Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, of, about, concerning: sägdest from his sîðe, 532; nô ic wiht fram þe swylcra searo-nîða secgan hýrde, 581; þät he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., away, thence: nô þý ær fram meahte, 755; forth, out: from ærest cwom oruð aglæcean ût of stâne, the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock 2557.

fram, from, adj.: 1) directed forwards, striving forwards; in comp. sîð-fram.—2) excellent, splendid, of a man with reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on môde from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.—Comp. un-from; see freme, forma.

ge-frägen. See frignan.

frätwe, st. f. pl., ornament, anything costly, originally carved objects (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frätwe, 2920; beorhte frätwe, 214; beorhte frätwa, 897; frätwe.. eorclan-stânas, 1208; frätwe,... breóst-weorðunge, 2504, both times of Hygelâc's collar; frätwe and fät-gold, 1922; frätwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. þâm frätwum, 2164; on frätewum, 963; frätwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrêmig, 2055; frätwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frätwum (Ongenþeów's armor), 2990; gen. pl. fela ... frätwa, 37; þâra frätwa (drake's treasure), 2795; frätwa hyrde (drake), 3134.

frätwan, w. v., to supply with ornaments, to adorn: inf. folc-stede frätwan, 76.

ge-frätwian, w. v., to adorn: pret. sg. gefrätwade foldan sceátas leomum and leáfum, 96; pret. part. þâ wäs hâten Heort innanweard folmum gefrätwod, 993.

ge-fræge, adj., known by reputation, renowned: nom. sg. leód-cyning ... folcum gefræge, 55; swâ hyt gefræge wäs, 2481.

ge-fræge, st. n., information through hearsay: instr. sg. mine gefræge (as I learned through the narrative of others), 777, 838, 1956, etc.

ge-frægnian, w. v., to become known through hearsay: pret. part. fylle gefrægnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Äschere), 1334?

freca, w. m., properly a wolf, as one that breaks in, robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Beówulf, 1564.—Comp.: gûð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wîg-freca; ferð-frec (adj.).

fremde, adj., properly distant, foreign; then estranged, hostile: nom sg. þät wäs fremde þeód êcean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692.

freme, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwên, of Þryðo, 1933(?).

fremman, w. v., to press forward, to further, hence: 1) in general, to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make: pres. subj. without an object, fremme se þe wille, let him do (it) whoever will, 1004. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað ge nu leóda þearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; säcce fremman, 2500; fæhðe ... mærðum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcræd fremede (did what was best for his men, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. hû þâ äðelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles fâcenstafas ... þenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. þät ic ... mærðo fremede, 2135. —2) to help on, to support: inf. þät he mec fremman wile wordum and worcum (to an expedition), 1833.

ge-fremman, w. acc., to do, to make, to render: inf. gefremman eorlîc ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, to give help, 2450; äfter weáspelle wyrpe gefremman, to work a change after sorrow (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; gerund, tô gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc.; þeáh þe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, placed him away, above all men, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, 476; fem, nu scealc hafað ... dæd gefremede, 941; absolutely, þu þe self hafast dædum gefremed, þät ..., hast brought it about by thy deeds that, 955.

fretan, st. v., to devour, to consume: inf. þâ (the precious things) sceal brond fretan, 3015; nu sceal glêd fretan wîgena strengel, 3115; pret. sg. (Grendel) slæpende frät folces Denigea fýftyne men, 1582.

frêcne, adj., dangerous, bold: nom. sg. frêcne fýr-draca, 2690; feorh-bealo frêcne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. frêcne dæde, 890; frêcne fengelâd, 1360; frêcne stôwe, 1379; instr. sg. frêcnan spræce (through provoking words), 1105.

frêcne, adv., boldly, audaciously, 960, 1033, 1692.

freá, w. m., ruler, lord, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. freá, 2286; acc. sg. freán, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. freán, 359, 500, 1167, 1681; dat. sg. freán, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. eode ... tô hire freán sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. freán ealles, the Lord of all, 2795; gen. sg. freán, 27.— Comp.: âgend-, lîf-, sin-freá.

freá-dryhten, st. m., lord, ruling lord: gen. sg. freá-drihtnes, 797.

freá-wine, st. m., lord and friend, friendly ruler: nom. sg. freá-wine folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his freá-wine, 2439.

freá-wrâsn, st. f., encircling ornament like a diadem: instr. pl. helm ... befongen freáwrâsnum, 1452; see wrâsn.

freoðu, friðu, f., protection, asylum, peace: acc. sg. wel bið þäm þe môt ... tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian, who may obtain an asylum in God's arms, 188; neán and feorran þu nu [friðu] hafast, 1175.—Comp. fen-freoðo.

freoðo-burh, st. f., castle, city affording protection: acc. sg. freoðoburh fägere, 522.

freoðo-wong, st. m., field of peace, field of protection: acc. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field.

freoðo-wær, st. f., peace-alliance, security of peace: acc. sg. þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfa fäste frioðu-wære, 1097; gen. sg. frioðowære bäd hlâford sînne, entreated his lord for the protection of peace (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), 2283.

freoðo-webbe, w. f., peace-weaver, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations): nom. sg., 1943.

freó-burh, st. f., = freá-burg (?), ruler's castle (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. freóburh, 694.

freód, st. f., friendship: acc. sg. freóde ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, 2477; gen. sg. näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, was no longer time to seek for friendship, 2557; —favor, acknowledgement: acc. sg. ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde (will show myself grateful, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708.

freó-dryhten (= freá-dryhten), st. m., lord, ruler; according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. freó-drihten min! 1170; dat. sg. mid his freó-dryhtne, 2628.

freógan, w. v., to love; to think of lovingly: pres. subj. þät mon his wine-dryhten ... ferhðum freóge, 3178; inf. nu ic þec ... me for sunu wylle freógan on ferhðe, 949.

freó-lîc, adj., free, free-born (here of the lawful wife in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. freólîc wîf, 616; freólîcu folc-cwên, 642.

freónd, st. m., friend: acc. sg. freónd, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. freóndum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. freónda, 1307, 1839.

freónd-laðu, st. f., friendly invitation: nom. sg. him wäs ful boren and freónd-laðu (friendly invitation to drink) wordum bewägned, 1193.

freónd-lâr, st. f., friendly counsel: dat. (instr.) pl. freónd-lârum, 2378.

freónd-lîce, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly: compar. freónd-lîcor, 1028.

freónd-scipe, st. m., friendship: acc. sg. freónd-scipe fästne, 2070.

freó-wine, st. m. (see freáwine), lord and friend, friendly ruler; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc. freó-wine folca! 430.

fricgean, w. v., to ask, to inquire into: inf. ongan sînne geseldan fägre fricgean hwylce Sæ-Geáta sîðas wæron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, the old Scilding, asking many questions (having many things related to him), told of old times (the conversation was alternate), 2107.

ge-fricgean, to learn, to learn by inquiry: pres. pl. syððan hie ge-fricgeað freán ûserne ealdorleásne, when they learn that our lord is dead, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic þät gefricge, þät..., 1827; pl. syððan äðelingas feorran gefricgean fleám eówerne, 2890.

friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., to seek, to desire, to strive for: inf. näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, 2557.

friðo-sib, st. f., kin for the confirming of peace, designation of the queen (see freoðo-webbe), peace-bringer: nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, 2018.

frignan, fringan, frinan, st. v., to ask, to inquire: imp. ne frin þu äfter sælum, ask not after the well-being! 1323; inf. ic þäs wine Deniga frinan wille ... ymb þînne sîð, 351; pret. sg. frägn, 236, 332; frägn gif ..., asked whether ..., 1320.

ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frinan, to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration. pret. sg. (w. acc.) þät fram hâm gefrägn Higelâces þegn Grendles dæda, 194; nô ic gefrägn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) þâ ic wîde gefrägn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefrägen ic þâ mægðe mâran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sêl gebæran, I never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about its chief, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) we þeódcyninga þrym gefrunon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gûðcyning gôdne gefrunon hringas dælan, 1970; (parenthetical) swâ guman gefrungon, 667, (after þonne) medo-ärn micel (greater) ... þone yldo bearn æfre gefrunon, 70; pret. part. häfde Higelâces hilde gefrunen, 2953; häfdon gefrunen þät..., had learned that ..., 695; häfde gefrunen hwanan sió fæhð ârâs, 2404; healsbeága mæst þâra þe ic on foldan gefrägen häbbe, 1197.

from, See fram.

frôd, adj.: 1) ætate provectus, old, gray: nom. sg. frôd, 2626, 2951; frôd cyning, 1307, 2210; frôd folces weard, 2514; wintrum frôd, 1725, 2115, 2278; se frôda, 2929; ac. sg. frôde feorhlege (the laying down of my old life), 2801; dat. sg. frôdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124.—2) mente excellentior, intelligent, experienced, wise: nom. sg. frôd, 1367; frôd and gôd, 279; on môde frôd, 1845.—Comp.: in-, un-frôd.

frôfor, st. f., consolation, compensation, help: nom. sg. frôfor, 2942; acc. sg. frôfre, 7, 974; fyrena frôfre, 629; frôfre and fultum, 1274; frôfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. tô frôfre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frôfre, 185.

fruma (see forma), w. m., the foremost, hence: l) beginning: nom. sg. wäs se fruma egeslîc leódum on lande, swâ hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sâre geendod (the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Beówulf), 2310.—2) he who stands first, prince; in comp. dæd-, hild-, land-, leód-, ord-, wîg-fruma.

frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), descent, origin: acc. sg. nu ic eówer sceal frumcyn witan, 252.

frum-gâr, st. m., primipilus, duke, prince: dat. sg. frumgâre (of Beówulf), 2857.

frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, beginning: acc. sg. se þe cûðe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, who could tell of the beginning of mankind in old times, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, in the beginning, i.e at his birth, 45.

fugol, st. m., bird: dat. sg. fugle gelîcost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] tô gamene, 2942.

ful, adj., full, filled: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. se wäs innan full wrätta and wîra, 2413.—Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful.

ful, adv., plene, very: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952.

ful, st. n., cup, beaker: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; ofer ýða ful, over the cup of the waves (the basin of the sea filled with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfôh þissum fulle, 1170.—Comp.: medo-, sele-full.

fullæstian, w. v. w. dat, to give help: pres. sg. ic þe fullæstu, 2669.

fultum, st. m., help, support, protection: acc. sg. frôfor (frôfre) and fultum, 699, 1274; mägenes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.—Comp. mägen-fultum.

fundian, w. v., to strive, to have in view: pres. pl. we fundiað Higelâc sêcan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138.

furðum, adv., primo, just, exactly; then first: þâ ic furðum weóld folce Deninga, then first governed the people of the Danes (had just assumed the government), 465; þâ hie tô sele furðum ... gangan cwômon, 323; ic þær furðum cwom tô þam hringsele, 2010;—before, previously: ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde, swâ wit furðum spræcon, 1708.

furður, adv., further, forward, more distant, 254, 762, 3007.

fûs, adj., inclined to, favorable, ready: nom. sg. nu ic eom sîðes fûs, 1476; leófra manna fûs, prepared for the dear men, i.e. expecting them, 1917; sigel sûðan fûs, the sun inclined from the south (midday sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn fûs ofer fægum, eager over the slain, 3026; sceft ... feðer-gearwum fûs, 3120; nom. pl. wæron ... eft to leódum fûse tô farenne, 1806.—Sometimes fûs means ready for death, moribundus: fûs and fæge, 1242.—Comp.: hin-, ût-fûs.

fûs-lîc, adj., prepared, ready: acc. sg. fûs-lîc f[yrd]-leóð, 1425; fyrd-searo fûs-lîc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fûs-lîcu, 232.

fyl, st. m., fall: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, the fall of the king (in the dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. þät he on fylle wearð, that he came to a fall, fell, 1545.—Comp. hrâ-fyl.

fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., troop, band of warriors: in comp. äl-fylce.

ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., to fell, to slay in battle: inf. fâne gefyllan, to slay the enemy, 2656; pret. pl. feónd gefyldan, they had slain the enemy, 2707.

â-fyllan (see ful), w. v., to fill: pret. part. Heorot innan wäs freóndum âfylled (was filled with trusted men), 1019.

fyllo, st. f. (plenty, abundant meal: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefrægnod, 1334; gen. sg. näs hie þære fylle gefeán häfdon, 562; fylle gefægon, 1015.—Comp.: wäl-, wist-fyllo.

fyl-wêrig, adj., weary enough to fall, faint to death, moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-wêrigne, 963.

fyr. See feor.

fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) to bear, to bring, carry: pret. pl. þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon þyder tô þance, 378.

fyras. See firas.

fyren. See firen.

fyrde, adj., movable, that can be moved.—Comp. hard-fyrde.—Leo.

fyrd-gestealla, w. m., comrade on an expedition, companion in battle: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874

fyrd-ham, st. m., war-dress, coat of mail: acc. sg. þone fyrd-hom, 1505.

fyrd-hrägl, st. n., coat of mail, war-dress: acc. sg. fyrd-hrägl, 1528.

fyrd-hwät, adj., sharp, good in war, warlike: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477.

fyrd-leóð, st. n., war-song, warlike music: acc. sg. horn stundum song fûslîc f[yrd]leoð, 1425.

fyrd-searu, st. n., equipment for an expedition: acc. sg. fyrd-searu fûslîc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fûslîcu, 232.

fyrd-wyrðe, adj., of worth in war, excellent in battle: nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Beówulf), 1317.

ge-fyrðran (see forð), w. v., to bring forward, to further: pret. part. âr wäs on ôfoste, eftsîðes georn, frätwum gefyrðred, he was hurried forward by the treasure (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Beówulf), 2785.

fyrmest. See forma.

fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., by-gone days: dat. pl. fyrndagum (in old times), 1452.

fyrn-geweorc, st. n., work, something done in old times: acc. sg. fira fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283, 2287.

fyrn-gewin, st. n., combat in ancient times: gen. sg. ôr fyrn-gewinnes (the origin of the battles of the giants), 1690.

fyrn-man, st. m., man of ancient times: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762.

fyrn-wita, w. m., counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years: dat. sg. frôdan fyrnwitan, of Äschere, 2124.

fyrst, st. m., portion of time, definite time, time: nom. sg. näs hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb âne niht ..., 134; fyrst forð gewât, the time (of going to the harbor) was past, 210; näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, 2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fîf nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. þý fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., within the fixed time, 76.

fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., prying spirit, curiosity: nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785.

ge-fýsan (fûs), w. v., to make ready, to prepare: part. winde gefýsed flota, the ship provided with wind (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fýre gefýsed, provided with fire, 2310; þâ wäs hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefýsed säcce tô sêceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gûðe gefýsed, ready for battle, determined to fight, 631.

fýr, st. n., fire: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fýre, 2220; as instr. fýre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fýres fäðm, 185; fýres feng, 1765.— Comp.: âd-, bæl-, heaðu-, wäl-fýr.

fýr-bend, st. m., band forged in fire: dat. pl. duru ... fýr-bendum fäst, 723.

fýr-draca, w. m., fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon: nom. sg., 2690.

fýr-heard, adj., hard through fire, hardened in fire: nom. pl. (eoforlîc) fâh and fýr-heard, 305.

fýr-leóht, st. n., fire-light: acc. sg., 1517.

fýr-wylm, st. m., wave of fire, flame-wave: dat. pl. wyrm ... fýrwylmum fâh, 2672.

G

galan, st. v., to sing, to sound: pres. sg. sorh-leóð gäleð, 2461; inf. gryre-leóð galan, 787; bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound, 1433.

â-galan, to sing, to sound: pret. sg. þät hire on hafelan hringmæl âgôl grædig gûðleóð, that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head, 1522.

gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., tribute, interest: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, 11.

gamen, st. n., social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings: nom. sg. gamen, 1161; gomen, 2460; gomen gleóbeámes, the pleasure of the harp, 2264; acc. sg. gamen and gleódreám, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.—Comp. heal-gamen.

gamen-wâð, st. f., way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society: dat. sg. of gomen-wâðe, 855.

gamen-wudu, st. m., wood of social enjoyment, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þær wäs ... gomenwudu grêted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grêtte, 2109.

gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., old; of persons, having lived many years, gray: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. þone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; þam gomelan, 2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.—Also, late, belonging to former time: gen. pl. gomelra lâfe (legacy), 2037.—Of things, old, from old times: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lâfe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.

gamol-feax, adj., with gray hair: nom. sg., 609.

gang, st. m.: 1) gait, way: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges ge-twæman, could not keep him from going, 969.—2) step, foot-step: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), 1405; acc. sg. uton hraðe fêran Grendles mâgan gang sceáwigan, 1392.—Comp. in-gang.

be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (so far as something goes), extent: acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, over the extent of the sea, 362; ofer flôda begang, 1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; flôda begong, 1498; sioleða bigong, 2368.

gangan. See under gân.

ganot, st. m., diver, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes bäð (i.e. the sea), 1862.

gâd, st. n., lack: nom. sg. ne bið þe wilna gâd (thou shalt have no lack of desirable [valuable] things), 661; similarly, 950.

gân, expanded = gangan, st. v., to go: pres. sg. III. gæð â Wyrd swâ hió scel, 455; gæð eft ... tô medo, 605; þonne he ... on flett gæð, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gâ þær he wille, let him go whither he will, 1395; imp. sg. II. gâ nu tô setle, 1783; nu þu lungre geong, hord sceáwian, under hârne stân, 2744; inf. in gân, to go in, 386, 1645 'forð gân, to go forth, to go thither, 1164; þat hie him tô mihton gegnum gangan, to go towards, to go to, 314; tô sele ... gangan cwômon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nu ge môton gangan ... Hrôðgâr geseón, 395; þâ com of môre ... Grendel gongan, there came Grendel (going) from the fen, 712; ongeán gramum gangan, to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war, 1035; cwom ... tô hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan tô, let us go thither, 2649.—As preterite, serve, 1) geóng or gióng: he tô healle geóng, 926; similarly, 2019; se þe on orde geóng, who went at the head, went in front, 3126; on innan gióng, went in, 2215; he ... gióng tô þäs þe he eorðsele ânne wisse, went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, 2410; þâ se äðeling, gióng, þät he bî wealle gesät, then went the prince (Beówulf) that he might sit down by the wall, 2716.—2) gang: tô healle gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang þâ äfter flôre, went along the floor, along the hall, 1317.—3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): he ... beforan gengde ..., wong sceáwian, went in front to inspect the fields, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.—4) from another stem, eode (Goth. iddja): eode ellenrôf, þät he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, 358; similarly, 403; [wið duru healle Wulfgâr eode], went towards the door of the hall, 390; eode Wealhþeów forð, went forth, 613; eode tô hire freán sittan, 641; eode yrremôd, went with angry feeling, 727; eode ... tô sele, 919; similarly, 1233; eode ... þær se snottra bâd, 1313; eode weorð Denum äðeling tô yppan, the prince (Beówulf), honored by the Danes, went to the high seat, 1815; eode ... under inwit-hrôf, 3124; pl. þær swîðferhðe sittan eodon, 493; eodon him þâ tôgeánes, went to meet him, 1627; eodon under Earna näs, 3032.