GLOSSARY (continued 3)

â-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to befall: pret. part. swâ bit âgangen wearð eorla manegum (as it befell many a one of the earls), 1235.

full-gangan, to emulate, to follow after: pret. sg. þonne ... sceft nytte heóld, feðer-gearwum fûs flâne full-eode, when the shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow, 3120.

ge-gân, ge-gangan: 1) to go, to approach: inf. (w. acc.) his môdor ... gegân wolde sorhfulne sîð, 1278; se þe gryre-sîðas gegân dorste, who dared to go the ways of terror (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mæges scyld elne geeode, went quickly under his kinsman's shield, 2677; pl. elne geeodon tô þäs þe ..., went quickly thither where ..., 1968; pret. part. syððan hie tô-gädre gegân häfdon, when they (Wîglâf and the drake) had come together, 2631; þät his aldres wäs ende gegongen, that the end of his life had come, 823; þâ wäs endedäg gôdum gegongen, þät se gûðcyning ... swealt, 3037.—2) to obtain, to reach: inf. (w. acc.) þonne he ät gûðe gegân þenceð longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, näs þät ýðe ceáp tô gegangenne gumena ænigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geeodon ... þät se byrnwîga bûgan sceolde, 2918; pret. part. häfde ... gegongen þät, had attained it, that ..., 894; hord ys gesceáwod, grimme gegongen, 3086.—3) to occur, to happen: pres. sg. III. gif þät gegangeð þät ..., if that happen, that ..., 1847; pret. sg. þät geiode ufaran dôgrum hilde-hlämmum, it happened in later times to the warriors (the Geátas), 2201; pret. part. þâ wäs gegongen guman unfrôdum earfoðlîce þät, then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that ..., 2822.

ôð-gangan, to-go thither: pret. pl. oð þät hi ôðeodon ... in Hrefnesholt, 2935.

ofer-gangan, w. acc., to go over: pret. sg. ofereode þâ äðelinga bearn steáp stân-hliðo, went over steep, rocky precipices, 1409; pl. freoðo-wong þone forð ofereodon, 2960.

ymb-gangan, w. acc., to go around: pret. ymb-eode þâ ides Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne, went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors, 621.

gâr, st. m., spear, javelin, missile: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg. gâre, 1076; blôdigan gâre, 2441; gen. sg. gâres fliht, 1766; nom. pl. gâras, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).—Comp.: bon-, frum-gâr.

gâr-cêne, adj., spear-bold: nom. sg., 1959.

gâr-cwealm, st. m., murder, death by the spear: acc. sg. gâr-cwealm gumena, 2044.

gâr-holt, st. n., forest of spears, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835.

gâr-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), sea, ocean: acc. sg. on gâr-secg, 49, 537; ofer gâr-secg, 515.

gâr-wîga, w. m., one who fights with the spear: dat. sg. geongum gâr-wîgan, of Wîglâf, 2675, 2812.

gâr-wîgend, pres. part., fighting with spear, spear-fighter: acc. pl. gâr-wîgend, 2642.

gâst, gæst, st. m., ghost, demon: acc. sg. helle gâst (Grendel), 1275; gen. sg. wergan gâstes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl. dyrnra gâsta (Grendel's race), 1358; gæsta gîfrost (flames consuming corpses), 1124.—Comp.: ellor-, geó-sceaft-gâst; ellen-, wäl-gæst.

gâst-bana, w. m., slayer of the spirit, i.e. the devil: nom. sg. gâst-bona, 177.

gädeling, st. m., he who is connected with another, relation, companion: gen. sg. gädelinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his gädelingum, 2950.

ät-gädere, adv., together, united: 321, 1165, 1191; samod ätgädere, 329, 387, 730, 1064.

tô-gadere, adv., together, 2631.

gäst, gist, gyst, st. m., stranger, guest: nom. sg. gäst, 1801; se gäst (the drake), 2313; se grimma gäst (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. sg. gryre-lîcne gist (the nixy slain by Beówulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gäs[tas], 1894.—Comp.: fêðe-, gryre-, inwit-, nîð-, sele-gäst (-gyst).

gäst-sele, st. m., hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall: acc. sg., 995.

ge, conj., and, 1341; ge ... ge ..., as well ... as ..., 1865; ge ... ge ..., ge ..., 1249; ge swylce, and likewise, and moreover, 2259.

ge, pron., ye, you, plur. of þu, 237, 245, etc.

gegn-cwide, st. m., reply: gen. pl. þînra gegn-cwida, 367.

gegnum, adv., thither, towards, away, with the prep, tô, ofer, giving the direction: þät hie him tô mihton gegnum gangan (that they might go thither), 314; gegnum fôr [þâ] ofer myrcan môr, away over the dark moor, 1405.

gehðu, geohðu, st. f., sorrow, care: instr. sg. giohðo mænde, 2268; dat. sg. on gehðo, 3096; on giohðe, 2794.

gen (from gegn), adv., yet, again. ne wäs hit lenge þâ gen, þät ..., it was not then long before ..., 83; ic sceal forð sprecan gen ymb Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2071; nô þý ær ût þâ gen ... gongan wolde (still he would not yet go out), 2082; gen is eall ät þe lissa gelong (yet all my favor belongs to thee), 2150; þâ gen, then again, 2678, 2703; swâ he nu gen dêð, as he still does, 2860; furður gen, further still, besides, 3007; nu gen, now again, 3169; ne gen, no more, no farther: ne wäs þät wyrd þâ gen, that was no more fate (fate no longer willed that), 735.

gena, still: cwico wäs þâ gena, was still living, 3094.

genga, w. m., goer; in comp. in-, sæ-, sceadu-genga.

gengde. See gân(3).

genge. See ûð-genge.

genunga (from gegnunga), adv., precisely, completely, 2872.

gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.—2) to equip, to arm for battle: pret. sg. gyrede hine Beówulf eorl-gewædum (dressed himself in the armor), 1442.

ge-gyrwan: 1) to make, to prepare: pret. pl. him þâ gegiredan Geáta leóde âd ... unwâclîcne, 3138; pret. part. glôf ... eall gegyrwed deófles cräftum and dracan fellum, 2088.—2) to fit out, to make ready: inf. ceól gegyrwan hilde-wæpnum and heaðowædum, 38; hêt him ýðlidan gôdne gegyrwan, had (his) good ship fitted up for him, 199. Also, to provide warlike equipment: pret. part. syððan he hine tô gûðe gegyred häfde, 1473.—3) to endow, to provide, to adorn: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrägl ... golde gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lâfe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. mâdmas ... golde gegyrede, 1029.

getan, w. v., to injure, to slay: inf., 2941.

be-gête, adj., attainable; in comp. êð-begête.

geador, adv., unitedly, together, jointly, 836; geador ätsomne, 491.

on-geador, adv., unitedly, together, 1596.

gealdor, st. n.: 1) sound: acc. sg. býman gealdor, 2944.—2) magic song, incantation, spell: instr. sg. þonne wäs þät yrfe ... galdre bewunden (placed under a spell), 3053.

gealga, w. m., gallows: dat. sg. þät his byre rîde giong on galgan, 2447.

gealg-môd, adj., gloomy: nom. sg. gîfre and galgmôd, 1278.

gealg-treów, st. n., gallows: dat. pl. on galg-treówu[m], 2941.

geard, st. m., residence; in Beówulf corresponding to the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (in Finn's castle), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; ær he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, before he went away from his dwelling-place, i.e. died, 265.—Comp. middan-geard.

gearo, adj., properly, made, prepared; hence, ready, finished, equipped: nom. sg. þät hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ärna mæst, 77; wiht unhælo ... gearo sôna wäs, the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wäs on bæl gearu, was ready for the funeral-pile (for the solemn burning), 1110; þeód (is) eal gearo, the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared, 1231; hraðe wäs ät holme hýð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gûð-freca, 2415; sîe sió bær gearo ädre geäfned, let the bier be made ready at once, 3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwräce, ready for revenge for harm done, 2119, acc. sg. gearwe stôwe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814.

gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., completely, entirely: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson, you do not know at all ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (remembers him very well), 265; wisse he gearwe þät ..., he knew very well that ..., 2340, 2726; þät ic ... gearo sceáwige swegle searogimmas (that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are), 2749; ic wât geare þät ..., 2657.—Comp. gearwor, more readily, rather, 3077.—Superl. gearwost, 716.

gearo-folm, adj., with ready hand, 2086.

gearwe, st. f., equipment, dress; in comp. feðer-gearwe.

geat, st. n., opening, door; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.

geato-lîc, adj., well prepared, handsome, splendid: of sword and armor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: wîsa fengel geatolîc gengde, passed on in a stately manner, 1402.

geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment, adornment: acc. recedes geatwa, the ornaments of the dragon's cave (its treasures), 3089.—Comp.: eóred-, gryre-, gûð-, hilde-, wîg-geatwe.

geán (from gegn), adv. in

on-geán, adv. and prep., against, towards: þät he me ongeán sleá, 682; ræhte ongeán feónd mid folme, 748; foran ongeán, forward towards, 2365. With dat.: ongeán gramum, against the enemy, 1035.

tô-geánes, tô-genes, prep, against, towards: Grendle tôgeánes, towards Grendel, against Grendel, 667; grâp þâ tôgeánes, she grasped at (Beówulf), 1502; similarly, him tôgeánes fêng, 1543; eodon him þâ tôgeánes, went towards him, 1627; hêt þâ gebeódan ... þät hie bæl-wudu feorran feredon gôdum tôgênes, had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man (i.e. to the place where the dead Beówulf lay), 3115.

geáp, adj., roomy, extensive, wide: nom. sg. reced ... geáp, the roomy hall, 1801; acc. sg. under geápne hrôf, 837.—Comp.: horn-, sæ-geáp.

geâr, st. n., year: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. geâra, in adverbial sense, olim, in former times, 2665. See un-geâra.

geâr-dagas, st. m. pl., former days: dat. pl. in (on) geâr-dagum, 1, 1355.

geofe. See gifu.

geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., sea, flood: nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen geótende, the streaming flood, 1691; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395.

geogoð, st. f.: 1) youth, time of youth: dat. sg. on geogoðe, 409, 466, 2513; on giogoðe, 2427; gen. gioguðe, 2113.—2) contrasted with duguð, the younger warriors of lower rank (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. geogoð, 66; giogoð, 1191; acc. sg. geogoðe, 1182; gen. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), 1675, 622.

geoguð-feorh, st. n., age of youth, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) feore, 537, 2665.

geohðo. See gehðo.

geolo, adj., yellow: acc. sg. geolwe linde (the shield of yellow linden bark), 2611.

geolo-rand, st. m., yellow shield (shield with a covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438.

geond, prep. w. acc., through, throughout, along, over: geond þisne middangeard, through the earth, over the earth, 75; wide geond eorðan, 266, 3100; fêrdon folctogan ... geond wîd-wegas, went along the ways coming from afar, 841; similarly, 1705; geond þät säld, through the hall, through the extent of the hall, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265.

geong, adj., young, youthful: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne gûðcyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swâ geongum feore, at a so youthful age, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, 72.—Superl. gingest, the last: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818.

georn, adj., striving, eager, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft sîðes georn, 2784.—Comp. lof-georn.

georne, adv., readily, willingly: þät him wine-mâgas georne hýrdon, 66; georne trûwode, 670.—zealously, eagerly: sôhte georne äfter grunde, eagerly searched over the ground, 2295.—carefully, industriously: nô ic him þäs georne ätfealh (held him not fast enough), 969.—completely, exactly: comp. wiste þê geornor, 822.

geó, iú, adv., once, formerly, earlier, 1477; gió, 2522; iú, 2460.

geóc, st. f., help, support: acc. sg. geóce gefremman, 2675; þät him gâst-bona geóce gefremede wið þeód-þreáum, 177; geóce gelýfde, believed in the help (of Beówulf), 609; dat. sg. tô geóce, 1835.

geócor, adj., ill, bad: nom. sg., 766.—See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.

geó-man, iú-man, st. m., man of former times: gen. pl. iú-manna, 3053.

geó-meowle, w. f., (formerly a virgin), wife: acc. sg. ió-meowlan, 2932.

geômor, adj., with depressed feelings, sad, troubled: nom. sg. him wäs geômor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; môdes geômor, 2101; fem. þät wäs geômuru ides, 1076.

geômore, adv., sadly, 151.

geômor-gid, st. n., dirge: acc. sg. giômor-gyd, 3151.

geômor-lîc, adj., sad, painful: swâ bið geômorlîc gomelum ceorle tô gebîdanne þät..., it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..., 2445.

geômor-môd, adj., sad, sorrowful: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; giômor-môd, 2268.

geômrian, w. v., to complain, to lament: pret. sg. geômrode giddum, 1119.

geó-sceaft, st. f., (fixed in past times), fate: acc. sg. geósceaft grimme, 1235.

geósceaft-gâst, st. m., demon sent by fate: gen. pl. fela geósceaft-gâsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267.

geótan, st. v. intrans., to pour, to flow, to stream: pres. part. gifen geótende, 1691.

gicel, st. m., icicle: in comp. hilde-gicel.

gid, gyd, st. n., speech, solemn alliterative song: nom. sg. þær wäs ... gid oft wrecen, 1066; leóð wäs âsungen, gleómannes gyd, the song was sung, the gleeman's lay, 1161; þær wäs gidd and gleó, 2106; acc. sg. ic þis gid âwräc, 1724; gyd âwräc, 2109; gyd äfter wräc, 2155; þonne he gyd wrece, 2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.—Comp.: geômor-, word-gid.

giddian, w. v., to speak, to speak in alliteration: pret. gyddode, 631.

gif, conj.: 1) if, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.—2) whether, w. ind., 272; w. subj., 1141, 1320.

gifa, geofa, w. m., giver; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa).

gifan, st. v., to give: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas beágas geaf Denum, 1720; he me [mâðmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pl. geâfon (hyne) on gârsecg, 49; pret. part. þâ wäs Hrôðgâre here-spêd gyfen, 64; þâ wäs gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; syððan ærest wearð gyfen ... geongum cempan (given in marriage), 1949.

â-gifan, to give, to impart: inf. andsware ... âgifan, to give an answer, 355; pret. sg. sôna him se frôda fäder Ôhtheres ... ondslyht âgeaf (gave him a counter-blow), (hand-blow?), 2930.

for-gyfan, to give, to grant: pret. sg. him þäs lîf-freá ... worold-âre forgeaf, 17; þäm tô hâm forgeaf Hrêðel Geáta ângan dôhtor (gave in marriage), 374; similarly, 2998; he me lond forgeaf, granted me land, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; mägen-ræs forgeaf hilde-bille, he gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520.

of-gifan, (to give up), to leave: inf. þät se mæra maga Ecgþeówes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (was fated to leave the earth-plain), 2589; pret. sg. þâs worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdreám ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. näs ofgeâfon hwate Scyldingas, left the promontory, 1601; þät þâ hildlatan holt ofgêfan, that the cowards left the wood (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pl. þâra þe þis [lîf] ofgeaf, 2252.

gifeðe, adj., given, granted: Gûðfremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið þät..., to such a warrior is it granted that..., 299; similarly, 2682; swâ me gifeðe wäs, 2492; þær me gifeðe swâ ænig yrfeweard äfter wurde, if an heir, (living) after me, had been given me, 2731.—Neut. as subst.: wäs þät gifeðe tô swîð, þe þone [þeóden] þyder ontyhte, the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king, 3086; gyfeðe, 555, 820.—Comp. un-gifeðe.

gif-heal, st. f., hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall: acc. sg. ymb þâ gifhealle, 839.

gif-sceat, st. m., gift of value: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378.

gif-stôl, st. m., seat from which fiefs are granted, throne: nom. sg., 2328; acc. sg., 168.

gift, st. f., gift, present: in comp. feoh-gift.

gifu, geofu, st. f., gift, present, grant; fief: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. sg. gimfäste gife þe him god sealde, the great gift that God had granted him (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfästan gife þe him god sealde, 2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, 1174.—Comp.: mâððum-, sinc-gifu.

gigant, st. m., giant: nom. pl. gigantas, 113; gen. pl. giganta, 1563, 1691.

gild, gyld, st. n., reparation: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).

gildan, gyldan, st. v., to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to pay: inf. gomban gyldan, pay tribute, 11; he mid gôde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, 1185; we him þâ gûðgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. heaðoræsas geald mearum and mâðmum, repaid the battles with horses and treasures, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald þone gûðræs ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermâðmum, repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures, 2992.

an-gildan, to pay for: pret. sg. sum sâre angeald æfenräste, one (Äschere) paid for the evening-rest with death's pain, 1252.

â-gildan, to offer one's self: pret. sg. þâ me sæl âgeald, when the favorable opportunity offered itself, 1666; similarly, þâ him rûm âgeald, 2691.

for-gildan, to repay, to do something in return, to reward: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gôde forgylde, may the ruler of all reward thee with good, 957; inf. þone ænne hêht golde forgyldan, he ordered that the one (killed by Grendel) be paid for (atoned for) with gold, 1055; he ... wolde Grendle for-gyldan gûðræsa fela, wished to pay Grendel for many attacks, 1578; wolde se lâða lîge forgyldan drinc-fät dýre, the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. he him þäs leán forgeald, he gave them the reward therefore, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wälhlem þone, repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange, 2969.

gilp, gylp, st. m., speech in which one promises great things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech: acc. sg. häfde ... Geát-mecga leód gilp gelæsted (had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle), 830; nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas, gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech, 1750; þät ic wið þone gûðflogan gylp ofersitte, restrain myself from the speech of defiance, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiðgrîpan (fulfil my promise of battle), 2522.—Comp. dol-gilp.

gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently: pres. sg. I. nô ic þäs gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, boasts of the murder, 2056; inf. swâ ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga ænig ... uhthlem þone, 2007; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior, 2875; pret. sg. hrêðsigora ne gealp goldwine Geáta, did not exult at the glorious victory (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584.

gilp-cwide, st. m., speech in which a man promises much for himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance: nom. sg., 641.

gilp-hläden, pret. part., laden with boasts of defiance (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), covered with glory: nom. sg. guma gilp-hläden, 869.

gilp-spræc, same as gilp-cwide, speech of defiance, boastful speech: dat. sg. on gylp-spræce, 982.

gilp-word, st. n., defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word: gen. pl. gespräc ... gylp-worda sum, 676.

gim, st. m., gem, precious stone, jewel: nom. sg. heofones gim, heaven's jewel, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim.

gimme-rîce, adj., rich in jewels: acc. sg. gimme-rîce hord-burh häleða, 466.

gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly gaping, hence, wide, extended: acc. sg. gynne grund (the bottom of the sea), 1552.

gin-fäst, adj., extensive, rich: acc. sg. gim-fäste gife (gim-, on account of the following f), 1272; in weak form, gin-fästan gife, 2183.

ginnan, st. v., original meaning, to be open, ready; in

on-ginnan, to begin, to undertake: pret. ôð þät ân ongan fyrene fremman feónd on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sîð Beówulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; þâ þät sweord ongan ... wanian, the sword began to diminish, 1606; Higelâc ongan sînne geseldan ... fägre fricgean, began with propriety to question his companion, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. nô her cûðlîcor cuman ongunnon lindhäbbende, no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither, 244; pret. part. häbbe ic mærða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown, 409.

gist. See gäst.

gistran, adv., yesterday: gystran niht, yesterday night, 1335.

git, pron., ye two, dual of þu, 508, 512, 513, etc.

git, gyt, adv., yet; then still, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; hitherto, 957; næfre git, never yet, 583; still, 945, 1059, 1135; once more, 2513; moreover, 47, 1051, 1867.

gitan (original meaning, to take hold of, to seize, to attain), in

be-gitan, w. acc., to grasp, to seize, to reach: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, 2231; þâ hine wîg beget, when war seized him, came upon him, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit ær on þe gôde be-geâton, good men received it formerly from thee, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. þät wäs Hrôðgâre hreówa tornost þâra þe leódfruman lange begeâte, the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief, 2131.

for-gitan, w. acc., to forget: pres. sg. III. he þâ forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, 1752.

an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) to take hold of, to grasp: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man, 1724; pret. sg. þe hine se brôga angeat, whom terror seized, 1292.—2) to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold: pres. subj. I. þät ic ærwelan ... ongite, that I may behold the ancient wealth (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. säl timbred ... ongytan, 308, 1497; Geáta clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, had perceived their distress from hostile snares, 14; ongeat ... grund-wyrgenne, beheld the she-wolf of the bottom, 1519; pret. pl. bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, perceived the noise, (heard) the battle-trumpet sound, 1432; syððan hie Hygelâces horn and býman gealdor ongeâton, 2945.

gîfre, adj., greedy, eager: nom. sg. gîfre and galgmôd, of Grendel's mother, 1278.—Superl.: lîg..., gæsta gîfrost, 1124.—Comp. heoro-gîfre.

gîtsian, w. v., to be greedy: pres. sg. III. gýtsað, 1750.

gio-, gió-. see geo-, geó-.

gladian, w. v., to gleam, to shimmer: pres. pl. III. on him gladiað gomelra lâfe, upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times (armor), 2037.

gläd, adj., gracious, friendly (as a form of address for princes): nom. sg. beó wið Geátas gläd, 1174; acc. sg. glädne Hrôðgâr, 864; glädne Hrôðulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frôdan, 2026.

gläde, adv., in a gracious, friendly way, 58.

glädnian, w. v., to rejoice: inf. w. gen., 367.

gläd-môd, adj., joyous, glad, 1786.

glêd, st. f., fire, flame: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl. glêdum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042.

glêd-egesa, w. m., terror on account of fire, fire-terror: nom. sg. glêd-egesa grim (the fire-spewing of the drake), 2651.

gleáw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., considerate, well-bred, of social conduct; in comp. un-gleáw.

gleó, st. n., social entertainment, (especially by music, play, and jest): nom. sg. þær wäs gidd and gleó, 2106.

gleó-beám, st. m., (tree of social entertainment, of music), harp. gen. sg. gleó-beámes, 2264.

gleó-dreám, st. m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety: acc. sg. gamen and gleó-dreám, 3022.

gleó-man, m., (gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially with music), harper: gen. sg. gleómannes gyd, 1161.

glitinian (O.H.G. glizinôn), w. v., to gleam, to light, to glitter: inf. geseah þâ ... gold glitinian, 2759.

glîdan, st. v., to glide: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim glâd ofer grundas, after heaven's gem had glided over the fields (after the sun had set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer gârsecg, you glided over the ocean (swimming), 515.

tô-glîdan (to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder: pret. gûð-helm tô-glâd (Ongenþeów's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488.

glôf, st. f., glove: nom. sg. glôf hangode, (on Grendel) a glove hung, 2086.

gneáð, adj., niggardly: nom. sg. f. näs hió ... tô gneáð gifa Geáta leódum, was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Geátas, 1931.

gnorn, st. m., sorrow, sadness: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, 2659.

gnornian, w. v., to be sad, to complain: pret. sg. earme ... ides gnornode, 1118.

be-gnornian, w. acc., to bemoan, to mourn for: pret. pl. begnornodon ... hlâfordes [hry]re, bemoaned their lord's fall, 3180.

god, st. m., god: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; hâlig god, 381, 1554; witig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hie drihten god, did not know the Lord God, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc.

gold, st. n., gold: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, wound gold, gold in ring-form, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, 2794, 3169; hæðen gold, heathen gold (that from the drake's cave), 2277; brâd gold, massive gold, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; fättan golde, with chased gold, with gold in plate-form, 2103; gehroden golde, covered with gold, gilded, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), provided with, ornamented with gold, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, adorned with gold, 778; golde fâhne (hrôf), the roof shining with gold, 928; bunden golde, bound with gold (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; fättan goldes, 1094, 2247; scîran goldes, of pure gold, 1695. —Comp. fät-gold.

gold-æht, st. f., possessions in gold, treasure: acc. sg., 2749.

gold-fâh, adj., variegated with gold, shining with gold: nom. sg. reced ... gold-fâh, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fâhne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fâg scinon web äfter wagum, variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along the walls, 995.

gold-gifa, w. m., gold-giver, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid mînne goldgyfan, 2653.

gold-hroden, pret. part., (covered with gold), ornamented with gold: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank.

gold-hwät, adj., striving after gold, greedy for gold: näs he goldhwät, he (Beówulf) was not greedy for gold (he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075.

gold-mâðm, st. m., jewel of gold: acc. pl. gold-mâðmas (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2415.

gold-sele, st. m., gold-hall, i.e. the hall in which the gold was distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, 2084.

gold-weard, st. m., gold-ward, defender of the gold: acc. sg. (of the drake), 3082.

gold-wine, st. m., friend who distributes gold, i.e. ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Geáta, 2420, 2585.

gold-wlanc, adj., proud of gold: nom. sg. gûðrinc goldwlanc (Beówulf rewarded with gold by Hrôðgâr on account of his victory), 1882.

gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen.

gong, gongan. See gang, gangan.

gôd, adj., good, fit, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, 2264, 2391, etc.; frôd and gôd, 279; w. dat. cyning äðelum gôd, the king noble in birth, 1871; gumcystum gôd, 2544; w. gen. wes þu ûs lârena gôd, be good to us with teaching (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269; in weak form, se gôda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. gôdne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum gôdne, 1487; neut. gôd, 1563; dat. sg. gôdum, 3037, 3115; þäm gôdan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gôde, 2250; þâ gôdan, 1164; acc. pl. gôde, 2642; dat. pl. gôdum dædum, 2179; gen. pl. gôdra gûðrinca, 2649.—Comp. ær-gôd.

gôd, st. n.: 1) good that is done, benefit, gift: instr. sg. gôde, 20, 957, 1185; gôde mære, renowned on account of her gifts (Þryðo), 1953; instr. pl. gôdum, 1862.—2) ability, especially in fight: gen. pl. nât he þâra gôda, 682.

gram, adj., hostile: gen. sg. on grames grâpum, in the gripe of the enemy (Beówulf), 766; nom. pl. þâ graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035.

gram-heort, adj., of a hostile heart, hostile: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683.

gram-hydig, adj., with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined: nom. sg. gromhydig, 1750.

grâp, st. f., the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw: dat. sg. mid grâpe, 438; on grâpe, 555; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grâpe, all of Grendel's claw, the whole claw, 837; dat. pl. on grames grâpum, 766; (as instr.) grimman grâpum, with grim claws, 1543.—Comp.: feónd-, hilde-grâp.

grâpian, w. v., to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize: pret. sg. þät hire wið halse heard grâpode, that (the sword) griped hard at her neck, 1567; he ... grâpode gearofolm, he took hold with ready hand, 2086.

gräs-molde, w. f., grass-plot: acc. sg. gräsmoldan träd, went over the grass-plot, 1882.

grædig, adj., greedy, hungry, voracious: nom. sg. grim and grædig, 121, 1500; acc. sg. grædig gûðleóð, 1523.

græg, adj., gray: nom. pl. äsc-holt ufan græg, the ashen wood, gray above (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. græge syrcan, gray (i.e. iron) shirts of mail, 334.

græg-mæl, adj., having a gray color, here = iron: nom. sg. sweord Beówulfes gomol and grægmæl, 2683.

græpe. See ät-græpe.

grêtan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute: inf. hine swâ gôdne grêtan, 347; Hrôðgâr grêtan, 1647, 2011; eówic grêtan hêt (bade me bring you his last greeting), 3096; pret. sg. grêtte Geáta leód, 626; grêtte þâ guma ôðerne, 653; Hrôðgâr grêtte, 1817.— 2) to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of: inf. gifstôl grêtan, take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler, 168; näs se folccyning ænig ... þe mec gûðwinum grêtan dorste (attack with swords), 2736; Wyrd ... se þone gomelan grêtan sceolde, 2422; þät þone sin-scaðan gûðbilla nân grêtan nolde, that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy, 804; pret. sg. grêtte goldhroden guman on healle, the gold-adorned (queen) greeted the men in the hall, 615; nô he mid hearme ... gästas grêtte, did not approach the strangers with insults, 1894; gomenwudu grêtte, touched the wood of joy, played the harp, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. þät þu þone wälgæst wihte ne grêtte, that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. þät he ne grêtte goldweard þone, 3082; pret. part. þær wäs ... gomenwudu grêted, 1066.

ge-grêtan, w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute, to address: pret. sg. holdne gegrêtte meaglum wordum, greeted the dear man with formal words, 1981; gegrêtte þâ gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siðe, spoke then the last time to each of the men, 2517.—2) to approach, to come near, to seek out: inf. sceal ... manig ôðerne gôdum gegrêtan ofer ganotes bäð, many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts, 1862.

greót, st. m., grit, sand, earth: dat. sg. on greóte, 3169.

greótan, st. v., to weep, to mourn, to lament: pres. sg. III. se þe äfter sincgyfan on sefan greóteð, who laments in his heart for the treasure-giver, 1343.

grim, adj., grim, angry, wild, hostile: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; weak form, se grimma gäst, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem, grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre gûðe, 527; instr. pl. grimman grâpum, 1543.—Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim.

grimme, adv., grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly, 3013, 3086.

grim-lîc, adj., grim, terrible: nom. sg. grimlîc gry[re-gäst], 3042.

grimman, st. v., (properly to snort), to go forward hastily, to hasten: pret. pl. grummon, 306.

grindan, st. v., to grind, in

for-grindan, to destroy, to ruin: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, destroyed the enemy, killed them (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. häfde lîgdraca leóda fästen ... glêdum forgrunden, had with flames destroyed the people's feasts, 2336; þâ his âgen (scyld) wäs glêdum forgrunden, since his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire, 2678.

gripe, st. m., gripe, attack: nom. sg. gripe mêces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne gripe, 1149.—Comp.: fær-, mund-, nîð-gripe.

grîma, w. m., mask, visor: in comp. beado-, here-grîma.

grîm-helm, st. m., mask-helmet, helmet with visor: acc. pl. grîm-helmas, 334.

grîpan, st. v., to gripe, to seize, to grasp: pret. sg. grâp þâ tôgeánes, then she caught at, 1502.

for-grîpan (to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp, w. dat.: pret. sg. ät gûðe forgrâp Grendeles mægum, 2354. wið-grîpan, w. dat., (to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect: inf. hû wið þam aglæcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grîpan, how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster, 2522.

grôwan, st. v., to grow, to sprout: pret. sg. him on ferhðe greów breósthord blôdreów, 1719.

grund, st. m.: 1) ground, plain, fields in contrast with highlands; earth in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sôhte ... äfter grunde, sought along the ground, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.—2) bottom, the lowest part: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund (bottom of the sea) 1552; dat. sg. tô grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766.—Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sæ-grund.

grund-bûend, pres. part., inhabitant of the earth: gen. pl. grund-bûendra, 1007.

grund-hyrde, st. m., warder of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137.

grund-sele, st. m., hall at the bottom (of the sea): dat sg. in þam [grund]sele, 2140.

grund-wang, st. m., ground surface, lowest surface: acc. sg. þone grund-wong (bottom of the sea), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589.

grund-wyrgen, st. f., she-wolf of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519.

gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), st. n., net, noose, snare: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, 931. See gyrn.

gryre, st. m., horror, terror, anything causing terror: nom. sg., 1283; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, 384; hie Wyrd forsweóp on Grendles gryre, snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel, 478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swâ fela gryra, 592.—Comp.: fær-, wîg-gryre.

gryre-brôga, w. m., terror and horror, amazement: nom. sg. [gryre-]br[ô]g[a], 2229.

gryre-fâh, adj., gleaming terribly: acc. sg. gryre-fâhne (the fire-spewing drake, cf. also [draca] fýrwylmum fâh, 2672, 2577.

gryre-gäst, st. m., terror-guest, stranger causing terror: nom. sg. grimlîc gry[regäst], 3042; dat. sg. wið þam gryregieste (the dragon), 2561.

gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., terror-armor, warlike equipment: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324.

gryre-leóð, st. n., terror-song, fearful song: acc. sg. gehýrdon gryreleóð galan godes and-sacan (heard Grendel's cry of agony), 787.

gryre-lîc, adj., terrible, horrible: acc. sg. gryre-lîcne, 1442, 2137.

gryre-sîð, st. m., way of terror, way causing terror, i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. se þe gryre-sîðas gegân dorste, 1463.

guma, w. m., man, human being: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman, 1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306, 667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena, 73, 328, 474, 716, etc.—Comp.: driht-, seld-guma.

gum-cyn, st. n., race of men, people, nation: gen. sg. we synt gumcynnes Geáta leóde, people from the nation of the Geátas, 260; dat. pl. äfter gum-cynnum, along the nations, among the nations, 945.

gum-cyst, st. f., man's excellence, man's virtue: acc. sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., excellently, preeminently: gumcystum gôdne beága bryttan, 1487; gumcystum gôd ... hilde-hlemma (Beówulf), 2544.

gum-dreám, st. m., joyous doings of men: acc. sg. gum-dreám ofgeaf (died), 2470.

gum-dryhten, st. m., lord of men: nom. sg. 1643.

gum-fêða, w. m., troop of men going on foot: nom. sg., 1402.

gum-man, st. m., man: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029.

gum-stôl, st. m., man's seat, κατ' ἐζωχήν, ruler's seat, throne: dat. sg. in gumstôle, 1953.

gûð, st. f., combat, battle: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg. gûðe, 604; instr. sg. gûðe, 1998; dat. sg. tô (ät) gûðe, 438, 1473. 1536, 2354, etc.; gen. sg. gûðe, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. gûðum, 1959, 2179; gen. pl. gûða, 2513, 2544.

gûð-beorn, st. m., warrior: gen. pl. gûð-beorna sum (the strand-guard on the Danish coast), 314.

gûð-bil, st. n., battle-bill: nom. sg. gûðbill, 2585; gen. pl. gûð-billa nân, 804.

gûð-byrne, w. f., battle-corselet: nom. sg., 321.

gûð-cearu, st. f., sorrow which the combat brings: dat. sg. äfter gûð-ceare, 1259.

gûð-cräft, st. m., warlike strength, power in battle: nom. sg. Grendles gûð-cräft, 127.

gûð-cyning, st. m., king in battle, king directing a battle: nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc.

gûð-deáð, st. m., death in battle: nom. sg., 2250.

gûð-floga, w. m., flying warrior: acc. sg. wið þone gûðflogan (the drake), 2529.

gûð-freca, w. m., hero in battle, warrior (see freca): nom. sg. gearo gûð-freca, of the drake, 2415.

gûð-fremmend, pres. part., fighting a battle, warrior: gen. pl. gûð-fremmendra, 246; gûð- (gôd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, such a warrior (meaning Beówulf), 299.

gûð-gewæde, st. n., battle-dress, armor: nom. pl. gûð-gewædo, 227; acc. pl. -gewædu, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gewæda, 2624.

gûð-geweorc, st. n., battle-work warlike deed: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, 982, 1826.

gûð-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for combat: acc. þâ gûð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in eówrum gûð-geatawum, 395.

gûð-helm, st. m., battle-helmet: nom. sg., 2488.

gûð-horn, st. n., battle-horn: acc. sg., 1433.

gûð-hrêð, st. f., battle-fame: nom. sg., 820.

gûð-leóð, st. n., battle-song: acc., sg., 1523.

gûð-môd, adj., disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle. nom. pl. gûð-môde, 306.

gûð-ræs, st. m., storm of battle, attack: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl. gûð-ræsa, 1578, 2427.

gûð-reów, adj., fierce in battle: nom. sg., 58.

gûð-rinc, st. m., man of battle, fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 839, 1119, 1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. gûð-rinca, 2649.

gûð-rôf, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., 609.

gûð-sceaða, w. m., battle-foe, enemy in combat: nom. sg., of the drake, 2319.

gûð-scearu, st. f., decision of the battle: dat. sg. äfter gûð-sceare, 1214.

gûð-sele, st. m., battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place: dat sg. in þäm gûðsele (in Heorot), 443.

gûð-searo, st. n. pl., battle-equipment, armor; acc., 215, 328.

gûð-sweord, st. n., battle-sword: acc. sg., 2155.

gûð-wêrig, adj., wearied by battle dead: acc. sg. gûð-wêrigne Grendel, 1587.

gûð-wine, st. m., battle-friend, comrade in battle designation of the sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. þe mec gûð-winum grêtan dorste, who dared to attack me with his war-friends, 2736.

gûð-wîga, w. m., fighter of battles, warrior: nom. sg., 2112.

gyd. See gid.

gyfan. See gifan.

gyldan. See gildan.

gylden, adj., golden: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum beáge, 1164.—Comp. eal-gylden.

gylp. See gilp.

gyrdan, w. v., to gird, to lace: pret. part. gyrded cempa, the (sword-) girt warrior, 2079.

gyrn, st. n., sorrow, harm: nom. sg., 1776.

gyrn-wracu, st. f., revenge for harm: dat. sg. tô gyrn-wräce, 1139; gen. sg. þâ wäs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wräce Grendeles môdor, then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury, 2119.

gyrwan. See gerwan.

gystran. See gistran.

gýman, w. v. w. gen., to take care of, to be careful about: pres. III. gýmeð, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhyda ne gým! do not study arrogance (despise it), 1761.

for-gýman, w. acc., to neglect, to slight: pres. sg. III. he þâ forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, 1752.

gýtsian. See gîtsian.

gyt. See git.

H

habban, w. v., to have: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þäs ic wên häbbe (as I hope), 383; þe ic geweald häbbe, 951; ic me on hafu bord and byrnan, have on me shield and coat of mail, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. þu nu [friðu] hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbað we ... micel ærende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. þät he þrittiges manna mägencräft on his mundgripe häbbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pl. III. þät be Sæ-Geátas sêlran näbben tô geceósenne cyning ænigne, that the Sea-Geátas will have no better king than you to choose, 1851; imp. hafa nu and geheald hûsa sêlest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. häfde, 79, 518, 554; pl. häfdon, 539.—2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. häbbe ic ... ongunnen, 408; häbbe ic ... geâhsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafað, 474, 596; pret. sg. häfde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. häfdon, 117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nu scealc hafað dæd gefremede, 940; häfde se gôda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are formed the compounds: bord-, rond-häbbend.

for-habban, to hold back, to keep one's self: inf. ne meahte wäfre môd forhabban in hreðre, the expiring life could not hold itself back in the breast, 1152; ne mihte þâ for-habban, could not restrain himself, 2610.

wið-habban, to resist, to offer resistance: pret. þät se wînsele wið-häfde heaðo-deórum, that the hall resisted them furious in fight, 773.

hafela, heafola, w. m., head: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1781; nâ þu mînne þearft hafalan hýdan, 446; þonne we on orlege hafelan weredon, protected our heads, defended ourselves, 1328; se hwîta helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.—Comp. wîg-heafola.

hafenian, w. v., to raise, to uplift: pret. sg. wæpen hafenade heard be hiltum, raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt, 1574.

hafoc, st. m., hawk: nom. sg., 2264.

haga, w. m., enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure: dat. sg. tô hagan, 2893, 2961.

haga, w. m. See ân-haga.

hama, homa, w. m., dress: in the comp. flæsc-, fyrd-, lîc-hama, scîr-ham (adj.).

hamer, st. m., hammer: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lâfe (swords), 2830.

hand, hond, st. f., hand: nom. sg. 2138; sió swîðre ... hand, the right hand, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657, 687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841.

hand-bana, w. m., murderer with the hand, or in hand-to-hand combat: dat. sg. tô hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331.

hand-gemôt, st. n., hand-to-hand conflict, battle: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode ær fela hand-gemôta, 1527; nô þät läsest wäs hond-gemôta, 2356.

hand-gesella, w. m., hand-companion, man of the retinue: dat. pl. hond-gesellum, 1482.

hand-gestealla, w. m., (one whose position is near at hand), comrade, companion, attendant: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, 2597.

hand-geweorc, st. n., work done with the hands, i.e. achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þäs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836.

hand-gewriðen, pret. part. hand-wreathed, bound with the hand. acc. pl. wälbende ... hand-gewriðene, 1938.

hand-locen, pret. part., joined, united by hand: nom. sg. (gûð-byrne, lîc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551.

hand-ræs, st. m., hand-battle, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg. hond-ræs, 2073.

hand-scalu, st. f., hand-attendance, retinue: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

hand-sporu, st. f., finger (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987.

hand-wundor, st. n., wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork: gen. pl. hond-wundra mæst, 2769.

hangan. See hôn.

hangian, w. v., to hang: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu hangað hrefne to hrôðre, when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens, 2448; pl. III. ofer þäm (mere) hongiað hrîmge bearwas, over which frosty forests hang, 1364; inf. hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, hung down, 2086.

hatian, w. v. w. acc., to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt: inf. he þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lâðum dædum (could not do him any harm), 2467; pret. sg. hû se gûð-sceaða Geáta leóde hatode and hýnde, 2320.

hâd, st. m., form, condition, position, manner: acc. sg. þurh hæstne hâd, in a powerful manner, 1336; on gesîðes hâd, in the position of follower, as follower, 1298; on sweordes hâd, in the form of a sword, 2194. See under on.

hâdor, st. m., clearness, brightness: acc. sg. under heofenes hâdor, 414.

hâdor, adj., clear, fresh, loud: nom. sg. scop hwîlum sang hâdor on Heorote, 497.

hâdre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1572.

hâl, adj., hale, whole, sound, unhurt: nom. sg. hâl, 300. With gen. heaðo-lâces hâl, safe from battle, 1975. As form of salutation, wes ... hâl, 407; dat. sg. hâlan lîce, 1504.

hâlig, adj., holy: nom. sg. hâlig god, 381, 1554; hâlig dryhten, 687.

hâm, st. m., home, residence, estate, land: acc. sg. hâm, 1408; Hrôðgâres hâm, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewât him hâm, betook himself home, 1602; tô hâm, 124, 374, 2993; fram hâm, at home, 194; ät hâm, at home, 1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hâmes, 2367; acc. pl. hâmas, 1128.—Comp. Finnes-hâm, 1157.

hâm-weorðung, st. f., honor or ornament of home: acc. sg. hâm-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelâc, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999.

hâr, adj., gray: nom. sg. hâr hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under (ofer) hârne stân, 888, 1416, 2554; hâre byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail), 2154; dat. sg. hârum hildfruman, 1679; f. on heáre hæðe (on heaw ... h ... ðe, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hâres, of the old man, 2989.—Comp. un-hâr.

hât, adj., hot, glowing, flaming nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; wyrm hât gemealt, the drake hot (of his own heat) melted, 898; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hâtan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heaðu-fýres hâtes, 2523; acc. pl. hâte heaðo-wylmas, 2820.—Sup.: hâtost heaðo-swâta, 1669.

hât, st. n., heat, fire: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... hât þrowian, saw his lord endure the (drake's) heat, 2606.

hata, w. m., persecutor; in comp. dæd-hata.

hâtan, st. v.: 1) to bid, to order, to direct, with acc. and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mîne hâte ... flotan eówerne ârum healdan, I bid my thanes take good care of your craft, 293; imp. sg. II. hât in gân ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hâtað heaðo-mære hlæw gewyrcean, 2803; inf. þät healreced hâtan wolde ... men gewyrcean, that he wished to command men to build a hall-edifice, 68. Pret. sg. hêht: hêht ... eahta mearas ... on flet teón, gave command to bring eight horses into the hall, 1036; þonne ænne hêht golde forgyldan, commanded to make good that one with gold, 1054; hêht þâ þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan biódan, ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge(?), 2893; swâ se snottra hêht, as the wise (Hrôðgâr) directed, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. hêt: hêt him ýðlidan gôdne gegyrwan, ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him, 198; so, hêt, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: hêt hine wel brûcan, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. þâ wäs hâten hraðe Heort innan-weard folmum gefrätwod, forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992.—2) to name, to call: pres. subj. III. pl. þät hit sælîðend ... hâtan Biówulfes biorh, that mariners may call it Beówulf's grave-mound, 2807; pret. part. wäs se grimma gäst Grendel hâten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603.

ge-hâtan, to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten: pres. sg. I. ic hit þe gehâte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. he me mêde gehêt, promised me reward, 2135; him fägre gehêt leána (gen. pl.), promised them proper reward, 2990; weán oft gehêt earmre teohhe, with woe often threatened the unhappy band, 2938; pret. pl. gehêton ät härgtrafum wig-weorðunga, vowed offerings at the shrines of the gods, 175; þonne we gehêton ûssum hlâforde þät ..., when we promised our lord that..., 2635; pret. part. sió gehâten [wäs] ... gladum suna Frôdan, betrothed to the glad son of Froda, 2025.

hâtor, st. m. n., heat: in comp. and-hâtor.

häft, adj., held, bound, fettered: nom. sg., 2409; acc. sg. helle häftan, him fettered by hell (Grendel), 789.

häft-mêce, st. m., sword with fetters or chains (cf. fetel-hilt): dat. sg. þäm häft-mêce, 1458. See Note.

häg-steald, st. m., man, liegeman, youth: gen. pl. häg-stealdra, 1890.

häle, st. m., man: nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; acc. sg. häle, 720; dat. pl. hælum (hænum, MS.), 1984.

häleð, st. m., hero, fighter, warrior, man: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070; nom. pl. häleð, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl. häleðum 1710, 1962, etc.; gen. pl. häleða, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc.

härg. See hearg.

hæð, st. f., heath: dat. sg. hæðe, 2213.

hæðen, adj., heathenish; acc. sg. hæðene sâwle, 853; dat. sg. hæðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hæðenes, of the heathen (Grendel), 987; gen. pl. hæðenra, 179.

hæð-stapa, w. m., that which goes about on the heath (stag): nom. sg., 1369

hæl, st. f.: 1) health, welfare, luck: acc. sg. him hæl âbeád, 654; mid hæle, 1218.—2) favorable sign, favorable omen: hæl sceáwedon, observed favorable signs (for Beówulf's undertaking), 204.

hælo, st. f., health, welfare, luck: acc. sg. hælo âbeád heorð-geneátum, 2419.—Comp. un-hælo.

hæst (O.H.G. haisterâ hantî, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo, iracunde), adj., violent, vehement: acc. sg. þurh hæstne hâd, 1336.

he, fem. heó, neut. hit, pers. pron., he, she, it; in the oblique cases also reflexive, himself, herself, itself: acc. sg. hine, hî, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. hî, hig, hie; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.—he omitted before the verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345.

hebban, st. v., to raise, to lift, w. acc.: inf. siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, 657; pret. part. hafen, 1291; häfen, 3024.

â-hebban, raise, to lift from, to take away: wäs ... icge gold âhafen of horde, taken up from the hoard, 1109; þâ wäs ... wôp up âhafen, a cry of distress raised, 128

ge-hegan [ge-hêgan], w. v., to enclose, to fence: þing gehegan, to mark off the court, hold court. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... âna gehegan þing wið þyrse (shall alone decide the matter with Grendel), 425.

hel, st. f., hell: nom. sg., 853; acc. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle, 101, 589; (as instr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275.

hel-bend, st. m. f. bond of hell: instr. pl. hell-bendum fäst, 3073.

hel-rûna, w. m., sorcerer: nom. pl. helrûnan, 163.

be-helan, st. v., to conceal, to hide: pret. part. be-holen, 414.

helm, st. m.: 1) protection in general, defence, covering that protects: acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.—2) helmet: nom. sg., 1630; acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brûn-fâgne, gold-fâhne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.—3) defence, protector, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hrôðgâr), 371, 456, 1322; acc. sg. heofena helm (the defender of the heavens = God), 182; helm Scylfinga, 2382.—Comp.: grîm-, gûð-, heaðo-, niht-helm.

ofer-helmian, w. v. w. acc., to cover over, to overhang: pres. sg. III. ofer-helmað, 1365.

helm-berend, pres. part., helm-wearing (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, 2518, 2643.

helpan, st. v., to help: inf. þät him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wið lîge, that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against flame, 2341; þät him îrenna ecge mihton helpan ät hilde, 2685; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, let us go thitherto help the battle-chief, 2650; w. gen. ongan ... mæges helpan, began to help my kinsman, 2880; so, pret. sg. þær he his mæges (MS. mägenes) healp, 2699.

help, m. and f., help, support, maintenance: acc. sg. helpe, 551, 1553; dat. sg. tô helpe, 1831; acc. sg. helpe, 2449.

hende, -handed: in comp. îdel-hende.

her, adv., here, 397, 1062, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; hither, 244, 361, 376.

here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., army, troops: dat. sg. on herge, in the army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men, 2639; as instr. herge, 2348.—Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here.

here-brôga, w. m., terror of the army, fear of war: dat. sg. for here-brôgan, 462.

here-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg., 1444.

here-grîma, w. m., battle-mask, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. -grîman, 396, 2050, 2606.

here-net, st. n., battle-net, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg., 1554.

here-nîð, st. m., battle-enmity, battle of armies: nom. sg., 2475.

here-pâd, st. f., army-dress, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., 2259.

here-rinc, st. m., army-hero, hero in battle, warrior: acc. sg. here-rinc (MS. here ric), 1177.

here-sceaft, st. m., battle-shaft, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta heáp, 335.

here-spêd, st. f., (war-speed), luck in war: nom. sg., 64.

here-stræl, st. m., war-arrow, missile: nom. sg., 1436.

here-syrce, w. f., battle-shirt, shirt of mail: acc. sg. here-syrcan, 1512.

here-wæd, st. f., army-dress, coat of mail, armor: dat. pl. (as instr.) here-wædum, 1898.

here-wæsma, w. m., war-might, fierce strength in battle: dat. pl. an here-wæsmum, 678.—Leo.

here-wîsa, w. m., leader of the army, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021.

herg, hearg, st. m., image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaðerod, confined in wicked places (parallel with hell-bendum fäst), 3073.

herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to provide with an army, to support with an army: pres. sg. I. ic þe wel herige, 1834.—Leo.

hete, st. m., hate, enmity: nom. sg. 142, 2555.—Comp.: ecg-, morðor-, wîg-hete.

hete-lîc, adj., hated: nom. sg., 1268.

hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), enemy, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wið hettendum, 3005.

hete-nîð, st. m., enmity full of hate: acc. pl. hete-nîðas, 152.

hete-sweng, st. m., a blow from hate: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226.

hete-þanc, st. m., hate-thought, a hostile design: dat. pl. mid his hete-þancum, 475.

hêdan, ge-hêdan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) to protect: pret. sg. ne hêdde he þäs heafolan, did not protect his head, 2698.—2) to obtain: subj. pret. sg. III. gehêdde, 505.

hêrian, w. v. w. acc., to praise, to commend: with reference to God, to adore: inf. heofena helm hêrian ne cûðon, could not worship the defence of the heavens (God), 182; ne hûru Hildeburh hêrian þorfte Eotena treówe, had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens, 1072; pres. subj. þät mon his wine-dryhten wordum hêrge, 3177.

ge-heaðerian, w. v., to force, to press in: pret. part. ge-heaðerod, 3073.

heaðo-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, shirt of mail: nom. sg., 1553.

heaðo-deór, adj., bold in battle, brave: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl. heaðo-deórum, 773.

heaðo-fyr, st. n., battle-fire, hostile fire: gen. sg. heaðu-fýres, 2523; instr. pl. heaðo-fýrum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing.

heaðo-grim, adj., grim in battle, 548.

heaðo-helm, st. m., battle-helmet, war-helmet: nom. sg., 3157(?).

heaðo-lâc, st. n., battle-play, battle: dat. sg. ät heaðo-lâce, 584; gen. sg. heaðo-lâces hâl, 1975.

heaðo-mære, adj., renowned in battle: acc. pl. -mære, 2803.

heaðo-ræs, st. m., storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force: nom. sg., 557; acc. pl. -ræsas, 1048; gen. pl. -ræsa, 526.

heaðo-reáf, st. n., battle-dress, equipment for battle: acc. sg. heaðo-reáf heóldon (kept the equipments), 401.

heaðo-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: acc. sg. þone heaðo-rinc (Hrêðel's son, Hæðcyn), 2467; dat. pl. þæm heaðo-rincum, 370.

heaðo-rôf, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., 381; nom. pl. heaðo-rôfe, 865.

heaðo-scearp, adj., sharp in battle, bold: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), 2830.

heaðo-seóc, adj., battle-sick: dat. sg. -siócum, 2755.

heaðo-steáp, adj., high in battle, excelling in battle: nom. sg. in weak form, heaðo-steápa, 1246; acc. sg. heaðo-steápne, 2154, both times of the helmet.

heaðo-swât, st. m., blood of battle: dat. sg. heaðo-swâte, 1607; as instr., 1461; gen. pl. hâtost heaðo-swâta, 1669.

heaðo-sweng, st. m., battle-stroke (blow of the sword): dat. sg. äfter heaðu-swenge, 2582.

heaðo-torht, adj., loud, clear in battle: nom. sg. stefn ... heaðo-torht, the voice clear in battle, 2554.

heaðo-wæd, st. f., battle-dress, coat of mail, armor: instr. pl. heaðo-wædum, 39.

heaðo-weorc, st. n., battle-work, battle: acc. sg., 2893.

heaðo-wylm, st. m., hostile (flame-) wave: acc. pl. hâte heaðo-wylmas, 2820; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, 82.

heaf, st. n., sea: acc. pl. ofer heafo, 2478. See Note.

heafola. See hafela.

heal, st. f., hall, main apartment, large building (consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215; heall, 487; acc. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, 1010, 1927, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], 389.—Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal.

heal-ärn, st. n., hall-building, hall-house: gen. sg. heal-ärna, 78.

heal-gamen, st. n., social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy: nom. sg., 1067.

heal-reced, st. n., hall-building: acc. sg., 68.

heal-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall (at the banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016.

heal-þegn, st. m., hall-thane, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, 142; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, of Beówulfs band, 720.

heal-wudu, hall-wood, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318.

healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to hold, to hold fast; to support: pret. pl. hû þâ stânbogan ... êce eorðreced innan heóldon (MS. healde), how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as object: heóld hine to fäste, held him too fast, 789; w. the dat. he him freóndlârum heóld, supported him with friendly advice, 2378.—2) to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep; reflexive, to maintain one's self, to keep one's self: pres. sg. II. eal þu hit geþyldum healdest, mägen mid môdes snyttrum, all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind, 1706; III. healdeð hige-mêðum heáfod-wearde, holds for the dead the head-watch, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela niwe sibbe, keep well, from now on, the new relationship, 949; heald (heold, MS.) þu nu hruse ... eorla æhte, preserve thou now, Earth, the noble men's possessions, 2248; inf. se þe holmclifu healdan scolde, watch the sea-cliffs, 230; so, 705; nacan ... ârum healdan, to keep well your vessel, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan healdan, 3168; pres. part. dreám healdende, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. heóld hine syððan fyr and fästor, kept himself afterwards afar and more secure, 142; ægwearde heóld, I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea, 241; so, 305; hióld heáh-lufan wið häleða brego, preserved high love, 1955; ginfästan gife ... heóld, 2184; gold-mâðmas heóld, took care of the treasures of gold, 2415; heóld mîn tela, protected well mine own, 2738; þonne ... sceft ... nytte heóld, had employment, was employed, 3119; heóld mec, protected, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret. pl. heaðo-reáf heóldon, watched over the armor, 401; sg. for pl. heáfodbeorge ... walan ûtan heóld, outwards, bosses kept guard over the head, 1032.—Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) to rule and protect the fatherland: inf. gif þu healdan wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. heóld, 57, 2738.—4) to hold, to have, to possess, to inhabit: inf. lêt þone brego-stôl Beówulf healdan, 2390; gerund. tô healdanne hleóburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. heóld, 103, 161, 466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne heóld nihtes hwîlum, at night-time had the enjoyment of the air, 3044; pret. pl. Geáta leóde hreâwic heóldon, the Geátas held the place of corpses (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. þær heó ær mæste heóld worolde wynne, in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly joy, 1080.—5) to win, to receive: pret. pl. I. heoldon heáh gesceap, we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us, 3085.

be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) to take care of, to attend to: pret. sg. þegn nytte beheóld, a thane discharged the office, 494; so, 668.—2) to hold: pret. sg. se þe flôda begong ... beheóld, 1499.—3) to look at, to behold: þryðswyð beheóld mæg Higelâces hû ..., great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ..., 737.

for-healdan, w. acc., (to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel: pret. part. häfdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings, 2382.

ge-healdan: 1) to hold, to receive, to hold fast: pres. sg. III. se þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, who receives the Lord's grace, 2294; pres. subj. fäder alwalda ... eówic gehealde sîða gesunde, keep you sound on your journey, 317; inf. ne meahte he ... on þam frum-gâre feorh gehealdan, could not hold back the life in his lord, 2857.—2) to take care, to preserve, to watch over; to stop: imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald hûsa sêlest, 659; inf. gehealdan hêt hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. he frätwe geheóld fela missera, 2621; þone þe ær geheóld wið hettendum hord and rîce, him who before preserved treasure and realm, 3004.—3) to rule: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. geheóld tela (brâde rîce), 2209.

healf, st. f., half, side, part: acc. sg. on þâ healfe, towards this side, 1676; dat. sg. häleðum be healfe, at the heroes' side, 2263; acc. pl. on twâ healfa, upon two sides, mutually, 1096; on bâ healfa (healfe), on both sides (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; on two sides, on both sides, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, in half, through the middle, 801.

healf, adj., half: gen. sg. healfre, 1088.

heals, st. m., neck: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wið halse, 1567; be healse, 1873.—Comp.: the adjectives fâmig-, wunden-heals.

heals-beáh, st. m., neck-ring, collar: acc. sg. þone heals-beáh, 2173; gen. pl. heals-beága, 1196.

heals-gebedde, w. f., beloved bedfellow, wife: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), 63.

healsian, w. v. w. acc., to entreat earnestly, to implore: pret. sg. þâ se þeóden mec ... healsode hreóh-môd þät..., entreated me sorrowful, that..., 2133.

heard, adj.: 1) of persons, able, efficient in war, strong, brave: nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda þegn, 2978; þes hearda heáp, 432; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran häle, 720. With accompanying gen.: wîges heard, strong in battle, 887; dat. sg. nîða heardum, 2171.—2) of the implements of war, good, firm, sharp, hard: nom. sg. (gûð-byrne, lîc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-stræl hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, wæpen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. hearde ... homera lâfe, 2830; heard and hring-mæl Heaðobeardna gestreón, 2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wrôht ... heard, 2915; here-nîð hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; instr. sg. heardan ceápe, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, 1336; gen. pl. heardra hýnða, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, 576.—Comp.: fýr-, îren-, nîð-, regn-, scûr-heard.

hearde, adv., hard, very, 1439.

heard-ecg, adj., sharp-edged, hard, good in battle: nom. sg., 1289.

heard-fyrde, adj., hard to take away, heavy: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246.—Leo.

heard-hycgend, pres. part. of a warlike disposition, brave: nom. pl. -hicgende, 394, 800.

hearg-träf, st. n., tent of the gods, temple: dat. pl. ät härg-trafum (MS. hrærg trafum), 175.

hearm, st. m., harm, injury, insult: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893.

hearm-sceaða, w. m., enemy causing injury or grief: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, 767.

hearpe, w. f., harp: gen. sg. hearpan swêg, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263.

heáðu, st. f., sea, waves: acc. sg. heáðu, 1863?

heáðu-lîðend, pres. part., sea-farer, sailor: nom. pl. -lîðende, 1799; dat. pl. -lîðendum (designation of the Geátas), 2956.

heáfod, st. n., head: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. heáfde, 1591, 2291, 2974; dat. pl. heáfdum, 1243.

heáfod-beorh, st. f., head-defence, protection for the head: acc. sg. heáfod-beorge, 1031.

heáfod-mæg, st. m., head-kinsman, near blood-relative: dat. pl. heáfod-mægum (brothers), 589; gen. pl. heáfod-mâga, 2152.

heáfod-segn, st. n., head-sign, banner: acc. sg., 2153.

heáfod-weard, st. f., head-watch acc. sg. healdeð ... heáfod-wearde leófes and lâðes, for the friend and the foe (Beówulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910.

heáh, heá, adj., high, noble (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. heáh Healfdene, 57; heá (Higelâc), 1927; heáh (sele), 82; heáh hlæw, 2806, 3159; acc. sg. heáh (segn), 48, 2769; heáhne (MS. heánne) hrôf, 984; dat. sg. in (tô) sele þam heán, 714, 920; gen. sg. heán hûses, 116.—high, heavy: acc. heáh gesceap (an unusual, heavy fate), 3085.

heá-burh, st. f., high city, first city of a country: acc. sg., 1128.

heáh-cyning, st. m., high king, mightiest of the kings: gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrôðgâr), 1040.

heáh-gestreón, st. n., splendid treasure: gen. pl. -gestreóna, 2303.

heáh-lufe, w. f., high love: acc. sg. heáh-lufan, 1955.

heáh-sele, st. m., high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler: dat. sg. heáh-sele, 648.

heáh-setl, st. n., high seat, throne: acc. sg., 1088.

heáh-stede, st. m., high place, ruler's place: dat. sg. on heáh-stede, 285.

heán, adj., depressed, low, despised, miserable: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, 2184, 2409.

heáp, st. m., heap, crowd, troop: nom. sg. þegna heáp, 400; þes hearda heáp, this brave band, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta heáp, the crowd of spears, 335; mago-rinca heáp, 731; dat. sg. on heápe, in a compact body, as many as there were of them, 2597.—Comp. wîg-heáp.

heáwan, st. v., to hew, to cleave: inf., 801.

ge-heáwan, cleave: pres. subj. ge-heáwe, 683.

heoðu, st. f., the interior of a building: dat. sg. þät he on heoðe gestôd, in the interior (of the hall, Heorot), 404.

heofon, st. m., heaven: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under heofenum, 52, 505.

heolfor, st. n., gore, fresh or crude blood: dat. instr. sg. hâtan heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303.

heolster, st. n., haunt, hiding-place: acc. sg. on heolster, 756.

heonan, adv., hence, from here: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362.

heor, st. m., door-hinge: nom. pl. heorras, 1000.

heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde.

heorð-geneát, st. m., hearth-companion, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heorð-geneátas, 261, 3181; acc. pl. heorð-geneátas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heorð-geneátum, 2419.

heorot, st. m., stag: nom. sg., 1370.

heorte, w. f., heart: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. ät heortan, 2271; gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508.—Comp.: the adjectives blîð-, grom-, rûm-, stearc-heort.

heoru, st. m., sword: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bîndan), 1286. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here- (see here).

heoro-blâc, adj., pale through the sword, fatally wounded: nom. sg. [heoro-]blâc, 2489.

heoru-dreór, st. m., sword-blood: instr. sg. heoru-dreóre, 487; heoro-dreóre, 850.

heoro-dreórig, adj., bloody through the sword: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. heoro-dreórigne, 1781, 2721.

heoro-drync, st. m., sword-drink, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, died through sword-drink, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359.

heoro-gîfre, adj., eager for hostile inroads: nom. sg., 1499.

heoro-grim, adj., sword-grim, fierce in battle: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. -grimme, 1848.

heoro-hôcihte, adj., provided with barbs, sharp like swords : instr. pl. mid eofer-spreótum heoro-hôcyhtum, 1439.

heoro-serce, w. f., shirt of mail: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540.

heoro-sweng, st. m., sword-stroke: acc. sg. 1591.

heoro-weallende, pres. part., rolling around fighting, of the drake, 2782. See weallian.

heoro-wearh, st. m. he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the sword: nom. sg., 1268.

heófan, w. v., to lament, to moan: part. nom. pl. hiófende, 3143.

â-heóran, to free (?): w. acc. pret. sg. brýd âheórde, 2931.

heóre, adj., pleasant, not haunted, secure: nom. sg. fem, nis þät heóru stôw, that is no secure place, 1373.—Comp. un-heóre (-hýre).

hider, adv., hither, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc.

ofer-higian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), to exceed, 2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, to be arrogant.)

hild, st. f., battle, combat: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, through combat, 2917; dat. sg. ät hilde, 1461.

hilde-bil, st. n., battle-sword: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille, 557, 1521.

hilde-bord, st. n., battle-shield: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. -bordum, 3140.

hilde-cyst, st. f., excellence in battle, bravery in battle: instr. pl. -cystum, 2599.

hilde-deór, adj., bold in battle, brave in battle: nom. sg., 312, 835, 1647, 1817; hilde-diór, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-deóre, 3171.

hilde-freca, w. m., hero in battle: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-frecan, 2367.

hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for battle, adornment for combat: acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363.

hilde-gicel, st. m., battle-icicle, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607.

hilde-grâp, st. f., battle-gripe: nom. sg., 1447, 2508.

hilde-hlemma, w. m., one raging in battle, warrior, fighter: nom. sg., 2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft þät ge-eode ... hilde-hlämmum, it happened to the warriors (the Geátas), 2202.

hilde-leóma, w. m., battle-light, gleam of battle, hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -leóman, 2584.—2) the gleaming sword: acc. sg. -leóman, 1144.

hilde-mecg, st. m., man of battle, warrior: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800.

hilde-mêce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. -mêceas, 2203.

hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield: acc. pl. -randas, 1243.

hllde-ræs, st. m., storm of battle: acc. sg., 300.

hilde-rinc, st. m., man of battle, warrior, hero: nom. sg., 1308, 3125, 3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987.

hilde-säd, adj., satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more: acc. sg. hilde-sädne, 2724.

hilde-sceorp, st. n., battle-dress, armor, coat of mail: acc. sg., 2156.

hilde-setl, st. n., battle-seat (saddle): nom. sg., 1040.

hilde-strengo, st. f., battle-strength, bravery in battle: acc., 2114.

hilde-swât, st. m., battle-sweat: nom. sg. hât hilde-swât (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559.

hilde-tux, st. m., battle-tooth: instr. pl. hilde-tuxum, 1512.

hilde-wæpen, st. m., battle-weapon: instr. pl. -wæpnum, 39.

hilde-wîsa, w. m., leader in battle, general: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewîsan, Healfdene's general (Hnäf), 1065.

hild-freca. See hilde-freca

hild-fruma, st. m., battle-chief: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. þäs hild-fruman, 2836.

hlld-lata, w. m., he who is late in battle, coward: nom. pl. þâ hild-latan, 2847.

hilt, st. n., sword-hilt: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. þät hilt, 1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc. þâ hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be hiltum, 1575.—Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt.

hilte-cumbor, st. n., banner with a staff: acc. sg., 1023.

hilted, pret. part., provided with a hilt or handle: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, sword with a (rich) hilt, 2988.

hin-fûs, adj., ready to die: nom. sg. hyge wäs him hinfûs (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), 756.

hindema, adj. superl., hindmost, last: instr. sg. hindeman sîðe, the last time, for the last time, 2050, 2518.

hirde, hyrde, st. m., (herd) keeper, guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rîces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, the guardian of mischief, wicked one, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, the king of glory, God, 932; hringa hyrde, the keeper of the rings, 2246; cumbles hyrde, the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner, 2506; folces hyrde, 1850; frätwa hyrde, 3134; rîces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. hûses hyrdas, 1667.—Comp.: grund-hyrde.

hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), heat: nom. sg. þenden hyt sý, 2650.

hladan, st. v.: 1) to load, to lay: inf. on bæl hladan leófne mannan, lay the dear man on the funeral-pile, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them, 2776; pret. part. þær wäs wunden gold on wæn hladen, laid upon the wain, 3135.—2) to load, to burden: pret. part. þâ wäs ... sægeáp naca hladen herewædum, loaded with armor, 1898.—Comp. gilp-hläden.

ge-hladan, w. acc., to load, to burden: pret. sg. sæbât gehlôd (MS gehleod), 896.

hlâford, st. m., lord, ruler: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg. hlâforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlâfordes, 3181.—Comp. eald-hlâford.

hlâford-leás; adj., without a lord: nom. pl. hlâford-leáse, 2936.

hlâw, hlæw, st. m., grave-hill: acc. sg. hlæw, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hlâwe, 1121. Also, grave-chamber (the interior of the grave-hill), cave: acc. sg. hlâw [under] hrusan, 2277; hlæw under hrusan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlæwe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271.

hläst, st. n., burden, load: dat. sg. hläste, 52.

hlem, st. m., noise, din of battle, noisy attack: in the compounds, uht-, wäl-hlem.

hlemma, w. m., one raging, one who calls; see hilde-hlemma.

â-hlehhan, st. v., to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult: pret. sg. his môd âhlôg, his mood exulted, 731.

hleahtor, st. m., laughter: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021.

hleápan, st. v., to run, to trot, to spring: inf. hleápan lêton ... fealwe mearas, 865.

â-hleapan, to spring up: pret. âhleóp, 1398.

hleoðu. See hlið.

hleonian, w. v., to incline, to hang over: inf. oð þät he ... fyrgen-beámas ofer hârne stân hleonian funde, till he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks, 1416.

hleó, st. m., shady, protected place; defence, shelter; figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wîgendra hleó, of Hrôðgâr, 429; of Sigemund, 900; of Beówulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hleó, of Hrôðgâr, 1036, 1867; of Beówulf, 792; of Hygelâc, 2191.

hleó-burh, st. f., ruler's castle or city: acc. sg., 913, 1732.

hleóðor-cwyde, st. m., speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words, 1980.

hleór, st. n., cheek, jaw: in comp. fäted-hleór (adj.).

hleór-bera, w. m., cheek-bearer, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hleór-beran (visor?), 304.

hleór-bolster, st. m., cheek-bolster, pillow: nom. sg., 689.

hleótan, st. v. w. acc., to obtain by lot, to attain, to get: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hleát, 2386.

hlifian, w. v., to rise, to be prominent: inf. hlifian, 2806; pret. hlifade, 81, 1800, 1899.

hlið, st. n., cliff, precipice of a mountain: dat. sg. on hliðe, 3159; gen. sg. hliðes, 1893; pl. hliðo in composition, stân-hliðo; hleoðu in the compounds fen-, mist-, näs-, wulf-hleoðu.

hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has cronk-bed), st. n., κλινίδιον, bed for reclining, sick-bed: acc. sg. hlim-bed, 3035.

tô-hlîdan, st. v., to spring apart, to burst: pret. part. nom. pl. tô-hlidene, 1000.

hlûd, adj., loud: acc. sg. dreám ... hlûdne, 89.

hlyn, st. m., din, noise, clatter: nom. sg., 612.

hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., to sound, to resound: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, to crackle: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121.

hlynsian, w. v., to resound, to crash: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771.

hlytm, st. m., lot: dat. sg. näs þâ on hlytme, hwâ þät hord strude, it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard, i.e. its possession was decided, 3127.

hnâh, adj.: 1) low, inferior: comp. acc. sg. hnâgran, 678; dat. sg. hnâhran rince, an inferior hero, one less brave, 953.—2) familiarly intimate: nom. sg. näs hió hnâh swâ þeáh, was nevertheless not familiarly intimate (with the Geátas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), (niggardly?), 1930.

hnægan, w. v. w. acc., (for nægan), to speak to, to greet: pret. sg. þät he þone wîsan wordum hnægde freán Ingwina, 1319.

ge-hnægan, w. acc., to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell: pret. sg. ge-hnægde helle gâst, 1275; þær hyne Hetware hilde gehnægdon, 2917.

hnitan, st. v., to dash against, to encounter, here of the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fêðan, 1328, 2545.

hoðma, w. m., place of concealment, cave, hence, the grave: dat. sg. in hoðman, 2459.

hof, st. n., enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house: acc. sg. hof (Hrôðgâr's residence), 312; dat. sg. tô hofe sînum (Grendel's home in the sea), 1508; tô hofe (Hygelâc's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu, 2314; dat. pl. tô hofum Geáta, 1837.

hogode. See hycgan.

hold, adj., inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod freán Scyldinga, a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelâce wäs ... nefa swýðe hold, to H. was his nephew (Beówulf) very much attached, 2171; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487.

hold. See healdan.

holm, st. m., deep sea: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633; dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.—Comp. wæg-holm.

holm-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: dat. sg. on þam holm-clife, 1422; from þäm holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230.

holm-wylm, st. m., the waves of the sea: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412.

holt, st. n., wood, thicket, forest. acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, 2847.—Comp.: äsc-, fyrgen-, gâr-, Hrefnes-holt.

holt-wudu, st. m., forest-wood: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.—2) = forest: acc. sg., 1370.

hord, st. m. and n., hoard, treasure: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; beága hord, 2285; mâðma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, 2956, 3057; sâwle hord, 2423; þät hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the hoard, 2782; hæðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.—Comp.: beáh-, breóst-, word-, wyrm-hord.

hord-ärn, st. n., place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room: dat. hord-ärne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-ärna, 2280.

hord-burh, st. f., city in which is the treasure (of the king's), ruler's castle: acc. sg., 467.

hord-gestreón, st. n., hoard-treasure, precious treasure: dat. pl. hord-gestreónum, 1900; gen. pl. mägen-byrðenne hord-gestreóna, the great burden of rich treasures, 3093.

hord-mâððum, st. m., treasure-jewel, precious jewel: acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1199.

hord-wela, w. m., treasure-riches, abundance of treasures: acc. sg. hord-welan, 2345.

hord-weard, st. m., warder of the treasure, hoard-warden: 1) of the king: nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.—2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303, 2555, 2594.

hord-weorðung, st. f., ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament: acc. sg.—weorðunge, 953.

hord-wyn, st. f., treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure: acc. sg. hord-wynne, 2271.

horn, st. m., horn: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum, 1370.—2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.—Comp. gûð-horn.

horn-boga, w. m., bow made of horn: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438.

horn-geáp, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... heáh and horn-geáp, 82.

horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.

hors, st. n., horse: nom. sg., 1400.

hôciht, adj., provided with hooks, hooked: in comp. heoro-hôciht.

be-hôfian, w. v. w. gen., to need, to want: pres. sg. III. nu is se däg cumen þat ûre man-dryhten mägenes behôfað gôdra gûðrinca, now is the day come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors, 2648.

on-hôhsnian, w. v., to hinder: pret. sg. þät onhôhsnode Heminges mæg (on hohsnod, MS.), 1945.

hôlinga, adv., in vain, without reason, 1077.

be-hôn, st. v., to hang with: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140.

hop, st. n., protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment, in the compounds fen-, môr-hop.

hôs (Goth, hansa), st. f., accompanying troop, escort: instr. sg. mägða hôse, with an accompanying train of servingwomen, 925.

hräðe, adv., hastily, quickly, immediately, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; hraðe, 1438; hreðe, 992; compar. hraðor, 543.

hran-fix, st. m., whale: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540.

hran-râd, st. f., whale-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-râde, 10.

hrâ, st. n., corpse: nom. sg., 1589.

hrâ-fyl, st. m., fall of corpses, killing, slaughter: acc. sg., 277.

hrädlîce, adv., hastily, immediately, 356, 964.

hräfn, hrefn, st. m., raven: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, black raven, 1802; se wonna hrefn, the dark raven, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449.

hrägl, st. n., dress, garment, armor: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hrägles, 1218; gen. pl. hrägla, 454—Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hrägl.

hreðe. See hraðe.

hreðer, st. m., breast, bosom nom. sg. hreðer inne weóll (it surged in his breast), 2114; hreðer æðme weóll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreðre, 1152; of hreðre, 2820.—Breast as the seat of feeling, heart: dat. sg. þät wäs ... hreðre hygemêðe, that was depressing to the heart (of the slayer, Hæðcyn), 2443; on hreðre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.—Breast as seat of life: instr. sg. hreðre, parallel with aldre, 1447.

hreðer-bealo, st. n., evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt: acc. sg., 1344.

hrefn. See hräfn.

hrêð, st. f., glory; in composition, gûð-hrêð; renown, assurance of victory, in sige-hrêð.

hrêðe, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg. hrêð (on account of the following ät, final e is elided, as wênic for wêne ic, 442; frôfor and fultum for frôfre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933, 2576.

hrêð-sigor, st. m., glorious victory: dat. sg. hrêð-sigora, 2584.

hrêmig, adj., boasting, exulting: with instr. and gen. hûðe hrêmig, 124; since hrêmig, 1883; frätwum hrêmig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fêðe-wîges, 2365.

on-hrêran, w. v., to excite, to stir up: pret. part. on-hrêred, 549, 2555.

hreâ-wîc, st. n., place of corpses: acc. sg. Geáta leóde hreâ-wîc heóldon, held the place of corpses, 1215.

hreád, st. f., ornament(?), in comp. earm-hreád. See hreóðan.

hreám, st. m., noise, alarm:: nom. sg., 1303.

hreóða, w. m., cover, in the compound bord-hreóða.

hreóðan, ge-hreóðan, st. v., to cover, to clothe; only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, dressed, adorned: hroden, 495, 1023; þâ wäs heal hroden feónda feorum, then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy, 1152; ge-hroden golde, adorned with gold, 304.—Comp.: beág-, gold-hroden.

hreóh, hreów, hreó, adj., excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled: nom. sg. (Beówulf) hreóh and heoro-grim, 1565; þät þam gôdan wäs hreów on hreðre, (that came with violence upon him, pained his heart), 2329; hreó wæron ýða, the waves were angry, the sea stormy, 548; näs him hreóh sefa, his mind was not cruel, 2181; dat. sg. on hreón môde, of sad heart, 1308; on hreóum môde, angry at heart, 2582.

hreóh-môd, adj., of sad heart, 2133; angry at heart, 2297.

hreósan, st. v., to fall, to sink, to rush: pret. hreás, 2489, 2832; pret. pl. hruron, 1075; hie on weg hruron, they rushed away, 1431; hruron him teáras, tears burst from him, 1873.

be-hreósan, to fall from, to be divested of: pret. part. acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, divested of ornaments (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760.

hreów, st. f., distress, sorrow: gen. pl. þät wäs Hrôðgâre hreówa tornost, that was to Hrôðgâr the bitterest of his sorrows, 2130.

hring, st. m.: 1) ring: acc. sg. þone hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810; acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.—2) shirt of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring, 2261.—Comp. bân-hring.

hringan, w. v., to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, 327.

hring-boga, w. m., one who bends himself into a ring: gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562.

hringed, pret. part., made of rings: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, 2616.

hringed-stefna, w. m., ship whose stem is provided with iron rings (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs saga, I: þorsteinn âtti skip þat er Ellidi hêt, ... borðit war spengt iarni): nom. sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132.

hring-îren, st. n., ring-iron, ring-mail: nom. sg., 322.

hring-mæl, adj., marked with rings, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?); nom. pl. heard and hring-mæl Heaðobeardna gestreón (rich armor), 2038.

hring-naca, w. m., ship with iron rings, sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1863.

hring-net, st. n., ring-net, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg., 2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890.

hring-sele, st. m., ring-hall, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054.

hring-weorðung, st. f., ring-ornament: acc. sg. -weorðunge, 3018.

hrînan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) to touch, lay hold of: inf. þät him heardra nân hrînan wolde îren ærgôd (that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him), 989; him for hrôf-sele hrînan ne mehte færgripe flôdes (the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof), 1516; þät þam hring-sele hrînan ne môste gumena ænig (so that none might touch the ringed-hall), 3054; pret. sg. siððan he hire folmum [hr]ân (as soon as he touched it with his hands), 723; ôð þät deáðes wylm hrân ät heortan (seized his heart), 2271. Pret. subj. þeáh þe him wund hrîne (although he was wounded), 2977.—2) (O.N. hrîna, sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle: pres. part. nom. pl. hrînde bearwas (for hrînende) 1364; but see Note.

hroden. See hreóðan.

hron-fix. See hran-fix.

hrôðor, st. m., joy, beneficium: dat sg. hrefne tô hrôðre, 2449; gen. pl. hrôðra, 2172.

hrôf, st. m., roof, ceiling of a house: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under Heorotes hrôf, 403; under geápne hrôf, 838; geseah steápne hrôf (here inner roof, ceiling), 927; so, ofer heáhne hrôf, 984; ymb þäs helmes hrôf, 1031; under beorges hrôf, 2756.—Comp. inwit-hrôf.

hrôf-sele, st. m., covered hall: dat. sg. hrôf-sele, 1516.

hrôr, adj., stirring, wide-awake, valorous: dat. sg. of þäm hrôran, 1630.—Comp. fela-hrôr.

hruron. See hreósan.

hruse, w. f., earth, soil: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrusan, 773, 2832; dat. sg. under hrusan, 2412.

hrycg, st. m., back: acc. sg. ofer wäteres hrycg (over the water's back, surface), 471.

hryre, st. m., fall, destruction, ruin: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681, 3006.—Comp.: leód-, wîg-hryre.

hrysian, w. v., to shake, be shaken, clatter: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon (corselets rattled, of men in motion), 226.

hund, st. m., dog: instr. pl. hundum, 1369.

hund, num., hundred: þreó hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missera, 1499; hund þûsenda landes and locenra beága, 2995.

hû, adv., how, quomodo, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc.

huð, st. f., booty, plunder: dat. (instr.) sg. hûðe, 124.

hûru, adv., above all, certainly, 369; indeed, truly, 182, 670, 1072, 1466, 1945, 2837; yet, nevertheless, 863; now, 3121.

hûs, st. n., house: gen. sg. hûses, 116; gen. pl. hûsa sêlest (Heorot), 146, 285, 659, 936.

hwan, adv., whither: tô hwan syððan wearð hondræs häleða (what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had), 2072.

hwanan, hwanon, adv., whence: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333.

hwâ, interrog. and indef. pron., who: nom. sg. m. hwâ, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwät, 173; ânes hwät (a part only), 3011; hwät þâ men wæron (who the men were), 233, etc.; hwät syndon ge searo-häbbendra (what armed men are ye?), 237; acc. sg. m. wið manna hwone (from (?) any man), 155; neut. þurh hwät, 3069; hwät wit geó spræcon, 1477; hwät ... hýnðo (gen.), fær-nîða (what shame and sudden woes), 474; so, hwät þu worn fela (how very much thou), 530; swylces hwät, 881; hwät ... ârna, 1187; dat. m. hwâm, 1697.—Comp. æg-hwâ.

hwät, interj., what! lo! indeed! 1, 943, 2249.

ge-hwâ, w. part, gen., each, each one: acc. sg. m. wið feónda gehwone, 294; nîða gehwane, 2398; mêca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dôgora gehwâm, 88; ät nîða gehwâm, 883; þegna gehwâm, 2034; eorla gehwæm, 1421; fem. in mægða ge-hwære, 25; nihta gehwæm, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwäs, 2528; fem. dæda gehwäs, 2839.

hwâr. See hwær.

hwäder. See hwider.

hwäðer, pron., which of two: nom. sg. hwäðer ... uncer twega, 2531; swâ hwäðer, utercunque: acc. sg. on swâ hwäðere hond swâ him gemet þince, 687.—Comp. æg-hwäðer.

ge-hwäðer, each of two, either-other: nom. sg. m. wäs gehwäðer ôðrum lifigende lâð, 815; wäs ... gehwäðer ôðrum hrôðra gemyndig, 2172; ne gehwäðer incer (nor either of you two), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwäðer þâra (either of them, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwäðrum, 2995; gen. sg. bega gehwäðres, 1044.

hwäðer, hwäðere, hwäðre, 1) adv., yet, nevertheless: hwäðre, 555, 891, 1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hwäðre swâ þeáh, however, notwithstanding, 2443; hwäðere, 574, 578, 971, 1719—2) conj., = utrum, whether: hwäðre, 1315; hwäðer, 1357, 2786.

hwät, adj., sharp, bold, valiant: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643, 3006.—Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwät.

hwät. See hwâ.

hwær, adv., where: elles hwær, elsewhere, 138; hwær, somewhere, 2030. In elliptical question: wundur hwâr þonne..., is it a wonder when...? 3063.—Comp. ô-hwær.

ge-hwær, everywhere: þeáh þu heaðo-ræsa gehwær dohte (everywhere good in battle), 526.

hwelc. See hwylc.

hwergen, adv., anywhere: elles hwergen, elsewhere, 2591.

hwettan, w. v., to encourage, urge: pres. subj. swâ þin sefa hwette (as thy mind urges, as thou likest), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higerôfne (they whetted the brave one), 204.

hwêne, adv., a little, paululum, 2700.

hwealf, st. f., vault: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016.

hweorfan, st. v., to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die: pres. pl. þâra þe cwice hwyrfað, 98; inf. hwîlum he on lufan læteð hworfan monnes môd-geþonc (sometimes on love (?) possessions (?) permits the thoughts of man to turn), 1729; londrihtes môt ... monna æghwylc îdel hweorfan (of rights of land each one of men must be deprived), 2889; pret. sg. fäder ellor hwearf ... of earde (died), 55; hwearf þâ hrädlîce þær Hrôðgâr sät, 356; hwearf þâ bî bence (turned then to the bench), 1189; so, hwearf þâ be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond þät reced, 1982; hlæw oft ymbe hwearf (went oft round the cave), 2297; nalles äfter lyfte lâcende hwearf (not at all through the air did he go springing), 2833; subj. pret. sg, ær he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum (died), 264.

and-hweorfan, to move against: pret. sg. ôð þät ... norðan wind heaðo-grim and-hwearf (till the fierce north wind blew in our faces), 548.

ät-hweorfan, to go to: pret. sg. hwîlum he on beorh ät-hwearf (at times returned to the mountain), 2300.

ge-hweorfan, to go, come: pret. sg. gehwearf þâ in Francna fäðm feorh cyninges, 1211; hit on æht gehwearf ... Denigea freán, 1680; so, 1685, 2209.

geond-hweorfan, to go through from end to end: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018.

hwider, adv., whither: hwyder, 163; hwäder (hwäðer, MS.), 1332.

hwîl, st. f., time, space of time: nom. sg. wäs seó hwîl micel (it was a long time), 146; þâ wäs hwîl däges (the space of a day), 1496; acc. sg. hwîle, for a time, 2138; a while, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwîle, a long while, 16, 2781; âne hwîle, a while, 1763; lytle hwîle, brief space, 2031, 2098; ænige hwîle, any while, 2549; lässan hwîle, a lesser while, 2572; dat. sg. ær däges hwîle, before daybreak, 2321; dat. pl. nihtes hwîlum, sometimes at night, 3045. Adv., sometimes, often: hwîlum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwîlum ... hwîlum, 2108-9-10.—Comp.: däg-, gescäp-, orleg-, sige-hwîl.

hwît, adj., brilliant, flashing: nom. sg. se hwîta helm, 1449.

hworfan. See hweorfan.

hwôpan, st. v., to cry, cry out mourn: pret. sg. hweóp, 2269.

hwyder. See hwider.

hwylc, pron., which, what, any: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaða ic nât hwylc, 274; fem, hwylc orleghwîl, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Sægeáta sîðas wæron, 1987.—2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende (whatever woman brought forth this son), 944; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (than any one of his sons), 2434; dat. sg. efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ him gemet þûhte, 3058.—Comp.: æg-, nât-, wel-hwylc.

ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., each: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dôgra gehwylce, 1091; so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, 733, 1397, 2095.

hwyrft, st. m., circling movement, turn: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scrîðað (wander to and fro), 163.—Comp. ed-hwyrft.

hycgan, w. v., to think, resolve upon: pret. sg. ic þät hogode þät ... (my intention was that ...), 633.—Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, swîð-, þanc-, wîs-hycgend.

for-hycgan, to despise, scorn, reject with contempt: pres. sg. I. ic þät þonne for-hicge þät ..., reject with scorn the proposition that ..., 435.

ge-hycgan, to think, determine upon: pret. sg. þâ þu ... feorr gehogodest säcce sêcean, 1989.

ofer-hycgan, to scorn: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þâ hringa fengel þät he þone wîdflogan weorode gesôhte (scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host), 2346.

hydig (for hygdig), adj., thinking, of a certain mind: comp. ân-, bealo-, grom-, nîð-, þrîst-hydig.

ge-hygd, st. n., thought, sentiment: acc. sg. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.—Comp.: breóst-, môd-gehygd, won-hyd.

hyge, hige, st. m., mind, heart, thought: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149.

hyge-bend, st. m. f., mind-fetter, heart-band: instr. pl. hyge-bendum fäst, fast in his mind's fetters, secretly, 1879.

hyge-geômor, adj., sad in mind: nom. sg. hyge-giômor, 2409.

hyge-mêðe, adj.: 1) sorrowful, soul-crushing: nom. sg., 2443.—2) life-weary, dead: dat. pl. hyge-mêðum (-mæðum, MS.), 2910.

hyge-rôf, adj., brave, valiant, vigorous-minded: nom. sg. [hygerôf], 403; acc. sg. hige-rôfne, 204.

hyge-sorh, st. f., heart-sorrow: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329.

hyge-þyhtig, adj., doughty, courageous: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of Beówulf), 747. See þyhtig.

hyge-þrym, st. m., animi majestas, high-mindedness: dat. pl. for hige-þrymmum, 339.

hyht, st. m., thought, pleasant thought, hope (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179.

ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., support, protection: nom. sg., 3057.—Leo.

hyldan, w. v., to incline one's self, lie down to sleep: pret. sg. hylde hine, inclined himself, lay down, 689.

hyldo, st. f., inclination, friendliness, grace: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068, 2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999.

â-hyrdan, w. v., harden: pret. part. â-hyrded, 1461.

hyrde. See hirde.

hyrst, st. f., accoutrements, ornament, armor: acc. sg. hyrste (Ongenþeów's equipments and arms), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr. pl. hyrstum, 2763.

hyrstan, w. v., to deck, adorn: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm [hyr]sted golde, 2256.

hyrtan, w. v., to take heart, be emboldened: pret. sg. hyrte hyne hord-weard (the drake took heart; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594.

hyse, st. m., youth, young man: nom. sg. as voc., 1218.

hyt. See hit.

hýdan, w. v., to hide, conceal, protect, preserve: pres. subj. hýde [hine, himself] se þe wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. nô þu mînne þearft hafalan hýdan, 446; ær he in wille hafelan [hýdan] (ere in it he [the stag] will hide his head), 1373.

ge-hýdan, w. acc., to conceal, preserve: pret. sg. gehýdde, 2236, 3060.

hýð, st. f., haven: dat. sg. ät hýðe, 32.

hýð-weard, st. m., haven-warden: nom. sg., 1915.

hýnan (see heán), w. v. w. acc., to crush, afflict, injure: pret. sg. hýnde, 2320.

hýnðu, st. f., oppression, affliction, injury: acc. sg. hýnðu, 277; gen. sg. hwät ... hýnðo, 475; fela ... hýnðo, 594; gen. pl. heardra hýnða, 166.

hýran, w. v.: 1) to hear, perceive, learn: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: I. pret. sg. hýrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. þät he fram Sigemunde secgan hýrde, 876; I. pl. swâ we sôðlîce secgan hýrdon, 273. b) w. acc.: nænigne ic ... sêlran hýrde hordmâððum (I heard of no better hoard-jewel), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hýrde ic þät ..., 62, 2164, 2173.—2) w. dat. of person, to obey: inf. ôð þät him æghwylc þâra ymbsittendra hýran scolde, 10; hýran heaðo-siócum, 2755; Pret. pl. þät him winemâgas georne hýrdon, 66.

ge-hýran, to hear, learn: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mînne gehýrað ânfealdne geþôht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehýrde on Beówulfe fästrædne geþôht, 610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehýrdon, 786. c) w. depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þät gehýre þät ..., 290.

I

ic, pers. pron. I: acc. mec, dat. me, gen. mîn; dual nom. wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. we, acc. ûsic, ûs, dat. ûs, gen. ûser. ic omitted before the verb, 470.

icge, gold (perhaps related to Sanskrit îç, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. êht, wealth, opes), treasure?, sword (edge)?, 1108.—Körner.

ides, st. f., woman, lady, queen: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. idese, 1352.

in. See inn.

in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), in: in geardum, 13, 2460; in þäm gûðsele, 443; in beórsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in mægða gehwære, 25; in þýstrum, 87; in Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds), 324; so, 395; in campe (in battle), 2506; hiora in ânum (in one of them), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, on, upon, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstôle, 1953; in þam wongstede (on the grassy plain, the battle-field), 2787; in bælstede, 3098. Temporal: in geâr-dagum, 1.—2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), in, into: in woruld, 60; in fýres fäðm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, in, at, about, toward: in þâ tîde (in watide, MS.), 2228.

II. adv., in (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, 2228; inn, 3091.

incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lâfe (with the costly sword ? or with mighty sword?), 2578.—[Edge: incge lâfe, edge of the sword.—K. Körner?]