GLOSSARY (continued 5)

sâl, st. m., rope: dat. sg. sâle, 1907; on sâle (sole, MS.), 302.

sâl. See sæl.

sâr, st. n., wound, pain (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sâr, 976; sió sâr, 2469; acc. sg. sâr, 788; sâre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sâre, 1252, 2312, 2747.—Comp. lîc-sâr.

sâr, adj., sore, painful: instr. pl. sârum wordum, 2059.

sâre, adv., sorely, heavily, ill, graviter: se þe him [sâ]re gesceôd (who injured him sorely), 2224.

sârig, adj., painful, woeful: acc. sg. sârigne sang, 2448.

sârig-ferð, adj., sore-hearted, grieved: nom. sg. sârig-ferð (Wîglâf), 2864.

sârig-môd, adj., sorrowful-minded, saddened: dat. pl. sârig-môdum, 2943.

sâr-lîc, adj., painful: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110.

sâwol, sâwl, st. f., soul (the immortal principle as contrasted with lîf, the physical life): nom. sg. sâwol, 2821; acc. sg. sâwle, 184, 802; hæðene sâwle, 853; gen. sg. sâwele, 1743; sâwle, 2423.

sâwl-berend, pres. part., endowed with a soul, human being: gen. pl. sâwl-berendra, 1005.

sâwul-dreór, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood: instr. sg. sâwul-drióre, 2694.

sâwul-leás, adj., soulless, lifeless: acc. sg. sâwol-leásne, 1407; sâwul-leásne, 3034.

säce, säcce. See sacu.

säd, adj., satiated, wearied: in comp. hilde-säd.

säl, st. n., habitable space, house, hall: dat. sg. sel, 167; säl, 307, 2076, 2265.

säld, st. n., hall, king's hall or palace: acc. sg. geond þät säld (Heorot), 1281.

sæ, st. m. and f., sea, ocean: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sîdne sæ, 507; ofer sæ, 2381; ofer sæ sîde, 2395; dat. sg. tô sæ, 318; on sæ, 544; dat. pl. be sæm tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957.

sæ-bât, st. m., sea-boat: acc. sg., 634, 896.

sæ-cyning, st. m., sea-king, king ruling the sea: gen. pl. sæ-cyninga, 2383.

sæ-deór, st. n., sea-beast, sea-monster: nom. sg., 1511.

sæ-draca, w. m., sea-dragon: acc. pl. sæ-dracan, 1427.

ge-sægan, w. v., to fell, slay: pret. part. häfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sæged (felled with the sword), 885.

sæge. See on-sæge.

sæ-genga, w. m., sea-goer, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909.

sæ-geáp, adj., spacious (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. sæ-geáp naca, 1897.

sæ-grund, st. m., sea-bottom, ocean-bottom: dat. sg. sæ-grunde, 564.

sæl, sâl, sêl, st. f.: 1) favorable opportunity, good or fit time: nom. sg. sæl, 623, 1666, 2059; sæl and mæl, 1009; acc. sg. sêle, 1136; gen. pl. sæla and mæla, 1612.—2) Fate(?): see Note on l. 51.—3) happiness, joy: dat. pl. on sâlum, 608; sælum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sêl, adj.

ge-sælan, w. v., to turn out favorably, succeed: pret. sg. him ge-sælde þät ...(he was fortunate enough to, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce mæla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-sælde (at such times as need disposed it for their lord), 1251.

sælan (see sâl), w. v., to tie, bind: pret. sg. sælde ... sîð-fäðme scip, 1918; pl. sæ-wudu sældon, 226.

ge-sælan, to bind together, weave, interweave: pret. part. earm-beága fela searwum ge-sæled (many curiously interwoven armlets, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765.

on-sælan, with acc., to unbind, unloose, open: on-sæl meoto, sige-hrêð secgum (disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage; or, thy presage of victory?), 489.

sæ-lâc, st. n., sea-gift, sea-booty: instr. sg. sæ-lâce, 1625; acc. pl. þâs sæ-lâc, 1653.

sæ-lâd, st. f., sea-way, sea-journey: dat. sg. sæ-lâde, 1140, 1158.

sæ-lîðend, pres. part., seafarer: nom. pl. sæ-lîðend, 411, 1819, 2807; sæ-lîðende, 377.

sæ-man, m., sea-man, sea-warrior: dat. pl. sæ-mannum, 2955; gen. pl. sæ-manna, 329 (both times said of the Geátas).

sæmra, weak adj. compar., the worse, the weaker: nom. sg. sæmra, 2881; dat. sg. sæmran, 954.

sæ-mêðe, adj., sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel: nom. pl. sæ-mêðe, 325.

sæ-näs, st. m., sea-promontory, cape, naze: acc. pl. sæ-nässas, 223, 571.

sæne, adj., careless, slow: compar. sg. nom. he on holme wäs sundes þê sænra, þe hyne swylt fornam (was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away), 1437.

sæ-rinc, st. m., sea-warrior or hero: nom. sg., 691.

sæ-sîð, st. m., sea-way, path, journey: dat. sg. äfter sæ-sîðe, 1150.

sæ-wang, st. m., sea-shore or beach: acc. sg. sæ-wong, 1965.

sæ-weal, st. m., (sea-wall), seashore: dat. sg. sæ-wealle, 1925.

sæ-wudu, st. m., (sea-wood), vessel, ship: acc. sg. sæ-wudu, 226.

sæ-wylm, st. m., sea-surf, billow: acc. pl. ofer sæ-wylmas, 393.

scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, to shake one's self; hence, to go, glide, pass along or away: pres. sg. þonne mîn sceaceð lîf of lîce, 2743; inf. þâ com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (the bright sun came gliding over the fields), 1804; pret. sg. duguð ellor scôc (the chiefs are gone elsewhither, i.e. have died), 2255; þonne stræla storm ... scôc ofer scild-weall (when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields), 3119; pret. part. wäs hira blæd scacen (their bravest men had passed away), 1125; þâ wäs winter scacen (the winter was past), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.

scadu, sceadu, st. f., shadow, concealing veil of night: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.

scadu-genga, w. m., shadow-goer, twilight-stalker (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704.

scadu-helm, st. m., shadow-helm, veil of darkness: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night), 651.

scalu, st. f., retinue, band (part of an armed force); in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

scamian, w. v., to be ashamed: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; nô he þære feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving), 1027.

scawa (see sceáwian), w. m., observer, visitor: nom. pl. scawan, 1896.

ge-scâd, st. n., difference, distinction: acc. sg. æg-hwäðres gescâd, worda and worca (difference between, of, both words and deeds), 288.

ge-scâdan, st. v., to decide, adjudge: pret. sg. rodera rædend hit on ryht gescêd (decided it in accordance with right), 1556.

scânan? See scînan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scânan having been abandoned.

ge-scäp-hwîle, st. f., fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?): dat. sg. tô gescäp-hwîle (at the fated hour), 26.

sceððan, w. v., to scathe, injure: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre sceððan (hurt her life), 1525; þät on land Dena lâðra nænig mid scipherge sceððan ne meahte (injure through robber incursions), 243; pret. sg. þær him nænig wäter wihte ne sceðede, 1515.

ge-sceððan, the same: inf. þät him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceððan, 1448.

scenc, st. m., vessel, can: in comp. medu-scenc.

scencan, w. v., to hand drink, pour out: pret. sg. scencte scîr wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).

scenne, w. f.?, sword-guard?: dat. pl. on þæm scennum scîran goldes, 1695.

sceran, st. v., to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces: pres. sg. þonne heoru bunden ... swîn ofer helme andweard scireð (hews off the boar-head on the helm), 1288.

ge-sceran, to divide, hew in two: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scär (often clove the helm in two), 1527; so, gescer, 2974.

scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (ale-scare or panic?), 770.

scêt. See sceótan.

sceadu. See scadu.

sceaða, w. m.: 1) scather, foe: gen. pl. sceaðena, 4.—2) fighter, warrior: nom. pl. scaðan, 1804.—Comp.: âttor-, dol-, feónd-, gûð-, hearm-, leód-, mân-, sin-, þeód-, uht-sceaða.

sceaðan, st. v. w. dat., to scathe, injure, crush: pret. sg. se þe oft manegum scôd (which has oft oppressed many), 1888.

ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swâ him ær gescôd hild ät Heorote, 1588; se þe him sâre ge-sceôd (who injured him sorely), 2224; nô þý ær in gescôd hâlan lîce, 1503; bill ær gescôd eald-hlâfordes þam þâra mâðma mund-bora wäs (the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure), 2778 (or, sheathed in brass?, if ær and gescôd form compound).

sceaðen-mæl, st. n., deadly weapon, hostile sword: nom. sg., 1940.

sceaft, st. m., shaft, spear, missile: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.—Comp.: here-, wäl-sceaft.

ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) creation, earth, earthly existence: acc. sg. þâs lænan ge-sceaft, 1623.—2) fate, destiny: in comp. forð-, lîf-, mæl-gesceaft.

scealc, st. m., servant, military retainer: nom. sg., 919; (of Beówulf), 940.—Comp beór-scealc.

ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) shape, creature: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 651.—2) fate, providence: acc. sg. heáh ge-sceap (heavy fate), 3085.

sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., to shape, create, order, arrange, establish: pres. part. scyppend (the Creator), 106; pret. sg. scôp him Heort naman (shaped, gave, it the name Heorot), 78; pres. part. wäs sió wrôht scepen heard wið Hûgas, syððan Hygelâc cwom (the contest with the Hûgas became sharp after H. had come), 2915.

ge-sceapan, to shape, create: pret. sg. lîf ge-sceôp cynna gehwylcum, 97.

scear, st. m., massacre: in comp. gûð-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc.

scearp, adj., sharp, able, brave: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wîga, 288.—Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp.

scearu, st. f., division, body, troop: in comp. folc-scearu; that is decided or determined, in gûð-scearu (overthrow?), 1214.

sceat, st. m., money; also unit of value in appraising (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see þûsend).—Comp. gif-sceat.

sceát, st. m., region, field: acc. pl. gefrätwade foldan sceátas leomum and leáfum, 96;—top, surface, part: gen. pl. eorðan sceáta, 753.

sceáwere, st. m., observer, spy: nom. pl. sceáweras, 253.

sceáwian, w. v. w. acc., to see, look at, observe: inf. sceáwian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; sceáwigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. þät ge genôge neán sceáwiað beágas and brâd gold, 3105; subj. pres. þät ic ... sceáwige swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. sceáwode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pl., 844; pret. pl. sceáwedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441.

ge-sceáwian, to see, behold, observe: pret. part. ge-sceáwod, 3076, 3085.

sceorp, st. n., garment: in comp. hilde-sceorp.

sceótan, st. v., to shoot, hurl missiles: pres. sg. se þe of flân-bogan fyrenum sceóteð, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. sceótend (the warriors, bowmen), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for sceótendum (MS. scotenum), 1027.

ge-sceótan, w. acc., to shoot off, hurry: pret. sg. hord eft gesceát (the dragon darted again back to the treasure), 2320.

of-sceótan, to kill by shooting: pret. sg. his mæg of-scêt ... blôdigan gâre (killed his brother with bloody dart), 2440.

scild, scyld, st. m., shield: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437, 2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851.

scildan, scyldan, w. v., to shield, protect: pret. subj. nymðe mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), 1659.

scild-freca, w. m., shield-warrior (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034.

scild-weall, st. m., wall of shields: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119.

scild-wîga, w. m., shield-warrior: nom. sg. scyld-wîga, 288.

scinna, w. m., apparition, evil spirit: dat. pl. scynnum, 940.

scip, st. n., vessel, ship: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. tô scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. tô scypum (scypon, MS.), 1155.

scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) armada, fleet: dat. sg. mid scip-herge, 243.

ge-scîfe (for ge-scýfe), adj., advancing (of the dragon's movement), 2571; = G. schief?

scînan, st. v., to shine, flash: pres. sg. sunne ... sûðan scîneð, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah blâcne leóman beorhte scînan, 1518; pret. sg. (gûð-byrne, woruld—candel) scân, 321, 1966; on him byrne scân, 405; pret. pl. gold-fâg scinon web äfter wagum, 995; scionon, 303.

scîr, adj., sheer, pure, shining: nom. sg. hring-îren scîr, 322; scîr metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scîr wered, 496; gen. sg. scîran goldes, 1695.

scîr-ham, adj., bright-armored, clad in bright mail: nom. pl. scîr-hame, 1896.

scoten. See sceóten.

ge-scôd, pret. part., shod (calceatus), covered: in comp. ær-ge-scôd(?). See ge-sceaðan, and Note.

scôp, st. m., singer, shaper, poet: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scôpes, 90.

scräf, st. n., hole in the earth, cavern: in comp. eorð-scräf.

scrîðan, st. v., to stride, go: pres. pl. scrîðað, 163; inf. scrîðan, 651, 704; scrîðan tô, 2570.

scrîfan, st. v., to prescribe, impose (punishment): inf. hû him (Grendel) scîr metod scrîfan wille, 980.

for-scrîfan, w. dat. pers., to proscribe, condemn: pret. part. siððan him scyppend for-scrifen häfde, 106.

ge-scrîfan, to permit, prescribe: pret. sg. swâ him Wyrd ne ge-scrâf (as Weird did not permit him), 2575.

scrûd, st. m., clothing, covering; ornament: in comp. beadu-, byrdu-scrûd.

scucca, w. m., shadowy sprite, demon: dat. pl. scuccum, 940.

sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) shall, must (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709.—2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = shall, will: pres. sg. I., III. sceal beódan (shall offer), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.—3) sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. he ge-wunian sceall (he inhabits; is said to inhabit?), 2276; pret. sg. se þe wäter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wäcnan scolde (was to awake), 85; se þone gomelan grêtan sceolde (was to, should, approach), 2422; þät se byrn-wîga bûgan sceolde (the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell), 2919; pl. þâ þe beado-grîman býwan sceoldon (they that had to polish or deck the battle-masks), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.—4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela mâðma ge-mænra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm ... fätum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him äfter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. þonne þu forð scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gæð â Wyrd swâ hió scel (Weird goeth ever as it shall [go]), 455; gûð-bill ge-swâc swâ hit nô sceolde (i.e. ge-swîcan), 2586.

scûa, w. m., shadowy demon: in comp. deáð-scûa.

scûfan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to move forward, hasten: pret. part. þâ wäs morgen-leóht scofen and scynded, 919.—2) w. acc., to shove, push: pret. pl. guman ût scufon ... wudu bundenne (pushed the vessel from the land), 215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff), 3132. See wîd-scofen(?)

be-scûfan, w. acc., to push, thrust down, in: inf. wâ bið þäm þe sceal ... sâwle be-scûfan in fýres fäðm (woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace), 184.

scûr, st. m., shower, battle-shower: in comp. îsern-scûr.

scûr-heard, adj., fight-hardened? (file-hardened?): nom. pl. scûr-heard, 1034.

scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan.

scyldig, adj., under obligations or bound for; guilty of, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig (guilty of evil deeds), 3072.

scyndan, w. v., to hasten: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919

scynna. See scinna.

scyppend. See sceapan.

scyran, w. v., to arrange, decide: inf. þät hit sceaðen-mæl scyran môste (that the sword must decide it), 1940. O.N. skora, to score, decide.

scýne, adj., sheen, well-formed, beautiful: nom. sg. mägð scýne, 3017.

se, pron. dem. and article, the: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem, seó, 66, 146, etc.; neut. þät;—relative: se (who), 1611, 2866; se þe (he who), 2293; seó þe (she who), 1446; se þe (for seó þe), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for seó, 2422; dat. sg. þam (for þam þe), 2780.

secce. See sacu.

secg, st. m., man, warrior, hero, spokesman (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Beówulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (Wulfgâr), 402; (Hûnferð), 981; (Wîglâf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673.

secg, st. f., sword (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685.

secgan, w. v., to say, speak: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swâ se secg hwata secgende wäs lâðra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sägde him þäs leánes þanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwät þu worn fela ... sägdest from his sîðe, 532.—2) without acc inf. swâ we sôðlîce secgan hýrdon, 273; pret. sg. sägde, 2633, 2900—3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pl. III. secgað, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. tô secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sägde, 90, 1176; pl. sägdon, 377, 2188; sædan, 1946.

â-secgan (edicere), to say out, deliver: inf. wille ic â-secgan suna Healfdenes ... mîn ærende, 344.

ge-secgan, to say, relate: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; þät ic his ærest þe eft ge-sägde (that I should, after, tell thee its origin), 2158; pret. part. gesägd, 141; gesæd, 1697.

sefa, w. m., heart, mind, soul, spirit: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, 473, 1343, 1738.—Comp. môd-sefa.

ge-segen, st. f., legend, tale: in comp. eald-ge-segen.

segl, st. n., sail: nom. sg., 1907.

segl-râd, st. f., sail-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-râde, 1430.

segn, st. n., banner, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47, 1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.—Comp. heáfod-segn.

sel, st. n., hall, palace. See säl.

seld, st. n., dwelling, house: in comp. medu-seld.

ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, companion: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985.

seldan, adv., seldom: oft [nô] seldan, 2030.

seld-guma, w. m., house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?: nom. sg., 249.

sele, st. m. and n., building consisting of one apartment; apartment, room: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. tô sele, 323, 1641; in (on, tô) sele þam heán, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (in the den of the dragon), 3129.—Comp.: beáh-, beór-, dryht-, eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gûð-, heáh-, hring-, hrôf-, nið-, win-sele.

sele-dreám, st. m., hall-glee, joy in the hall: acc. sg. þâra þe þis lîf ofgeaf, gesâwon sele-dreám (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253.

sele-ful, st. n., hall-goblet: acc. sg., 620.

sele-gyst, st. m., hall-guest, stranger in hall or house: acc. sg. þone sele-gyst, 1546.

sele-rædend, pres. part., hall-ruler, possessor of the hall: nom. pl., 51; acc. leóde mîne sele-rædende, 1347.

sele-rest, st. f., bed in the hall: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691.

sele-þegn, st. m., retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain: nom. sg., 1795.

sele-weard, st. m., hall-ward, guardian of the hall: acc. sg., 668.

self, sylf, pron., self: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? selfa); þu self, 595; þu þe self, 954; self cyning (the king himself, the king too), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; he selfa, 29, 1734; þäm þe him selfa deáh (that can rely upon, trust to, himself), 1840; seolfa, 3068; he sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne (himself), 962; hyne selfne (himself, reflex.), 2876; wið sylfne (beside), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on sînne sylfes dôm (at his own will), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sûð-Dene sylfe, 1997.

ge-sella, w. m., house-companion, comrade: in comp. hand-gesella.

sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to give, deliver; permit, grant, present: pres. sg. III. seleð him on êðle eorðan wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde þam þe he wolde hord openian (unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the hoard), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.—2) to give, give up (only w. acc. of thing): ær he feorh seleð (he prefers to give up his life), 1371; nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas (giveth out gold-wrought rings, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon wîn of wunder-fatum, 1162.

ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., to give, deliver; grant, present: inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143, etc.

sel-lîc, syl-lîc (from seld-lîc), adj., strange, wondrous: nom. sg. glôf ... syllîc, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllîc spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellîce sæ-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllîcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.

semninga, adv., straightway, at once 645, 1641, 1768.

sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., to send: pret. sg. þone god sende folce tô frôfre (whom God sent as a comfort to the people), 13; so, 471, 1843.

for-sendan, to send away, drive off pret. part. he wearð on feónda geweald ... snûde for-sended, 905.

on-sendan, to send forth, away, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.: imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. þe hine ... forð on-sendon ænne ofer ýðe (who sent him forth alone over the sea), 45; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267.

sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), w. v., to feast, banquet: pres. sg. III. sendeð, 601.—Leo.

serce, syrce, w. f., sark, shirt of mail: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. syrcan, 226; acc. pl. græge syrcan, 334.—Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, lîc-syrce.

sess, st. m., seat, place for sitting: dat. sg. sesse, 2718; þâ he bî sesse geóng (by the seat, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757.

setl, st. n., seat, settle: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.—Comp.: heáh-, hilde-, meodu-setl.

settan, w. v., to set: pret. sg. setton sæ-mêðe sîde scyldas ... wið þäs recedes weall (the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the wall of the hall), 325; so, 1243.

â-settan, to set, place, appoint: pret. pl. hie him â-setton segen [gyl]-denne heáh ofer heáfod, 47; pret. part. häfde kyninga wuldor Grendle tô-geánes ... sele-weard â-seted, 668.

be-settan, to set with, surround: pret. sg. (helm) besette swîn-lîcum (set the helm with swine-bodies), 1454.

ge-settan: 1) to set, set down: pret. part. swâ wäs ...þurh rûn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sæd (thus was ... in rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said), 1697.—2) to set, ordain, create: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mônan leóman tô leóhte land-bûendum, 94.—3) = componere, to lay aside, smooth over, appease: pret. sg. þät he mid þý wîfe wäl-fæhða ... dæl ... ge-sette, 2030.

sêcan, w. v., to follow after, hence: 1) to seek, strive for, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-fät sôhte (sought the costly cup), 2301; ne sôhte searo-nîðas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: þonne his myne sôhte (than his wish demanded), 2573; hord-weard sôhte georne äfter grunde (the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground), 2294.—2) to look for, come or go some whither, attain something, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se þe ... biorgas sêceð, 2273; subj. þeáh þe hæð-stapa holt-wudu sêce, 1370; imper. sêc gif þu dyrre (look for her, i.e. Grendel's mother, if thou dare), 1380; inf. sêcean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, etc.; sêcan, 665, 1451; drihten sêcean (seek, go to, the Lord), 187; sêcean wyn-leás wîc (Grendel was to seek a joyless place, i.e. Hell), 822; so, sêcan deófla gedräg, 757; sâwle sêcan (seek the life, kill), 802; so, sêcean sâwle hord, 2423; gerund. säcce tô sêceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. sôhte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. sôhtest, 458; pl. sôhton, 339.—3) to seek, attack: þe ûs sêceað tô Sweóna leóde, 3002; pret. pl. hine wräc-mäcgas ofer sæ sôhtan, 2381.

ge-sêcan: 1) to seek, w. acc.: inf. gif he gesêcean dear wîg ofer wæpen, 685.—2) to look for, come or go to attain, w. acc.: inf. ge-sêcean, 693; gerund, tô ge-sêcanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sôhte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cýððe beóð sêlran ge-sôhte þam þe hine selfa deáh, 1840.—3) to seek with hostile intent, to attack: pres. sg. ge-sêceð 2516; pret. sg. ge-sôhte, 2347; pl. ge-sôhton, 2927; ge-sôhtan, 2205.

ofer-sêcan, w. acc., to surpass, outdo (in an attack): pres. sg. wäs sió hond tô strong, se þe mêca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sôhte, þonne he tô säcce bär wæpen wundrum heard (too strong was the hand, that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he [Beówulf] bore the wondrous weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687.

sêl, st. f. See sæl.

sêl, sæl, adj., good, excellent, fit, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. sêlra, 861, 2194; þæm þær sêlra wäs (to the one that was the better, i.e. Hygelâc), 2200; deáð bið sêlla þonne edwît-lîf, 2891; neut. sêlre, 1385; acc. sg. m. sêlran þe (a better than thee), 1851; sêlran, 1198; neut. þät sêlre, 1760; dat. sg. m. sêlran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. sêlran, 1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. sêlest, 173, 1060; hûsa sêlest, 146, 285, 936; ôfost is sêlest, 256; bolda sêlest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. hrägla sêlest, 454; hûsa sêlest, 659; billa sêlest, 1145;—weak form: nom. sg. m. reced sêlesta, 412; acc. sg. m. þone sêlestan, 1407, 2383; (þäs, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. þäm sêlestan, 1686; nom. pl. sêlestan, 416; acc. pl. þâ sêlestan, 3123.

sêl, compar. adv., better, fitter, more excellent, 1013, 2531; ne byð him wihte þê sêl (he shall be nought the better for it), 2278; so, 2688.

sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., bed-chamber, sleeping-place: acc. sg. on sealman, 2461.

sealt, adj., salty: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wäter (the sea), 1990.

searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) armor, accoutrements, war-gear: nom. pl. sæ-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (a man, warrior, in panoply), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. searwum, 1814.—2) insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle: þâ ic of searwum cwom, fâh from feóndum, 419.—3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pl. sadol searwum fâh (saddle cunningly ornamented), 1039; earmbeága fela, searwum ge-sæled (many cunningly-linked armlets), 2765.—Comp. fyrd-, gûð-, inwit-searo.

searo-bend, st. f., band, bond, of curious workmanship: instr. pl. searo-bendum fäst, 2087.

searo-fâh, adj., cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold: nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sîd and searo-fâh, 1445.

searo-ge-þräc, st. n., heap of treasure-objects: acc. sg., 3103.

searo-gim, st. m., cunningly set gem, rich jewel: acc. pl. searo-gimmas, 2750; gen. pl. searo-gimma, 1158.

searo-grim, adj., cunning and fierce: nom. sg., 595.

searo-häbbend, pres. part. as subst., arms-bearing, warrior with his trappings: gen. pl. searo-häbbendra, 237.

searo-net, st. n., armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet: nom. sg., 406.

searo-nîð, st. m.: 1) cunning hostility, plot, wiles: acc. pl. searo-nîðas, 1201, 2739.—2) also, only hostility, feud, contest: acc. pl. searo-nîðas, 3068; gen. pl. searo-nîða, 582.

searo-þanc, st. m., ingenuity: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, 776.

searo-wundor, st. n., rare wonder: acc. sg., 921.

seax, st. n., shortsword, hip-knife; dagger: instr. sg. seaxe, 1546.—Comp. wäl-seax.

seax-ben, st. f., dagger-wound: instr. pl. siex-bennum, 2905.

seofon, num., seven, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. acc. syfone, 3123.

seomian, w. v.: 1) intrans., to be tied; lie at rest: inf. siomian, 2768; pret. sg. seomode, 302.—2) w. acc., to put in bonds, entrap, catch: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade (cf. 2086-2092, 161.

seonu, st. f., sinew: nom. pl. seonowe, 818.

seóc, adj., feeble, weak; fatally ill: nom. sg. feorh-bennum seóc (of Beówulf, sick unto death), 2741; siex-bennum seóc (of the dead dragon), 2905; nom. pl. môdes seóce (sick of soul), 1604.—Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, heaðo-seóc.

seóðan, st. v. w. acc., to seethe, boil; figuratively, be excited over, brood: pret. sg. ic þäs môd-ceare sorh-wylmum seáð (I pined in heart-grief for that), 1994; so, 190.

seóloð, st. m.?, bight, bay (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl. sióleða bi-gong (the realm of bights = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368.

seón, sýn, st. f., aspect, sight: in comp. wlite-, wundor-seón, an-sýn.

seón, st. v., to see: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder seón, 921; so, 387, 1181, 1276, 3103; þær mäg nihta ge-hwæm nîð-wundor seón (there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudreám mâran, 2015.—b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elþeódige þus manige men môdiglîcran, 336.—c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-leófe, 2864; pl. folc tô sægon (looked on), 1423.

ge-seón, to see, behold: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se þe beáh ge-syhð, 2042; inf. ge-seón, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247, 927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-sâwon, 1606, 2253.—b) w. acc. and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna bûre win-sele wêstne (sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty; or, hall of friends?), 2456.—c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank), 229; pret. pl. mære mâððum-sweord monige ge-sâwon beforan beorn beran, 1024.—d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-sâwon, 221, 1348, 1426; ge-sêgan, 3039; ge-sêgon, 3129.—e) w. depend, clause: inf. mäg þonne ... geseón sunu Hrêðles, þät ic (may the son of H. see that I...), 1486; pret. pl. ge-sâwon, 1592.

geond-seón, to see, look through, over, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) þät eall geond-seh, 3088.

ofer-seón, to see clearly, plainly: pret. pl. ofer-sâwon, 419.

on-seón, to look on, at, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sâwon, 1651.

seówian, w. v., to sew, put together, link: pret. part. searo-net seówed smiðes or-þancum (the corselet woven by the smith's craft), 406.

sib, st. f., peace, friendship, relationship: nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb, 2601; acc. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (in peace?), 154.—Comp.: dryht-, friðo-sib.

sib-äðeling, st. m., nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince or nobleman: nom. pl. -äðelingas, 2709.

sibbe-gedryht, st. f., body of allied or related warriors: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Geátas), 730.

siððan, syððan: 1) adv.: a) since, after, from now on, further, 142, 149, 283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176, 2703, 2807, 2921; seoððan, 1876.—b) then, thereupon, after, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoððan, 1938; ær ne siððan (neither before nor after), 719.

2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., as soon as, when, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, 2912.—b) w. ind. pret., when, whilst, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590, 2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoððan, 1776;—since, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254, 1309, 2202;—after, either with pluperf.: siððan him scyppend forscrifen häfde (after the Creator had proscribed him), 106; so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becom (after night had come on), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105.

siex. See seax.

sige-dryhten, st. m., lord of victory, victorious lord: nom. sg. sige-drihten, 391.

sige-eádig, adj., blest with victory, victorious: acc. sg. neut. sige-eádig bil, 1558.

sige-folc, st. n., victorious people, troop: gen. pl. sige-folca, 645.

sige-hrêð, st. f., confidence of victory(?): acc. sg., 490. See Note.

sige-hrêðig, adj., victorious: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757.

sige-hwîl, st. f., hour or day of victory: gen. sg. sige-hwîle, 2711.

sige-leás, adj., devoid of victory, defeated: acc. sg. sige-leásne sang, 788.

sige-rôf, adj., victorious: nom. sg., 620.

sige-þeód, st. f., victorious warrior troop: dat. sg. on sige-þeóde, 2205.

sige-wæpen, st. n., victor-weapon, sword: dat. pl. sige-wæpnum, 805.

sigl, st. n.: 1) sun: nom. sg. sigel, 1967.—2) sun-shaped ornament: acc. pl. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pl. sigla, 1158.—Comp. mâððum-sigl.

sigor, st. m., victory: gen. sg. sigores, 1022; gen. pl. sigora, 2876, 3056.—Comp.: hrêð-, wîg-sigor.

sigor-eádig, adj., victorious: nom. sg. sigor-eádig secg (of Beówulf), 1312, 2353.

sin. See syn.

sinc, st. n., treasure, jewel, property: nom. sg., 2765; acc. sg. sinc, 81, 1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218, 2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pl. sinca, 2429.

sinc-fâh, adj., treasure-decked: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fâge sel, 167.

sinc-fät, st. n., costly vessel: acc. sg., 2232, 2301;—a costly object: acc. sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, 623.

sinc-ge-streón, st. n., precious treasure, jewel of value : instr. pl. -gestreónum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestreóna, 1227.

sinc-gifa, w. m., jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler: acc. sg. sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Beówulf), 2312; (of Äschere), 1343.

sinc-mâððum, st. m., treasure: nom. sg., 2194.

sinc-þego, f., acceptance, taking, of jewels: nom. sg., 2885.

sin-dolh, st. n., perpetual, i.e. incurable, wound: nom. sg. syn-dolh, 818.

sin-freá, w. m., wedded lord, husband: nom. sg., 1935.

sin-gal, adj., continual, lasting: acc. sg. fem, sin-gale säce, 154.

sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., continually, ever, 1778; syngales, 1136.

singala, adv. gen. pl., the same, 190.

singan, st. v., to sound, ring, sing: pret. sg. hring-îren scîr song in searwum (the ringed iron rang in the armor), 323; horn stundum song fûs-lîc f[yrd]-leóð (at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song), 1424; scôp hwîlum sang (the singer sang at whiles), 496.

â-singan, to sing out, sing to an end: pret. part. leóð wäs â-sungen, 1160.

sin-here, st. m., (army without end?), strong army, host: instr. sg. sin-herge, 2937.

sin-niht, st. f., perpetual night, night after night: acc. pl. sin-nihte (night after night), 161.

sin-sceaða, w. m., irreconcilable foe: nom. sg. syn-scaða, 708; acc. sg. syn-scaðan, 802.

sin-snæd, st. f., (continuous biting) bite after bite: dat. pl. syn-snædum swealh (swallowed bite after bite, in great bites), 744.

sittan, st. v.: 1) to sit: pres. sg. Wîglâf siteð ofer Biówulfe, 2907; imper. sg. site nu tô symle, 489; inf. þær swîð-ferhðe sittan eodon (whither the strong-minded went and sat), 493; eode ... tô hire freán sittan (went to sit by her lord), 642; pret. sg. on wicge sät (sat on the horse), 286; ät fôtum sät (sat at the feet), 500, 1167; þær Hrôðgâr sät (where H. sat), 356; so, 1191, 2895; he gewêrgad sät ... freán eaxlum neáh, 2854; pret. pl. sæton, 1165; gistas sêtan (MS. sêcan) ... and on mere staredon (the strangers sat and stared on the sea), 1603.—2) to be in a certain state or condition (quasi copula): pret. sg. mære þeóden ... unblîðe sät, 130.—Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend.

be-sittan, obsidere, to surround, besiege, w. acc.: besät þâ sin-herge sweorda lâfe wundum wêrge (then besieged he with a host the leavings of the sword, wound-weary), 2937.

for-sittan, obstrui, to pass away, fail: pres. sg. eágena bearhtm for-siteð (the light of the eyes passeth away), 1768.

ge-sittan: 1) to sit, sit together: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sät rîce to rûne (very often sat the king deliberating with his council (see rîce), 171; wið earm ge-sät (supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm?), 750; fêða eal ge-sät (the whole troop sat down), 1425; ge-sät þâ wið sylfne (sat there beside, near to, him, i.e. Hygelâc), 1978;

ge-sät þâ on nässe, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (syððan) ... we tô symble ge-seten häfdon, 2105.—2) w. acc., to seat one's self upon or in something, to board: pret. sg. þâ ic ... sæ-bât ge-sät, 634.

of-sittan, w. acc., to sit over or upon: pret. sg. of-sät þâ þone sele-gyst, 1546.

ofer-sittan, w. acc., to dispense with, refrain from (cf. ofer, 2 [c]): pres. sg. I. þät ic wið þone gûð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge ofer-sittan, 685.

on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to start from one's seat, to be startled), w. acc., to fear: inf. þâ fæhðe, atole ecg-þräce eówer leóde sîwðe onsittan to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people, 598.

ymb-sittan, to sit around, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þät hie) ... symbel ymb-sæton (sat round the feast), 564. See ymb-sittend.

sîd, adj.: 1) wide, broad, spacious, large: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glôf) sîd, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sîdne scyld, 437; on sîdne sæ, 507; fem. byrnan sîde (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer sæ sîde, 2395; neut. sîde rîce, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sîdan herge, 2348; acc. pl. sîde sæ-nässas, 223; sîde scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sîdra sorga (of great sorrows), 149.—2) in moral sense, great, noble: acc. sg. þurh sîdne sefan, 1727.

side, adv., far and wide, afar, 1224.

sîd-fäðme, adj., broad-bosomed: acc. sg. sîd-fäðme scip, 1918.

sîd-fäðmed, quasi pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sîd-fäðmed scip, 302.

sîd-rand, st. m., broad shield: nom. sg., 1290.

sîð (G. seþu-s), adj., late: superl. nom. sg. sîðast sige-hwîle (the last hour, day, of victory), 2711; dat. sg. ät sîðestan (in the end, at last), 3014.

sîð, adv. compar., later: ær and sîð (sooner and later, early and late), 2501.

sîð (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) road, way, journey, expedition; esp., road to battle: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; näs þät êðe sîð (that was no easy road, task), 2587; so, þät wäs geócor sîð, 766; acc. sg. sîð, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. sîðe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. sîðes, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, return: nom. sg., 1972.—2) undertaking, enterprise; esp., battle-work: nom. sg. nis þät eówer sîð, 2533; ne bið swylc earges sîð (such is no coward's enterprise), 2542; acc. sg. sîð, 873. In pl.= adventures: nom. sîðas, 1987; acc. sîðas, 878; gen. sîða, 318.—3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. näs þät forma sîð (that was not the first time), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, ôðre, þriddan) sîðe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287, 2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.—Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sæ-, wil-, wræc-sîð.

ge-sîð, st. m., comrade, follower: gen. sg. ge-sîðes, 1298; nom. pl. ge-sîðas, 29; acc. pl. ge-sîðas, 2041, 2519; dat. pl. ge-sîðum, 1314, 1925, 2633; gen. pl. ge-sîða, 1935.—Comp.: eald-, wil-gesîð.

sîð-fät, st. m., way, journey: acc. sg. þone sîð-fät, 202; dat. sg. sîð-fate, 2640.

sîð-fram, -from, adj., ready for the journey: nom. pl. sîð-frome, 1814.

sîðian, w. v., to journey, march: inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. sîðode, 2120.

for-sîðian, iter fatale inire (Grein): pret. sg. häfde þâ for-sîðod sunu Ecg-þeówes under gynne grund (would have found his death, etc.), 1551.

sîe, sý. See wesan.

sîgan, st. v., to descend, sink, incline: pret. pl. sigon ät-somne (descended together), 307; sigon þâ tô slæpe (they sank to sleep), 1252.

ge-sîgan, to sink, fall: inf. ge-sîgan ät säcce (fall in battle), 2660.

sîn, poss. pron., his: acc. sg. m. sînne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. sg. sînum, 1508.

slæp, st. m., sleep: nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. tô slæpe, 1252.

slæpan, st. v., to sleep: pres. part. nom. sg. slæpende, 2220; acc. sg. he gefêng ... slæpendne rinc (seized a sleeping warrior], 742; acc. pl. slæpende frät folces Denigea fîftyne men (devoured, sleeping, fifteen of the people of the Danes), 1582.

sleac, adj., slack, lazy: nom. sg., 2188.

sleahan, sleán: 1) to strike, strike at: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. þät he me ongeán sleá (that he should strike at me), 682; pret. sg. yrringa slôh (struck angrily), 1566; so, slôh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret. sg. þät he þone nîð-gäst nioðor hwêne slôh (that he struck the dragon somewhat lower, etc.), 2700.—2) w. acc.: to slay, kill: pret. sg. þäs þe he Abel slôg (because he slew A.), 108; so, slôg, 421, 2180; slôh, 1582, 2356; pl. slôgon, 2051; pret. part. þâ wäs Fin slägen, 1153.

ge-sleán, w. acc.: 1) to fight a battle: pret. sg. ge-slôh þîn fäder fæhðe mæste, 459.—2) to gain by fighting: syððan hie þâ mærða ge-slôgon, 2997.

of-sleán, to ofslay, kill, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slôh, 574, 1666, 3061.

slîðe (G. sleiþ-s), adj., savage, fierce, dangerous: acc. sg. þurh slîðne nîð, 184; gen. pl. slîðra ge-slyhta, 2399.

slîðen, adj., furious, savage, deadly nom. sg. sweord-bealo slîðen, 1148.

slîtan, st. v., to slit, tear to pieces, w. acc.: pret. sg. slât (slæpendne rinc), 742.

slyht, st. m., blow: in comp. and-slyht.

ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), battle, conflict: gen. pl. slîðra ge-slyhta, 2399.

smið, st. m., smith, armorer: nom. sg. wæpna smið, 1453; gen. sg. smiðes, 406.—Comp. wundor-smið.

be-smiðian, w. v., to surround with iron-work, bands, etc.: pret. part. he (the hall Heorot) þäs fäste wäs innan and ûtan îren-bendum searo-þoncum besmiðod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776.

snell, adj., fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper: nom. sg. se snella, 2972.

snellîc, adj., the same: nom. sg., 691.

snotor, snottor, adj., clever, wise, intelligent: nom. sg. snotor, 190, 827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; snotra, 2157, 3121; nom. pl. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592.—Comp. fore-snotor.

snotor-lîce, adv., intelligently, wisely: compar. snotor-lîcor, 1483.

snûde, adv., hastily, quickly, soon, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753.

be-snyðian, w. v., to rob, deprive of: pret. sg. þätte Ongenþió ealdre be-snyðede Hæðcyn, 2925.

snyrian, w. v., to hasten, hurry: pret. pl. snyredon ät-somne (hurried forward together), 402.

snyttru, f., intelligence, wisdom: acc. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pl. mid môdes snyttrum, 1707; þe we ealle ær ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943. Adv., wisely, 873.

somne. See samne.

sorgian, w. v.: 1) to be grieved, sorrow: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! 1385.—2) to care for, trouble one's self about: inf. nô þu ymb mînes ne þearft lîces feorme leng sorgian (thou needst not care longer about my life's [body's] sustenance), 451.

sorh, st. f., grief, pain, sorrow: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is me tô secganne (pains me to say), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid þære sorge, 2469; sorge (in sorrow, grieved), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.—Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, þegn-sorh.

sorh-cearig, adj., curis sollicitus, heart-broken: nom. sg., 2456.

sorh-ful, adj., sorrowful, troublesome, difficult: nom. sg., 2120; acc. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sîð, 512, 1279, 1430.

sorh-leás, adj., free from sorrow or grief: nom. sg., 1673.

sorh-leoð, st. n., dirge, song of sorrow: acc. sg., 2461.

sorh-wylm, st. m., wave of sorrow nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, 905.

sôcn, st. f., persecution, hostile pursuit or attack (see sêcan): dat, (instr.) þære sôcne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778.

sôð, st. n., sooth, truth:: acc. sg. sôð, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865; dat. sg. tô sôðe (in truth), 51, 591, 2326.

sôð, adj., true, genuine: nom. sg, þät is sôð metod, 1612; acc. sg. n. gyd âwräc sôð and sâr-lîc, 2110.

sôðe, adv., truly, correctly, accurately, 524; sôðe gebunden (of alliterative verse: accurately put together), 872.

sôð-cyning, st. m., true king: nom. sg. sigora sôð-cyning (God), 3056.

sôð-fäst, adj., soothfast, established in truth, orthodox (here used of the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. sôð-fästra dôm (glory, realm, of the saints), 2821.

sôð-lîce, adv., in truth, truly, truthfully, 141, 273, 2900.

sôfte, adv., gently, softly: compar. þý sêft (the more easily), 2750.—Comp. un-sôfte.

sôna, adv., soon, immediately, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, 1619, 1763, etc.

on-spannan, st. v., to un-span, unloose: pret. sg. his helm on-speón (loosed his helm), 2724.

spel, st. n., narrative, speech: acc. sg. spell, 2110; acc. pl. spel, 874; gen. pl. spella, 2899, 3030.—Comp. weá-spel.

spêd, st. f.: 1) luck, success: in comp. here-, wîg-spêd.—2) skill, facility: acc. sg. on spêd (skilfully), 874.

spîwan, st. v., to spit, spew, w. instr.: inf. glêdum spîwan (spit fire), 2313

spor, st. n., spur: in comp. hand-spor.

spôwan, st. v., to speed well, help, avail: pret. sg. him wiht ne speów (availed him naught), 2855; hû him ät æte speów (how he sped in the eating), 3027.

spræc, st. f., speech, language: instr. sg. frêcnan spræce (through bold, challenging, discourse), 1105.—Comp.: æfen-, gylp-spræc.

sprecan, st. v., to speak: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan gen ymbe Grendel (I shall go on speaking about G.), 2070; w. acc. se þe wyle sôð sprecan (he who will speak the truth), 2865; imper. tô Geátum sprec (spræc, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III. spräc, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word äfter spräc, 341; nô ymbe þâ fæhðe spräc, 2619; II. hwät þu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spræce (how much thou hast spoken of Breca!), 531; pl. hwät wit geó spræcon (what we two spoke of before), 1477; gomele ymb gôdne on-geador spræcon, þät big ... (the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they ...), 1596; swâ wit furðum spræcon (as we two spoke, engaged, before), 1708; pret. part. þâ wäs ... þryð-word sprecen, 644.

ge-sprecan, w. acc., to speak: pret. sg. ge-spräc, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095.

spreót, st. m., pole; spear, pike: in comp. eofor-spreót.

springan, st. v., to jump, leap; flash: pret. sg. hrâ wîde sprong (the body bounded far), 1589; swât ædrum sprong forð under fexe (the blood burst out in streams from under his hair), 2967; pl. wîde sprungon hilde-leóman (flashed afar), 2583. Also figuratively: blæd wîde sprang (his repute spread afar), 18.

ge-springan, to spring forth: pret. sg. swâ þät blôd ge-sprang (as the blood burst forth), 1668. Figuratively, to arise, originate: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong äfter deáð-däge dôm un-lytel, 885.

on-springan, to burst in two, spring asunder: pret. pl. seonowe onsprungon, burston bânlocan 818.

standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., to stand: pres. III. pl. eóred-geatwe þe ge þær on standað (the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (saw vessels standing), 2761; pret. sg. ät hýðe stôd hringed-stefna (in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship), 32; stôd on stapole (stood near the [middle] column), 927; so, 1914, 2546; þät him on aldre stôd here-stræl hearda (that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals), 1435; so, 2680; pl. gâras stôdon ... samod ät-gädere (the spears stood together), 328; him big stôdan bunan and orcas (by him stood cans and pots), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis þät feor heonon ... þät se mere standeð, 1363.—2) with predicate adj., to stand, continue in a certain state: subj. pres. þät þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum îdel and unnyt (that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior), 411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-sceaða opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. ôð þät îdel stôd hûsa sêlest, 145; so, 936; wäter under stôd dreórig and ge-drêfed, 1418—3) to belong or attach to; issue: pret. sg. Norð-Denum stôd atelîc egesa (great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes), 784; þâra ânum stôd sadol searwum fâh (on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid saddle), 1038; byrne-leóma eldum on andan (burning light stood forth, a horror to men), 2314; leóht inne stôd (a light stood in it, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of eágum stôd ... leóht unfäger (an uncanny light issued from his eyes), 727; so, þät [fram] þam gyste [gryre-] brôga stôd, 2229.

â-standan, to stand up, arise: pret. sg. â-stôd, 760, 1557, 2093.

ät-standan, to stand at, near, or in: pret. sg. þät hit (i.e. þät swurd) on wealle ät-stôd, 892.

for-standan, to stand against or before, hence: 1) to hinder, prevent: pret. sg. (breóst-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang for-stôd (the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering), 1550; subj. nefne him witig god wyrd for-stôde (if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.—2) defend, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þät he ... mihte heáðo-lîðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brýde (that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers), 2956.

ge-standan, intrans., to stand: pret. sg. ge-stôd, 358, 404, 2567; pl. nealles him on heápe hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestôdon (not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him), 2597.

stapa, w. m., stepper, strider: in comp. hæð-, mearc-stapa.

stapan, st. v., to step, stride, go forward: pret. sg. eorl furður stôp, 762; gum-fêða stop lind-häbbendra (the troop of shield-warriors strode on), 1402.

ät-stapan, to stride up or to: pret. sg. forð neár ät-stôp (strode up nearer), 746.

ge-stapan, to walk, stride: pret. sg. he to forð gestôp dyrnan cräfte, dracan heáfde neáh (he, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head), 2290.

stapol, st. m., (= βάσις), trunk of a tree; hence, support, pillar, column: dat. sg. stôd on stapole (stood by or near the wooden middle column of Heorot), 927; instr. pl. þâ stân-bogan stapulum fäste (the arches of stone upheld by pillars), 2719. See Note.

starian, w. v., to stare, look intently at: pres. sg. I. þät ic on þone hafelan ... eágum starige (that I see the head with my eyes), 1782; þâra frätwa ... þe ic her on starie (for the treasures ... that I here look upon), 2797; III. þonne he on þät sine starað, 1486; sg. for pl. þâra þe on swylc starað, 997; pret. sg. þät (sin-freá) hire an däges eágum starede, 1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604.

stân, st. m., 1) stone: in comp. eorclan-stân.—2) rock: acc. sg. under (ofer) hârne stân, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stâne, 2289, 2558.

stân-beorh, st. m., rocky elevation, stony mountain: acc. sg. stân-beorh steápne, 2214.

stân-boga, w. m., stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock: dat. sg. stân-bogan, 2546; nom. pl. stân-bogan, 2719.

stân-clif, st. n., rocky cliff: acc. pl. stân-cleofu, 2541.

stân-fâh, adj., stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors: nom. sg. stræt wäs stân-fâh (the street was of different colored stones), 320.

stân-hlið, st. n., rocky slope: acc. pl. stân-hliðo, 1410.

stäf, st. m.: 1) staff: in comp. rûn-staf.—2) elementum: in comp. âr-, ende-, fâcen-stäf.

stäl, st. m., place, stead: dat. sg. þät þu me â wære forð-gewitenum on fäder stäle (that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to me), 1480.

stælan, w. v., to place; allure or instigate: inf. þâ ic on morgne ge-frägn mæg ôðerne billes ecgum on bonan stælan (then I learned that on the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's edge; or, one avenged the other on the murderer?, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486.

ge-stælan, to place, impose, institute: pret. part. ge feor hafað fæhðe ge-stæled (Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us), 1341.

stede, st. m., place, -stead: in comp. bæl-, burh-, folc-, heáh-, meðel-, wang-, wîc-stede.

stefn, st. f., voice: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. niwan (niówan) stefne (properly novâ voce) = denuo, anew, again, 2595, 1790.

stefn, st. m., prow of a ship: acc. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna.

on-stellan, w. v., constituere, to cause, bring about: pret. sg. se þäs or-leges ôr on-stealde, 2408.

steng, st. m., pole, pike: in comp wäl-steng.

ge-steppan, w. v., to stride, go: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer sæ sîde sunu Ôhtheres (O.'s son, i.e. Eádgils, went with warriors over the broad sea), 2394.

stede (O.H.G. stâti, M.H.G. stæte), adj., firm, steady: nom. sg. wäs stêde nägla ge-hwylc stýle ge-lîcost (each nail-place was firm as steel), 986.

stêpan, w. v. w. acc., to exalt, honor: pret. sg. þeáh þe hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stêpte, 1718.

ge-steald, st. n., possessions, property: in comp. in-gesteald, 1156.

ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), companion, comrade: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nýd-ge-stealla.

stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), stout-hearted, courageous: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Beówulf), 2553.

steáp, adj., steep, projecting, towering: acc. sg. steápne hrôf, 927; stân-beorh steápne, 2214; wið steápne rond, 2567; acc. pl. m. beorgas steápe, 222; neut. steáp stân-hliðo, 1410.—Comp. heaðo-steáp.

stille, adj., still, quiet: nom. sg. wîd-floga wundum stille, 2831.

stille, adv., quietly, 301.

stincan, st. v., to smell; snuff: pret. sg. stonc þâ äfter stâne (snuffed along the stone), 2289.

stîð, adj., hard, stiff: nom. sg. wunden-mæl (swurd) ... stîð and stýlecg, 1534.

stîð-môd, adj., stout-hearted, unflinching: nom. sg., 2567.

stîg, st. m., way, path: nom. sg., 320, 2214; acc. pl. stîge nearwe, 1410—Comp. medu-stîg.

stîgan, st. v., to go, ascend: pret. sg. þâ he tô holme [st]âg (when he plunged forward into the sea), 2363; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, 212; Wedera leóde on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. ær he on bed stige, 677.

â-stîgan, to ascend: pres. sg. þonon ýð-geblond up â-stîgeð won tô wolcnum, 1374; gûð-rinc â-stâh (the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, the fierce smoke [rêc] ascended?), 1119; gamen eft â-stâh (joy again went up, resounded), 1161; wudu-rêc â-stâh sweart of swioðole, 3145; swêg up â-stâg, 783.

ge-stîgan, to ascend, go up: pret. sg. þâ ic on holm ge-stâh, 633.

storm, st. m., storm: nom. sg. stræla storm (storm of missiles), 3118; instr. sg. holm storme weól (the sea billowed stormily), 1132.

stôl, st. m., chair, throne, seat: in comp. brego-, êðel-, gif-, gum-stôl.

stôw, st. f., place, -stow: nom. sg. nis þät heóru stôw (a haunted spot), 1373; acc. sg. frêcne stôwe, 1379; grund-bûendra gearwe stôwe (the place prepared for men, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge-nýdan), 1007: comp. wäl-stow.

strang, strong, adj., strong; valiant; mighty: nom. sg. wäs þät ge-win tô strang (that sorrow was too great), 133; þu eart mägenes strang (strong of body), 1845; wäs sió hond tô strong (the hand was too powerful), 2685; superl. wîgena strengest (strongest of warriors), 1544; mägenes strengest (strongest in might), 196; mägene strengest, 790.

strâdan? (cf. stræde = passus, gressus), to tread, (be)-stride, stride over (Grein): subj. pres. se þone wong strâde, 3074. See Note.

stræl, st. m., arrow, missile: instr. sg. biteran stræle, 1747; gen. pl. stræla storm, 3118.

stræt, st. f., street, highway: nom. sg., 320; acc. sg. stræte, 1635; fealwe stræte, 917.—Comp.: lagu-, mere-stræt.

strengel, st. m., (endowed with strength), ruler, chief: acc. sg. wîgena strengel, 3116.

strengo, st. f., strength, power, violence: acc. sg. mägenes strenge, 1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541;—dat. pl. strengum = violently, powerfully [loosed from the strings?], 3118: in comp. hilde-, mägen-, mere-strengo.

strêgan (O.S. strôwian), w. v., to strew, spread: pret. part, wäs þäm yldestan ... morðorbed strêd (the death-bed was spread for the eldest one), 2437.

streám, st. m., stream, flood, sea: acc. sg. streám, 2546; nom. pl. streámas, 212; acc. pl. streámas, 1262: comp. brim-, eágor-, firgen-, lagu-streám.

ge-streón (cf. streón = robur, vis), st. n., property, possessions; hence, valuables, treasure, jewels: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-streón (the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. äðelinga, eorla ge-streón, 1921, 3168.—Comp.: ær-, eald-, eorl-, heáh-, hord-, long-, mâðm-, sinc-, þeód-ge-streón.

strûdan, st. v., to plunder, carry off: subj. pres. näs þâ on hlytme hwâ þät hord strude, 3127.

ge-strýnan, w. v. w. acc., to acquire, gain: inf. þäs þe (because) ic môste mînum leódum ... swylc ge-strýnan, 2799.

stund, st. f., time, space of time, while: adv. dat. pl. stundum (at times), 1424.

styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to arrange, put in order, tell: inf. secg eft on-gan sîð Beówulfes snyttrum styrian (the poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.—2) to rouse, stir up: pres. sg. III. þonne wind styreð lâð ge-widru (when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather), 1375.—3) to move against, attack, disturb: subj. pres. þät he ... hring-sele hondum styrede (that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands), 2841.

styrman, w. v., to rage, cry out: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553.

stýle, st. n., steel: dat. sg. stýle, 986.

stýl-ecg, adj., steel-edged: nom. sg., 1534.

be-stýman, w. v., to inundate, wet, flood: pret. part. (wæron) eal benc-þelu blôde be-stýmed, 486.

suhtor-ge-fäderan (collective), w. m. pl., uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother's son: nom. pl., 1165.

sum, pron.: 1) indef., one, a, any, a certain; neut. something: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal þær dyrne sum wesan (naught there shall be hidden), 271; acc. sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (by a word, expressly), 2157; nom. pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum (one of men, a man), 1500, 2302; mere-hrägla sum, 1906; þät wäs wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fîftena sum (one of fifteen, with fourteen companions), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; feára sum (one of few, with a few), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (one of many, with many), 2092; manna cynnes sumne (one of the men), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), 714; feára sumne (some few, one of few; or, one of the foes?), 3062.—2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = this, that, the afore-mentioned: nom. sg. eówer sum (a certain one, that one, of you, i.e. Beówulf), 248; gûð-beorna sum (the afore-mentioned warrior, i.e. who had shown the way to Hrôðgâr's palace), 314; eorla sum (the said knight, i.e. Beówulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-ärna sum (a certain hoard-hall), 2280.

sund, st. m.: 1) swimming: acc. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. ät sunde (in swimming), 517; on sunde (a-swimming), 1619; gen. sg. sundes, 1437.—2) sea, ocean, sound: nom. sg., 223; acc. sg. sund, 213, 512, 539, 1427, 1445.

ge-sund, adj., sound, healthy, unimpaired: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, 1999; nom. pl. ge-sunde, 2076; acc. pl. w. gen. fäder alwalda ... eówic ge-healde sîða ge-sunde (the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on your journey!), 318.—Comp. an-sund.

sund-ge-bland, st. n., (the commingled sea), sea-surge, sea-wave: acc. sg., 1451.

sund-nyt, st. f., swimming-power or employment, swimming: acc. sg. sund-nytte dreáh (swam through the sea), 2361.

sundur, sundor, adv., asunder, in twain: sundur gedælan (to separate, sunder), 2423.

sundor-nyt, st. f., special service (service in a special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, 668.

sund-wudu, st. m., (sea-wood), ship: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, 208, 1907.

sunne, w. f., sun: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649.

sunu, st. m., son: nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.; acc. sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, 2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279); nom. pl. suna, 2381.

sûð, adv., south, southward, 859.

sûðan, adv., from the south, 607; sigel sûðan fûs (the sun inclined from the south), 1967.

swaðrian, w. v., to sink to rest, grow calm: brimu swaðredon (the waves became calm), 570. See sweðrian.

swaðu, st. f., trace, track, pathway: acc. sg. swaðe, 2099.—Comp.: swât-, wald-swaðu.

swaðul, st. m.? n.?, smoke, mist (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on swaðule, 783. See sweoðol.

swancor, adj., slender, trim: acc. pl. þrió wicg swancor, 2176.

swan-râd, st. f., swan-road, sea: acc. sg. ofer swan-râde, 200.

and-swarian, w. v., to answer: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, 258; so, 340.

swâ: 1) demons, adv., so, in such a manner, thus: swâ sceal man dôn, 1173, 1535; swâ þâ driht-guman dreámum lifdon, 99; þät ge-äfndon swâ (that we thus accomplished), 538; þær hie meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; swâ manlîce (so like a man), 1047; swâ fela (so many), 164, 592; swâ deórlîce dæd (so valiant a deed), 585; hine swâ gôdne (him so good), 347; on swâ geongum feore (in so youthful age), 1844; ge-dêð him swâ ge-wealdene worolde dælas þät ... (makes parts of the world so subject to him that...), 1733. In comparisons = ever, the (adv.): me þîn môd-sefa lîcað leng swâ wel (thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better), 1855. As an asseverative = so: swâ me Higelâc sîe ... môdes blîðe (so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!), 435; swâ þeáh (nevertheless, however), 973, 1930, 2879; swâ þêh, 2968; hwäðre swâ þeáh (yet however), 2443.—2): a) conj., as, so as: ôð þät his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan swâ his ærfäder (until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did), 2623; eft swâ ær (again as before), 643;—with indic.: swâ he selfa bäd (as he himself requested), 29; swâ he oft dyde (as he often did), 444; gæð â Wyrd swâ hió sceal, 455; swâ guman gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;—with subj.: swâ þîn sefa hwette (as pleases thy mind, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) as, as then, how, 1143; swâ hie â wæron ... nýd-gesteallan (as they were ever comrades in need), 882; swâ hit diópe ... be-nemdon þeódnas mære (as, [how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it), 3070; swâ he manna wäs wîgend weorðfullost (as he of men the worthiest warrior was), 3099. c) just as, the moment when: swâ þät blôd gesprang, 1668. d) so that: swâ he ne mihte nô (so that he might not...), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.—3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swâ wäter bebûgeð (wrought the beauteous plain which (acc.) water surrounds), 93.—4) swâ ... swâ = so ... as, 595, 687-8, 3170; efne swâ ... swâ (even so ... as), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ (such a woman as, whatsoever woman), 944; efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ (even so to each man as), 3058.

for-swâfan, st. v., to carry away, sweep off: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for-sweóf mîne mâgas tô metod-sceafte, 2815.

for-swâpan, st. v., to sweep off, force: pret. sg. hie Wyrd forsweóp on Grendles gryre, 477.

swât, st. m., (sweat), wound-blood: nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. swâte, 1287.—Comp. heaðo-, hilde-swât.

swât-fâh, adj., blood-stained: nom. sg., 1112.

swâtig, adj., gory: nom. sg., 1570.

swât-swaðu, st. f., blood-trace: nom. sg., 2947.

be-swælan, w. v., to scorch: pret. part. wäs se lêg-draca ... glêdum beswæled, 3042.

swæs, adj., intimate, special, dear: acc. sg. swæsne êðel, 520; nom. pl. swæse ge-sîðas, 29; acc. pl. leóde swæse, 1869; swæse ge-sîðas, 2041; gen. pl. swæsra ge-sîða, 1935.

swæs-lîce, adv., pleasantly, in a friendly manner, 3090.

swebban, w. v., (to put to sleep), to kill: inf. ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefeð, 601.

â-swebban, to kill, slay: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum â-swefede, 567.

sweðrian, w. v., to lessen, diminish: inf. þät þät fyr ongan sweðrian, 2703; pret. siððan Heremôdes hild sweðrode, 902.

swefan, st. v.: 1) to sleep: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1742; inf. swefan, 119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. swäf, 1801; pl. swæfon, 704; swæfun, 1281.—2) to sleep the death-sleep, die: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1009, 2061, 2747; pl. swefað, 2257, 2458.

swegel, st. n., ether, clear sky: dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774.

swegle, adj., bright, etherlike, clear: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas, 2750.

swegel-wered, quasi pret. part., ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl-wered, 607.

swelgan, st. v., to swallow: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-snædum swealh (swallowed in great bites), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nymðe lîges fäðm swulge on swaðule, 783.

for-swelgan, w. acc., to swallow, consume: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1123, 2081.

swellan, st. v., to swell: inf. þâ sió wund on-gan ... swêlan and swellan, 2714.

sweltan, st. v., to die, perish: pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca morðre swealt (died a violent death), 893, 2783; wundor-deáðe swealt, 3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359.

swencan, w. v., to swink, oppress, strike: pret. sg. hine wundra þäs fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, 1511.

ge-swencan, to oppress, strike, injure: pret. sg. syððan hine Hæðcyn ... flâne geswencte, 2439; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, 976; hæðstapa hundum ge-swenced, 1369.—Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.

sweng, st. m., blow, stroke: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge (with its stroke), 2687; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, 2387.—Comp.: feorh-, hete-, heaðo-, heoro-sweng.

swerian, st. v., to swear: pret. w. acc. I. ne me swôr fela âða on unriht (swore no false oaths), 2739; he me âðas swôr, 472.

for-swerian, w. instr., to forswear, renounce (protect with magic formulæ?): pret. part. he sige-wæpnum for-sworen häfde, 805.

swêg, st. m., sound, noise, uproar: nom. sg. swêg, 783; hearpan swêg, 89, 2459, 3024; sige-folca swêg, 645; sang and swêg, 1064; dat. sg. swêge, 1215.—Comp.: benc-, morgen-swêg.

swêlan, w. v., to burn (here of wounds): inf. swêlan, 2714. See swælan.

sweart, adj., swart, black, dark: nom. sg. wudu-rêc sweart, 3146; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167.

sweoðol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, vapor, smoke, smoking flame: dat. sg. ofer swioðole (MS. swic ðole), 3146. See swaðul.

sweofot, st. m., sleep: dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296.

sweoloð, st. m., heat, fire, flame: dat. sg. sweoloðe, 1116. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.

sweorcan, st. v., to trouble, darken. pres. sg. III. ne him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorceð (darkens his soul), 1738.

for-sweorcan, to grow dark or dim: pres. sg. III. eágena bearhtm for-siteð and for-sworceð, 1768.

ge-sweorcan (intrans.), to darken: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790.

sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., sword: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, 561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl. sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.—Comp.: gûð-, mâððum-, wæg-sweord.

sweord, st. f., oath: in comp. âð-sweord (sword-oath?), 2065.

sweord-bealo, st. n., sword-bale, death by the sword: nom. sg., 1148.

sweord-freca, w. m., sword-warrior: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469.

sweord-gifu, st. f., sword-gift, giving of swords: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, 2885.

sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) clear, bright: nom. sg. swutol sang scôpes, 90.—2) plain, manifest: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tâcen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweotolan tâcne, 141.

sweóf, sweóp. See swâfan, swâpan.

swið, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), burning pain: in comp. þryð-swið(?).

swift, adj., swift: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265.

swimman, swymman, st. v., to swim: inf. swymman, 1625.

ofer-swimman, w. acc., to swim over or through: pret. sg. ofer-swam sioleða bigong (swam over the sea), 2368.

swincan, st. v., to struggle, labor, contend: pret. pl. git on wäteres æht seofon niht swuncon, 517.

ge-swing, st. n., surge, eddy: nom. sg. atol ýða geswing, 849.

swingan, st. v., to swing one's self, fly: pres. sg. III. ne gôd hafoc geond säl swingeð, 2265.

swîcan, st. v.: 1) to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon: pret. sg. næfre hit (the sword) ät hilde ne swâc manna ængum, 1461.—2) to escape: subj. pret. bûtan his lîc swice, 967.

ge-swîcan, to deceive, leave in the lurch: pret. sg. gûð-bill ge-swâc nacod ät nîðe, 2585, 2682; w. dat. seó ecg ge-swâc þeódne ät þearfe (the sword failed the prince in need), 1525.

swîð, swýð (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., strong, mighty: nom. sg. wäs þät ge-win tô swýð, 191.—Comp. nom. sg. sió swîðre hand (the right hand), 2099; harsh, 3086.

swîðe, adv., strongly, very, much, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swýðe, 2171, 2188. Compar. swîðor, more, rather, more strongly, 961, 1140, 1875, 2199—Comp. un-swîðe.

ofer-swîðian, w. v., to overcome, vanquish, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. III. oferswýðeð, 279, 1769.

swîð-ferhð, adj., (fortis animo), strong-minded, bold, brave: nom. sg. swýð-ferhð, 827; gen. sg. swîð-ferhðes, 909; nom. pl. swîð-ferhðe, 493; dat. pl. swîð-ferhðum, 173.

swîð-hycgend, pres. part. (strenue cogitans), bold-minded, brave in spirit: nom. sg. swîð-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. swîð-hycgende, 1017.

swîð-môd, adj., strong-minded: nom. sg., 1625.

on-swîfan, st. v. w. acc., to swing, turn, at or against, elevate: pret. sg. biorn (Beówulf) bord-rand on-swâf wið þam gryre-gieste, 2560.

swîgian, w. v., to be silent, keep silent: pret. sg. lyt swîgode niwra spella (kept little of the new tidings silent), 2898; pl. swîgedon ealle, 1700.

swîgor, adj., silent, taciturn: nom, sg. weak, þâ wäs swîgra secg ... on gylp-spræce gûð-ge-weorca, 981.

swîn, swýn, st. n., swine, boar (image on the helm): nom. sg. swýn, 1112; acc. sg. swîn, 1287.

swîn-lîc, st. n., swine-image or body: instr. pl. swîn-lîcum, 1454.

swôgan, st. v., to whistle, roar: pres. part. swôgende lêg, 3146.

swutol. See sweotol.

swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = talis, such, such a; relative = qualis, as, which: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ... swylc (all ... which, as), 72; ôðer swylc (such another, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc (on such things), 997; dat. sg. gûð-fremmendra swylcum (to such a battle-worker, i.e. Beówulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwät (some such), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166; swylce twegen (two such), 1348; ealle þearfe swylce (all needs that), 1798; swylce hie ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (such as they might find of jewels and cunning gems), 1157; efne swylce mæla swylce (at just such times as), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nîða, 582; swylcra fela ... ær-gestreóna, 2232.

swylce, adv., as, as also, likewise, similarly, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, 908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; ge swylce (and likewise), 2259; swilce, 1153.

swylt, st. m., death: nom. sg., 1256, 1437.

swylt-däg, st. m., death-day: dat. sg. ær swylt-däge, 2799.

swynsian, w. v., to sound: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612.

swyrd. See sweord.

swýðl. See swîð.

swýn. See swîn.

syððan (seðian, Gen. 1525), w. v., to punish, avenge, w. acc.: inf. þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde (then the edge of the sword should avenge it), 1107.

syððan. See siððan.

syfan-wintre, adj., seven-winters-old: nom. sg., 2429.

syhð. See seón.

syl (O.H.G. swella), st. f., sill, bench-support: dat. sg. fram sylle, 776.

sylfa. See selfa.

syllan. See sellan.

syllîc. See sellîc.

symbol, syml, st. n., banquet, entertainment: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011; geaf me sinc and symbel (gave me treasure and feasting, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; þät hie ... symbel ymbsæton (that they might sit round their banquet), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233.

symble, symle, adv., continually, ever: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle wäs þý sæmra (he was ever the worse, the weaker, i.e. the dragon), 2881.

symbel-wyn, st. f., banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting: acc. sg. symbel-wynne dreóh, 1783.

syn, st. f., sin, crime: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pl. synnum, 976, 1256, 3072.

syn. See sin.

syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), persecuted on account of guilt? (Rieger), guilt-haunted?: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228.

ge-syngian, w. v., to sin, commit a crime: pret. part. þät wäs feohleás ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442.

synnig, adj., sin-laden, sinful: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380.—Comp.: fela-, un-synnig.

ge-synto, f., health: dat. pl. on gesyntum, 1870.

syrce. See serce.

syrwan, w. v. w. acc., to entrap, catch unawares: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade and syrede, 161.

be-syrwan: 1) to compass or accomplish by finesse; effect: inf. dæd þe we ealle ær ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943.—2) to entrap by guile and destroy: inf. mynte se mânscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (the fell foe thought to entrap some one (all?, see sum) of the men), 714.

sýn, f., seeing, sight, scene: comp, an-sýn.

ge-sýne, adj., visible, to be seen: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, 3160.—Comp.: êð-ge-sýne, ýð-ge-sêne.

T

taligean, w. v.: 1) to count, reckon, number; esteem, think: pres. sg. I. nô ic me ... hnâgran gûð-geweorca þonne Grendel hine (count myself no worse than G. in battle-works), 678; wên ic talige ...þät (I count on the hope ... that), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. þät ræd talað þät (counts it gain that), 2028.—2) to tell, relate: sôð ic talige (I tell facts), 532; swâ þu self talast (as thou thyself sayst), 595.

tâcen, st. n., token, sign, evidence: nom. sg. tâcen sweotol, 834; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tâcne, 141; tîres tô tâcne, 1655.—Comp. luf-tâcen.

tân, st. m., twig: in comp. âter-tân. [emended to âter-teárum in text--KTH]

ge-tæcan, w. v., to show, point out: pret. sg. him þâ hilde-deór hof môdigra torht ge-tæhte (the warrior pointed out to them the bright dwelling of the bold ones, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, to indicate, assign: pret. sôna me se mæra mago Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getæhte (assigned me a seat by his own son), 2014.

tæle, adj., blameworthy: in comp. un-tæle.

ge-tæse, adj., quiet, still: nom. sg. gif him wære ... niht ge-tæse (whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night), 1321.

tela, adv., fittingly, well, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738.

telge. See talian.

tellan, w. v., to tell, consider, deem: pret. sg. ne his lîf-dagas leóda ænigum nytte tealde (nor did he count his life useful to any man), 795; þät ic me ænigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (I believed not that I had any foe under heaven), 1774; cwäð he þone gûð-wine gôdne tealde (said he counted the war-friend good), 1811; he ûsic gâr-wîgend gôde tealde (deemed us good spear-warriors), 2642; pl. swâ (so that) hine Geáta beam gôdne ne tealdon, 2185.—2) to ascribe, count against, impose: pret. sg. (Þryðo) him wälbende weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, 1937.

ge-tenge, adj., attached to, lying on: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge, 2759.

teár, st. m., tear: nom. pl. teáras, 1873.

teoh, st. f., troop, band: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939.

(ge?)-teohhian, w. v., to fix, determine, assign: pret. sg. ic for lässan leán teohhode ... hnâhran rince, 952; pres. part. wäs ôðer in ær geteohhod (assigned)... mærum Geáte, 1301.

teón, st. v., to draw, lead: inf. hêht ... eahta mearas ... on flet teón (bade eight horses be led into the hall), 1037; pret. sg. me tô grunde teáh fâh feónd-sceaða (the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom), 553; eft-sîðas teáh (withdrew, returned), 1333; sg. for pl. æg-hwylcum ...þâra þe mid Beówulfe brim-lâde teáh (to each of those that crossed the sea with B.) 1052; pret. part. þâ wäs ... heard ecg togen (then was the hard edge drawn), 1289; wearð ... on näs togen (was drawn to the promontory), 1440.

â-teón, to wander, go, intrans.: pret. sg. tô Heorute â-teáh (drew to Heorot), 767.

ge-teón: 1) to draw: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-teáh, 2611; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-teáh, brad brûn-ecg, 1546.—2) to grant, give, lend: imp. nô þu him wearne geteóh þînra gegn-cwida glädnian (refuse not to gladden them with thy answer), 366; pret. sg. and þâ Beówulfe bega gehwäðres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-teáh (and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both), 1045; so, he him êst geteáh (gave possession of), 2166.

of-teón, to deprive, withdraw, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. Scyld Scêfing ... monegum mægðum meodo-setla of-teáh, 5; w. acc. of thing, hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-teáh, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne of-teáh, 1521.

þurh-teón, to effect: inf. gif he torn-gemôt þurh-teón mihte, 1141.

teón (cf. teóh, materia, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., to make, work: pret. sg. teóde, 1453;—to furnish out, deck: pret. pl. nalas hi hine lässan lâcum teódan (provided him with no less gifts), 43.

ge-teón, to provide, do, bring on: pres. sg. unc sceal weorðan ... swâ unc Wyrd ge-teóð, 2527; pret. sg. þe him ... sâre ge-teóde (who had done him this harm), 2296.

ge-teóna, w. m., injurer, harmer: in comp. lâð-ge-teóna.

til, adj., good, apt, fit: nom. sg. m. Hâlga til, 61; þegn ungemete till (of Wîglâf), 2722; fem. wäs seó þeód tilu, 1251; neut. ne wäs þät ge-wrixle til, 1305.

tilian, w. v. w. gen., to gain, win: inf. gif ic ... ôwihte mäg þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian (if I ... gain), 1824.

timbrian, w. v., to build: pret. part. acc. sg. säl timbred (the well-built hall), 307.

be-timbrian, (construere), to finish building, complete: pret. pl. betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rôfes bêcn, 3161.

tîd, st. f., -tide, time: acc. sg. twelf wintra tîd, 147; lange tîd, 1916; in þâ tîde, 2228.—Comp.: ân-, morgen-tîd.

ge-tîðian (from tigðian), w. v., to grant: pret. part. impers. wäs ... bêne (gen.) ge-tîðad feásceaftum men, 2285.

tîr, st. m., glory, repute in war. gen. sg. tîres, 1655.

tîr-eádig, adj., glorious, famous: dat. sg. tîr-eádigum menn (of Beówulf), 2190.

tîr-fäst, adj., famous, rich in glory. nom. sg. (of Hrôðgâr), 923.

tîr-leás, adj., without glory, infamous: gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844.

toga, w. m., leader: in comp. folc-toga.

torht, adj., bright, brilliant: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht, 313.—Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaðo-torht (loud in battle).

torn, st. n.: 1) wrath, insult, distress: acc. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen. pl. torna, 2190.—2) anger: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, 2402.—Comp. lîge-torn.

torn, adj., bitter, cruel: nom. sg, hreówa tornost, 2130.

torn-ge-môt, st. n., (wrathful meeting), angry engagement, battle: acc. sg., 1141.

tô, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = whither after verbs of motion, to, up to, at: com tô recede (to the hall), 721; eode tô sele, 920; eode tô hire freán sittan, 642; gæð eft ... tô medo (goeth again to mead), 605; wand tô wolcnum (wound to the welkin), 1120; sigon tô slæpe (sank to sleep), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; lîð-wæge bär hælum tô handa (bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?), 1984; ôð þät niht becom ôðer tô yldum, 2118; him tô bearme cwom mâððum-fät mære (came to his hands, into his possession), 2405; sælde tô sande sîd-fäðme scip (fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore), 1918; þat se harm-scaða tô Heorute â-teáh (went forth to Heorot), 767. After verb sittan: site nu tô symble (sit now to the meal), 489; siððan ... we tô symble geseten häfdon, 2105; tô ham (home, at home), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking: maðelode tô his wine-drihtne (spake to his friendly lord), 360; tô Geátum sprec, 1172; so, hêht þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan biódan (bade the battle-work be told at the hedge), 2893.—2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod (B. was hastily brought from a room), 1311; siððan Hâma ät-wäg tô þære byrhtan byrig Brôsinga mene (since H. carried the Brosing-necklace off from the bright city), 1200; weán âhsode. fæhðo to Frysum (suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians), 1208.—3) =end of motion, hence: a) to, for, as, in: þone god sende folce tô frôfre (for, as, a help to the folk), 14; gesette ... sunnan and mônan leóman to leóhte (as a light), 95; ge-sät ... tô rune (sat in counsel), 172; wearð he Heaðo-lâfe tô hand-bonan, 460; bringe ... tô helpe (bring to, for, help), 1831; Jofore forgeaf ângan dôhtor ... hyldo tô wedde (as a pledge of his favor), 2999; so, 508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan tô sôðe (to say in sooth), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at, against: he tô gyrn-wräce swîðor þôhte þonne tô sæ-lâde (thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage), 1139; säcce ne wêneð tô Gâr-Denum (nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes), 602; þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan geþinges (then I expect for thee a worse result), 525; ne ic to Sweóþeóde sibbe oððe treówe wihte ne wêne (nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes ...), 2923; wiste þäm ahlæcan tô þäm heáh-sele hilde ge-þinged (battle prepared for the monster in the high hall), 648; wel bið þäm þe mot tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian (well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms), 188; þâra þe he ge-worhte tô West-Denum (of those that he wrought against the West-Danes), 1579.—4) with the gerund, inf.: tô gefremmanne (to do), 174; tô ge-cýðanne (to make known), 257; tô secganne (to say), 473; to befleónne (to avoid, escape), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: tô fêran, 316; tô friclan, 2557.—5) temporal: gewât him tô gescäp-hwîle (went at(?) the hour of fate; or, to his fated rest?), 26; tô wîdan feore (ever, in their lives), 934; âwa tô aldre (for life, forever), 956; so, tô aldre, 2006, 2499; tô life (during life, ever), 2433.—6) with particles: wôd under wolcnum tô þäs þe ... (went under the welkin to the point where ...), 715; so, elne ge-eodon tô þäs þe, 1968; so, 2411; he him þäs leán for-geald ... tô þäs þe he on reste geseah Grendel licgan (he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead), 1586; wäs þät blôd tô þäs hât (the blood was hot to that degree), 1617; näs þâ long tô þon þät ('twas not long till), 2592, 2846; wäs him se man tô þon leóf þät (the man was dear to him to that degree), 1877; tô hwan siððan wearð hond-ræs häleða (up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out), 2072; tô middes (in the midst), 3142.

II. Adverbial modifier, quasi preposition [better explained in many cases as prep. postponed]: l) to, towards, up to, at: geóng sôna tô, 1786; so, 2649; fêhð ôðer tô, 1756; sæ-lâc ... þe þu her tô lôcast (upon which thou here lookest), 1655; folc tô sægon (the folk looked on), 1423; þät hî him tô mihton gegnum gangan (might proceed thereto), 313; se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde (who believed in help out of evils from him, i.e. Beówulf), 910; him tô anwaldan âre ge-lyfde (trusted for himself to the Almighty's help), 1273; þe ûs sêceað tô Sweóna leóde (that the Swedes will come against us), 3002.—2) before adj. and adv., too: tô strang (too mighty), 133; tô fäst, 137; tô swýð, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743, 1749, etc.; tô fela micles (far too much), 695; he tô forð ge-stôp (he had gone too far), 2290.

tôð (G. tunþu-s), st. m., tooth: in comp. blôdig-tôð (adj.).

tredan, st. v. w. acc., to tread: inf. sæ-wong tredan, 1965; el-land tredan, 3020; pret. sg. wräc-lâstas träd, 1353; medo-wongas träd, 1644; gräs-moldan träd, 1882.

treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., to stride, tread, go: pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (strode about with a strong troop), 923.

trem, st. n., piece, part: acc. sg. ne ... fôtes trem (not a foot's breadth), 2526.

treów, st. f., fidelity, good faith: acc. sg. treówe, 1073; sibbe oððe treówe, 2923.

treów, st. n., tree: in comp. galg-treów.

treówian. See trûwian.

treów-loga, w. m., troth-breaker, pledge-breaker: nom. pl. treów-logan, 2848.

trodu, st. f., track, step: acc. sg. or pl. trode, 844.

ge-trum, st. n., troop, band: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923.

trum, adj., strong, endowed with: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370.

ge-trûwan, w. v. w. acc., to confirm, pledge solemnly: pret. sg. þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfe fäste frioðu-wære, 1096.

trûwian, treówan, w. v., to trust in, rely on, believe in: 1) w. dat.: pret. sg. sîðe ne trûwode leófes mannes (I trusted not in the dear man's enterprise), 1994; bearne ne trûwode þät he ... (she trusted not the child that ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde þät he ... (each trusted his heart that ...), 1167.—2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Geáta leód georne trûwode môdgan mägnes, 670; wiðres ne trûwode, 2954.

ge-trûwian, to rely on, trust in, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-trûwode, mund-gripe mägenes, 1534;—w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-trûwode, wîges and wealles, 2323; strenge ge-trûwode ânes mannes, 2541.

tryddian. See treddian.

trýwe, adj., true, faithful: nom. sg. þâ gyt wäs ... æghwylc ôðrum trýwe, 1166.

ge-trýwe, adj., faithful: nom. sg. her is æghwylc eorl ôðrum ge-trýwe, 1229.

turf, st. f., sod, soil, seat: in comp. êðel-turf.

tux, st. m., tooth, tusk: in comp. hilde-tux.

ge-twæfan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder: pres. sg. III. þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twæfeð (robs of strength), 1764; inf. god eáðe mäg þone dol-scaðan dæda ge-twæfan (God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds), 479; pret. sg. sumne Geáta leód ... feores getwæfde (cut him off from life), 1434; nô þær wæg-flotan wind ofer ýðum sîðes ge-twæfde (the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water), 1909; pret. part. ät rihte wäs gûð ge-twæfed (almost had the struggle been ended), 1659.

ge-twæman, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, to hinder, render incapable of, restrain: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getwæman, 969.

twegen, m. f. n. twâ, num., twain, two: nom. m. twegen, 1164; acc. m. twegen, 1348; dat. twæm, 1192 gen. twega, 2533; acc. f. twâ, 1096, 1195.

twelf, num., twelve, gen. twelfa, 3172.

tweone (Frisian twine), num. = bini, two: dat. pl. be sæm tweonum, 859, 1298; 1686.

twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (long-assured), 1709.

tyder, st. m., race, descendant: in comp. un-tyder, 111.

tydre (Frisian teddre), adj., weak, unwarlike, cowardly: nom. pl. tydre, 2848.

tyn, num., ten: uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, 3161; inflect. nom. tyne, 2848.

tyrwian, w. v., to tar: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: niw-tyrwed.

on-tyhtan, w. v., to urge on, incite, entice: pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087.

Þ

þafian, w. v. w. acc., to submit to, endure: inf. þät se þeód-cyning þafian sceolde Eofores ânne dôm, 2964.

þanc, st. m.: 1) thought: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-þanc; inwit-þanc (adj.).—2) thanks (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; acc. sg. þanc, 1998, 2795.—3) content, favor, pleasure: dat. sg. þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon þyder tô þance (those that tribute for the Geâtas carried thither for favor). 379.

ge-þanc, st. m., thought: instr. pl. þeóstrum ge-þoncum, 2333.—Comp. môd-ge-þanc.

þanc-hycgende, pres. part., thoughtful, 2236.

þancian, w. v., to thank: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þäs þe hire se willa ge-lamp (thanked God that her wish was granted), 626; so, 1398; pl. þancedon, 627(?).

þanon, þonon, þonan, adv., thence: 1) local: þanon eft gewât (he went thence back), 123; þanon up ... stigon (went up thence), 224; so, þanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; þanan, 1881; þonon, 520, 1374, 2409; þonan, 820, 2360, 2957.—2) personal: þanon untydras ealle on-wôcon (from him, i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, þanan, 1266; þonon, 1961; unsôfte þonon feorh ôð-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141.

þâ, adv.: l) there, then, 3, 26, 28, 34, 47, 53, etc. With þær: þâ þær, 331. With nu: nu þâ (now then), 658.—2) conjunction, when, as, since, w. indic., 461, 539, 633, etc.;—because, whilst, during, since, 402, 465, 724, 2551, etc.

þät, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þät (that), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. þý, 1798, 2029; þät ic þý wæpne ge-bräd (that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?), 1665; þý weorðra (the more honored), 1903; þý sêft (the more easily), 2750; þý läs hym ýðe þrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away), 1919; nô þý ær (not sooner), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; nô þý leng (no longer, none the longer), 975. þý =adv., therefore, hence, 1274, 2068; þê ... þê = on this account; for this reason ... that, because, 2639-2642; wiste þê geornor (knew but too well), 822; he ... wäs sundes þê sænra þe hine swylt fornam (he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off), 1437; näs him wihte þê sêl (it was none the better for him), 2688; so, 2278. Gen. sg. þäs = adv., for this reason, therefore, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589, 901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. þäs þe, especially after verbs of thanking, = because, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;—also = secundum quod: þäs þe hie gewislîcost ge-witan meahton, 1351;—therefore, accordingly, 1342, 3001; tô þäs (to that point; to that degree), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; þäs georne (so firmly), 969; ac he þäs fäste wäs ... besmiðod (it was too firmly set), 774; nô þäs frôd leofað gumena bearna þät þone grund wite (none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom), 1368; he þäs (þäm, MS.) môdig wäs (had the courage for it), 1509.

II. conj. (relative), that, so that, 15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571, etc.; ôð þät (up to that, until); see ôð.

þätte (from þät þe, see þe), that, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; þät þe (that), 1847.

þær: 1) demons. adv., there (where), 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; morðor-bealo mâga, þær heó ær mæste heóld worolde wynne (the death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy), 1080. With þâ: þâ þær, 331; þær on innan (therein), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive there, 271, 550, 978, etc.;—then, at that time, 440;—thither: þær swîð-ferhðe sittan eodon (thither went the bold ones to sit, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc.—2) relative, where, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; eode ... þær se snottra bâd (went where the wise one tarried), 1314; so, 1816;—if, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;—whither: gâ þær he wille, 1395.

þe, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, seó, þät: Hunferð maðelode, þe ät fôtum sät (H., who sat at his feet, spake), 500; so, 138, etc.; wäs þät gewin tô swýð þe on þâ leóde be-com (the misery that had come on the people was too great), 192, etc.; ic wille ... þe þâ and-sware ädre ge-cýðan þe me se gôda â-gifan þenceð (I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give), 355; ôð þone ânne däg þe he ... (till that very day that he ...), 2401; heó þâ fæhðe wräc þe þu ... Grendel cwealdest (the fight in which thou slewest G.), 1335; mid þære sorge þe him sió sâr belamp (with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him), 2469; pl. þonne þâ dydon þe ... (than they did that ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; þâ mâðmas þe he me sealde (the treasures that he gave me), 2491; so, ginfästan gife þe him god sealde (the great gifts that God had given him), 2183. After þâra þe (of those that), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sióna fela secga ge-hwylcum þâra þe on swylc starað (to each of those that look on such), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, seó, þät: sägde se þe cûðe (said he that knew), 90; wäs se grimma gäst Grendel hâten, se þe môras heóld (the grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors), 103; here-byrne ... seó þe bân-cofan beorgan cûðe (the corselet that could protect the body), 1446, etc.; þær ge-lýfan sceal dryhtnes dôme se þe hine deáð nimeð (he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 1437, 1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308).

þäs þe. See þät.

þeáh þe. See þeáh.

for þam þe. See for-þam.

þý, þê, the, by that, instr. of se: âhte ic holdra þý läs ... þe deáð for-nam (I had the less friends whom death snatched away), 488; so, 1437.

þeccan, w. v., to cover (thatch), cover over: inf. þâ sceal brond fretan, äled þeccean (fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures), 3016; pret. pl. þær git eágor-streám earmum þehton (in swimming), 513.

þegn, st. m., thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight: nom. sg., 235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Beówulf), 194; (Wîglâf), 2722; acc. sg. þegen (Beówulf, MS. þegn), 1872; dat. sg. þegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; (Wîglâf), 2811; gen. sg. þegnes, 1798; nom. pl. þegnas, 1231; acc. pl. þegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. þegnum, 2870; gen. pl. þegna, 123, 400, 1628, 1674, 1830, 2034, etc.—Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn.

þegnian, þênian, w. v., to serve, do liege service: pret. sg. ic him þênode deóran sweorde (I served them with my good sword, i.e. slew them with it), 560.

þegn-sorh, st. f., thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman: acc. sg. þegn-sorge, 131.

þegu, st. f., taking: in comp.: beáh-, beór-, sinc-þegu.

þel, st. n., deal-board, board for benches: in comp. benc-þel, 486, 1240.

þencan, w. v.: 1) to think: absolutely: pres. sg. III. se þe wel þenceð, 289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nænig heora þôhte þät he ... (none of them thought that he), 692.—2) w. inf., to intend: pres. sg. III. þâ and-sware ... þe me se gôda â-gifan þenceð (the answer that the good one intendeth to give me), 355; (blôdig wäl) byrgean þenceð, 448; þonne he ... gegân þenceð longsumne lof (if he will win eternal fame), 1536; pret. sg. ne þät aglæca yldan þôhte (the monster did not mean to delay that), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þôhton, 541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone heáwan þôhton, 801.

â-þencan, to intend, think out: pret. sg. (he) þis ellen-weorc âna â-þôhte tô ge-fremmanne, 2644.

ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) to think of: þät he his selfa ne mäg ... ende ge-þencean (so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit), 1735.—2) to be mindful: imper. sg. ge-þenc nu ... hwät wit geó spræcon, 1475.

þenden: 1) adv., at this time, then, whilst: nalles fâcen-stafas Þeód-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (not at all at this time had the Scyldings done foul deeds), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Wîdsîð, 45 seqq.); þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne (whilst one warrior robbed another, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþeów), 2986.—2) conj., so long as, whilst, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039, 2500, 3028;—whilst, 2419. With subj., whilst, as long as: þenden þu môte, 1178; þenden þu lifige, 1255; þenden hyt sý (whilst the heat lasts), 2650.

þengel, st. m., prince, lord, ruler: acc. sg. hringa þengel (Beówulf), 1508.

þes (m.), þeós (f.), þis (n.), demons. pron., this: nom. sg. 411, 432, 1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; þys, 1396; acc. sg. m. þisne, 75; f. þâs, 1682; dat. sg. neut. þissum, 1170; þyssum, 2640; f. þisse, 639; gen. m. þisses, 1217; f. þisse, 929; neut. þysses, 791, 807; nom. pl. and acc. þâs, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. þyssum, 1063, 1220.

þê. See þät.

þêh. See þeáh.

þearf, st. f., need: nom. sg. þearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; þâ him wäs manna þearf (as he was in need of men), 201; acc. sg. þearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; fremmað ge nu leóda þearfe (do ye now what is needful for the folk), 2802; dat. sg. ät þearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe (who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs), 1798 (cf. sele-þegn, 1795.—Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-þearf.

þearf. See þurfan.

ge-þearfian, w. v., = necessitatem imponere: pret. part. þâ him swâ ge-þearfod wäs (since so they found it necessary), 1104.

þearle, adv., very, exceedingly, 560.

þeáh, þêh, conj., though, even though or if: 1) with subj. þeáh, 203, 526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by þe: þeáh þe, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; þeáh ... eal (although), 681.—2) with indic.: þeáh, 1103; þêh, 1614.—3) doubtful: þeáh he ûðe wel, 2856; swâ þeáh (nevertheless), 2879; nô ... swâ þeáh (not then however), 973; näs þe forht swâ þêh (he was not, though, afraid), 2968; hwäðre swâ þeáh (yet however), 2443.

þeáw, st. m., custom, usage: nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc. sg. þeáw, 359; instr. pl. þeáwum (in accordance with custom), 2145.

þeód, st. f.: 1) war-troop, retainers: nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251.—2) nation, folk: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pl. þeóda, 1706.—Comp.: sige-, wer-þeód.

þeód-cyning, st. m., (=folc-cyning), warrior-king, king of the people: nom. sg. (Hrôðgâr), 2145; (Ongenþeów), 2964, 2971; þiód-cyning (Beówulf), 2580; acc. sg. þeód-cyning (Beówulf), 3009; gen. sg. þeód-cyninges (Beówulf), 2695; gen. pl. þeód-cyninga, 2.

þeóden, st. m., lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler: nom. sg., 129, 365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; þióden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. þeóden, 34, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; þióden, 2789; dat. sg. þeódne, 345, 1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; þeóden, 2033; gen. sg. þeódnes 798, 911, 1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; þiódnes, 2657; nom. pl. þeódnas, 3071.

þeóden-leás, adj., without chief or king: nom. pl. þeóden-leáse, 1104.

þeód-gestreón, st. n., people's-jewel, precious treasure: instr. pl. þeód-ge-streónum, 44; gen. pl. þeód-ge-streóna, 1219.

þeódig, adj., appertaining to a þeód: in comp. el-þeódig.

þeód-scaða, w. m., foe of the people, general foe: nom. sg. þeód-sceaða (the dragon), 2279, 2689.

þeód-þreá, st. f. m., popular misery, general distress: dat. pl. wið þeód-þreáum, 178.

þeóf, st. m., thief: gen. sg. þeófes cräfte, 2221.

þeón, st. v.: 1) to grow, ripen, thrive: pret. sg. weorðmyndum þâh (grew in glory), 8.—2) to thrive in, succeed: pret. sg. hûru þät on lande lyt manna þâh (that throve to few), 2837. See Note, l. 901.

ge-þeón, to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence: imper. ge-þeóh tela, 1219; inf. lof-dædum sceal ... man geþeón, 25; þät þät þeódnes bearn ge-þeón scolde, 911.

on-þeón? to begin, undertake, w. gen.: pret. he þäs ær onþâh, 901. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note, l. 901.

þeon (for þeówan), w. v., to oppress, restrain: inf. näs se folc-cyning ymb-sittendra ænig þâra þe mec ... dorste egesan þeón (that durst oppress me with terror), 2737.