LATIN TRANSLATION AT SIGHT (continued 8)

(3) De Beneficiis, in seven Books. Seneca proves that a tyrant’s benefits are not kindnesses, and sets forth his views on the giving and receiving of benefits.

(4) Epistulae morales ad Lucilium. 124 letters are extant, and form the most important and most pleasing of his works.

(5) Tragedies. Nine are extant, derived from plays by Sophocles and Euripides. The only extant Latin tragedies.

‘As a moral writer Seneca stands deservedly high. Though infected with the rhetorical vices of the age his treatises are full of striking and often gorgeous eloquence, and in their combination of high thought with deep feeling have rarely, if at all, been surpassed.’—Mackail.

‘Seneca is a lamentable instance of variance between precept and example.’—Cruttwell.

SILIUS ITALICUS, circ. 25-100 A.D.

1. Life.

SILIUS.

A letter of Pliny (iii. 7) is the chief source of our knowledge of the life of Silius. Pliny tells us that Silius had risen by acting as a delator (informer) under Nero, who made him consul 68 A.D. He goes on to say ‘He had gained much credit by his proconsulship in Asia (under Vespasian, circ. 77 A.D.), and had since by an honourable leisure wiped out the blot which stained the activity of his former years.’ Martial also, who has the effrontery to speak of him as a combined Vergil and Cicero, tells us of his luxurious and learned retirement in Campania, and of his reverence for his master Vergil, ‘whose birthday he kept more religiously than his own.’ According to Martial (xi. 49) the tomb of Vergil had been practically forgotten, and was in the possession of some poor man when Silius bought the plot of ground on which it stood:

2. Works.

The Punica, an Epic poem in seventeen Books, on the Second Punic War, closes with Scipio’s triumph, after the Battle of Zama, 202 B.C.

Silius closely followed the history as told by Livy, and without any inventive or constructive power of his own copies, with tasteless pedantry, Homer and Vergil. ‘He cannot perceive that the divine interventions which are admissible in the quarrel of Aeneas and Turnus are ludicrous when imported into the struggle between Scipio and Hannibal. Who can help resenting the unreality when at Saguntum Jupiter guides an arrow into Hannibal’s body, which Juno immediately withdraws, or when, at Cannae, Aeolus yields to the prayer of Juno and blinds the Romans by a whirlwind of dust?’—Cruttwell.

The Punica is valuable for its historical accuracy, but it is one of the longest and one of the worst Epic poems ever written.

Scribebat carmina maiore cura quam ingenio.

Pliny, Epist. iii. 7.

P. PAPINIUS STATIUS, circ. 60-100 A.D.

1. Life.

STATIUS.

Statius was born at Naples, but early removed to Rome, where he was carefully educated and spent the greater part of his life. His father was a scholar, rhetorician, and poet of some distinction, and acted for a time as tutor to Domitian. Statius had thus access to the Court, and repaid the patronage of Domitian by incessant and shameless flattery. After the completion of his Thebais he retired to Naples, which was endeared to him by its associations with Vergil, and there satisfied his real love of nature.

2. Works.

(1) The Thebais, an Epic poem in twelve Books, on the strife between the brothers Eteocles and Polynices, and the subsequent history of Thebes to the death of Creon.

The Thebaid became very famous: Juvenal (Sat. vii. 82-4) tells us

‘Its smooth versification, copious diction, and sustained elegance made it a sort of canon of poetical technique. Among much tedious rhetoric and cumbrous mythology there is enough imagination and pathos to make the poem interesting and even charming.’—Mackail.

(2) The Silvae, in five Books, are occasional poems, descriptive and lyrical, on miscellaneous subjects. These may well be considered his masterpiece. ‘Genuine poetry,’ says Niebuhr, ‘imprinted with the character of the true poet, and constituting some of the most graceful productions of Roman literature.’

Among the best known are the touching poem to his wife Claudia (iii. 5), the marriage song to his brother-poet Arruntius Stella (i. 2), the Propempticon Maecio Celeri (iii. 2), the Epicedion (funeral song) on the death of his adopted son (v. 5), and the short poem (v. 4) on Sleep.

The greatest poet of the Decline.

GAIUS SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS, circ. 75-160 A.D.

1. Life.

SUETONIUS.

The little we know of his life is chiefly gathered from the Letters of Pliny the Younger, and from scattered allusions in his own works. The son of an officer of the Thirteenth Legion, Suetonius in early life practised as an advocate, and subsequently became one of Hadrian’s private secretaries (magister epistularum), but was dismissed from office in 121 A.D. After his retirement from the service of the Court he devoted the rest of his long life to literary research and compilation, and published a number of works on a great variety of subjects, so that he became famous as the Varro of the imperial period.

2. Works.

His extant works are:

(1) De Vita Caesarum, the Lives of the Twelve Caesars, in eight Books (I-VI Julius-Nero; VII Galba, Otho, and Vitellius; VIII Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian). This is his most interesting and most valuable work. His Lives are not works of art: he is simply a gatherer of facts, collected from good sources with considerable care and judgment. ‘He follows out with absolute faithfulness his own theory, which makes it necessary to omit no possible detail that can throw light upon the personality of his subject.’—Peck.

(2) De Viris Illustribus, a history of Latin literature up to his day. The greater part of the section De grammaticis et rhetoribus is extant, as well as the Lives of Terence, Horace, and Lucan (partly), from the section De poetis, and fragments of the Life of Pliny the Elder from the section De historicis.

Extracts made from this work by Jerome (circ. 400 A.D.) in his Latin version of Eusebius’ Chronicles are the source from which much of our information as to Latin authors is derived.

‘Suetonius is terse, and in that respect he resembles Tacitus; he is deeply interesting, and there he shows some likeness to Livy; but his style is one of his own creation. His chief desire is to present the facts stripped of any comment whatever, grouped in such a way as to produce their own effect without the adventitious aid of rhetoric; and then to leave the reader to his own conclusions.’—Peck.

Probissimus, honestissimus, eruditissimus vir.

Pliny, Epist. ad Trai. 94.

PUBLILIUS SYRUS, circ. 45 B.C.

1. Life.

SYRUS.

All we know of him is that he was an enfranchised Syrian slave, a native of Antioch, and wrote for the stage mimes (farces) which were performed with great applause. Mime-writing was also practised at this time by the Knight Laberius, and Caesar is said to have patronised these writers in the hope of elevating their art.

2. Works.

Sententiae (Maxims). We possess 697 lines from his mimes (unconnected and alphabetically arranged), a collection made in the early Middle Ages, and much used in schools. As proverbs of worldly wisdom, and admirable examples of the terse vigour of Roman philosophy, they are widely known, e.g.

Cuivis potest accidere quod cuiquam potest.

CORNELIUS TACITUS, circ. 54-120 A.D.

1. Life.

TACITUS.

The personal history of Tacitus is known to us only from allusions in his own works, and from the letters of his friend the younger Pliny. He was born early in the reign of Nero, probably in Rome; his education, political career, and marriage into the distinguished family of Agricola prove that he was a man of wealth and position. He studied rhetoric under the best masters (possibly under Quintilian), and had, as Pliny tells us (Epist. II. i. 6), a great reputation as a speaker. He passed through the usual stages of an official career and was appointed consul suffectus under Trajan, 98 A.D., when he was a little over forty. From 89 to 93 A.D. he was absent from Rome, probably in some provincial command, and during these years he may have acquired some personal knowledge of the German peoples. In 100 A.D. he was associated with Pliny in the prosecution for extortion of Marius Priscus, proconsul of Africa, of whom Juvenal says (Sat. viii. 120):

Since Marius has so lately stripped to their girdles (i.e. thoroughly plundered) the needy Africans.

From this date Tacitus seems to have devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits and to have lived to or beyond the end of Trajan’s reign, 116 A.D.

2. Works.

(1) Dialogus de Oratoribus, an inquiry into the causes of the decay of oratory, his earliest extant work. In the style of this work the influence of Quintilian and Cicero is strongly seen.

(2) De Vita et Moribus Iulii Agricolae liber, an account of the life of his father-in-law, particularly of his career in Britain, published shortly after the accession of Trajan, 98 A.D. ‘The Sallustian epoch of Tacitus finds its expression in the Agricola and Germania.’—Teuffel.

The Agricola is perhaps the most beautiful biography in ancient literature.

(3) The Germania, or Concerning the Geography, the Manners and Customs, and the Tribes of Germany, published in 98 or 99. ‘The motive for its publication was apparently the pressing importance, in Tacitus’ opinion, of the “German question,” and the necessity for vigorous action to secure the safety of the Roman Empire against the dangers with which. it was threatened from German strength.’—Stephenson.

‘The Germania is an inestimable treasury of facts and generalisations, and of the general faithfulness of the outline we have no doubt.’—Stubbs.

(4) Historiae, consisting originally of fourteen Books, is a narrative of the events of the reigns of Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, 69-96 A.D. Only Books I-IV and the first half of Book V are extant, and give the history of 69 and most of 70 A.D.

‘The style of the Historiae still retains some traces of the influence of Cicero: it has not yet been pressed tight into the short sententiae which were its final and most characteristic development, but shows in a marked degree the influence of Vergil.’—Cruttwell.

In the Historiae, as Tacitus himself says, ‘the secret of the imperial system was divulged—that an emperor could be made elsewhere than at Rome’; or, in other words, that the imperial system was a military and not a civil institution.

(5) The Annales, ab excessu divi Augusti, in sixteen Books, containing the history of the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, 14-68 A.D. There are extant only Books I-IV, parts of V and VI, and XI-XVI.

‘The old criticism, tracing the characteristics of the style of Tacitus to poetic colouring (almost wholly Vergilian) and to the study of brevity and of variety, is well founded. They may be explained by the fact that he was the most finished pleader of an age which required above all that its orators should be terse, brilliant, and striking, and by his own painful consciousness of the dull monotony and repulsive sadness of great part of his subject, which needed the help of every sort of variety to stimulate the flagging interest of the reader.’—Furneaux.

His aim as an historian is best given in his own words: ‘I hold it the chief office of history to rescue virtue from oblivion, and to hold out the reprobation of posterity as a terror to evil words and deeds’ (Ann. iii. 65).

The greatest of Roman historians.

PUBLIUS TERENTIUS AFER, circ. 185-159 B.C.

1. Life

TERENCE.

Terence was born probably at Carthage, reached Rome as a slave-boy, and passed there into the possession of a rich and educated Senator, P. Terentius Lucanus, by whom he was educated and manumitted, taking from him the name of Publius Terentius the African. ‘A small literary circle of the Roman aristocracy admitted young Terence to their intimate companionship; and soon he was widely known as making a third in the friendship of Gaius Laelius with the first citizen of the Republic, the younger Scipio Africanus. Six plays had been subjected to the criticism of this informal academy of letters and produced on the stage, when Terence undertook a prolonged visit to Greece for the purpose of further study. He died of fever in the next year, 159 B.C., at the early age of twenty-six.’—Mackail.

2. Works.

Comedies.—All the six plays written and exhibited at Rome by Terence are extant. They are the Andria (exhibited 166 B.C., when the poet was only eighteen years of age), the Heauton Timoroumenos, Eunuchus, Phormio, Hecyra, Adelphoe.

‘With Terence Roman literature takes a new departure. The Scipionic circle believed that the best way to create a national Latin literature was to deviate as little as possible, in spirit, form, and substance, from the works of Greek genius. The task which awaited Terence was the complete Hellenising of Roman comedy: accordingly his aim was to give a true picture of Greek life and manners in the purest Latin style. He was not a popular poet, in the sense in which Plautus was popular: he has none of the purely Roman characteristics of Plautus in sentiment, allusion, or style; none of his extravagance, and none of his vigour and originality.’—Sellar. Terence is, accordingly, in substance and form, as Caesar styles him, a dimidiatus Menander (halved Menander):

A Roman only in language, but as puri sermonis amator worthy to be ranked by the side of Caesar himself and the purest Latin authors.

ALBIUS TIBULLUS, circ. 54-19 B.C.

1. Life.

TIBULLUS.

Tibullus was a Roman eques, and was probably born at Pedum, a Latin town just at the foot of the Apennines, and a few miles north of Praeneste, where his father possessed an ample estate. Much of his inherited property was lost; and it is possible that, like Vergil, Horace, and Propertius, he was a victim to the confiscations of the Triumvirs in 42 B.C. He, however, retained or recovered enough to afford him a modest competence. In 31-30 B.C. he served on the staff of his life-long friend and patron M. Valerius Messalla, the eminent general and statesman, not less distinguished in literature than in politics. The rest of his short life the poet spent on his ancestral farm at Pedum, amid the country scenes and employments congenial to his nature and habits.

2. Works.

Elegies, in four Books (or three, Postgate). Tibullus published in his lifetime two Books of elegiac poems: after his death a third volume was published, containing a few of his own poems, together with poems by other members of the literary circle of Messalla. Books I and II consist mainly of poems addressed to Delia and to Nemesis (cf. Ov. Am. III. ix. 31-32):

And to Messalla, e.g. El. I. vii. 55-6:

3. Style.

‘Tibullus is pre-eminently Roman in his genius and poetry. He is the natural poet of warm, tender, and simple feeling. Neither Greek mythology nor Alexandrine learning had any attractions for his purely Italian genius. His language may be limited in range and variety, but it is terse, clear, simple, and popular. His constructions are plain and direct.’—North Pinder.

‘To Tibullus belongs the distinction of having given artistic perfection to the Roman elegy.’—Sellar.

Elegia quoque Graecos provocamus, cuius mihi tersus atque elegans maxime videtur auctor Tibullus.

‘In elegy also we rival the Greeks, of which Tibullus appears to me the purest and finest representative.’

Quint. Inst. Or. X. i. 93.

‘Tibullus might be succinctly and perhaps not unjustly described as a Vergil without the genius.’—Mackail.

‘Tibullus and Vergil are alike in their human affection and their piety, in their capacity of tender and self-forgetful love, in their delight in the labours of the field and their sympathy with the herdsman and the objects of his care.’—Sellar.

C. VALERIUS FLACCUS, fl. 70 A.D.

1. Life.

VALERIUS FLACCUS.

He lived in the reign of Vespasian (70-78 A.D.), to whom he dedicated his poem, in which he refers to Vespasian’s exploits in Britain and to the capture of Jerusalem by Titus, 70 A.D. There are also references to the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D. Quintilian is the only Roman writer who mentions him (X. i. 90): Multum in Valerio Flacco nuper amisimus, which shows that he must have died circ. 90 A.D.

2. Works.

The Argonautica, an Hexameter poem in eight Books, apparently unfinished. The poem is in part a translation, in part a free imitation of the Alexandrine epic of Apollonius Rhodius (222-181 B.C.) ‘His descriptive power, particularly shown in touches of natural scenery, his pure diction and correct style have inclined some critics to set Valerius Flaccus above his Greek model.’—North Pinder. The rhetorical treatment of the subject, so characteristic of the period of the decline, is, however, too prominent throughout his work. Both his rhythm and language are closely modelled on Vergil.

VALERIUS MAXIMUS, fl. 26 A.D.

1. Life.

VALERIUS MAXIMUS.

All that we know of him is that he visited Asia in company with Sextus Pompeius (the friend of Ovid and of Germanicus), circ. 27-30 A.D.

2. Works.

Facta et Dicta Memorabilia, in nine Books. Each Book is divided into chapters on separate subjects (e.g. De Severitate, De Verecundia, De Constantia), under each of which he gives illustrations from Roman history and from the history of other nations, in order to show the native superiority (as he thinks) of Romans to foreigners, and especially to Greeks. As an historian he is most untrustworthy, but there are many gaps in Roman history (e.g. owing to the lost books of Livy) which he helps to supply. His style shows all the faults of his age and rhetorical training; his work was probably intended to be a commonplace-book for students and teachers of rhetoric.

M. TERENTIUS VARRO, 116-27 B.C.

1. Life.

VARRO.

Born at Reate, in the Sabine territory, which was the nurse of all manly virtues, Varro was brought up in the good old-fashioned way. ‘For me when a boy,’ he says, ‘there sufficed a single rough coat and a single under-garment, shoes without stockings, a horse without a saddle.’ Bold, frank, and sarcastic, he had all the qualities of the country gentleman of the best days of the Republic. On account of his personal valour he obtained in the war with the Pirates, 67 B.C., where he commanded a division of the fleet, the naval crown. In politics he belonged, as was natural, to the constitutional party, and bore an honourable and energetic part in its doings and sufferings. On the outbreak of the Civil War he served as the legatus of Pompeius in command of Further Spain, but was compelled to surrender his forces to Caesar, 69 B.C. When the cause of the Republic was lost Caesar, who knew Varro’s worth, employed him in superintending the collection and arrangement of the great library at Rome designed for public use. After Caesar’s death Varro was exposed to the persecution of Antonius, whose drunken revels and excesses at Varro’s villa at Casinum are vividly described by Cicero (Phil. ii. 103 sqq.) Through the influence of his many friends Varro obtained the protection of Octavianus, and was enabled to live at Rome in peace until his death, 27 B.C., in his ninetieth year.

2. Works.

Of all the works of Varro, embracing almost all branches of knowledge and literature, only two have come down to us:

(1) The De Re Rustica, in three Books, in the form of a dialogue, written in his eightieth year. It was a subject of which he had a thorough practical knowledge, and is the most important of all the treatises upon ancient agriculture now extant. Book I treats of agriculture; Book II of stock-raising; Book III of poultry, game, and fish.

(2) De Lingua Latina, in twenty-five Books, of which only V-X have been preserved. These contain much valuable information not found elsewhere, but Varro’s notions of etymology are extremely crude.

Of his other works, we have much cause to regret the loss of his Antiquities of Things Human and Divine, the standard work on the religious and secular antiquities of Rome down to the time of Augustus, and his Imagines, biographical sketches, with portraits, of seven hundred famous Greeks and Romans, the first instance in history of the publication of an illustrated book.

‘Varro belongs to the genuine type of old Roman, improved but not altered by Greek learning, with his heart fixed in the past, deeply conservative of everything national, and even in his style of speech protesting against the innovations of the day.’—Cruttwell.

Omnium facile acutissimus, et sine ulla dubitatione doctissimus.—Cicero.

Studiosum rerum tantum docet, quantum studiosum verborum Cicero delectat.—St. Augustine.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, circ. 19 B.C.-31 A.D.

1. Life.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS.

All we know of him is derived from his own pages. He descended from a distinguished family in Campania, and his father was a Praefectus equitum. He accompanied C. Caesar, the grandson of Augustus, on his mission to the East, and was present at the interview with the Parthian king. Two years afterwards, 4 A.D., he served under Tiberius in Germany as Praefectus equitum. For the next eight years Paterculus served under Tiberius in Pannonia and Dalmatia. Tiberius’ sterling qualities as a soldier gained him the friendship of many of his officers, and Velleius by his energy and ability secured that of Tiberius in return. The last circumstance of his life that he records is the election to the praetorship of his brother and himself as candidates of Caesar (Tiberius) in 14 A.D.

2. Works.

The Historia Romana in two Books. The beginning of Book I is lost; chapters 1-8 in our text are occupied with a rapid survey of universal history, especially of the East and of Greece. Chapter 8 breaks off at the rape of the Sabine women, and there is a great gap in the text before we reach in c. 9 the defeat of Perseus at Pydna in 168 B.C. Chapters 9-13 carry the narrative down to the destruction of Carthage and Corinth in 146 B.C. Book II continues the history and ends at the death of Livia 27 A.D.

‘The pretentiousness of his style is partly due to the declining taste of the period, partly to an idea of his own that he could write in the manner of Sallust. It alternates between a sort of laboured sprightliness and a careless, conversational manner full of endless parentheses. Yet Velleius has two real merits: the eye of a trained soldier for character, and an unaffected, if not a very intelligent, interest in literature.’—Mackail.

P. VERGILIUS MARO, 70-19 B.C.

1. Important Events in Vergil’s Life, and Chief Works.

VERGIL.

B.C. 70. Born at Andes, near Mantua.

„ 65. Birth of Horace.

B.C. 55. Assumes the Toga Virilis at Cremona. Death of Lucretius.

„ 53. Studies philosophy at Rome under the Epicurean Siron.

„ 42. Eclogues II, III, V, and perhaps VI, written.

„ 41. Suffers confiscation of his estate. Takes refuge in Siron’s villa. Estates restored by Octavianus through Pollio. Eclogue I.

„ 40. Vergil evicted a second time. Eclogues IV, VI, IX. Becomes a member of the literary circle of Maecenas.

„ 39. Eclogues VIII and X.

„ 38. Introduces Horace to Maecenas.

„ 37. Begins the Georgics at the suggestion of Maecenas.

„ 29. Completed Georgics read to Octavianus. Aeneid begun.

„ 27. Augustus Emperor.

„ 26. Banishment and death of his friend Gallus.

„ 25. Marriage of Marcellus to Julia, daughter of Augustus.

„ 23. Death of Marcellus: Aeneid, Book VI, read to the Imperial family.

„ 19. Journey of Vergil to Greece: is taken ill, dies at Brundusium, and is buried at Naples:

2. Works.

(1) Bucolica (Pastoral Poems), ten Eclogues (selected pieces), written 42-39 B.C. These are closely modelled on Theocritus, and have all the weaknesses of imitative poetry. ‘The Eclogues of Vergil have less of consistency but more of purpose than the Idylls of Theocritus. They are an advocacy of the charm of scenery and the pleasures of the country addressed to a luxurious and artificial society of dwellers in a town.’—Myers.

(2) Georgica, in four Books, written 37-30 B.C., at the suggestion of Maecenas, ‘the Home Minister of Augustus, and public patron of art and letters in the interest of the new government.’—Mackail. ‘The details of his subject Vergil draws mainly from his Greek predecessors, Hesiod, Xenophon, Aratus, and Nicander, but it is to Lucretius he is chiefly indebted. The language of Lucretius, so bold, so genial, so powerful, and in its way so perfect, is echoed a thousand times in the Georgics.’—Nettleship.

Book I treats of agriculture, Book II of the cultivation of trees, Book III of domestic animals, Book IV of bees (including the Myth of Aristaeus, ll. 315-558).

The purpose of the Georgics is to ennoble the annual round of labour in which the rural life was passed and to help the policy of Augustus by inducing the people to go back to the land.

‘The motto of the Georgics might well be said to be Ora et labora.’—Tyrrell.

‘The Georgics represent the art of Vergil in its matured perfection, and in mere technical finish are the most perfect work of Latin literature.’—Mackail.

(3) The Aeneid, in twelve Books, written 29-19 B.C.

The choice of the subject was influenced by the wish of Augustus to establish the legendary tradition of the connection of the gens Iulia with Aeneas through his son Iulus, and by Vergil’s own desire to write an epic on the greatness of Rome, in the manner of Homer. Thus ‘the centre of the mythical background was naturally Aeneas, as Augustus was the centre of the present magnificence of the Roman Empire. We surpass all other nations, says Cicero (De Nat. Deor. ii. 8), in holding fast the belief that all things are ordered by a Divine Providence. The theme of the Aeneid is the building up of the Roman Empire under this Providence. Aeneas is the son of a goddess, and his life the working out of the divine decrees.’—Nettleship.

‘At a verse from the Aeneid, the sun goes back for us on the dial; our boyhood is recreated, and returns to us for a moment like a visitant from a happy dreamland.’—Tyrrell.

‘In merely technical quality the supremacy of Vergil’s art has never been disputed. The Latin Hexameter, the stateliest measure ever moulded by the lips of man, was brought by him to a perfection which made any further development impossible.’—Mackail.

‘As Homer among the Greeks, so Vergil among our own authors will best head the list; he is beyond doubt the second epic poet of either nation.’—Quint. X. i. 85.

‘The chastest poet and royalest, Vergilius Maro, that to the memory of man is known.’—Bacon.

APPENDIX VII.

NOTE

The following Chronological Outlines of Roman History and Literature are intended to illustrate the passages selected for translation. Important events and writers in contemporary History and Literature are added, in order to emphasise the comparative method of treating History.

The names of those Latin authors from whose works passages have been selected are printed in capitals in the Literature Column.

A fuller outline of the Imperial Period will be given in a later volume.

PERIODS OF LATIN LITERATURE.

Period I. The Growth of Latin Literature 250-80 B.C.

Period II. The Golden Age of Latin Literature 80 B.C.-14 A.D.

Period III. The Silver Age of Latin Literature 14-117 A.D.

Period IV. The Later Empire from 117 A.D.

CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINES OF ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE

B.C. Rome. Other Nations. B.C. Literature. B.C.

Part I.—Regal Period, 753-509 B.C.

Foundation of Carthage 878 Amos c. 760

753 Foundation of Rome Rise of Corinth 745 Isaiah c. 720

753-716 Romulus Roman Senate of 200 Spolia opima (1) Captivity of Israel 721 Hesiod c. 700

716-673 Numa Pompilius Religious Institutions Carentum founded 708

673-640 Tullus Hostilius Destruction of Alba Legend of Horatii and Curiatii Destruction of Sennacherib’s host 701 Tyrtaeus (Sparta) c. 680

Cyrene founded 641 Archilochus. 650

640-616 Ancus Martius. Conquest of Latin Towns Josiah’s reformation 625 Jeremiah c. 625

Ostia, first maritime colony Periander, tyrant of Corinth 625-585

616-578 Tarquinius Priscus. Public Works: the Circus Maximus, Cloaca Maxima, and Temple of Jupiter Draco, the law-giver at Athens 621 Alcaeus Sappho Solon 600

Massilia founded 600

578-534 Servius Tullius. The Census, basis of Comitia Centuriata The Servian Wall includes the Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline hills, i.e. Rome of Republican times Captivity of Judah 606-536

Solon at Athens 594 Thales 590

Peisistratus at Athens 560-527 Ezekiel 585

Croesus in Lydia 560-546 Aesop c. 570

534-509 Tarquinius Superbus Conquest of Gabii Tyranny leading to expulsion of the Tarquins and abolition of the monarchy Cyrus enters Babylon 538 Theognis 540

Return of Jews under Zerubbabel 536 Pythagoras 530

Expulsion of Peisistratidae 510 Anacreon 530

Part II.—Early Republic, 509-366 B.C.

509 Two Consuls (Praetors) first appointed Lex Valeria establishes right of appeal Darius Hystaspes 521-486 Aeschylus 525-456

Pindar 518-c. 443

507 Rome taken by Etruscans under Porsena Ionian Revolt 501-493 Heracleitus 500

498 Latin War Dictator first appointed Battle of Lake Regillus Miltiades at Athens 493-489 Simonides (Ceos) 490

Ionians defeated at Lade 494

494 First Session of the Plebs Tribuni Plebis Battle of Marathon 490

489 Volscian War (Coriolanus) Aristides and Themistocles 490-470 Parmenides 490

486-5 Agrarian Law Spurius Cassius put to death Xerxes 485-465 Bacchylides 470

477 Destruction of the Fabii at Cremera Thermopylae. Salamis. Himera 480 Anaxagoras 460

458 War with Aequians—Battle of Mt. Algidus Cincinnatus Dictator Plataea (Pausanians). Mycale 479 Sophocles 496-406

Hiero I at Syracuse 478-467 Euripides 480-406

451 First Decemvirate Ten Tables Pericles at Athens 469-429 Herodotus c. 484-425

450 Second Decemvirate Two new Tables (Appius Claudius) Cimon at Athens 466-449 Phidias (Parthenon) 448

448 Second Secession of the Plebs, resulting in the Valerio-Horatian Laws Athenian defeat at Coronea 447 Empedocles 445

Ezra and Nehemiah c. 444

445 Military tribunes with consular power appointed Athenian colony to Thurii 444 Era of the Sophists (Gorgias, Protagoras) 440

443 Censors first appointed

439 Spurius Maelius killed

437 War with Etruscans Cossus wins Spolia opima (2) War of Corinth and Corcyra 435 Antiphon c. 480-411

424 Capua taken by the Samnites Peloponnesian War 431-405 Thucydides c. 471-402

Sphacteria (Demosthenes, Cleon) 425 Zeuxis Parrhasius painters c. 420

Alcibiades at Athens 424-404

Syracusan Expedition 415-413 Lysias c. 445-378

406-396 War with Veii Camillus Dictator Battle of Aegospotami 405 Aristophanes c. 450-385

406 Roman soldiers first receive pay Lysander enters Athens 404 Cratinus 449

Critias and Thirty Tyrants 404 Eupolis 429

Democracy restored (Thrasybulus) 403

390 Invasion of the Gauls Battle of the Allia Burning of Rome (Brennus) Manlius Capitolinus Camillus Parens Patriae History based on documents begins Artaxerxes II 405-359

Expedition of Cyrus the Younger (The Anabasis of Xenophon) 401

Xenophon c. 430-355

Socrates condemned 399 Socrates 468-399

389 Rome rebuilt Dionysius I of Syracuse, Wars of Syracuse and Carthage 405-368 Plato 420-348

Isocrates 436-338

376-366 The Licinian Laws First Plebeian Consul First Praetor (Judge) appointed Pelopidas and Epaminondas (Thebes) 378-362 Isaeus 420-348

Supremacy of Thebes (Leuctra) 371

Death of Epaminondas (Mantinea) 362

Part III.—The Conquest of Italy, 366-266 B.C.

361 Second Invasion of the Gauls Legend of Manlius Torquatus Dionysius II of Syracuse 368-343 Diogenes (Cynic) c. 419-324

Battle of Mantinea 362 Ludi Scenici at Rome 365

356 C. Marcius Rutilus, First Plebeian Dictator Philip of Macedon 359-336

349 War with Gauls Legend of M. Valerius Corvus Dion at Syracuse 357-353 Praxiteles (sculptor) fl. 360

348 Treaty of Rome with Carthage Olynthus taken by Philip 348 Aeschines 389-314

343-341 First Samnite War Battle of Mt. Gaurus (M. Valerius Corvus) Demosthenes 384-322

Aristotle 384-322

340-338 The Latin War Devotion of Decius Mus I Battle of Chaeronea 338 Apelles (painter) 336

Battle of Mt. Vesuvius

339 Leges Publiliae Supremacy of Comitia Tributa Alexander the Great 336-323

326-304 Second Samnite War (C. Pontius) Battle of Issus 333 Menander 344-292

321 Caudine Forks. The Yoke Foundation of Alexandria 332

311 Appius Claudius, Censor The Via Appia Battle of Arbela 331

311-309 Etruscan War First Battle at Lake Vadimo Alexander’s Successors Battle of Ipsus (301) 323-301

305 Battle of Bovianum

298-290 Third Samnite War Ptolemy I (Soter) 323-285 Euclid fl. 300

Agathocles at Syracuse 317-289 Theophrastus c. 384-277

295 Battle of Sentinum Devotion of Decius Mus II Demetrius Poliorcetes 308-283 Zeno, the Stoic c. 366-264

287 Last Secession of the Plebs Rhodes powerful 300-200 Epicurus 341-270

287 Lex Hortensia. Legislative power of Comitia Tributa finally established

Political distinction between the Patricians and Plebeians now at an end Aetolian League 284-167 Theocritus fl. 280

283 Renewed Etruscan and Gallic War Second Battle at Lake Vadimo Achaean League 280-146 Bion and Moschus fl. 270

281-275 War with Tarentines and Pyrrhus

280 Battle of Heraclea. Victory of the phalanx Gauls in Greece 280-278

279 Battle of Asculum Fabricius the Just Ptolemy II (Philadelphus) 285-247 Septuagint c. 277

278 Rome and Carthage allied

277 Pyrrhus masters nearly all Sicily

275 Battle near Beneventum (M’. Curius Dentatus) Pyrrhus returns to Epirus

273 Treaty of Rome with Egypt Recognition of Rome as one of the great powers Aratus (astronomer) fl. 270

272 Pyrrhus killed at Argos Surrender of Tarentum

266 All Italy (south of the Apennines) Roman

B.C. Rome. Other Nations. B.C. Literature. B.C.

Part IV.—The Contest with Carthage, 264-202 B.C.

264-241 First Punic War

263 Hiero of Syracuse joins Rome Hiero of Syracuse 269-219

261 Romans build a fleet

260 Naval victory of Duilius near Mylae Columna Rostrata Aratus, General of Achaean League 245 Callimachus fl. 260

256 Naval victory of Regulus at Ecnomus

255 Regulus defeated by Xanthippus of Sparta

Latin Literature. B.C.

Prose. Verse.

Period I.—The Growth of Latin Literature, 250-80 B.C.

250 Roman victory at Panormus (Metellus)

249 Carthaginian victory at Drepana (Claudius)

248-241 Hamilcar Barca in Sicily Ptolemy III (Euergetes) 247-222

241 Victory of Lutatius off the Aegates Insulae Peace with Carthage Sicily made a Roman Province (1)

241-238 War of Carthage with her Mercenaries Corsica and Sardinia made a Roman Province (2) Livius Andronicus (fl. 240)

236-228 Hamilcar in Spain. Hannibal’s oath Naevius (fl. 235)

230-229 Illyrian War. (Queen Teuta) Athens joins Achaean League 229

228 Corinth admits the Romans to the Isthmian Games Hasdrubal succeeds Hamilcar in Spain Founds New Carthage. The Iberus (Ebro) fixed as the Carthaginian boundary Roman Embassy to Greece 228

225-223 Gallic rising (Boii and Insubres) Great victory near Telamon Reforms of Cleomenes at Sparta 226-5

222 Victory over the Insubres at Clastidium M. Marcellus wins the spolia opima (3) Subjugation of Gaul south of the Alps Aratus and Antigonus take Sparta 221

Antiochus the Great (Syria) 224-187

221 Hannibal succeeds Hasdrubal in Spain

219 Hannibal takes Saguntum (ally of Rome) Ptolemy IV (Philopator) 222-205

218-202 Second Punic War Philip V (Macedon) 221-179 Plautus (254-184)

218 Hannibal crosses the Alps Battles of the Ticinus and Trebia

217 Battle of Lake Trasimene Death of Flaminius Q. Fabius Maximus, Dictator

216 Battle of Cannae. Death of Paulus Philip allied with Hannibal 216 Fabius Pictor (fl. 216) Ennius (239-169)

216-211 Revolt of Capua

215 Marcellus saves Nola First Macedonian War 214-205

214-212 Siege and Capture of Syracuse by Marcellus Death of Archimedes 212

212 P. & Cn. Scipio defeated by Hasdrubal Loss of Spain south of the Ebro Hannibal seizes Tarentum

211-206 P. Cornelius Scipio (Africanus Maior) in Spain Rome allied with Aetolians 211

210 Scipio surprises New Carthage

208 Hasdrubal (son of Hamilcar) eludes Scipio and crosses the Pyrenees to join Hannibal Philopoemen, General of Achaean League 208-183

207 Defeat and Death of Hasdrubal at the Metaurus (Nero)

204 Scipio goes to Africa: blockades Utica Peace of Rome with Philip 205

203 Hannibal recalled: leaves Italy

202 Battle of Zama. Peace made

Part V.—Formation of Empire beyond Italy, 200-183 B.C.

200-196 Second Macedonian War

197 Battle of Cynoscephalae (Flaminius)

196 Proclamation of the Freedom of Greece

195 Hannibal takes refuge with Antiochus Cato (234-149)

200-191 War with Insubrian and Boian Gauls Gallia Cisalpina a Roman Province (3) Antiochus in Greece 192

191-190 War with Antiochus of Syria

191 Battle of Thermopylae (Cato)

190 Battle of Magnesia. (L. Scipio and Domitius) Hannibal with Prusias, King of Bithynia 190-183 Pacuvius (220-132)

184 Censorship of Cato

183 Deaths of Hannibal, Scipio and Philopoemen

179 T. Sempronius Gracchus in Spain War of Antiochus and Egypt 172-168

171-168 Third Macedonian War (Perseus)

168 Battle of Pydna (Aemilius Paulus) Egypt accepts the protectorate of Rome Judas Maccabaeus (a treaty with Rome, 161) 166-161 Terence (185-159)

149-146 Third Punic War (Scipio Africanus Minor) Destruction of CarthageB

148-146 War with Andriscus (the pseudo-Philip) and the Achaeans. Destruction of Corinth (Mummius) Lucilius (180-103)

148 Macedonia made a Roman Province (4)B Illyricum made a Roman Province (5)

149-140 War with Viriathus, the Lusitanian Hero Judaea free from Syrian control (Simon Maccabaeus) 142

143-133 Numantine War

133 Destruction of Numantia (Scipio Africanus Minor) Roman Province in Spain (7)B Achaia made a Roman Province (8) Accius (c. 170-90)

133 Attalus III bequeaths the Kingdom of Pergamum to Rome. This becomes the Roman Province of Asia (9)

Part VI.—Period of Civil Strife in Italy, etc. 133-44 B.C.

133-121 Attempted reforms (Leges Semproniae) of the Gracchi

133 Agrarian Law of Tiberius Gracchus Murder of Tib. Gracchus (P. Scipio Nasica) First civil bloodshed in Rome John Hyrcanus subdues Idumea and Samaria 129

131 Two plebeian Consuls (the first time)

129 Death of Scipio Africanus Minor (Carbo suspected)

123-2 Tribunate of C. Gracchus Roman Colony sent to Carthage 123

121 Death of C. Gracchus Conquest of S. Gaul Province of Narbonensis (10) Mithridates (Pontus) 120-63 Afranius (fl. 100)

118 Death of Micipsa, King of Numidia

111-106 The Jugurthine War (Metellus, Marius, Sulla) Conquests of Mithridates on the Black Sea 112-110

106 Jugurtha betrayed to Sulla

105 The Cimbrians defeat the Romans at Arausio

102 Marius defeats Teutones at Aquae Sextiae

101 Marius (with Catulus) defeats Cimbri at Vercellae

100 Marius Consul a sixth time Sulla on the Euphrates 92

91 Tribunate of M. Livius Drusus

91-81 The Social or Marsic War Tigranes (Armenia) 95-60

90 Lex Iulia, granting the civitas to the Italian States not in rebellion

89 Battle of Asculum

88-86 First Civil War (between Marius and Sulla)

Period II.—The Golden Age of Latin Literature, 80 B.C.-14 A.D.

88 Sulla occupies Rome. First invasion of Rome by a Roman army

87-84 Cinnan revolution. Marius’ reign of terror

88-84 First Mithridatic War. (Sulla)

88 Massacre of Romans in Asia

86 Victory at Chaeronea. Sulla takes Athens Death of Marius

85 Victory at Orchomenus Tigranes at war with Rome 86-85 Lucretius (97-53)

84 Peace of Dardanus with Mithridates

83-82 Second Civil War (between Marius and Sulla)

82 Death of the younger Marius Sulla Felix

83-81 The Sullan Proscriptions Second Mithridatic War (Murena) Pompeius in Africa: triumphs as an Eques 81

81-79 Sulla Dictator Leges Corneliae

80 Cilicia made a Roman Province (11)

78 Death of Sulla

78-72 War with Sertorius in Spain (Pompeius) Pharisees supreme in Judaea 78 Sisenna (fl. 78)

75 Mithridates in alliance with Sertorius

74 Bithynia made a Roman Province (12) Nicomedes leaves Bithynia to Rome 75 Varro (116-27)

72 Betrayal and murder of Sertorius

73-71 War with Spartacus and his gladiators

71 Death of Spartacus (Crassus and Pompeius)

74-63 Third Mithridatic War (Lucullus, Pompeius)

72 Victory of Cabira (Pontus) Lucullus reforms the province of Asia (hence unpopular with Equites) Catullus (84-54)

70 First Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus Overthrow of the Sullan Constitution

69 Victory at Tigranocerta (capital of Armenia) Nepos (100-24)

67 Mutiny of Lucullus’ soldiers Mithridates recovers Pontus Lex Gabinia Pompeius destroys the Pirates Rome interferes in Palestine 65 Sallust (86-34)

66 Lex Manilia Lucullus superseded by Pompeius Victory of Nicopolis (Armenia) Peace with Tigranes Cicero (106-43)

64 Syria made a Roman Province (13)

63 Pompeius takes Jerusalem Death of Mithridates

63 Cicero Consul Catiline’s conspiracy crushed Cicero saluted as Pater Patriae

61 Pompeius’ great Triumph

60 First Triumvirate (Pompeius, Caesar, Crassus)

59 Caesar’s first Consulship. The Leges Iuliae

58-50 Caesar in Gaul (in Britain 55 and 54 B.C.) Gaul divided into three Provinces (14, 15, 16) Caesar (102-44)

58-57 Cicero’s banishment and return A. Hirtius (ob. 43)

56 Conference of the Triumvirs at Luca

55 Second Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus

53 Disaster at Carrhae. Death of Crassus

52 Pompeius sole Consul till August 1st

51-50 Cicero Governor of Cilicia

49-45 Third Civil War (between Caesar and Pompeius)

49 Caesar crosses the Rubicon

49 Caesar’s successful campaign round Lerida (Spain)

49 Massilia surrenders to Caesar

49 Defeat and death of Curio in Africa

48 Caesar’s unsuccessful investment of Dyrrachium Cleopatra 69-30

48 Battle of Pharsalus. Murder of Pompeius

47 Alexandrine War. Settlement of Asia

46 Battle of Thapsus. Death of Cato

45 Caesar sole Consul. Battle of Munda (Spain) Pub. Syrus (fl. 45)

44 Murder of Caesar

Imperial Period.

43 Second Triumvirate (Lepidus, Antonius, Octavianus) Herod the Great in Judaea 37-4 Pollio (fl. 40) Vergil (70-19)

42 Battle of Philippi (Brutus and Cassius)

31 Battle of Actium (Antonius and Cleopatra) Egypt a Roman Province (17) Horace (65-8)

27 B.C.- 14 A.D. Octavianus Augustus Tibullus (54-19)

23 Death of Marcellus Livy (59 B.C.-18 A.D.) Propertius (49-15)

20 Parthians restore standards Birth of Christ B.C. 4 Ovid (43 B.C.-18 A.D.

A.D. 9 Destruction of army under Varus (Arminius) A.D. A.D. A.D.

Period III.—The Silver Age, 14-117 A.D.

14-37 Tiberius V. Pater­culus (fl. 20) Manilius (fl. 12)

37-41 Caligula

41-54 Claudius Pontius Pilate in Judaea 26-36 Val. Maximus (fl. 26) Phaedrus (fl. 30-40)

43-51 Conquest of Britain Crucifixion 30

Boadicea in Britain 61 Seneca (4 B.C.-65 A.D.) Petronius (ob. 66) Persius (34-62) Lucan (39-65)

54-68 Nero Rome burnt 64

68-69 Galba, Otho, Vitellius

70-78 Vespasian. (Colosseum built) Titus destroys Jerusalem 70 Pliny I. (23-79)

79-81 Titus

79 Eruption of Vesuvius (Herculaneum and Pompeii) Quintilian (c. 35-95) Frontinus (c. 41-103) Tacitus (c. 55-120) Pliny II. (61-113) Suetonius (c. 75-160) Florus (fl. 137) Justinus (c. 150) A. Gellius (fl. 169) Val. Flaccus (ob. 90) Statius (ob. 95) Silius (25-101) Martial (c. 40-102) Juvenal (c. 55-138)

81-96 Domitian Agricola subdues Britain 78-85

93 Death of Agricola (father-in-law of Tacitus)

96-98 Nerva

98-116 Trajan Greatest extent of Roman Empire

117-138 Hadrian Hadrian’s wall 121

138-160 Antoninus Pius Wall of Antonine 140

161-180 Marcus Aurelius

Period IV.—The Later Empire, from 117 A.D.

Nemesianus (fl. 284)

274-337 Constantine the Great Council of Nicaea 325 Ter. Maurus (c. 300)

395-1453 Byzantine Empire Romans leave Britain 409-420 Ausonius (fl. 379)

408-410 Alaric the Goth at Rome (Stilicho) Hengist and Horsa (Kent) 449 Eutropius (fl. 375) Augustine (354-430) Claudian (fl. 400) Prudentius (fl. 404) Rutilius (fl. 416)

451 Attila the Hun defeated at Chalons

455 Genseric the Vandal at Rome

476 Odoacer at Rome. Western Empire ends

Constantinople taken by Turks 1453

INDEX

The numbers refer to pages throughout.

Reading selections (pages 61-272) are linked to the top of the page. References to the Introduction or Appendix are linked to the nearest convenient heading.

Ablative Absolute, 12, 58

Aegates Insulae, battle off, 114

Alban Lake, its rise, 79

Alesia, siege of, 202

Allia, battle of the, 81, 82

Analysis, help through, 6, 23, 47

Andriscus, war with, 156

Antiochus, his overthrow, 149

Antonius, attacked by Cicero, 230;

causes the murder of Cicero, 230, 232

Appius Claudius, his speech against peace with Pyrrhus, 102

Aquae Sextiae, Teutones annihilated at, 164

Archelaus, defeated at Chaeronea, 172;

at Orchomenus, 173

Archimedes, his engineering skill, 137;

the Tomb of Archimedes, 54

Arpinum, birthplace of Cicero and Marius, 163

Asculum (Apulia), battle of, 103

Asculum (Picenum), outbreak of Social War at, 108;

battle near, 169

Beneventum, battle near, 103

Bovianum, battle of, 98

Caesar, personal appearance and physical powers, 186;

captured by pirates, studies oratory at Rhodes, 187;

curule aedile, propraetor, 192;

first triumvirate, consul, 195;

campaigns in Gaul and Britain, 196-202;

civil war with Pompeius, 209-224;

dines with Cicero, 225;

his death, 226;

his character, 227-229;

life of, 293-296

Camillus, capture of Veii, 80;

delivers Rome from the Gauls, 85;

stays migration to Veii, 86

Capua, the revolt and punishment of, 133, 134

Carrhae, battle of, 206, 207

Carthage, its foundation, 109;

the building of, 110;

wars between Rome and, 108-146;

destruction of, 155

Cassivellaunus, submission of, to Caesar, 199

Catiline, his conspiracy, 193;

his end, 194

Cato Major, his character, 151, 152;

life of, 296

Cato Uticensis, his character, 224;

his death, 223

Caudine Forks, the Romans entrapped and sent under the yoke, 95, 96

Chaeronea, battle of, 172

Cicero, his first and only campaign, 169;

impeaches Verres, 188;

speech against Catiline, 193;

his banishment and return, 203, 204;

his recantation, 205;

governor of Cilicia, 208;

speech against Antonius, 230;

his death, 232;

his character, 231, 233;

life of, 297-300

Cincinnatus, called from the plough, 74

Claudius Pulcher, his defeat off Drepana, 113

Cognates, 4, 5, 44, 45, 267-8

Colline Gate, battle at the, 174

Compound Words, 3-5

Conjunctions, 274-6

Corinth, destruction of, 156

Coriolanus and his mother Veturia, 72

Corvus, M. Valerius, hero of Mt. Gaurus, 91

Cossus, A. Cornelius, wins spolia opima, 77

Crassus, member of First Triumvirate, 195;

his defeat at Carrhae, 206, 207

Cremera (River), Fabii destroyed at the, 73

Cynoscephalae, battle of, 147

Dardanus, peace of, 173

Decius Magius, his defiance of Hannibal, 133

Decius Mus (the elder), his self-sacrifice at battle of Mt. Vesuvius, 92

Decius Mus (the younger), his self-sacrifice at battle of Sentinum, 99

Dentatus, M’. Curius, an old-time Roman, 105

Drepana, battle off, 113

Drusus, M. Livius, his tribuneship, 167

Duilius, his naval victory near Mylae, 112

Dyrrachium, Caesar’s lines of circumvallation, 216;

plan of, opposite 216

Elissa (Dido), foundress of Carthage, 109

English Derivatives, help through, 1, 2, 21, 29, 30

Fabii, destruction of, 73

Fabius Maximus Cunctator, his character, 127;

and his Master of the Horse, 128

Fabricius the Just, 101

Flamininus proclaims the freedom of Greece, 148

Flaminius, his defeat at Lake Trasimene, 124-126;

his death, 126

Floralia, origin of, 88

French Derivatives, help through, 2, 3, 29, 30

Gaurus (Mount), battle of, 91

Gergovia, siege of, 201

Gracchi, The, 160, 161

Hannibal, his oath, 115;

his character, 116, 117;

lays siege to Saguntum, 118;

his dream and its interpretation, 119;

his march from Spain to Italy, 120-122;

his victory at the Trebia, 123;

at Lake Trasimene, 124-126;

at Cannae, 129, 130;

the advice of Maharbal, 131;

at Capua, 133, 134;

leaves Italy, 144;

his overthrow at Zama, 145, 146;

his death, 150

Hasdrubal, his defeat and death at the Metaurus, 143

Heraclea, battle of, 100

Horatius Cocles, his defence of the Sublician bridge, 67, 68

Jugurtha, his betrayal, 162

Lepidus, M. Aemilius, speech against Sulla, 178

Lerida, campaign round, 213

Liciuius, first plebeian consul, 87

Lucullus, character and early career, 181;

his wealth, 182;

surnamed Ponticus, 184

Lutatius, his victory off the Aegates Insulae, 114

Magnesia, battle of, 149

Maharbal urges Hannibal to advance on Rome, 131

Manlius Capitolinus, his fate, 84

Manilus, L., and his son Torquatus, 89

Marcellus saves Nola from Hannibal, 135;

his lament over Syracuse, 138;

his death, 139

Marius, Cicero on, 163;

annihilates Teutones at Aquae Sextiae, 164;

seven times consul, 165;

outlived his fame, 165

Marius the Younger, death of, 175

Massilia, siege of, 214

Menenius Agrippa, harangues the Plebs, 71

Metaphors, 13, 14

Metaurus, Nero’s march to the, 142;

battle of the, 143

Mithridates, his youth and early training, 171;

his preparations for conquest, 171

Mucius (Scaevola), loss of his right hand, 69

Mummius Achaicus destroys Corinth, 156

Mylae, naval battle near, 112

Nero, his march to the Metaurus, 142;

his victory over Hasdrubal, 143

Nervii, The, overthrown by Caesar, 196

Numantia destroyed, 158

Numa Pompilius, 62

Order of words in Latin, 9, 10

Papirius Cursor and his Master of the Horse, 94

Parallelism, use of, in Ovid, 27

Parataxis, use of, in Ovid, 26

Participles, how to translate, 11, 12

Passive in English for Latin Active, 11

Paulus L. Aemilius, his victory at Pydna, 153, 154

Period, the, 7-9

Perseus, King of Macedon, his overthrow, 153, 154

Pharsalus, battle of, 217-219;

plan of, opposite 218

Philip, King of Macedon, his overthrow, 147

Philopoemen, death of, 150

Phrases for Latin Prose Composition, 45

Pompeius, character and career to 66 B.C., 185;

campaign against the pirates and Mithridates, 189-191;

coalition with Caesar, 195;

civil war with Caesar, 209-222;

dream on the eve of Pharsalus, 217;

ill-advised at Pharsalus, 218;

his death, 220;

Cato’s eulogy on, 221;

his grave, 222

Porsenna, Lars, attack upon Rome, 67-69

Prefixes, 4, 22, 277-281

Punctuation a help to translation, 6

Pydna, battle of, 153, 154

Pyrrhus, his aims, 100;

defeats the Romans at Heraclea, 100;

victorious at Asculum but routed near Beneventum, 103;

his death and eulogy, 104

Regillus, Lake, battle of, 70

Regulus, his embassy, 111

Res, different meanings of, 11, 33-34, 41

Rome, position of, 65

Romulus, the passing of, 61

Rutilius, defeat and death of, 169

Sacriportus, battle of, 174

Saguntum, siege of, 118

Scansion and Metre, a help to translation, 6

Scipio Major, prevents Nobles from abandoning Italy, 131;

his character, 140;

takes New Carthage, 141;

his victory at Zama, 145, 146;

his death, 150

Scipio Minor, destroys Carthage, 135;

Numantia, 158

Sentinum, battle of, 99

Sertorius, and his Fawn, 179;

his career and death, 180

Spartacus, war with, 183

Style, helps to, 13, 14

Suffixes, 4, 282-286

Sulla, his character and bearing, 170;

his proscriptions, 175;

his brilliant tactics at Chaeronea, 172;

capture of Athens and the Piraeus, 173;

victory at Orchomenus, 173;

concludes peace with Mithridates, 173;

defeats Marians at Sacriportus, 174;

and at battle of the Colline Gate, 174;

surnamed Felix, 175;

dictator, abdication and death, 176;

his legislation, 177

Syracuse, description of, 136;

siege and fall of, 137, 138

Tarentum, Horace in praise of, 106

Tarquinius Superbus, purchase of the Sibylline books, 63

Tarquinius, Sextus, at Gabii, 64

Teutones, annihilated at Aquae Sextiae, 164

Thermopylae, battle of, 149

Translation, helps to, 5-12

Trasimene, battle of, 124-126

Trebia, battle at, 123

Veii, conquest of, 80

Veneti, naval battle with, 197

Vercingetorix, Gallic rising under, 200;

his last fight, 202

Verginia, the consequences of her death, 76

Verres, prosecuted by Cicero, 188

Vesuvius, Mount, battle of, 92, 93

Viriathus, war with, 157

Vocabulary, helps to, 1-5

Vowel changes of Verbs, 3-4

Zama, battle of, 145, 146

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