LATIN TRANSLATION AT SIGHT (continued 6)

409 Allia: 390 B.C. Cf. Vergil. Aeneid, vii. 717 quosque secans infaustum interluit Allia nomen.

411 nescire = to ignore.

B. The Battlefields of Pharsalus and Philippi.

Vergil, Georg. i. 489-497.

489 Ergo = therefore, in fulfilment of the terrible warnings at the death of Caesar.

490 iterum, i.e. at Philippi 42 B.C.; the first time at Pharsalus.

B₅₉

CIVIL WAR, 49-45 B.C. (10)

How Pompeius died, 48 B.C.

Pompeius, deposito adeundae Syriae consilio, et aeris magno pondere ad militarem usum in naves imposito, duobusque milibus hominum armatis, Pelusium pervenit. Ibi casu rex erat Ptolemaeus, puer aetate, magnis copiis cum sorore Cleopatra 5 bellum gerens, quam paucis ante mensibus per suos propinquos atque amicos regno expulerat; castraque Cleopatrae non longo spatio ab eius castris distabant. Ad eum Pompeius misit, ut pro hospitio atque amicitia patris Alexandria reciperetur atque illius opibus in 10 calamitate tegeretur. Sed, qui ab eo missi erant, confecto legationis officio, liberius cum militibus regis colloqui coeperant eosque hortari, ut suum officium Pompeio praestarent, neve eius fortunam despicerent. His tunc cognitis rebus amici regis, 15 qui propter aetatem eius in procuratione erant regni, sive timore adducti, ne Pompeius Alexandriam Aegyptunique occuparet, sive despecta eius fortuna, iis, qui erant ab eo missi, palam liberaliter responderunt eumque ad regem venire iusserunt: ipsi, 20 clam consilio inito, Achillan, praefectum regium, singulari hominem audacia, et L. Septimium, tribunum militum, ad interficiendum Pompeium miserunt. Ab his liberaliter ipse appellatus naviculam parvulam conscendit cum paucis suis, et ibi 25 ab Achilla et Septimio interficitur.

Caesar, de Bello Civili, iii. 103, 104 (sel.)

Context. After the battle of Pharsalus, Pompeius, closely pursued by Caesar, had thoughts of going to Parthia and trying to form alliances there. While in Cyprus he heard that Antioch (in Syria) had declared for Caesar and that the route to the Parthians was no longer open. So he altered his plan and sailed to Egypt, where a number of his old soldiers served in the Egyptian army.

4 Pelusium, on the E. side of the easternmost mouth of the Nile.

5 cum sorore Cleopatra. By his father’s will, Ptolemy ruled jointly with his sister for three years, 51-48 B.C., when he expelled her. Cleopatra raised an army in Syria and invaded Egypt. The two armies were encamped opposite each other when Pompeius landed to seek the help of Ptolemy.

15 amici regis, e.g. Achillas, l. 21, and espec. Ptolemy’s guardian Pothinus, the de facto ruler of Egypt.

‘On the same day (28 Sept.) on which he had triumphed over Mithridates (61 B.C.) Pompeius died on the desert sands of the inhospitable Casian shore by the hands of one of his old soldiers (Septimius).’—M.

B₆₀

CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS, 106-48 B.C. (11)

Cato’s Eulogy on Pompeius.

Lucan, Pharsalia, ix. 190-217.

190-191 multum . . . iuris = far inferior to our ancestors in recognising the due bounds of power.—Haskins.

193 solus (sc. ex proceribus) . . . servire sibi = alone (of the chief men of the State) acting the private citizen when the populace were ready to be his slaves, i.e. acting unlike Sulla or Caesar.—H.

195 sed regnantis. ‘Pompeius came forward as the duly installed general of the Senate against the Imperator of the street, once more to save his country.’—M.

198 Intulit, sc. in aerarium. Cf. Shaksp. Jul. C. III. ii. (Mark Antony of Caesar) ‘He hath brought many captives home to Rome | Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill.’ ‘Caesar devoted the proceeds of the confiscations (the property of defeated opponents) entirely to the benefit of the State.’—M.

208 cui summa dies . . . victo = whom the day of death met when he was vanquished, i.e. without his having to seek it himself.—H.

209 Pharium = Egyptian, lit. of Pharos (= Faro), an island near Alexandria, famous for its lighthouse.

211 One of Lucan’s famous sententiae (γνῶμαι, maxims).

Pompeius. ‘Even in his own age he would have had a clearly defined and respectable position, had he contented himself with being the general of the Senate, for which he was from the outset destined.’—M.

B₆₁

CIVIL WAR, 49-45 B.C. (12)

The Grave of Pompeius. His Roll of Fame.

Lucan, Pharsalia, viii. 789-793, 806-822.

Subject. Cordus, whom Lucan calls infaustus Magni comes (or according to Plutarch Philippus the faithful freedman of Pompeius), finds the cast-up body of Pompeius and gives it honourable burial.

793 HIC SITUS EST = ἔνθαδε κεῖται, the regular inscription on a tombstone.

808 truces Lepidi motus. Cf. page 178, last note on page.

809 revocato consule, i.e. Metellus. Cf. page 180, A., l. 12.

811 pavidos Cilicas maris = the Cilicians scared from the sea.—Jebb. Pompeius effecit ut piratae timerent maria quibus ipsi ante grassabantur (= they sailed at will).—Schol.

813-814 dic semper . . . togam, e.g. after his triumph over Spain 71 B.C., and over Mithridates and the East in 61 B.C.

814-815 ter curribus . . . triumphos = (tell how) content with thrice driving the (triumphal) car he made a present to his fatherland of many triumphs, i.e. he did not claim them when he might have done so.

817-818 Non ordine tanto Fastorum = storied with no majestic annals.—Jebb.

819 arcus = triumphal arches, orig. temporary structures of wood, but under the Empire built of marble, e.g. of Septimius Severus.

821 Depressum . . . rectus = sunk low upon a tomb, which the stranger cannot read without stooping (rectus).—Haskins.

B₆₂

CIVIL WAR, 49-45 B.C. (13)

Atrox Animus Catonis, 46 B.C.

Complures interim ex fuga Uticam perveniunt. Quos omnes Cato convocatos una cum trecentis, qui pecuniam Scipioni ad bellum faciendum contulerant, hortatur, ut servitia manumitterent, oppidumque defenderent. Quorum cum partem assentire, partem 5 animum mentemque perterritam atque in fugam destinatam habere intellexisset, amplius de ea re agere destitit, navesque eis attribuit, ut in quas quisque partes vellet proficisceretur. Ipse, omnibus rebus diligentissime constitutis, liberis suis L. Caesari, 10 qui tum ei pro quaestore fuerat, commendatis et sine suspicione, vultu atque sermone, quo superiore tempore usus fuerat, cum dormitum isset, ferrum intro clam in cubiculum tulit, atque ita se traiecit. Qui cum anima nondum exspirata concidisset, et, 15 impetu facto in cubiculum ex suspicione, medicus familiaresque continere atque vulnus obligare coepissent, ipse suis manibus vulnus crudelissime divellit, atque animo praesenti se interemit.

Asinius Pollio, de B. Africo, 88.

Context. After Pharsalus and the flight of Pompeius, we finally part company with Caesar as an author. The Bellum Alexandrinum (Caesar’s perils in Egypt and his settlement of the East 48-47 B.C.), the B. Africum (Thapsus 46 B.C.), the B. Hispaniense (Munda 45 B.C.), are the work of eyewitnesses and officers of his army. After a delay of fifteen precious months Caesar landed in Africa (Jan. 46), and by investing Thapsus tempted Scipio (Pompeius’ father-in-law) to try to save the city by a battle. His troops were quickly arranged as at Pharsalus, and by a single impetuous charge won a complete victory. The slaughter was terrible: the survivors fled to Utica, where Cato in vain tried to organise a defence and to restore order, and then in despair died by his own sword.

1 Uticam: second in importance to Carthage.

19 animo praesenti = deliberately.

After Thapsus. ‘Caesar left Africa in June 46 B.C., and celebrated a magnificent triumph, not over Roman citizens, but over Gauls and Egyptians, Pharnaces and Juba. As Dictator he remained in Rome several months, in which more permanently valuable work was done than was ever achieved in the same space of time, unless it were by Cromwell in 1653-4. The senseless outbreak of the Pompeian party in Spain under Labienus and the two sons of Pompeius took him away from Rome: but the victory of Munda (45 B.C.) closed the civil strife. Caesar returned to Rome in September, and six months more of life was all that was left to him.’—W. F.

B₆₃

CIVIL WAR, 49-45 B.C. (14)

Cato Uticensis, 46 B.C.

A. Hic genitus proavo M. Catone, principe illo familiae Porciae, homo Virtuti simillimus et per omnia ingenio diis quam hominibus propior, qui nunquam recte fecit, ut facere videretur, sed quia aliter facere non potuerat, cuique id solum visum 5 est rationem habere, quod haberet iustitiae, omnibus humanis vitiis immunis semper fortunam in sua potestate habuit.

Vell. Paterc. ii. 35.

1 M. Catone, the famous Censor of 184 B.C.

principe = founder.

Lucan, Pharsalia, ii. 374-391 (sel.)

377 uni (sc. Catoni), as the only true representative of the wise man of the Stoics.—Haskins.

381 secta (sc. via, lit. a beaten way) here = disciplina = principles.

381-383 servare modum . . . mundo. These expressions are Stoic maxims. Lucan (the nephew of Seneca) depicts the Stoic idea of virtue in the character of Cato.

382-383 patriaeque . . . mundo. Cato’s aim is patriae impendere vitam. His devotion to the service of humanity is complete; it is his part toti genitum se credere mundo. But this humanity includes Rome in the first place, the rest of the world in a quite secondary sense.—H.

386-387 hirtam togam = a coarse (lit. hairy) toga.

389 honesti = τοῦ καλοῦ. Cicero defines honestum as aut ipsa virtus, aut res gesta virtute.

Cato Uticensis. ‘He was like Caesar alone in this, that he had clear political convictions and acted on them not only with consistency but with justice and humanity. It is “his vain faith and courage” that alone lights up the dark hours of the falling Commonwealth:—

B₆₄

GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR. (5)

Caesar dines with Cicero, Dec. 19, 45 B.C.

O hospitem mihi tam gravem ἀμεταμέλητον! fuit enim periucunde. Sed cum secundis Saturnalibus ad Philippum vesperi venisset, villa ita completa militibus est, ut vix triclinium, ubi cenaturus ipse Caesar esset, vacaret; quippe hominum ⅭⅠↃ ⅭⅠↃ. 5 Sane sum commotus, quid futurum esset postridie; at mihi Barba Cassius subvenit: custodes dedit. Castra in agro, villa defensa est. Ille tertiis Saturnalibus apud Philippum ad h. VII, nec quemquam admisit: rationes opinor cum Balbo. Inde ambulavit 10 in litore; post h. viii in balneum; unctus est, accubuit. Et edit et bibit ἀδεῶς et iucunde, opipare sane et apparate, nec id solum, sed

Praeterea tribus tricliniis accepti οἱ περὶ αὐτὸν valde copiose. Libertis minus lautis servisque nihil defuit: nam lautiores eleganter accepti. Quid multa? homines visi sumus. Hospes tamen non is, cui diceres: ‘amabo te, eodem ad me, cum revertere’: semel 20 satis est. Σπουδαῖον οὐδὲν in sermone, φιλόλογα multa. Quid quaeris? delectatus est et libenter fuit. Puteolis se aiebat unum diem fore, alterum ad Baias. Habes hospitium sive ἐπισταθμείαν, odiosam mihi, dixi, non molestam. 25

Cicero, Ep. ad Att. xiii. 52.

Subject. We here catch a glimpse of Caesar as he really was. He had spent a night near Puteoli (where Cicero also had a villa) with Philippus, the step-father of Octavianus. The Dictator proposed a visit, and Cicero in this memorable letter describes to Atticus what happened.

1 O hospitem . . . ἀμεταμέλητον! = Oh, what a formidable guest to have had, and yet I have had no reason to repent of it (ἀμεταμέλητον).

10 rationes (sc. conferebat) . . . Balbo = he was settling accounts with Balbus, I suppose. L. Cornelius Balbus, a native of Gades (Cadiz), was Caesar’s confidential secretary and faithful friend. He was the first enfranchised foreigner who attained to the highest magistracy (Consul 40 B.C.).

14-15

18-19 homines visi sumus = I showed myself a man of taste, i.e. as host.

21 Σπουδαῖον οὐδὲν = lit. nothing serious, i.e. nothing political. φιλόλογα = literary chat.

24-25 ἐπισταθμείαν = billeting, as Caesar’s offer to dine with Cicero was equivalent to a command.

odiosam . . . molestam = unwelcome, though not disagreeable.

B₆₅

GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR. (6)

The Death of Caesar, 44 B.C.

Assidentem conspirati specie officii circumsteterunt; ilicoque Cimber Tillius, qui primas partes susceperat, quasi aliquid rogaturus propius accessit, renuentique et gestu in aliud tempus differenti ab utroque umero togam apprehendit; deinde clamantem: 5 Ista quidem vis est, alter e Cascis aversum vulnerat, paulum infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae brachium arreptum graphio traiecit, conatusque prosilire alio vulnere tardatus est; utque animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput 10 obvolvit, simul sinistra manu sinum ad ima crura deduxit, quo honestius caderet etiam inferiore corporis parte velata. Atque ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est, uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu sine voce edito; etsi tradiderunt quidam 15 Marco Bruto irruenti dixisse: Καὶ σὺ τέκνον; Exanimis, diffugientibus cunctis, aliquamdiu iacuit, donec lecticae impositum, dependente brachio, tres servoli domum rettulerunt. Nec in tot vulneribus, ut Antistius medicus existimabat, letale ullum 20 repertum est, nisi quod secundo loco in pectore acceperat.

Suetonius, Divus Iulius, 82.

Context. After his return from Spain (Sept. 45 B.C.), Caesar was busy with the reconstruction of the Senate, the completion of his vast buildings in Rome, and with other far-reaching projects. But during these months the clouds of ill-will were gathering and threatening him on every side. A conspiracy was formed, of which C. Cassius, ‘a lean and hungry man,’ of a bitter and jealous disposition, seems to have been the real instigator. He persuaded Brutus, a student of life chiefly in books, that liberty could only be gained by murder, and at last it was resolved that the deed should be done on the Ides (15th) of March.

8 graphio (γραφίον = scriptorium) = a writing-style.

12 quo honestius caderet, cf. Ovid, Fasti ii. 833 (of Lucretia):

16 Καὶ σὺ τέκνον; there seems to be no authority for attributing the words Et tu Brute? to Caesar. Shakespeare found them in an earlier play.

The Murder of Caesar. ‘It is the most brutal and the most pathetic scene that profane history has to record; it was, as Goethe has said, the most senseless deed that ever was done. It was wholly useless, for it did not and could not save Rome from monarchy. The deed was done by a handful of men, who, pursuing a phantom liberty and following the lead of a personal hatred, slew the one man who saw the truth of things.’—W. F.

B₆₆

GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR. (7)

‘There may be many Caesars Ere such another Julius.’—Cymbeline.

A. Fuit in illo ingenium, ratio, memoria, litterae, cura, cogitatio, diligentia; res bello gesserat quamvis rei publicae calamitosas, at tamen magnas; multos annos regnare meditatus magno labore multis periculis quod cogitarat effecerat; muneribus, monumentis, 5 congiariis, epulis multitudinem imperitam delenierat: suos praemiis, adversarios clementiae specie devinxerat.

Cicero, Philippica, ii. 45.

4 regnare meditatus. For Caesar monarchy meant the liberation of the Empire.

5-6 muneribus (sc. gladiatoriis) = gladiatorial shows.

monumentis = public buildings, e.g. his forum, amphitheatre, Temple of Venus Genetrix, and other public works begun (e.g. the Curia Iulia) and planned.

6 congiariis (sc. donis), orig. a gift of wine (a congius = about 6 pints), then = wine-money (Ger. Trinkgeld), and so of any largess.

7-8 clementiae specie. Cic. himself refutes this ungrateful taunt in his pro Marcello: Recte igitur unus invictus est, a quo etiam ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta est.

Lucan, Pharsalia, i. 143-150.

143-144 tantum nomen = not a mere name alone, in contrast to Pompeius:—Stat magni nominis umbra.— Haskins.

147 temerando parcere ferro = shrink from dyeing his sword (in blood).—H.

Apotheosis of Caesar.

C. Periit sexto et quinquagesimo aetatis anno atque in deorum numerum relatus est, non ore modo decernentium sed et persuasione volgi. Si quidem ludis, quos primos consecrato ei heres Augustus edebat, 20 stella crinita per septem continuos dies fulsit, exoriens circa undecimam horam, creditumque est animam esse Caesaris in caelum recepti; et hac de causa simulacro eius in vertice additur stella.

Suet. Div. Iul. 88.

21 stella crinita (= κομήτης); cf. Verg. Georg. iv. 466-8:

‘FACTA DUCIS VIVENT, OPEROSAQUE GLORIA RERUM.’—OVID. ‘THE HERO’S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE.’

Caesar was the sole creative genius produced by Rome, and the last produced by the ancient world, which accordingly moved on in the path that he marked out for it until its sun went down.

Whatever he undertook and achieved was pervaded and guided by the cool sobriety which constitutes the most marked peculiarity of his genius. To this he owed the power of living energetically in the present, undisturbed either by recollection or by expectation: to this he owed the capacity of acting at any moment with collected vigour, and of applying his whole genius even to the smallest and most incidental enterprise. Gifts such as these could not fail to produce a statesman.

Caesar as a statesman.—From early youth Caesar was a statesman in the deepest sense of the term, and his aim was the political, military, intellectual, and moral regeneration of his own deeply decayed nation, and of the still more deeply decayed Hellenic nation intimately akin to his own. According to his original plan, he had proposed to reach his object, like Pericles and Gaius Gracchus, without force of arms, until, reluctantly convinced of the necessity for a military support, he, when already forty years of age, put himself at the head of an army.

His talent for organisation was marvellous.—No statesman has ever compelled alliances, no general has ever collected an army out of unyielding and refractory elements with such decision, and kept them together with such firmness, as Caesar displayed in constraining and upholding his coalitions and his legions; never did regent judge his instruments and assign each to the place appropriate for him with so accurate an eye.

He was monarch; but he never played the king.—‘I am no king, but Caesar.’ Even when absolute lord of Rome, he retained the deportment of the party-leader; perfectly pliant and smooth, easy and charming in conversation, complaisant towards everyone, it seemed as if he wished io be nothing but the first among his peers.

Caesar ruled as king of Rome for five years and a half, not half as long as Alexander: in the intervals of seven great campaigns, which allowed him to stay not more than fifteen months altogether in the capital of his empire, he regulated the destinies of the world for the present and the future. The outlines were laid down, and thereby the new State was defined for all coming time: the boundless future alone could complete the structure. But precisely because the building was an endless one, the master so long as he lived restlessly added stone to stone, with always the same dexterity and always the same elasticity busy at work. Thus he worked and created as never did any man before or after him: and as a worker and creator he still, after well-nigh two thousand years, lives in the memory of the nations—the first and withal unique Imperator Caesar.

Mommsen.

B₆₇

CICERO AND ANTONIUS.

A. Peroration of the Second Philippic, 44 B.C.

Respice, quaeso, aliquando rem publicam, M. Antoni: quibus ortus sis, non quibuscum vivas considera: mecum, uti voles: redi cum re publica in gratiam. Sed de te tu videris: ego de me ipso profitebor. Defendi rem publicam adulescens, non 5 deseram senex: contempsi Catilinae gladios, non pertimescam tuos. Quin etiam corpus libenter obtulerim, si repraesentari morte mea libertas civitatis potest: ut aliquando dolor populi Romani pariat, quod iam diu parturit. Etenim si abhinc 10 annos prope viginti hoc ipso in templo negavi posse mortem immaturam esse consulari, quanto verius nunc negabo seni? Mihi vero, patres conscripti, iam etiam optanda mors est, perfuncto rebus eis quas adeptus sum quasque gessi. Duo modo haec 15 opto: unum, ut moriens populum Romanum liberum relinquam—hoc mihi maius ab dis immortalibus dari nihil potest,—alterum, ut ita cuique eveniat ut de re publica quisque mereatur.

Cicero, Phil. ii. 46.

2 quibus ortus sis: espec. his grandfather M. Antonius, the famous orator, whom Cicero held in great esteem.

5 adulescens, i.e. in 63 B.C., when he was in his 44th year.

8 repraesentari = be realised, won now and here.—Jebb.

11 templo, i.e. Concordiae. Cic. refers to In Catil. iv.

The Peroration. ‘Such a passage speaks to us with a living impression of unity and directness which we acknowledge without question. We admire and ask for nothing more.’—Nettleship.

B. On the Murder of Cicero, by order of Antonius.

Martial, Epig. III. lxvi.

1 Par Phariis armis = which matches (that committed by) the armed hand of an Egyptian, i.e. Pothinus (the guardian of the young king) who planned the murder of Pompeius, when he fled to Egypt 48 B.C.

sacros: consecrated to Rome from their public services.

3-4 Illud caput = Pompeius. hoc caput = Cicero. Cf. Epig. v. lxix: Quid gladium demens Romana stringis in ora?

6 domino, sc. Ptolemaeus, King of Egypt, jointly with Cleopatra.

B₆₈

CICERO.

A. Cicero as Orator and Poet.

Juvenal, Satires, x. 114-126.

114-118 Boys at school long to be a Demosthenes or a Cicero.

115 totis Quinquatribus, i.e. during all the five days of the Quinquatria, an annual feast of Minerva, March 19-23: it was always a holiday time at schools, and the school year began at the close of it.

116 parcam Minervam = a cheap kind of learning, and uno asse = an entrance fee of one as. But Duff says as here = stips, i.e. the boy’s contribution to the goddess of wisdom, who can make him wise, and parcam (= economical), transferred from asse to Minervam.

117 vernula = a little home-born slave, capsa a circular box of beech-wood, used for the transport of books.

121 causidici pusilli = of a petty pleader, as opposed to orator.

122 From Cicero’s poem de suo consulatu. Another line quoted in the 2nd Philippic is Cedant arma togae, concedat laurea laudi.

124 Ridenda poemata malo, i.e. they are better as being safer. Juvenal himself refutes this argument:

B. Cicero as Advocate.

Catullus, xlix.

2 Marce Tulli: the formal address suits the formal expression of thanks to a patronus (= advocate).

5 pessimus omnium poeta: the self-depreciation heightens the praise of the last line.—Merrill.

B₆₉

CICERO.

His Death, by order of Antonius, 43 B.C.

M. Cicero sub adventum triumvirorum urbe cesserat pro certo habens id quod erat, non magis se Antonio eripi quam Caesari Cassium et Brutum posse: primo in Tusculanum fugerat, inde transversis itineribus in Formianum ut ab Caieta navem 5 conscensurus proficiscitur. Unde aliquoties in altum provectum cum modo venti adversi retulissent, modo ipse iactationem navis caeco volvente fluctu pati non posset, taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit, regressusque ad superiorem villam, quae paulo 10 plus mille passibus a mari abest, ‘moriar,’ inquit, ‘in patria saepe servata.’ Satis constat servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad dimicandum; ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati quod sors iniqua cogeret iussisse. Prominenti ex lectica praebentique 15 immotam cervicem caput praecisum est. Nec satis stolidae crudelitati militum fuit: manus quoque scripsisse aliquid in Antonium exprobrantes praeciderunt. Ita relatum caput ad Antonium iussuque eius inter duas manus in rostris positum, ubi 20 ille consul, ubi saepe consularis, ubi eo ipso anno adversus Antonium quanta nulla umquam humana vox cum admiratione eloquentiae auditus fuerat: vix attollentes prae lacrimis oculos homines intueri trucidati membra civis poterant. Vixit tres et sexaginta 25 annos, ut si vis afuisset, ne immatura quidem mors videri possit.

Livy, Fr. ap. Sen. Rh. Suas. vii.

1 triumvirorum, sc. Antonius, Octavianus, and Lepidus. These three allies (about the end of Oct. 43 B.C.) held their famous meeting on an island in the R. Rhenus (a tributary of the Padus) near Bononia (Bologna), at which they constituted themselves a commission of three with absolute powers for five years. This was followed by a proscription of their principal opponents, of whom seventeen, including Cicero (sacrificed to Antonius), were at once put to death.

4 in Tusculanum, i.e. to his villa at Tusculum, richly adorned with pictures and statues.

5 in Formianum, i.e. to his villa at Formiae, on the Appian Way, in the innermost corner of the beautiful Gulf of Caieta (Gaëta). Near this villa Cicero was murdered.

The Death of Cicero. Cicero’s work was over, and the tragedy of his death was the natural outcome of his splendid failure. The restoration of the Commonwealth of the Scipios was but a dream; still it was a beautiful dream, and Cicero gave his life for it.—Tyrrell.

B₇₀

In Praise of Cicero.

A. Nihil tamen egisti, M. Antoni, nihil, inquam, egisti mercedem caelestissimi oris et clarissimi capitis abscisi numerando, auctoramentoque funebri ad conservatoris quondam rei publicae tantique consulis irritando necem. Rapuisti tum Ciceroni lucem 5 sollicitam et aetatem senilem et vitam miseriorem te principe quam sub te triumviro mortem, famam vero gloriamque factorum atque dictorum adeo non abstulisti, ut auxeris. Vivit vivetque per omnem saeculorum memoriam, dumque hoc vel forte vel 10 providentia vel utcumque constitutum rerum naturae corpus, quod ille paene solus Romanorum animo vidit, ingenio complexus est, eloquentia illuminavit, manebit incolume, comitem aevi sui laudem Ciceronis trahet omnisque posteritas illius in te scripta mirabitur, 15 tuum in eum factum exsecrabitur citiusque e mundo genus hominum quam Ciceronis memoria cedet.

Velleius Paterculus, ii. 66.

3-4 auctoramentoque funebri irritando = lit. and by stimulating (provoking) by a fatal reward (auctoramento) the death. . . .

10-15 dumque . . . trahet, in reference to Cicero’s philosophical works, in which Cicero propounds no original scheme of philosophy, claiming only that he renders the conclusions of Greek thinkers accessible to his own countrymen.

B. Ingenium et operibus et praemiis operum felix; ipse fortunae diu prosperae et in longo tenore felicitatis 20 magnis interim ictus vulneribus, exilio, ruina partium pro quibus steterat, filiae exitu tam tristi tamque acerbo, omnium adversorum nihil ut viro dignum erat tulit praeter mortem, quae vere aestimanti minus indigna videri potuit, quod a victore 25 inimico nil crudelius passurus erat quam quod eiusdem fortunae compos victo fecisset. Si quis tamen virtutibus vitia pensaret, vir magnus ac memorabilis fuit, et in cuius laudes exsequendas Cicerone laudatore opus fuerit. 30

Livy, Fr. ap. Sen.

21-22 ruina . . . steterat, i.e. the restoration of the Commonwealth of the Scipios.

Cicero. ‘It happened many years after that Augustus once found one of his grandsons with a work of Cicero’s in his hands. The boy was frightened, and hid the book under his gown; but Caesar took it from him, and, standing there motionless, he read through a great part of the book; then he gave it back to the boy, and said “This was a great orator, my child; a great orator, and a man who loved his country well.”’—Plutarch, Cicero, 49.

B₇₁

LAUS ITALIAE.

Propertius, III. (IV.) xxii. 5-26, 39-42.

Subject. Go where thou wilt, my Tullus, know that all the sights and marvels of all lands, from West to East, are outdone by those of thine own Italy. A truly famous land! A land ever victorious, ever merciful; full of fair lakes and streams. Here, Tullus, is thy true abode: here seek a life of honour and a home.

8 Phorcidos ora = the head of Medusa, the daughter of Phorcus.

15 Ortygii Caystri. Ortygia, an old name for Ephesus, near the mouth of the R. Cayster: the haunt of quails (Ortygia, ὄρτυξ).

16 temperat septenas vias = moderates its seven channels, of the delta of the Nile.—Ramsay.

19-22 Cf. Verg. Aen. vi. 853 Parcere subiectis et debellare superbos.

19 commoda noxae = disposed to harm.—North Pinder.

24 Marcius umor, i.e. the aqueduct of Q. Marcius Rex; built 145 B.C.

25 The Alban and Arician Lakes (Nemorensis = mod. Nemi) are close together.

26 i.e. the well Iuturna in the Forum (‘the well that springs by Vesta’s fane’) at which the Dioscuri washed their horses after their hot ride from Lake Regillus.

41 ad eloquium cives = citizens to hear and profit by your eloquence.—N. P.

B₇₂

LAUS ROMAE.

Claudian, de Consulatu Stilichonis, iii. 150-173.

153 nexuque . . . revinxit = and has linked far places in a bond of love.—Jebb.

156 Thulen: cf. Vergil’s ultima Thule, of the northernmost island known, variously identified with the Shetlands, Iceland, or Norway.

158 Orontem: the largest river of Syria, whence Juvenal, iii. 62, uses it of the Syrian people—

159 Quod cuncti . . . sumus = that the whole earth is one people.

164 moderamina = the reins of power; lit. a means of managing.

168 hanc tota . . . velat = she it is above whom Pallas spreads the whole shadow of the aegis (tota Gorgone). Cf. Verg. Aen. viii. 435-8:

170 genetrix turrita, i.e. Cybele, the goddess of settled life.

171 Epidaurius hospes, i.e. Asclepius (Aesculapius), who had a famous temple at Epidaurus (in Argolis), whence his worship was introduced into Rome to avert a pestilence 293 B.C.

172 reptavit placido tractu = came gently gliding on his voyage. Jebb.—For reptavit cf. repo, ἕρπω, and our creep.

173 Paeonium draconem = the serpent of the healer. Cf. Παιών.

B₇₃

‘QUOD CUNCTI GENS UNA SUMUS.’ —CLAUDIAN.

Prudentius, contra Symmachum, ii. 583-640 (sel.).

Subject. In a remarkable passage, Prudentius (circ. 400 A.D.) views the victorious empire of Rome as preparing the way for the coming of Christ. The triumphs of the Romans were not, he says, the gifts of false gods, grateful for sacrifices, but were designed by Providence to break down the barriers between the jarring nationalities of the world, and familiarise them with a common yoke, by way of disciplining them for a common Christianity. An “universal peace is struck through sea and land,” and Law, Art, Commerce, and Marriage constitute the world one city and one family. Thus the way was paved for the coming of Christ by the unity of the empire and the civilisation of the individual subject.—North Pinder.

584 fotibus (cf. fotum, foveo) = cherishings, supports, post-classical.

585 sic cluat = is so famed, for cluo (ante and post-class.) cf. κλέος.

590-591 quo (sc. iugo) . . . amor, i.e. hearts once knit together by a common yoke would best be held together by a common faith.—N. P.

609 fraterna in vincla = in the bonds of brotherhood, not those of slavery, as domitos would naturally suggest.

634 concordibus = now they are in harmony and peace, emphatic.

635 capit = is fit to receive thee.

MISCELLANEOUS PASSAGES

PROPEMPTICON VERGILIO.*

The Perils of the Deep.

‘Nought is there for man too high.’

Horace, Od. I. iii.

PROPEMPTICON MAECIO CELERI.

A Prayer for his friend’s safety.

His Prayer is heard. Man’s audacity.

Statius, Silvae, III. ii. 1-20, 42-53, 61-66.

SENECA.

For those ‘qui corporis cura mentem obruerunt.’

A. Stulta est enim, mi Lucili, et minime conveniens litterato viro occupatio exercendi lacertos et dilatandi cervicem, ac latera firmandi. Cum tibi feliciter sagina cesserit, et tori creverint: nec vires unquam opimi bovis, nec pondus aequabis. Adice nunc, quod maiore corporis sarcina animus eliditur, et minus agilis est. Itaque, quantum potes circumscribe corpus tuum, et animo locum laxa. Multa sequuntur incommoda huic deditos curae. Primum exercitationes, quarum labor spiritum exhaurit, et inhabilem intentioni ac studiis acrioribus reddit; deinde copia ciborum subtilitas animi impeditur. Accedunt pessimae notae, mancipia in magisterium recepta, homines inter oleum et vinum occupati: quibus ad votum dies est actus, si bene desudaverunt, si in locum eius quod effluxit, multum potionis altius ieiuno gutture regesserunt. Bibere et sudare, vita cardiaci est. Sunt exercitationes et faciles et breves, quae corpus et sine mora laxent, et tempori parcant: cuius praecipua ratio habenda est. Cursus, et cum aliquo pondere manus motae, et saltus, vel ille qui corpus in altum levat, vel ille qui in longum mittit, vel ille (ut ita dicam) saliaris, aut (ut contumeliosius dicam) fullonius. Quodlibet ex his elige, usu fit facile. Neque ego te iubeo semper imminere libro, aut pugillaribus. Dandum et aliquod intervallum animo: ita tamen ut non resolvatur, sed remittatur.

Seneca, Ep. xv. 8.

‘They needs must die.’

Seneca, Medea, 920.

CRITICISM OF POETS.

An Estimate of early Roman Dramatists.

Hor. Ep. II. i. 50-62.

‘Teréntio non símilem dices quémpiam.’

Caesar, ap. Sueton. vit. Ter.

Ovid on his Contemporaries.

Ovid, Tr. IV. x. 41-56.

Cf. Ovid, Am. I. xv. 9-30; Am. III. ix. 38-68; Rem. Am. 65-388; Quint. X. i. 85-90.

STORMS BY SEA AND LAND.

Ovid describes a Storm at Sea.

Ovid, Tr. I. ii. 19-32.

The passing of Romulus.

Ovid, Fast. ii. 493-496.

Thunder and Hail.

Pacuvius ap. Cic. De Div. I. xiv. 24.

The Argo in a Gale.

Val. Fl. Argon. viii. 328-334.

Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 81-123, Aen. iv, 160-168; Stat. Theb. i. 336-363.

PETS RENOWNED IN SONG.

Lesbia’s Sparrow.

Catullus, iii.

‘My Parrot an obtrusive bird.’

Statius, Silv. ii. 4

The Lap-dog and its Portrait.

Martial, I. cix.

Cf. Catull. ii.; Ovid, Am. ii. 6.

THE ROMAN SATIRISTS. (1)

A. Satura quidem tota nostra est, in qua primus insignem laudem adeptus Lucilius quosdam ita deditos sibi adhuc habet amatores, ut eum non eiusdem modo operis auctoribus, sed omnibus poetis praeferre non dubitent. Ego quantum ab illis tantum ab Horatio dissentio, qui Lucilium fluere lutulentum et esse aliquid, quod tollere possis, putat. Nam et eruditio in eo mira et libertas atque inde acerbitas, et abunde salis. Multum eo est tersior ac purus magis Horatius, et, nisi labor eius amore, praecipuus. Multum et verae gloriae, quamvis uno libro, Persius meruit.

Quint. X. i. 93.

A Criticism of Lucilius.

Horace, Sat. I. iv. 1-12.

Juvenal’s Reasons for Writing Satire.

Juvenal, Sat. i. 19-21, 26-30.

His Subject.

Juvenal, Sat. i. 81-86.

THE ROMAN SATIRISTS. (2)

Virtue defined.

Lucilius, Sat. Frag.

‘The names of men so poor Who could do mighty deeds.’

Juvenal, Sat. xi. 90-99.

Persius in Praise of his Tutor, Cornutus.

Persius, Sat. v. 19-25, 30-40.

THE THEATRE.

Objections to a Permanent Theatre, 151 B.C.

A. Cum locatum a censoribus theatrum exstrueretur, P. Cornelio Nasica auctore tamquam inutile et nociturum publicis moribus ex senatus consulto destructum est, populusque aliquamdiu stans ludos spectavit.

Livy, Epit. 48.

Scenic Arrangements.

B. Apud maiores theatri gradus tantum fuerunt. Nam scena de lignotantum ad tempus fiebat, unde hodieque permansit consuetudo, ut componantur pegmata a ludorum theatralium editoribus. Scena autem, quae fiebat, aut versilis erat aut ductilis. Versilis tunc erat, cum subito tota machinis quibusdam convertebantur, et aliam picturae faciem ostendebat. Ductilis tunc, cum tractis tabulatis hac atque illac species picturae nudabatur interior. Unde perite utrumque tetigit, dicens, ‘Versis discedat frontibus’: singula singulis complectens sermonibus. Quod Varro et Suetonius commemorant.

Suet. ap. Serv. Georg. iii. 24.

The Awnings.

Lucretius, iv. 75-80.

The Law of Otho, 67 B.C.

D. L. Roscius Otho tribunus plebis legem tulit, ut equitibus Romanis in theatro quattuordecim gradus proximi adsignarentur.

Livy, Epit. 99.

Usurpers of Equestrian Privileges.

Horace, Epod. iv. 11-16.

SPINNING.

The Parcae spin the Web of Fate.

Catullus, lxiv. 311-327.

The Skill of Arachne. Her Contest with Pallas.

Ovid, Met. vi. 19-23, 53-60.

The Pastime of Circe.

Verg. Aen. vii. 10-14.

Cf. Ovid, Met. iv. 220-229; Fasti, iii. 815-20.

ANDROMEDA. (1)

The Approach of the Monster.

How Perseus won his Bride.

Ovid, Met. iv. 671-677, 706-720, 721-739.

ANDROMEDA. (2)

‘From afar, unknowing, I marked thee, Shining, a snow-white cross on the dark-green walls of the sea-cliff.’ —Kingsley.

The Death of the Monster.

Manilius, Astronomica, v. 667-583, 595-615.

SCHOOLS.

The School of Flavius, at Venusia.

Hor. Sat. I. vi. 71-75.

Ovid and his Brother educated at Rome.

Ovid, Tristia, IV. x. 15-20.

The Schoolmaster’s life a hard one.

Juvenal, vii. 222-227.

Early School.

Martial, XIV. ccxxiii.

Homogeneous Divisions.

E. Non inutilem scio servatum esse a praeceptoribus meis morem, qui, cum pueros in classes distribuerent, ordinem discendi secundum vires ingeni dabant.

Quintil. I. ii. 23.

Plagosus Orbilius.

Martial, IX. lxviii. 1-4.

Cf. Juv. x. 114-7; Martial, X. lxii.; Hor. Ep. II. i. 69-71.

BOOKS.

Ovid, Trist. I. i. 1-16.

Tibullus, III. i. 9-14.

Martial, I. ii.

Cf. Hor. Epist. I. xx.; Catull. xxii, 4-8; Statius, Silvae, IV. ix.

ARETHUSA.

‘As an eagle pursuing A dove to its ruin Down the streams of the cloudy wind.’ —Shelley.

‘Alpheum fama est huc Elidis amnem Occultas egisse vias subter mare, qui nunc Ore, Arethusa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis.’ —Vergil.

Ovid, Met. v. 586-641 (sel.).

HYLAS

Οὕτω μὲν κάλλιστος Ὕλας μακάρων ἀριθμεῖται.

Propertius, I. xx. 17-24, 37-48.

Litus ‘Hyla Hyla’ omne sonabat.

Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica, iii. 581-597.

Cf. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, i. 1224-1239.

PLAUTUS.

The Portmanteau Fish.

(Trachalio—Gripus.)

Rudens, IV. iii. 58-77.

TERENCE.

‘Humani nil a me alienum puto.’

(Chremes—Menedemus.)

Hautont. I. i. 15-34.

Cicero on Terence.

Sueton. Vit. Ter. p. 34.

Terence defends his use of ‘Contaminatio.’*

Hautont. Prol. 16-21.

PLINY THE ELDER.

The Song of the Nightingale.

A. Lusciniis diebus ac noctibus continuis xv garrulus sine intermissu cantus densante se frondium germine, non in novissimum digna miratu ave. Primum tanta vox tam parvo in corpusculo, tam pertinax spiritus; deinde in una perfecta musica scientia: modulatus editur sonus, et nunc continuo spiritu trahitur in longum, nunc variatur inflexo, nunc distinguitur conciso, copulatur intorto, promittitur revocato, infuscatur ex inopinato interdum et secum ipse murmurat, plenus, gravis, acutus, creber, extentus, ubi visum est, vibrans, summus, medius, imus; breviterque omnia tam parvulis in faucibus quae tot exquisitis tibiarum tormentis ars hominum excogitavit, ut non sit dubium hanc suavitatem praemonstratam efficaci auspicio, cum in ore Stesichori cecinit infantis. Ac ne quis dubitet artis esse, plures singulis sunt cantus, nec iidem omnibus, sed sui cuique. Certant inter se, palamque animosa contentio est: victa morte finit saepe vitam, spiritu prius deficiente quam captu. Meditantur iuveniores versusque quos imitentur accipiunt: audit discipula intentione magna et reddit vicibusque reticent; intelligitur emendatae correptio et in docente quaedam reprehensio.

Hist. Nat. x. 81.

PLINY THE YOUNGER.

A Corinthian Statuette.

B. Ex hereditate, quae mihi obvenit, emi proxime Corinthium signum, modicum quidem, sed festivum et expressum, quantum ego sapio, qui fortasse in omni re, in hac certe perquam exiguum sapio: hoc tamen signum ego quoque intellego. Est enim nudum, nec aut vitia, si qua sunt, celat, aut laudes parum ostentat. Effingit senem stantem: ossa, musculi, nervi, venae, rugae etiam ut spirantis apparent: rari et cedentes capilli, lata frons, contracta facies, exile collum. Aes ipsum, quantum verus color indicat, vetus et antiquum. Talia denique omnia, ut possint artificum oculos tenere, delectare imperitorum. Quod me, quamquam tirunculum, solicitavit ad emendum. Emi autem, non at haberem domi, verum ut in patria nostri celebri loco ponerem; ac potissimum in Iovis templo. Videtur enim dignum templo, dignum deo donum.

Ep. iii. 6.

METHODS OF WORK.

Helps to Style.

A. Quaeris, quemadmodum in secessu, quo iam diu frueris, putem te studere oportere. Utile in primis, et multi praecipiunt, vel ex Graeco in Latinum, vel ex Latino vertere in Graecum: quo genere exercitationis proprietas splendorque verborum, copia figurarum, vis explicandi, praeterea imitatione optimorum similia inveniendi facultas paratur; simul quae legentem fefellissent transferentem fugere non possunt. Intelligentia ex hoc et iudicium adquiritur. Nihil obfuerit, quae legeris hactenus, ut rem argumentumque teneas, quasi aemulum scribere lectisque conferre, ac sedulo pensitare quid tu, quid ille commodius. Magna gratulatio, si non nulla tu; magnus pudor, si cuncta ille melius. Licebit interdum et notissima eligere, et certare cum electis. Poteris et, quae dixeris, post oblivionem retractare, multa retinere, plura transire, alia interscribere, alia rescribere. Laboriosum istud et taedio plenum sed difficultate ipsa fructuosum, recalescere ex integro, et resumere impetum fractum omissumque, postremo nova velut membra peracto corpori intexere, nec tamen priora turbare. Fas est et carmine remitti, non dico continuo et longo (id enim perfici nisi in otio non potest), sed hoc arguto et brevi, quod apte quantaslibet occupationes curasque distinguit.

Pliny the Younger, Ep. vii. 9 (sel.)

Importance of Concentration.

B. Sed silentium et secessus et undique liber animus ut sunt maxime optanda, ita non semper possunt contingere, ideoque non statim, si quid obstrepet, abiciendi codices erunt et deplorandus dies, verum incommodis repugnandum et hic faciendus usus, ut omnia quae impedient vincat intentio: quam si tota mente in opus ipsum direxeris, nihil eorum, quae oculis vel auribus incursant, ad animum perveniet. An vero frequenter etiam fortuita hoc cogitatio praestat, ut obvios non videamus et itinere deerremus; non consequemur, si et voluerimus? Non est indulgendum causis desidiae. Nam si nonnisi refecti, nonnisi hilares, nonnisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes studendum existimaverimus, semper erit propter quod nobis ignoscamus.

Quintilian, Inst. Or. X. iii. 28.

PHAEDRUS.

De Simonide.

iv. 23.

Mons Parturiens.

iv. 24.

Nihil ita occultum esse quod non reveletur.

Appendix, 22.

TIBULLUS.

The Golden Age.

I. iii. 35-50.

Cf. Catullus, lxiv.; Vergil, Ecl. iv.

Birthday Wishes.

II. ii.

Cf. Tibull. I. vii. 49-54; Persius, ii. 1-4.

HUNTING.

On the delights of hunting with a note-book.

A. Ridebis, et licet rideas. Ego ille, quem nosti apros tres, et quidem pulcherrimos, cepi. Ipse? inquis. Ipse; non tamen ut omnino ab inertia mea et quiete discederem. Ad retia sedebam: erat in proximo, non venabulum aut lancea, sed stilus et pugillares. Meditabar aliquid enotabamque, ut, si manus vacuas, plenas tamen ceras reportarem. Non est, quod contemnas hoc studendi genus. Mirum est ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur. Iam undique silvae et solitudo, ipsumque illud silentium, quod venationi datur, magna cogitationis incitamenta sunt. Proinde cum venabere, licebit auctore me ut panarium et lagunculam sic etiam pugillares feras. Experieris non Dianam magis montibus, quam Minervam inerrare. Vale.

Pliny, Ep. i. 6.

Oenone Paridi.

Ovid, Her. v. 17-20.

The Hunting Party.

Verg. Aen. iv. 129-135, 151-159.

ROMAN DAY.

Its Duties and Amusements.

Martial, IV. viii.

The Simple Life. How Horace spent his day.

Horace, Sat. I. vi. 110-131.

Cf. Cic. ad Fam. ix. 20; Lucr. ii. 14-33; Verg. Georg. ii. 458-474; Hor. Od. III, i.

TACITUS.

‘Lives of great men all remind us, We can make our lives sublime.’

A. Si quis piorum manibus locus, si, ut sapientibus placet, non cum corpore extinguuntur magnae animae, placide quiescas, nosque domum tuam ab inferno desiderio et muliebribus lamentis ad contemplationem virtutum tuarum voces, quas neque lugeri neque plangi fas est. Admiratione te potius et immortalibus laudibus et, si natura suppeditet, similitudine colamus: is verus honos, ea coniunctissimi cuiusque pietas. Id filiae quoque uxorique praeceperim, sic patris, sic mariti memoriam venerari, ut omnia facta dictaque eius secum revolvant, formamque ac figuram animi magis quam corporis complectantur, non quia intercedendum putem imaginibus quae marmore aut aere finguntur, sed, ut vultus hominum, ita simulacra vultus imbecilla ac mortalia sunt, forma mentis aeterna, quam tenere et exprimere non per alienam materiam et artem, sed tuis ipse moribus possis. Quidquid ex Agricola amavimus, quidquid mirati sumus, manet mansurumque est in animis hominum, in aeternitate temporum, in fama rerum; nam multos veterum velut inglorios et ignobilis oblivio obruet: Agricola posteritati narratus et traditus superstes erit.

Agricola 46.

The Climate and Products of Britain.

B. Caelum crebris imbribus ac nebulis foedum; asperitas frigorum abest. Dierum spatia ultra nostri orbis mensuram; nox clara et extrema Britanniae parte brevis, ut finem atque initium lucis exiguo discrimine internoscas. Quod si nubes non officiunt, aspici per noctem solis fulgorem, nec occidere et exsurgere, sed transire affirmant. Scilicet extrema et plana terrarum humili umbra non erigunt tenebras, infraque caelum et sidera nox cadit. Solum praeter oleam vitemque et cetera calidioribus terris oriri sueta patiens frugum, fecundum: tarde mitescunt, cito proveniunt; eademque utriusque rei causa, multus umor terrarum caelique. Fert Britannia aurum et argentum et alia metalla, pretium victoriae. Gignit et oceanus margarita, sed subfusca ac liventia.

Agricola 12.

TRIMALCHIO’S SUPPER.

Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. An Ignorant Connoisseur.

A. Plausum post hoc automatum familia dedit, et ‘Gaio feliciter!’ conclamavit: nec non cocus potione oneratus est, et argentea corona poculumque in lance accepit Corinthia. Quam cum Agamemnon propius consideraret, ait Trimalchio: ‘Solus sum, qui vera Corinthea habeam.’ Exspectabam, ut pro reliqua insolentia diceret sibi vasa Corintho afferri. Sed ille melius: ‘Et forsitan,’ inquit, ‘quaeris, quare solus Corinthea vera possideam? Quia scilicet aerarius, a quo emo, Corinthus vocatur; quid est autem Corintheum, nisi quis Corinthum habeat? Et ne me putetis nesapium esse, valde bene scio, unde primum Corinthea nata sint. Cum Ilium captum est, Hannibal, homo vafer, et magnus stelio, omnes statuas aeneas, et aureas, et argenteas in unum rogum congessit, et eas incendit; factae sunt in unum aera miscellanea. Ita ex hac massa fabri sustulerunt, et fecerunt catilla et paropsides et statuncula. Sic Corinthea nata sunt, ex omnibus in unum, nec hoc, nec illud.’

Petronius Arbiter, 50.

The Glass Bowl, and its Maker.

B. ‘Ignoscetis mihi,’ inquit Trimalchio, ‘quod dixero: ego malo mihi vitrea; certe non olunt. Quod si non frangerentur, mallem mihi, quam aurum; nunc autem vilia sunt. Fuit tamen faber, qui fecit phialam vitream, quae non frangebatur. Admissus ergo Caesarem est cum suo munere; deinde fecit se porrigere Caesari, et illam in pavimentum proiecit. Caesar non pote validius, quam expavit. At ille sustulit phialam de terra: collisa erat, tanquam vasum aeneum. Deinde marceolum de sinu protulit, et phialam otio belle correxit. Hoc facto putabat se solium Iovis tenere, utique, postquam illi dixit: “Numquid alius scit hanc condituram vitreorum?” Vide modo. Postquam negavit, iussit illum Caesar decollari; quia enim, si scitum esset, aurum pro luto haberemus.’

Petronius Arbiter, 51.

PRONUNCIATION.*

H.

I. Diu deinde servatum ne consonantibus (veteres) adspirarent, ut in Graccis et in triumpis. Erupit brevi tempore nimius usus, ut choronae, chenturiones, praechones adhuc quibusdam in inscriptionibus maneant, qua de re Catulli nobile epigramma est.

Quint. i. 5. 20.

Catullus, lxxxiv.

A Street Cry.

II. Cum M. Crassus exercitum Brundisii imponeret, quidam in portu, caricas Cauno advectas vendens, Cauneas! clamitabat. Dicamus, si placet, monitum ab eo Crassum, caveret, ne iret (cau[e] n[e] eas = do not go): non fuisse periturum, si omini paruisset. Quae si suscipiamus, pedis offensio nobis et abruptio corrigiae et sternutamenta erunt observanda.

Cicero, Div. ii. 40. 84.

K. Q. C.

Terentianus Maurus (circ. 300 A.D.).

U.

Plautus, Men. 553-6.

PROVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS.

I. Nam quae volumus et credimus libenter.

Caes. B. Civ. ii. 27.

II. Cuiusvis hominis est errare; nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare. Posteriores enim cogitationes, ut aiunt, sapientiores solent esse.

Cic. Phil. xii. 5.

III. Dimidium facti qui coepit habet.

Hor. Ep. I. ii. 40.

IV. Nemo repente fuit turpissimus.

Juv. Sat. ii. 83.

V. Velut materiam igni praebentes.

Livy, xxi. 10.

VI. Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt.

Lucr. ii. 79.

Martial, Ep. I. xxxii.

Plaut. Bacch. I. ii. 36.

IX. Nullumst iam dictum, quod non sit dictum prius.

Terence, Eun. Prol. 41.

X. Quot homines tot sententiae: suus cuique mos.

Ter. Phormio, II. iv. 14.

XI. Stultum facit fortuna, quem vult pedere.

Pub. Syrus.

Sen. de Brevit. vitae, i. 2.

XIII. Omne ignotum pro magnifico.

Tac. Agric. 30.

XIV. Divina natura dedit agros, ars humana aedificavit urbes.

Varro, de Re Rust. iii. 1.

Verg. Aen. vi. 95.

Verg. Aen. i. 461-2.

CONSOLATIO.

‘Whom the gods love die young.’

A. Una post haec Quintiliani mei spe ac voluptate nitebar: at poterat sufficere solatio. Non enim flosculos, sicut prior, sed iam decimum aetatis ingressus annum, certos ac deformatos fructus ostenderat. Iuro per mala mea, per infelicem conscientiam, per illos manes, numina mei doloris, has me in illo vidisse virtutes ingeni, non modo ad percipiendas disciplinas, quo nihil praestantius cognovi plurima expertus studiique iam tum non coacti (sciunt praeceptores), sed probitatis, pietatis, humanitatis, liberalitatis, ut prorsus posset hinc esse tanti fulminis metus, quod observatum fere est, celerius occidere festinatam maturitatem: et esse nescio quam quae spes tantas decerpat invidiam, ne videlicet ultra, quam homini datum est, nostra provehantur. Etiam illa fortuita aderant omnia, vocis iucunditas claritasque, oris suavitas, et in utracumque lingua, tanquam ad eam demum natus esset, expressa proprietas omnium litterarum. Sed haec spes adhuc: illa maiora, constantia, gravitas, contra dolores etiam ac metus robur. Nam quo ille animo, qua medicorum admiratione, mensium octo valetudinem tulit! ut me in supremis consolatus est! quam etiam deficiens, iamque non *noster, ipsum illum alienatae mentis errorem circa solas literas habuit!

Quintilian, Inst. Or. VI. i. 9.

Servius Sulpicius to Cicero.

B. Quae res mihi non mediocrem consolationem attulerit, volo tibi commemorare, si forte eadem res tibi dolorem minuere possit. *Ex Asia rediens, cum ab Aegina Megaram versus navigarem, coepi regiones circumcirca prospicere. Post me erat Aegina, ante me Megara, dextra Piraeeus, sinistra Corinthus: quae oppida quodam tempore florentissima fuerunt, nunc prostrata et diruta ante oculos iacent. Coepi egomet mecum sic cogitare: ‘Hem! nos homunculi indignamur, si quis nostrum interiit aut occisus est, quorum vita brevior esse debet, cum uno loco tot oppidum cadavera proiecta iacent? Visne tu te, Servi, cohibere et meminisse hominem te esse natum?’

Cicero, Ep. ad Fam. iv. 5.

ELEGIES.

Catullus at the Grave of his Brother.

Catullus, ci.

To Calvus on the Death of his Wife.

Catullus, xcvi.

The Plea of Cornelia to her Husband.

Propertius, IV. (V.) xi. 1-4, 73-80.

Mors Tibulli.

Ovid, Am. III. ix. (sel.)

MARTIALIS APOPHORETA* (1).

Lectori.

Chartae Epistulares.

Theca Libraria.

Umbella.

Parazonium.

Falx.

Scrinium.

Candelabrum Corinthium.

Pila Paganica.

Pila Trigonalis.

Follis.

MARTIALIS APOPHORETA (2).

Vergilius in membranis.

Cicero in membranis.

Monobyblos Properti.

Titus Livius in membranis.

Sallustius.

Lucanus.

Catullus.

Fistula.

Catella Gallicana.

Minerva argentea.

Hercules fictilis.

Toga.

EPITAPHS AND INSCRIPTIONS.

On Naevius (by himself).

On Ennius (by himself).

On Pacuvius (by himself).

On Plautus (by himself).

On Tibullus.

Domitius Marsus.

In tumulo hominis felicis.

Ausonius, Epit. 36.

Thermopylae.

Simonides of Ceos.

Transl. by Cicero, Tusc. i. 42. 101.

EPILOGUE.

Horace.

Horace, Od. III. xxx.

Ovid.

Ovid, Met. xv. 871-9.

Martial.

Martial, Epig. IV. lxxxix.

APPENDICES

PAGE

I. LIST OF IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS 274-276

II. LIST OF IMPORTANT PREFIXES 277-281

III. LIST OF IMPORTANT SUFFIXES 282-286

IV. GROUPS OF COGNATE WORDS 287-288

V. HOW TO THINK IN LATIN 289-292

VI. SHORT LIVES OF ROMAN AUTHORS 293-345

VII. CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINES OF ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE 347-363

APPENDIX I

LIST OF IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS

I. CO-ORDINATE.—These conjunctions join sentences of equal grammatical rank (ordo), that is, each sentence is grammatically independent of the other.

They are generally divided into FIVE classes:—

(1) Copulative (link) conjunctions are those which connect both the sentences and the meaning.

et, -quĕ, ac, atque ... and. et ... et, -que ... -que (poet.) ... both ... and. ĕtĭam, quŏque ... also.

Divide et impera. Divide and control.

(2) Disjunctive conjunctions join together the sentence but they disjoin or separate from each other the thoughts conveyed.

aut ... aut, vĕl ... vĕl (vĕ) ... either ... or. sĭve (seu) ... seu ... whether ... or. nĕc (nĕque) ... nec (neque) ... neither ... nor.

aut vincemus aut moriemur. We will either conquer or die.

(3) Adversative conjunctions oppose two statements to each other.

sĕd, vērum, vērō, cētĕrum ... but. autem, tămen ... however. ăt ... but, on the other hand.

Ille quidem tardior: tu autem ingeniosus, sed in omni vita inconstans. He is a little dull: while you are clever, but unstable in all your actions.

(4) Inferential.—The statement of one sentence brings in (infert) or proves the other.

Ergo, ĭgĭtur, ĭtăque ... therefore, accordingly.

‘Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem: Ergo postque magisque viri nunc gloria claret.’

Ennius.

(5) Causal.

nam, namque, ĕnim, ĕtĕnim ... for. quāpropter, quārē, quămobrem ... wherefore.

Ex.: ‘quamobrem, Quirites, celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris: nam multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt, sed profecto iustiores nunquam.’

II. SUBORDINATE.—These conjunctions attach to a sentence or clause another clause which holds (grammatically) a lower or subordinate position, qualifying the principal clause just as an adverb qualifies a verb.

Thus in ‘I will do this, if you do,’ the if clause is equivalent to the adverb conditionally.

They are generally divided into EIGHT classes:—

(1) Final introduce a clause expressing a purpose.

ŭt, quō ... that, in order to. nē, quōmĭnus ... that not, lest. qui ... who (= ut is ...).

Edo ut vivam. Ne ignavum te putemus, fortiter pugna. Pauci mihi sunt quos mittam.

(2) Consecutive introduce a clause expressing a consequence or result.

ŭt ... so that, so as to. ŭt nōn, quīn ... so as not to. qui ... who (of such a kind as to...).

Ex.: Tam fortis adest nemo ut solus muros ascendat. Tam fortis est ut hostes non timeat. Dignus erat qui rex fieret.

(3) Temporal.

cum, quandō ... when. ŭbī̆, ŭt ... when, as. sĭmŭl, sĭmŭl atque (ac) ... as soon as. postquam ... after that. dum, dōnec, quŏad ... until, as long as, while. prĭus ... quam, antĕ ... quam ... before that.

Discedere prius noluit quam ducem vidisset. Pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit.

(4) Conditional.

sī, nĭsī̆ (nī), si non, quod sī ... if, unless, if not, but if. mŏdŏ, dummŏdo, si mŏdo ... if only, provided that. dummŏdo nē (dum nē, mŏdo nē) ... provided only not.

Ne promiseris unquam nisi fidem praestare potes. Never promise if you cannot keep your word.

(5) Comparative and Proportional.

ut, utī, sīcut, vĕlut ... just as, as. tanquam, quăsĭ ... as if. quo ... ĕo ... the more ... the more.

Poenas dedit sicut meritus est.

E corpore velut e carcere, evolat animus. The soul flies forth from the prison-house of the body.

quo difficilius eo praeclarius.

(6) Concessive.

etsī, ĕtĭamsi, tămetsi ... even if. quamquam ... although. quamvīs, quamlĭbet ... however much. lĭcet, ut, cum ... though, although.

Cum liber esse posset, servire maluit.

(7) Causal.

quĭă, quŏd, quŏnĭam, quandō ... because. cum ... since. proptĕrĕā ... quod ... for this reason ... that. quandōquĭdem, quippe ... since indeed, inasmuch as.

Quae cum ita sint, ab urbe discedam. Socrates accusatus est quod iuventutem corrumperet.

(8) Interrogative (with dependent clauses).

cūr, ūtrum ... ăn, num ... why, whether ... or, if. quemadmŏdum, ut ... how. ŭbī̆, quandō ... when.

Caesar utrum iure caesus fuerit, an nefarie necatus, dubitari potest. Whether Caesar was rightfully put to death, or foully murdered, is open to question.

APPENDIX II

LIST OF IMPORTANT PREFIXES

I. PREPOSITIONS.—In these compounds the Prepositions retain their original adverbial force.

A-, AB-, ABS-, = away, from (of the starting-place)

(i) = separation.

abire = go away. abscēdere = go away. āvŏcare = call away.

(ii) = consumption.

absūmere = take away, consume. ăbūti = use up.

AD-, AC-, A-, = to (of a person, place, or thing, as the goal of motion).

(i) = to, at (local).

accēdere = approach. adfāri = speak to.

(ii) = in addition.

acquīrere = get in addition.

ANTE = before (of place and time).

antecēdere = come before. anteferre = prefer.

CIRCUM = around.

circumdăre = surround.

circumdūcere circumscrībere circumvĕnire literally, and with secondary meaning, = cheat.

COM-, CON- (CUM), CO-, COL-, COR-, = together.

(i) = collectively.

conclāmare = shout together. commiscēre = mix together.

(ii) = completely (often apparently only pleonastic).

consectari = follow persistently. confirmare = strengthen.

DE-, = down, from.

(i) = down, down off, down to.

decĭdere = fall down, or off. devĕnire = come to.

(ii) = off, away, aside.

dēcēdere = depart. deflectere = turn aside. deterrēre = frighten.

(iii) = completely.

depŏpŭlari = lay waste. debellare = bring a war to an end.

(iv) = un- (negative).

despērare = despair. deesse = be wanting.

E-, EX-, EC-, EF-, = out of.

(i) = out, forth.

excēdere = go out. effundere = pour forth.

(ii) = throughout, to the end, thoroughly.

explēre = fill to the brim. exposcere = earnestly ask.

IN-, IM-, IR-, I-, = in, on, against.

(i) = in, into, on.

inclūdere = shut in. incĭdere = fall on. invĭdere = look at (with ill intent),envy.

(ii) = intensive, almost pleonastic.

incĭpere = take up, begin. implēre = fill.

INTER = between.

(i) = between, among.

intercēdere = come between. intellĕgere = pick among, perceive.

(ii) = breaking a continuity.

interclūdere = shut off, blockade. interfĭcere = destroy (lit. put between).

OB-, OBS-, OC-, OF-, OP-, O-, = against, on account of.

(i) = over against, before (as an obstruction).

offendere = strike against. oblŏqui = speak against.