Volume 2 — CHAPTER X. THE NEW ENGLAND. 1170–1206. (continued 2)

If we compare this Abingdon consuetudinary of 1185 with the Peterborough Black Book of 1128, the main result seems to be this: the Abingdon dues are quite as heavy, if not heavier, but the labour-services are much lighter. We must not indeed assume that the difference is wholly owing to progress made during the half-century which elapsed between the compilation of the two books; the customs of different localities varied in all ages, and those of Abingdon may never have been so hard as those of Peterborough. On the estates of the bishop of Durham, on the other hand, when Hugh of Puiset took account of his dues in 1183, the old labour-rents and customs seem to have subsisted almost without alteration. A large proportion of the villeins on the bishop’s manors were holders of two bovates or oxgangs of thirty acres each, for which each man paid two shillings and sixpence for scot-pennies, half a chalder of oats, sixteen pence for aver-pennies, five cart-loads of wood, two hens and ten eggs; he had to work for the lord three days every week throughout the year except Easter-week, Whitsun-week and the twelve days of Christmas; moreover, he and all his family, except the house-wife, had to do in autumn four days boon-work in reaping; besides this, he had to reap three roods of averipe (ripe oats), and plough and harrow three roods of averere (oat-stubble). Each villein plough had to plough and harrow two acres; on this occasion the villeins had a corrody from the bishop, and so they had on occasion of a great boon-work. They were to harrow whenever required; to perform services of carting, for which they got every man a loaf; to make each one booth for the fair of S. Cuthbert; “and when they make lodges” (possibly for the bishop’s hunting) “and cart wood, they are free of other work.” These were the services due from twenty-two out of the thirty-six tenants on the manor of Boldon. Of the remainder, twelve were “cotmen,” holding each twelve acres and working throughout the year, except at the above-named seasons, two days a week, and rendering twelve hens and sixty eggs. One man held two oxgangs of thirty-seven acres, at a rent of half a mark; another was the pounder, who held twelve acres, received from each plough one thrave of corn, and rendered twenty-four hens and five hundred eggs. The mill paid five marks and a half. The villeins were bound to give their labour every year, if required, for the building of a house (perhaps a hunting-lodge) forty feet long and fifteen feet wide; in that case they were forgiven fourpence for aver-pennies. The whole township rendered seventeen shillings for cornage, and one cow.[2272] Clevedon and Whitburn contained twenty-eight villeins and twelve cotmen whose services were the same as at Boldon; besides these and the pounder, there were four other tenants; one held two bovates of twenty-four acres at a rent of sixteenpence, and “went on the bishop’s errands”; one held sixty acres and a toft at eightpence, and fulfilled the same duty; the other two held their lands at a money-rent only.[2273] At Sedgefield there were fifty-one tenants, of whom twenty were villeins holding and labouring on the same terms as their brethren at Boldon; twenty more were “farmers,” holding two bovates apiece, paying five shillings, ploughing and harrowing half an acre, and finding two men to mow, two to reap, and two to make hay, for two days, and also one cart for two days to carry corn, and the same to cart hay; they also did four days’ boon-work in autumn with all their families except the housewives. The reeve, the smith and the carpenter held land by their service; the pounder got his thraves of corn and paid his dues in hens and eggs as on the other manors. Five bordarii held five tofts, paid five shillings, and did four days’ boon-work. William of Oldacres and Uhtred of Butterwick held lands, whose extent is not specified, at a rent of sixteen shillings and half a mark respectively.[2274] At Norton there were thirty villeins holding and labouring like those of Boldon, save that for lack of pasture-land they owed no cornage; and twenty farmers, whose tenure was much the same as that of the farmers of Sedgefield. Alan of Normanton held one carucate for ten shillings, and had to find thirty-two men for a day’s work when required, four carts for one day or two for two days for carrying corn, and the same for carting hay; besides which his men, if he had any, were to work four boon-days in autumn with all their families except the housewives, but Alan himself and his own household were free of this service. Adam, son of Gilbert of Hardwick, held a large piece of land by a money-rent. There was a mill, with eight acres and a meadow, and rendering twenty marks; a pounder, holding on the usual terms; and there were twelve cotmen, holding tofts and crofts, and paying partly in money, partly in work.[2275] The palatine bishopric, it is clear, was an old-fashioned district where innovations of any kind were slow to penetrate. Even here, however, the newer system of money-payment in commutation of service was beginning to make its appearance. The tenures on the manor of Whickham had undergone a sweeping change, apparently not long before Bishop Hugh’s survey was drawn up. On this manor there were thirty-five villeins, holding each an oxgang of fifteen acres. Each of these had been wont to pay sixteenpence, and to work three days a week throughout the year, three boon-days in autumn with all his family except his wife, and a fourth boon-day with two men; in their ordinary work they had to mow the grass, to cut and carry the hay, to reap and carry the corn; and over and above this, they had to plough and harrow two acres of averere with each plough; for this, however, they had a corrody. They had also, in the course of their work, to “make a house” forty feet long and fifteen feet wide, to make three fisheries in the Tyne, and to do carting and carrying like the villeins of Boldon; they gave nine shillings cornage, one cow, and for every oxgang one hen and ten eggs. “Now, however,” adds the record, “the said manor of Whickham is at farm”—demesne, villeins, mill, fisheries and all:—it may possibly, like its neighbour Ryton, have been let at farm to the tenants themselves; but at any rate, its entire services and dues, except a small tribute of hens and eggs, were commuted for a rent of six-and-twenty pounds.[2276]

On the whole, the glimpses which we get of the condition of the rural population of England under the Angevin kings seem to indicate that they were by no means excluded from a share in the progress of the kingdom at large. Even if their dues had grown heavier, this surely points to an advance in agricultural prosperity and of the material ease and comfort which are its natural results. The spread of industry shewed itself in many ways. In the towns we can trace it in the growing importance of the handicraftsmen, proved by the jealousy with which their gilds were regarded by the central government and still more by the civic authorities. The weavers seem to have been special objects of civic dislike; in most of the great towns they were treated as a sort of outcasts by the governing body; and in 1201 the London citizens bought of John, at the price of twenty silver marks a year and sixty marks down, a charter authorizing them to turn the weavers out of the city altogether. The sequel of this bargain is eminently characteristic of John; but it is equally significant of the growing influence of the craftsmen. The king took the citizens’ money and gave them the charter which they desired, but he made it null and void by granting his protection to the weavers as before, merely exacting from them an annual payment of twenty marks instead of eighteen.[2277]

Hand in hand with the growth of industry went the growth of trade. Markets and fairs were springing up everywhere, and a keen commercial rivalry sprang up with them. The little borough of S. Edmund’s set up a “merchant-gild,” whose members insisted that all who did not belong to it must pay toll in their market.[2278] The great success of Abingdon fair in Henry’s early years stirred up the jealousy of both Wallingford and Oxford, and their remonstrances compelled the king to order that inquisition should be made, through twenty-four of the old men of the shire “who were living in his grandfather’s time,” whether the obnoxious little township had in those days enjoyed the privilege of a market. The case was tried in full shire-moot at Farnborough; the twenty-four elders were duly elected, and swore that Abingdon had had a full market in the time of King Henry the First. The jurors were however challenged by the opposing party, whereupon Henry ordered “the men of Wallingford and the whole county of Berkshire” to meet before his justices at Oxford, and there to choose fresh recognitors. This time the jury could not agree among themselves. The Wallingford jurors swore that they remembered nothing sold at Abingdon in the first King Henry’s reign except bread and ale; the Oxford men admitted more than this, but not a “full market”—nothing brought by cart or boat (there was an old-standing quarrel between Oxford and Abingdon about boat-cargoes and river-tolls); the shiremen acknowledged that there had been a “full market,” but doubted whether goods were carried thither by any boats save those belonging to the abbot himself. The justiciar, Earl Robert of Leicester, who was presiding over the court in person, transmitted these various opinions to the king without venturing to decide the case. As it chanced, however, he could—so at least the Abingdon story ran—add to them an useful reminiscence of his own childhood: he had himself seen a full market at Abingdon not only in the days of King Henry I., but as far back as the days of King William, when he, Earl Robert, was a little boy in the abbey-school. And so the men of Abingdon won their case.[2279]

Disputes of this kind, however, were not always so peacefully settled. Some forty years later—in 1201—the monks of Ely set up, under the protection of a royal charter, a market at Lakenheath, within the “liberties” of S. Edmund’s abbey. The chapter of S. Edmund’s, “together with their friends and neighbours,” sent to Ely an amicable remonstrance against this proceeding, adding that they would willingly make good the fifteen marks which the monks of Ely had paid for their charter, if these latter would consent to forego the use of it. The remonstrance however produced no effect. The brotherhood of S. Edmund’s therefore demanded a recognition to declare whether the new market had been set up to their injury, and to the injury of the market at their own town. The verdict of the recognitors decided that it was so. The next step was to inform the king, and ascertain from him the exact tenour of his charter to Ely; search was made in the royal register, and it was found that the market had been granted only on condition that it should not damage the interests of other markets in the neighbourhood. Hereupon the king, for a promise of forty marks, gave to S. Edmund’s a charter providing that no market should thenceforth be set up within the liberties of the abbey save by the abbot’s consent; and he issued orders to the justiciar, Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, for the abolition of the market at Lakenheath. The justiciar sent on the order to the sheriff of Suffolk; and the sheriff, having no jurisdiction within the liberties of S. Edmund’s, forwarded it to the abbot for execution. Next market-day the hundred-reeve came to Lakenheath, and shewing the letters of king and sheriff, supported by the testimony of the freemen, forbade the market in the king’s name; he was however met with nothing but contempt and abuse. The abbot, who was in London at the time, after consulting with some “wise men” there, wrote to his bailiffs bidding them assemble all the men of S. Edmund’s with their horses and arms, overthrow the market by force, and take prisoners as many of the buyers and sellers as they could. In the middle of the night some six hundred well-armed men set out from S. Edmund’s for Lakenheath. When they reached it the market was deserted; all the stall-holders had fled. The prior of Ely was at Lakenheath with his bailiffs, having come that same night in expectation of the intended attack; but he “would not come out of his house”; so the bailiffs of S. Edmund’s, after vainly demanding pledges from him that he would “stand to right” in the abbey-court, seized the butchers’ trestles and the planks which formed the stalls, as well as the cart-horses, sheep and oxen, “yea, and all the beasts of the field,” and carried them away to Icklingham. The prior’s bailiffs hurried in pursuit, and begged to have their goods on pledge for fifteen days, which was granted. Within the fifteen days came a writ summoning the abbot to answer for this affair at the Exchequer, and to restore the captured animals. “For the bishop of Ely, who was a man of ready and eloquent speech, had complained in his own person to the justiciar and the great men of England, saying that an unheard-of insult had been done to S. Etheldreda in time of peace; wherefore many were greatly stirred up against the abbot.”[2280]

The developement of foreign commerce, resulting from the wide-spread relations of the Angevin kings with lands on both sides of the sea which encompassed their island-realm, woke a rivalry no less keen between some of the great trading cities, although they might shew it in less rough and ready fashion than the champions of the mercantile privileges of S. Edmund’s. One interesting illustration has recently come to light, in a writ of Henry II. to the bailiffs of Dublin in favour of the citizens of Chester. Henry, as we know, had granted to the men of Bristol the right of colonizing Dublin and holding it of him and his heirs with the same liberties and privileges as were enjoyed by Bristol itself. Bristol and Chester had for ages been rivals in the trade with Ireland; Chester now saw itself in imminent danger of being altogether shut out of that trade, an exclusion which would have meant little less than ruin to the city. We can hardly doubt that its citizens appealed to the king for a reservation of their commercial privileges in Dublin as against the Bristol merchants. At any rate, Henry in 1175 or 1176 issued a writ to the bailiffs of Dublin commanding that the burghers of Chester should be free to buy and sell at Dublin as they had been wont to do, and should have the same rights, liberties and free customs there as they had had in his grandfather’s days.[2281] Yet more important than the trade of the western seaports with Ireland was that of the eastern coast, not only with the continental dominions of the Angevin house, but with almost the whole of Europe. Not the least beneficial result of the Angevins’ renewal of the old political ties between England and the Empire was the increase of trade which it helped to bring from the merchant-cities of northern Germany and the Low Countries to the port of London. Nor were the kings themselves blind to the advantage of these commercial relations. Richard on the eve of his return from captivity in 1194 granted to the citizens of Cöln a gildhall in London, “with all their other customs and demands,” for an annual payment of two shillings.[2282] The hall of the other Teutonic merchants—famous in later days under the name of the Steel-yard—was probably established about the same period; and early in the following century we find an elaborate and interesting code of regulations for the trade of the Lorrainers, the “men of the Emperor of Germany,” the Danes and the Norwegians.[2283] The developement of commerce brought with it a corresponding growth of riches, and of the material comforts and refinements of life. Domestic architecture began to improve. Henry Fitz-Aylwine issued at the opening of his mayoralty an “Assize” which has been described as “the earliest English Building Act,” and which at any rate shews that the civic authorities were earnestly endeavouring to secure health and comfort in the houses within their jurisdiction, and also to guard against the risk of fire which had ruined so many citizens in times past.[2284] Ecclesiastical architecture progressed still more rapidly; church-building or rebuilding went on all over the country on a scale which proves how great was the advance, both in artistic taste and material wealth, which England had made under the just rule and peaceful administration of her first Angevin king. At the opening of John’s reign the citizens of London were contemplating an important architectural work of another kind: they were planning to replace the wooden bridge over the Thames with a bridge of stone. Degenerate representative as he was in more important respects of the “great builders” of Anjou, John had yet inherited a sufficient share of their tastes to feel interested in such an undertaking as this; and in April 1202 we find him writing to the mayor and citizens of London to recommend them an architect, Isenbert, master of the schools at Saintes, whose skill in the construction of bridges had been lately proved at Saintes and at La Rochelle.[2285] The citizens however seem not to have adopted the king’s suggestion; they found an architect among themselves, in the person of Peter, chaplain or curate of S. Mary Colechurch—the little church beneath whose shadow S. Thomas the martyr was born. It was Peter who “began the stone bridge at London”; and in a chapel on that bridge his body found its appropriate resting-place when he died in 1205.[2286]

There can be little doubt that a large part of the means for this developement of commercial and architectural energy was furnished by the Jews. The Jewish settlements increased rapidly both in numbers and in importance under Henry II. In the Pipe Rolls of his first five years we find, in addition to the London Jews who appeared in the thirty-first year of his grandfather, and those of Oxford and Lincoln of whom there are traces in the next reign, Jewries at Norwich, Cambridge, Thetford and Bungay, as well as at an unnamed place in Suffolk, which from other evidence seems to have been Bury S. Edmund’s;[2287] and we have already seen that before Henry’s death there were important Hebrew colonies at Lynn, Stamford, York, and many other places. At Winchester the Jews were so numerous and so prosperous that a writer in Richard’s early years calls it their Jerusalem.[2288] The great increase in their numbers throughout England during Henry’s reign is shewn by the fact that in 1177 he found it necessary to grant them permission for the making of a Jewish burial-ground outside the walls of every city in England, instead of sending all their dead to be buried in London, as had been the practice hitherto.[2289] Legally, the Jews were still simply chattels of the king. Practically, they were masters of the worldly interests of a large number of his Christian subjects, and of a large portion of the wealth of his realm. Without their loans many a great and successful trading venture could never have been risked, many a splendid church could never have been built, nay, many a costly undertaking of the king himself might have been brought to a standstill for lack of funds necessary to its completion. The abbey-church of S. Edmund was rebuilt with money borrowed in great part, at exorbitant interest, from Jewish capitalists. Abbot Hugh, when he died in 1173, left his convent in utter fiscal bondage to two wealthy Jews, Isaac son of Rabbi Joses, and Benedict of Norwich.[2290] The sacred vessels and jewels belonging to Lincoln minster were in the same year redeemed by Geoffrey, then bishop-elect, from Aaron, a rich Jew of the city who had had them in pledge for seven years or more.[2291] In 1187 Aaron died; his treasure was seized for the king, and a large part of it sent over sea. The ship which bore it went down between Shoreham and Dieppe, and the sum of the lost treasure was great enough for its loss to be chronicled as a grave misfortune by the treasurer, Bishop Richard Fitz-Nigel;[2292] while two years later the affairs of the dead Jew still made a prominent figure in the royal accounts.[2293] His house, as it stands at the head of the “Steep Hill” of Lincoln to this day, is one of the best examples of a mode of domestic architecture to which Christian townsfolk had scarcely yet begun to aspire, but which was already growing common among those of his race: a house built entirely of stone, in place of the wooden or rubble walls and thatched roofs which, even after Fitz-Aylwine’s Assize, still formed the majority of dwellings in the capital itself.

It is no wonder that these people, with their untold stores of wealth, their independence of all ordinary jurisdictions, their exemption from all the burthens of civil life, their voluntary exclusion from the common brotherhood of Christendom, their strange aspect and their mysterious language, were objects of universal jealousy, suspicion and hatred, which they on their part took but little pains to conciliate or allay. The religious feelings of the whole population of Oxford were outraged by a Jew who publicly mocked at S. Frideswide amid the solemnities of her festival-day, well knowing that neither prior nor bishop, chancellor nor portreeve, dared lift a finger to check or to punish him.[2294] Darker stories than this, however, were whispered against his race. They were charged not only with ruining many Englishmen of all classes by their usury, and with openly insulting the Christian sacraments and blaspheming the Christians’ Lord, but with buying Christians for money in order to crucify them.[2295] A boy, afterwards canonized as S. William, was said to have been thus martyred at Norwich in 1137;[2296] another, Robert, at S. Edmund’s in 1181;[2297] and a third at Winchester in 1192.[2298] Little as we may be inclined to believe such tales, we can scarcely wonder that they found credit at the time, and that the popular hatred of the Jews went on deepening till it broke out in the massacres of 1190. That outbreak compelled the king to interfere in behalf of his “chattels”; but the fines with which he punished it, though they deterred the people from any further attempts to get rid of the Jews by force, could not alter the general feeling. At S. Edmund’s Abbot Sampson, immediately after the massacre, sought and obtained a royal writ authorizing him to turn all the remaining Jews out of the town at once and for ever;[2299] and in 1194 Richard, or Hubert Walter in his name, found it needful to make an elaborate ordinance for the regulation of Jewish loans throughout the realm and the security of Jewish bonds. Such loans were to be made only in six or seven appointed places, before two “lawful Christians,” two “lawful Jews,” two “lawful writers,” and two clerks specially named in the ordinance; the deed was to be drawn up in the form of an indenture; one half, sealed with the borrower’s seal, was to be given to the Jewish lender; the other half was to be deposited in a common chest having three locks; the two Christians were to keep one key, the two Jews another, and the two royal clerks the third; and the chest was to be sealed with three seals, one being affixed by each of the parties who held the keys. The clerks were to have a roll containing copies of all such deeds; for every deed threepence were to be paid, half that sum by the Jew and half by his creditor; the two scribes got a penny each, and the keeper of the roll the third; and no transactions whatsoever in connexion with these Hebrew bonds was henceforth to take place save in accordance with these regulations.[2300]

It is just possible that this growth of anti-Jewish feeling may have helped in some degree to the growth of a sense of national unity among the other dwellers in the land. All Christians, to whatever race they might belong, whatever tongue they might speak, could not but feel themselves to be one people as against these Oriental intruders. It is at any rate clear that of the foreign elements which had been infused into the population of England during the hundred and forty years which had passed since Duke William landed at Pevensey, the Hebrew element was the only one which had not amalgamated with the native mass. The fusion in blood between Normans and English, which we saw making rapid progress under Henry I., was before the end of his grandson’s reign so far complete that the practice of “presentment of Englishry”—that is, the privilege whereby the hundred in which a man was found slain escaped paying the murder-fine to the treasury, if it could prove that the victim was not of Norman blood—had to be given up because the two nationalities had become so intermixed in every class above that of serfs that it could hardly ever be made out to which of them any man really belonged.[2301] In this fusion the English element, as it was far the larger, was also the weightier and the stronger. In the matter of speech it was fast regaining its supremacy. Foreign priests and foreign prelates were learning to speak and to preach to the English people in their own tongue; Norman barons and knights were learning to talk English with their English-speaking followers and dependents; some of them were learning to talk it with their own wives.[2302] If the pure Teutonic speech of our forefathers had suffered some slight corruption from foreign influences, Walter Map’s legend of the well at Marlborough whereof whosoever drank spoke bad French for ever after[2303] may hint that the language of the conquerors was becoming somewhat Anglicized in the mouths of some at least of their descendants; and the temper of these adoptive Englishmen was changing yet more rapidly than their speech. Of the many individual figures which stand out before us, full of character and life, in the pages of the twelfth-century historians, the one who in all ages, from his own day to ours, has been unanimously singled out as the typical Englishman is the son of Gilbert of Rouen and Rohesia of Caen.

The whole policy of the Angevin kings tended to mould their insular subjects into an united English nation. Their equal administration completed that wiping-out of local distinctions which had been begun by the wisdom of the Norman kings and helped on by the confusion of the civil war; their developement of old English methods of judicial and administrative procedure brought the English people again visibly and tangibly to the forefront of affairs. Even those very qualities and tendencies which were most un-English in the Angevins themselves helped indirectly to a like result. The almost world-wide range of their political interests gave England once more a place among the nations, and a place far more important than any which she had ever before held. For, above all, it was England that they represented in the eyes of the continental powers; it was as “Kings of the English” that they stood before the world; and it was as Kings of the English that their successors were to stand there still, when the Angevin empire had crumbled into dust. On the eve of that catastrophe the new England found a voice. The English tongue once more asserted its right to a place among the literary tongues of Europe. The higher English poetry, which had slumbered ever since the days of Cadmon, suddenly woke again to life among the Worcestershire hills. The story of the origin of Layamon’s Brut can never be told half so well as in the poet’s own words. “A priest there was in the land, Layamon was he named; he was Leovenath’s son; may the Lord be gracious to him! He dwelt at Ernley, at a noble church by Severn’s bank—good it there seemed to him!—hard by Radstone, where he read books. It came into his mind, and into his chief thoughts, that he would tell the noble deeds of Englishmen—what they were called, and whence they came, who first owned English land.... Layamon began to journey wide over this land, and got the noble books that he took for models. He took the English book that Saint Beda made; another he took, in Latin, that Saint Albin made, and the fair Austin, who brought baptism in hither; a third book he took, and laid there in the midst, that a French clerk made, Wace was he called, who well could write, and he gave it to the noble Eleanor who was the high King Henry’s queen. Layamon laid these books before him, and turned the leaves; he lovingly beheld them; may the Lord be merciful to him! Pen he took with fingers and wrote on a bookskin, and the true words set together, and the three books compressed into one.”[2304] We must not blame a dweller on the western border in the early days of King John if, when setting himself to tell “the noble deeds of Englishmen,” he thought it needful to begin with the fall of Troy after the pattern of Wace and Wace’s original, Geoffrey of Monmouth. We can only be thankful to this simple English priest for leaving to us a purely English poem of more than thirty thousand lines which is indeed beyond all price, not only as a specimen of our language at one of its most interesting stages, but as an abiding witness to the new spirit of patriotism which, ten years and more before the signing of the Great Charter, was growing up in such quiet corners of the land as this little parish of “Ernley” (or Areley Kings) by Severn-side. The subject-matter of Layamon’s book might be taken chiefly from his French guide, Wace; but its spirit and its language are both alike thoroughly English. The poet’s “chief thought,” as he says himself, was to “tell the noble deeds of Englishmen,” to Englishmen, in their own English tongue. A man who wrote with such an ambition as this was surely not unworthy of the simple reward which was all that he asked of his readers: “Now prayeth Layamon, for love of Almighty God, every good man that shall read this book and learn this counsel, that he say together these soothfast words for his father’s soul, and for his mother’s soul, and for his own soul, that it may be the happier thereby. Amen!”[2305]

Layamon’s Brut was written at some time between John’s crowning and his return to England, after the loss of Normandy, in 1206.[2306] It was a token that, on both sides of the sea, the Angevins’ work was all but ended, their mission all but fulfilled. The noblest part of that mission was something of which they themselves can never have been fully conscious; and yet perhaps through that very unconsciousness they had fulfilled it the more thoroughly. “The silent growth and elevation of the English people”—as that people’s own historian has taught us—“was the real work of their reigns;”[2307] and even from a survey so imperfect as ours we may see that when John came home in 1206 the work was practically done.

INDEX

Aaron of Lincoln, ii. 487

Abelard, i. 480

Abingdon, its customs in 1185, ii. 475–477;

its fair, 481, 482.

See Faricius

Achard, lord of Châlus, ii. 382, 383

Aclea, battle of, i. 102

Acre taken by the crusaders, ii. 319

Adaland, archbishop of Tours, i. 131, 132

Adalbert, count of Périgord, i. 145

Adam, Master, i. 482, 492, 493

Adam de Bruce, ii. 145

Adam de Port, ii. 162

Adela, first wife of Geoffrey Greygown, i. 121, 135

Adela, countess of Chalon-sur-Saône, second wife of Geoffrey Greygown, i. 121, 134, 135, 199

Adela of France, daughter of Louis VII. and Eleanor, i. 445

Adela, daughter of Louis VII. and Constance, born, i. 468;

betrothed to Richard, ii. 62;

offered to John, 314;

marries the count of Ponthieu, 374

Adela of Blois, daughter of Theobald IV., third wife of Louis VII., i. 468

Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, wife of Stephen-Henry of Blois, i. 272;

her children, 273

Adela of Vendôme, daughter of Fulk Nerra and Elizabeth, i. 172

Adela, see Hermengard

Adelaide or Blanche, mother of Queen Constance, i. 191, 192

Adelard of Bath, i. 94, 95

Adeliza of Louvain, second wife of Henry I., i. 94;

married to William of Aubigny, 298;

receives the Empress Matilda, i. 309

Ademar, count of Angoulême, ii. 316, 381, 398, 399

Ademar, viscount of Limoges, ii. 220, 230, 381, 382

Adrian IV., Pope, i. 476;

his relations with the English Church and the Curia Theobaldi, 477;

friendship with John of Salisbury, 485;

bull for conquest of Ireland, 431; ii. 95, 96, 182;

relations with Henry II., i. 497;

dies, 498.

See Nicolas

Ælendis of Amboise, wife of Ingelger, i. 105, 131

Aerschot, see Arnold

Agnes of Burgundy, her marriages, i. 174, 197–199;

kinship with Geoffrey Martel, 136, 175, 199;

divorced, 212

Agnes of Merania, ii. 395, 401

Agnes of Poitou, daughter of William IV., marries Emperor Henry III., i. 176

“Aids” from towns, i. 25, 29;

the Sheriff’s, ii. 15;

pour fille marier, 125, 126;

for the king’s ransom, 325

Aileach, kings of, see Donell, Murtogh

Alan Barbetorte, count of Nantes and duke of Britanny, i. 115

Alan III., duke of Britanny, helps Herbert Wakedog against Avesgaud and Fulk, i. 159, note 4{343};

marriage, 205;

death, 206, 211

Alan Fergant, duke of Britanny, his marriages, i. 328, note 4{930}

Alan, count of Nantes, i. 146

Alan of Richmond, i. 318, 319, 321

Albano, see Henry

Alberic, bishop of Ostia, legate, i. 299, 300

Alberic, count of Gâtinais, see Geoffrey

Albinus or Aubin, S., bishop of Angers, i. 98

Alcuin, i. 181

Aldgate, priory of Holy Trinity at, i. 66

Alençon, i. 208, 209;

treaty of, 217;

surrendered to Henry I., 233;

restored to William Talvas, 236;

won by Fulk V., ib.

See Robert, William

Alexander II., Pope, i. 220

Alexander III., Pope, i. 498;

acknowledged in France and England, 502;

grants the pall to Thomas, ii. 6;

meets Henry and Louis at Chouzy, 13;

holds a council at Tours, 14;

relation to the Becket quarrel, 29, 50–52;

condemns Constitutions of Clarendon, 42;

returns to Rome, 55;

appoints Thomas legate, 67;

sends commissioners to mediate between Henry and Thomas, 69, 70;

authorizes Roger of York to crown young Henry, 71;

forbids him, 72;

interdicts the Angevin dominions and excommunicates the murderers of S. Thomas, 79;

sends envoys to Henry, 80

Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, i. 83, 94, 303, 304

Alfhun, master of S. Bartholomew’s hospital, i. 67

Alfonso II., king of Aragon, ii. 133;

helps Richard in Aquitaine, 230, 231

Alfonso VIII., king of Castille, marries Eleanor, daughter of Henry II., ii. 60;

submits his quarrel with Navarre to Henry’s arbitration, 190

Alfonso Jordan, count of Toulouse, i. 455, 456, 458

Alfred of Beverley, ii. 445, 446

Alice of Maurienne betrothed to John Lackland, ii. 132–134;

dies, 184

Almeric of Montfort, i. 232, 236, 237, 238, 241

Almeric, viscount of Thouars, ii. 395, 427, 428

Alnwick, ii. 161

Amboise, i. 105, 106;

house of the Angevin counts at, 151;

Odo’s last attack on, 163.

See Lisoy, Sulpice

Ambrières, i. 209, 211

Anagni, see John

Andegavi, i. 97

Andely, Isle of, ii. 376, 377;

besieged by Philip, 411, 412;

John’s attempt to relieve it, 413–415;

taken, 416

Andely, Nouvel or Petit, ii. 377;

taken by Philip, 416;

fate of its townsfolk, 417, 418

Andes, i. 97, 130

Andrew of London, i. 363

Angareth, wife of William de Barri, ii. 453

Angers (Juliomagus), i. 98;

its position as a border-fortress, 101;

seized by northmen, 103;

relieved by Charles the Bald, ib., 104;

its aspect in tenth century, 108;

palace of the counts, 109, 132–134, 165;

of the bishops, 133;

fires at, ib., 152;

R. Diceto’s description of, 134;

Henry I. of France at, 213;

betrayed to Fulk Rechin, 220;

Urban II. at, 225;

burghers of, revolt against Fulk V., 234;

Fulk Nerra’s buildings at, 165;

abbeys of S. Aubin and S. Sergius at, 98;

our Lady of Charity (Ronceray), 165;

S. Nicolas, ib., 172, 214, 225, 228;

Henry II.’s buildings at, ii. 197, 199, 200;

Henry and his sons at, 224;

given up to Arthur, 389;

seized by his friends, 407;

retaken by John, 428;

bishops, see Albinus, Dodo, Rainald, Raino, Ulger

Angevin March, the, i. 101;

its extent, 130

Angevins, see Anjou

Angoulême, disputed succession, ii. 220.

See Ademar, Isabel, Matilda, Vulgrin, William

Anjou, its geographical position and character, i. 97;

political position, 106, 107;

its character as a marchland, 107;

its golden age, 113;

sources of its history, 126, 127;

county of, “bipartite,” 128, 129, 130;

its extent, 97, 130;

dependence on the duchy of France, 130;

condition at Fulk Rechin’s death, 229;

placed under interdict, 242;

revolts of the barons, 266–267, 343;

rebels in (1173), ii. 136;

condition under Henry II., 194–196;

John acknowledged in, 388;

accepts Arthur, 389;

submits to Philip, 425;

counts of, their origin, i. 105;

character, 108;

palace at Angers, 109, 132–134, 165;

burial-place, 117, note 3{263};

claims upon Nantes, 116, 117;

upon Maine, i. 124, 140–142;

the demon-countess, 143;

house at Amboise, 151;

rivalry with Blois, 145, 150, 188, 271, 279;

extinction of the male line, 214;

decline after Martel’s death, 215, 218;

relations with France, 164; ii. 357;

growth of their power, 187, 188;

career in Palestine, 239;

their work for England, 490, 492.

See Elias, Fulk, Geoffrey, Guy, Henry, Hermengard, Ingelger, Lambert, Matilda, Odo, Robert, Sibyl, William

Annonain, Pont de l’, ii. 200, 201

Anselm, S., archbishop of Canterbury, i. 8, 9;

his struggle with Henry I., 15–18;

consecrates Malchus to Waterford, ii. 89;

dies, i. 63;

proposal to canonize him, ii. 14

Aquitaine, its relations with France, i. 123, 145, 383, 456, 457; ii. 202;

extent and history, i. 454;

granted to Richard, ii. 62;

rebels in (1173), 136;

country and people, 201, 203–205;

its importance for England, 201;

relations with Henry II., 203, 205;

risings in, 58, 109, 220;

submits, 230;

proposal to give it to John, 233;

restored to Richard, 247.

See Eleanor, Odo, Richard, William

Aquitania, i. 99, 454

Aragon, see Alfonso, Ramirez, Petronilla

Arcelles, see Saher

Archambald, brother of Sulpice of Amboise, i. 194

Architecture, English, in twelfth century, i. 55

Aremburg of Maine, betrothed to Geoffrey Martel II., i. 226;

marries Fulk V., 232;

dies, 245

Argentan, i. 373; ii. 79, 80

Aristotle, study of, in the middle ages, ii. 466, 467

Arles, see Bertha, Burgundy, Provence, William

Armagh, synod at, ii. 105.

See Malachi

Arms, Assize of, ii. 177, 178

Arnold, count of Aerschot, i. 362

Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, i. 500;

persuades Henry II. to acknowledge Pope Alexander, 501;

advises Henry to appeal against Thomas, ii. 65;

rebels, 140

Arques, i. 342; ii. 405, 406, 425

Arthur, King, i. 33;

Henry II.’s correspondence with, ii. 57 note 2{226}, 447;

invention and translation of, 447, 448;

romances of, 448, 449

Arthur, son of Geoffrey and Constance of Britanny, born, ii. 245;

recognized by Richard as his heir, 295;

in custody of Philip, 370;

joins Richard, 374;

acknowledged in Anjou, Touraine and Maine, 389;

does homage to Philip, 390;

quarrels with Philip and goes to John, 394;

flies, 395;

does homage to John, 397;

knighted, 404;

meets the Lusignans at Tours, 405;

besieges Mirebeau, 406;

captured, ib.;

imprisoned, 407;

death, 408, 429, 430;

its consequences, 409

Arundel, i. 10, 309.

See William

Assize of Arms, ii. 177, 178;

of Clarendon, 122, 123;

of the Forest, 177;

Great, 122;

Henry Fitz-Aylwine’s, 485;

of Measures, 348;

of Mort d’ancester, 172;

of Northampton, 172, 173;

later developements, 338–340

Aubigny, see William

Aubrey de Vere, i. 305

Augustinians, see Canons

Aulerci Cenomanni, i. 201, 202

Aumale, see William

Austin canons, see Canons

Austria, see Leopold

Autun, see Lambert

Auvergne, its feudal relations, ii. 202, 203;

attacked by Philip, 252;

Richard gives up his claims upon, 361

Auxerre, Thomas Becket studies at, i. 379

Avesgaud, bishop of Le Mans, i. 159 note 4{343}, 204, 205

Avice of Gloucester betrothed to John Lackland, ii. 184;

married, 282;

divorced, 398

Avranches, ii. 81

Axholm, ii. 152, 155

Azay, conference at, ii. 263

Baggamore, i. 291

“Baille-hache,” i. 353, 354

Bailleul, see Bernard, Jocelyn

Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, i. 246

Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem, ii. 239

Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, ii. 239, 247

Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, takes the cross, ii. 248;

preaches the crusade in Wales, 249;

opposes John’s marriage, 282;

dies, 296, 297;

his proposed college, 437

Baldwin, count of Flanders, i. 235

Baldwin of Clare, i. 318, 320

Baldwin of Redvers, i. 284

Balliol, see Bernard, Jocelyn

Ballon, ii. 394

Bamborough, i. 288

Bar, i. 167

Barcelona, county of, i. 462.

See Raymond-Berengar

Barnwell priory, ii. 463

Barri, see Gerald, William

Bartholomew, bishop of Exeter, i. 506

Bath, i. 35, 296.

See Adelard

Bayeux, i. 11, 307.

See Ralf

Baynard’s Castle, i. 44

Beauchamp, see Miles

Beaugency, council at, i. 392

Beaulieu abbey (Hants), ii. 400

Beaulieu abbey (Touraine), i. 154, 155, 168

Beaumont, see Hermengard

Beauvais, council at, i. 502

Becket, see Gilbert, Rohesia, Thomas

Bedford, i. 320

Bela III., king of Hungary, marries Margaret of France, ii. 235

Bellême, house of, i. 204.

See Robert

Benedictines contrasted with the Cistercians, i. 73

“Bene-work,” i. 57

Berengaria of Navarre, wife of Richard I., ii. 295, 296

Bermondsey, council at, i. 427

Bernard, S., abbot of Clairvaux, i. 70, 72;

his influence, 359;

relations with Rome, 360, 361;

with S. Malachi, ii. 94;

plans for England, i. 364;

pleads for Gerald of Montreuil, 388;

recommends John of Salisbury to Abp. Theobald, 483;

death, 400

Bernard de Balliol, ii. 145, 161

Berry, its feudal relations, ii. 202;

war in, 245, 251, 252

Bertha of Arles, widow of Odo I. of Blois, marries King Robert, i. 149;

separated, ib.

Bertha, daughter of Odo of Blois, wife of Alan of Britanny, i. 205;

of Hugh II. of Maine, 206

Bertha, daughter of Conan III. of Britanny, i. 449

Bertrada of Montfort, marries Fulk Rechin, i. 223, 224;

elopes with King Philip, 224;

suspected of contriving her stepson’s death, 228;

her policy, 232

Bertrand de Born, ii. 204, 205;

stirs up revolt in Aquitaine, 209, 220, 366;

his sirvente for Toulouse, 211, 212;

sets the young king against Richard, 222;

submits, 231;

enters a monastery, 371

Bertrand, count of Toulouse and Tripoli, i. 455

Beverley, i. 30, 37, 38.

See Alfred

Béziers, see Raymond

Bigod, see Hugh

Biota of Maine, i. 217, 218, 254

Bishops, English, their political position, i. 20;

appeal against Thomas, ii. 67.

See Church

Blanche of Castille, daughter of Alfonso and Eleanor, ii. 395, 397

Blanche, see Adelaide

Blanchelande, i. 223, 257

Bloet, see Robert

Blois, counts of, their rivalry with Anjou, i. 145, 150, 188;

their character, 150.

See Adela, Bertha, Henry, Odo, Stephen, Theobald, William

Blondel, ii. 324

Bodmin, gild at, ii. 469

“Bogis,” Peter, ii. 421, 422

Bohun, see Humfrey

Bologna, university of, ii. 460;

S. Thomas at, i. 379

Bonmoulins, conference at, ii. 254, 255

Bonneville, i. 307;

council at, ii. 157

“Boon-work,” i. 57

Bordeaux, see William

Born, see Bertrand

Bosham, see Herbert

Boulogne, see Matilda, Matthew, Mary, William

Bourbon, see Hermengard

Bourges, its feudal relations, ii. 202

Bourgthéroulde, battle of, i. 241

Brabantines, ii. 223

Breakspear, see Nicolas

Breffny, ii. 97

Brenneville, battle of, i. 237

Brian Boroimhe, king of Munster, ii. 85

Brian Fitz-Count, i. 243, 328, 396;

his “book,” 369

Bridgenorth, sieges of, i. 10, 429, 430

Brissarthe, i. 103

Bristol, i. 33, 34, 295, 296;

its slave-trade, 35, ii. 87;

Stephen’s attempt on, i. 296, 297;

ill-doings of its garrison, 297;

Dermot of Leinster at, ii. 98, 99;

Henry II.’s charters to, 118

Britanny, i. 99;

its extent under Herispoë, 102 note 1{236}, 130;

civil wars in, 115;

Geoffrey Martel’s dealings with, 211, 212;

claimed by Eudo of Porhoët and Conan of Richmond, 449;

granted by Henry II. to Conan, 451;

Henry’s designs on, 452, 453;

conquered by Henry, ii. 57, 58;

rebels in (1173), 137;

barons of, appeal to Philip against John, 408.

See Alan, Arthur, Conan, Constance, Eleanor, Geoffrey, Herispoë, Hoel, Juhel, Nomenoë, Odo, Solomon

Broc, see Ralf

Bruce, see Adam, Robert

Brulon, see Geoffrey

Burchard, count of Vendôme, i. 149, 189

Burgundy, kingdom of, granted to Richard I., ii. 331.

See Hugh, Robert, Rudolf.

Cadoc, ii. 416, 421, 425

Cadwallader, brother of Owen of North Wales, i. 435

Caen, surrendered to Henry I., i. 11;

to Geoffrey Plantagenet, 307;

to Philip, ii. 424;

hospital, i. 471; ii. 198;

palace, ii. 196, 197.

See Robert

Cæsarodunum, see Tours

Cahors, i. 464, 466

Calixtus II., Pope, i. 237

Cambridge, ii. 462, 463

Camville, see Gerard

Candé, i. 228

Canons, Austin or Augustinian, their origin, i. 64, 65;

character, 43, 66, 357;

in England, 66–69.

See Aldgate, Barnwell, Carlisle, Chiche, Kirkham, Nostell, Oseney, Oxford, Smithfield

Canons, White, i. 357

Canon law, its effects in England, ii. 18

Canterbury, canons of Laon visit, i. 30;

plot to kill Henry Fitz-Empress at, 403;

Thomas elected at, ii. 3;

privilege of the archbishop to crown the king, 62;

S. Thomas slain at, 79;

Henry II.’s penance at, 159;

Louis VII. at, 216;

Philip of Flanders at, 235;

Richard at, 328;

John crowned at, 400.

See Anselm, Baldwin, Geoffrey, Hubert, John, Ralf, Richard, Roger, Theobald, Thomas, Walter, William

Capua, see Peter

Caputii, ii. 223, 224

Carcassonne, see Raymond Trencavel

Carham, i. 286, 287, 292.

See Wark

Carlisle, i. 36, 37;

S. Godric at, 76;

council at, 300;

Henry Fitz-Empress knighted at, 377;

meeting of Henry and Malcolm IV. at, 462;

besieged by William the Lion, ii. 153, 154;

meeting of William and Henry at, 237;

earldom of, granted to Henry of Scotland, i. 282;

claimed by Ralf of Chester, 314;

see of, 37, 69

Carrick, ii. 109, 111

Carthusians, ii. 435, 436 note 1{2171}

Carucage of 1194, ii. 328, 329, 342;

the Great, 352–354

Carucate, ii. 352

Cashel, metropolis of Munster, ii. 94;

council at, 115

Castille, see Alfonso, Blanche, Constance, Eleanor

Castle Cary, i. 295, 298

Celestine II., Pope, i. 355, 356

Celestine III., Pope, ii. 303, 304, 312, 351

Celle, see Peter

Cenomanni (Aulerci), i. 201, 202

Cenomannia, see Maine

Châlus, ii. 382, 385

Champagne, see Henry, Odo, Stephen, Theobald

Chancellor, the, his office, i. 22, 419.

See Geoffrey, Matthew, Nigel, Ralf, Robert, Roger, Waldric, William

Charles the Bald, Emperor, i. 99, 102, 103, 105

Charles the Fat, king of West-Frankland and Emperor, i. 104

Charles the Simple, king of West-Frankland, i. 104

Charter of Henry I., i. 8;

Henry II., 427;

Stephen, 279, 284

Chartres, see Blois

Château-Gaillard, ii. 375–380;

siege, 416–423;

John’s buildings at, 413, 421, 422

Châteaudun, i. 156.

See Landry

Châteaulandon, see Gâtinais

Château-du-Loir, i. 390.

See Gervase

Châteauneuf-sur-Sarthe, i. 267

Châteauneuf, see Tours

Châteauroux, ii. 211, 213, 245, 251

Châtillon, conference at, ii. 253

Chaumont-sur-Loire, i. 272 note 1{662}, 471

Chef-Boutonne, battle of, i. 215, 252, 253

Cherbourg, siege of, i. 340

Chester, i. 36;

its slave-trade, ib., ii. 87;

meeting of Henry II. and Malcolm IV. at, i. 438;

privileges granted to its burghers at Dublin, ii. 484;

earldom of, its peculiar character, i. 313, 314.

See Hugh, Ralf

Chiche, priory of S. Osyth at, i. 68, 80

Chichester, see Hilary

Chinon won by Fulk Nerra, i. 167;

Geoffrey the Bearded imprisoned at, 221;

bequeathed to Geoffrey Plantagenet II., 394, 444;

councils at, ii. 58, 64;

Henry II.’s buildings at, 197, 200;

treasury at, plundered by Richard, 246;

Henry II. at, 263, 267;

given up to John, 388, 395;

taken by Philip, 426

Chouzy, conference at, ii. 13

Christchurch or Twinham, i. 32

Chrodegang of Metz, rule of, i. 65

Chronicle, English, i. 81, 82

Church, English, under Henry I., i. 63;

the Augustinian revival, 64–69;

the Cistercian revival, 69–74;

new sees, 68, 69;

its national character, 80;

political position of the bishops, 20;

condition during the anarchy, 347–360;

relations with Rome, 378;

position at accession of Henry II., 474;

vacant sees (1161), 503;

Henry’s schemes of reform, ii. 17–20;

question of the “two swords,” ib. 22, 23;

quarrel of Henry and Thomas, its effects, 46–50;

course of the revival after Theobald’s death, 432;

condition in Henry II.’s later years, 433–438.

See Clergy

Church, Irish, its early glory, ii. 82, 86;

condition in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 91–93;

settlement at Synod of Kells, 94;

submits to Henry II., 115

Circuits, see Justices

Cirencester, i. 330, 333

Cistercians or White Monks, their origin, i. 69, 70;

in England, 71;

work and influence, 74, 358, 359;

quarrel with John, ii. 396, 399, 400;

fall, 434, 435.

See Cîteaux, Clairvaux, Fountains, Newminster, Pontigny, Rievaux, Tintern, Waverley

Cîteaux, i. 70

Clairvaux (abbey), i. 70; ii. 70, 94

Clairvaux (castle), ii. 222, 224

Clare, see Baldwin, Gilbert, Isabel, Richard, Roger, Walter

Clarendon, council of, ii. 25–28, 44, 45;

Constitutions of, 26, 27;

condemned by the Pope, 42;

Assize of, 46, 122, 123

Cleobury, i. 429

Clergy, their position under Henry I., i. 63, 64;

regular and secular, 64, 65;

attitude in the civil war, 321;

criminal clerks, ii. 19.

See Church

Clerkenwell, council at, ii. 241

Clontarf, battle of, ii. 85

Cogan, see Miles

Coinage, debasement under Stephen, i. 293;

new, in 1149, 402 note 1{1204};

in 1158, 453

Colechurch, see Peter

Cöln, gildhall of its citizens in London, ii. 485.

See Reginald

Colombières, conference at, ii. 265, 266

Commune of Le Mans, i. 222;

Gloucester, ii. 469;

London, 309, 310, 344;

York, 469

Conan the Crooked, count of Rennes and duke of Britanny, i. 121;

his war with Geoffrey Greygown, 122, 137–139;

with Fulk the Black, 146–148

Conan II., duke of Britanny, i. 211, 212, 220

Conan III., duke of Britanny, i. 449

Conan, earl of Richmond, claims Britanny, i. 449;

duke, 451;

dies, ii. 80

Conquereux, first battle of, i. 122, 138;

second, 147, 148

Connaught invaded by Miles Cogan, ii. 184.

See Roderic, Terence

Conrad III., Emperor, i. 361

Conrad, marquis of Montferrat, ii. 320, 321

Consilt, battle of, i. 436

Constables, see Henry, Humfrey

Constance of Arles, wife of Robert I. of France, i. 155;

her parents, 190, 192;

her policy, 160, 164

Constance of Britanny, daughter of Conan IV., betrothed to Geoffrey, son of Henry II., ii. 57;

married, 233;

marries Ralf of Chester, 369;

imprisoned, 370;

joins Arthur in Anjou, 389;

does homage to Philip, 390;

marries Guy of Thouars, 395;

dies, 404, note 4{2050}

Constance of Castille, second wife of Louis VII. of France, i. 446, 468

Constance of France, daughter of Louis VI., betrothed to Stephen’s son Eustace, i. 384;

marries him, 394;

marries Raymond V. of Toulouse, 458

Constance, heiress of Sicily, ii. 319

Constantine, Donation of, ii. 95

Constitutions of Clarendon, ii. 26, 27;

condemned by the Pope, 42

Corbeil, see William

Cork, its origin, ii. 83.

See Dermot

Cornwall, see Reginald, William

Coroners, their origin, ii. 338, 339

Councils, see Argentan, Armagh, Beaugency, Beauvais, Bermondsey, Bonneville, Carlisle, Cashel, Clarendon, Clerkenwell, Chinon, Geddington, Gloucester, Inispatrick, Kells, Lisieux, London, Neufmarché, Northampton, Nottingham, Oxford, Pavia, Pipewell, Poitiers, Rathbreasil, Tours, Wallingford, Westminster, Woodstock, Würzburg, York

Council, the Great, its character, i. 20

Courcy, see John, William

Coutances, see Walter

Coventry, see Hugh

Cowton Moor, i. 289

Cricklade, i. 335

Cross, S., see Winchester

Crowmarsh, i. 336, 396

Crown, pleas of the, ii. 337

Crusade, the second, i. 361–363;

in Spain, proposed by Louis VII. and Henry II., 453, 497;

the third, ii. 318–321

Curia Regis, see King’s Court

Customs, “paternal,” i. 16;

royal, ii. 22, 26, 27;

of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, i. 37

Cyprus, ii. 317, 321

Danegeld, i. 25;

abolished, ii. 16, 44

David I., king of Scots, i. 95;

invades England, 282, 286, 287, 288;

defeated at Cowton Moor, 289–291;

treaties with Stephen, 282, 300;

joins the Empress in London, 323;

escapes from Winchester, 328;

knights Henry Fitz-Empress, 377;

dies, 399

David, prince of North-Wales, marries Henry II.’s sister Emma, ii. 181

David, bishop of S. David’s, ii. 454

David, brother of William of Scotland, ii. 140, 153;

claims on Huntingdon and Northampton, 154

David or Hugh, count of Maine, i. 124, 140

David’s, S., bishops of, see David, Peter

Defensor of Le Mans, i. 202

Denis, S., see Suger

Denmark, see Ingebiorg

Déols, ii. 211

Dermot Mac-Carthy, king of Cork or South Munster, ii. 114

Dermot Mac-Maelnambo, king of Leinster, ii. 87, 88

Dermot Mac-Murrough, king of Leinster, ii. 97;

seeks aid of Henry II., 98;

returns to Ireland, 100;

successes in Ossory etc., 102;

summons Richard of Striguil, 103;

dies, 106

Dervorgil, wife of Tighernan O’Ruark, ii. 97

Devizes, i. 304, 321, 330

Dialogus de Scaccario, i. 26

Diceto, see Ralf

Dinan, see Joceas

Dodo, bishop of Angers, i. 109, 133

Dol, ii. 148

Domfront, i. 6, 208, 209

Donatus, bishop of Dublin, ii. 87

Doncaster, earldom of, granted to Henry of Scotland, i. 282

Donell O’Brien, king of Limerick or North Munster, ii. 102, 103, 109, 111, 114

Donell O’Lochlainn, king of Aileach, ii. 90

Donell Kavanagh, ii. 109, 112

Dorchester, see Remigius

Dover, i. 295, 299;

chief mart of the wool trade, 52;

Geoffrey of York arrested at, ii. 305, 306.

See Simon, William

Drausius, S., ii. 65

Dress, English, in twelfth century, i. 56

Dreux, see Robert

Drogo of Nantes, son of Alan Barbetorte, i. 115, 116

Dublin, its origin, ii. 83;

metropolis of Leinster, 94;

taken by Dermot etc., 105;

attacked by wikings, 106;

blockaded by Roderic O’Conor, 109;

Henry II. at, 114, 115;

colonized by Henry, 118;

privileges of the Chester merchants at, 484.

See Donatus, Godred, Gregory, Laurence, Patrick

Dudley, i. 295, 298

Dulcia of Gévaudan, i. 463

Dunstan, S., lives of, i. 80

Dunster, i. 295

Durham, S. Godric at, i. 77;

cathedral, 80;

treaty made at, 300;

customs of the bishop’s estates in 1183, ii. 478–480.

See Hugh, Ralf, Simeon, William

Eadgyth or Edith, S., i. 33

Eadgyth, see Matilda

Eadmer, i. 80, 88

Eadward the Confessor, king of England, his prophecy, i. 1;

his laws demanded by the citizens of London, 324

Eadwulf, prior of Nostell and confessor to Henry I., i. 68;

bishop of Carlisle, 69

Ealdhelm, S., i. 84, 86, 90;

life by Faricius, 81

Earldoms created by Stephen, i. 293

Edith, see Eadgyth

Edmund’s, S., Henry II. at, i. 430;

massacre of Jews at, ii. 289;

its customs, 473, 474;

merchant-gild, 481;

dispute with Ely, 482, 483

Eleanor of Aquitaine, daughter of William IX., marries Louis VII. of France, i. 383;

divorced, 392;

marries Henry, 393;

claims on Toulouse, 457, 458;

attempt to divorce her from Henry, ii. 61;

turns against him, 129;

imprisoned, 135;

Richard gives up Aquitaine to, 235;

regent for Richard, 273, 282;

arranges his marriage, 295, 296;

negotiates at Rome, 303;

returns to England, 314;

ravages Anjou, and does homage to Philip, 390;

goes to Spain, 396;

retires to Fontevraud, 405;

besieged in Mirebeau, 406;

dies, 426

Eleanor, daughter of Henry II., marries Alfonso of Castille, ii. 60, 189

Eleanor of Britanny, daughter of Geoffrey and Constance, ii. 244, 325, 371

Elias, count of Maine, i. 224, 225;

war with William Rufus, 225, 226;

Le Mans surrendered to, 227;

relations with Henry I., 11, 227, 233;

marriages,255;

death, 233

Elias of Anjou, son of Fulk V., i. 343

Elias of Saint-Saëns, i. 235

Elizabeth of Hainaut, first wife of Philip Augustus, ii. 217, 234, note 7{1115}

Elizabeth of Vendôme, first wife of Fulk Nerra, i. 152

Ely, see of, founded, i. 68;

quarrel with S. Edmund’s, ii. 482, 483.

See Geoffrey, Nigel

Emma, daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet, ii. 181

Emperors, see Charles, Conrad, Frederic, Henry, Otto

Engelram of Trie, i. 467

England under the Angevins, i. 1–3;

relations with Rome, 15;

with Normandy, 23, 24;

invaded by Robert Curthose, 9;

journey of canons of Laon in, 30–35;

its peace under Henry I., 48;

Flemings settle in, 52;

town life in twelfth century, 54, 55;

rural life, 56–62;

revival under Henry I., 64–95;

religious revival during the anarchy, 356–358;

effects of the second Crusade, 362;

rebels in (1173), ii. 138, 139;

loyal barons in, 144, 145;

rebel castles in the north, 152;

royal strongholds, 153;

condition of rural population under the Angevins, 473–480;

fusion of races, 489;

growth of national feeling, 489.

See Church, Literature, Towns, Trade.

See also Eadward, Eleanor, Henry, John, Jane, Matilda, Richard, Stephen, William

“English” and “French,” i. 24

“English” and “Normans,” different meanings of, i. 23, 24

English and Normans, fusion of, i. 24, 48, 49; ii. 489, 490

Englishry, presentment of, abolished, ii. 489

Essex, see Geoffrey, Henry, William

Este, see Hugh

Euclid, Adelard of Bath’s version of, ii. 95

Eudo, count of Porhoët, i. 449

Eugene III., Pope, i. 361;

deposes S. William and consecrates Henry Murdac, 366;

suspends Henry of Winchester and threatens Stephen, 368;

makes Abp. Theobald legate, 380;

forbids the crowning of Eustace, 391;

dies, 400

Eustace, son of Stephen, king of England, does homage to Louis VI. for Normandy, i. 286;

knighted, 377;

goes to York, 380;

his prospects, 382;

goes to France, 383;

betrothed to Constance, 384;

attacks Normandy, 385;

receives homage, 391;

proposal to crown him, ib.;

marriage, 394;

character, 398;

death, 399

Eustace Fitz-John, i. 72, 288

Eva, daughter of Dermot Mac-Murrough, ii. 104

Evreux ceded to Henry I., i. 11, 62;

betrayed to Almeric of Montfort, 236;

fired by Henry I., ib., 237;

granted to Almeric, 238;

taken by Philip Augustus, ii. 389;

ceded to him, 396.

See Simon

Exchequer, court of, i. 21;

organization under Bishop Roger, 25–27;

headquarters, 31;

Black Book of, ii. 125;

the Norman Exchequer, 194, 197

Exeter, i. 32, 284.

See Bartholomew

Eynesford, see William

Falaise besieged by Henry I., i. 11;

attacked by Geoffrey Plantagenet, 307;

submits, 338;

treaties at, ii. 165, 166;

Arthur imprisoned at, 407;

submits to Philip, 424

Faricius, abbot of Abingdon, i. 68 note 1{187}, 81

Farringdon, i. 335

Faye, see Ralf

Ferm of the shire, i. 25;

of towns, 29

Ferrers, see Robert

Ferté-Bernard, La, conference at, ii. 257

Finchale, i. 77, 78

Fitz-Alan, see William

Fitz-Aldhelm, see William

Fitz-Aylwine, see Henry

Fitz-Count, see Brian, Richard

Fitz-David, see Miles

Fitz-Duncan, see William

Fitz-Gerald, see Maurice

Fitz-John, see Eustace, William

Fitz-Osbert, see William

Fitz-Peter, see Geoffrey, Simon

Fitz-Ralf, see William

Fitz-Stephen, see Robert, William

Fitz-Urse, see Reginald

Flambard, see Ralf

Flanders granted to William the Clito, i. 243;

trade with England, 30, 51, 52.

See Baldwin, Matthew, Philip, Theodoric

Flèche, La, i. 222, 223, 256, 257

Flemings, their settlements in England and Wales, i. 52, 53;

in England under Stephen, 285;

plot to kill Henry, 403;

expelled, 427;

land in Suffolk, ii. 155;

at Hartlepool, 162

Fleury, abbey, i. 112

Florence, S., of Saumur, i. 162

Florence of Worcester, i. 82, 88, 89, 90

Foliot, see Gilbert

Folkmoot of London, i. 45

Fontevraud, i. 248;

Henry II. buried at, ii. 270–272;

Richard buried at, ii. 386;

Eleanor at, 385, 405

Forest, assizes of, i. 285; ii. 171, 177, 356

Fornham, battle at, ii. 150

Foss-Dyke, i. 40

Foss-Way, i. 38

Fougères, see Ralf

Fountains abbey, i. 71–73;

burnt, 366

France, duchy of, see French

France, kingdom of, character of its early history, i. 144;

condition under Hugh Capet, 145;

under Louis VI., 230;

relations with Normandy, 24, 111;

with Toulouse, 457, 458;

with Rome, 501, 502;

union with Aquitaine, 383;

its developement, ii. 357–361.

See Adela, Constance, Henry, Hugh, Louis, Margaret, Mary, Odo, Philip, Robert

Frankland, West, northmen in, i. 100.

See Charles, Lothar, Louis, Odo, Robert, Rudolf

Frederic Barbarossa, Emperor, supports antipope Victor IV., i. 498;

relations with Henry II., 499; ii. 55, 60, 238;

banishes Henry the Lion, 238, 257;

takes the cross, 256;

dies, 318

French, dukes of the, extent of their duchy, i. 103, 105;

underfiefs, 105;

claims upon Maine, 124.

See Hugh, Odo, Robert

“French and English,” i. 24

Fréteval, ii. 73, 366

Fritheswith or Frideswide, S., i. 43.

See Oxford

Fulk the Red, first count of Anjou, i. 106;

his neighbours, 109;

political position, 109, 110;

marriage, 110;

death, 113;

chronology of his life, 128, 129, 132

Fulk II. the Good, count of Anjou, i. 113;

his rule, 113, 115;

canon of S. Martin’s, 114;

letter to Louis IV., ib.;

marriages, 116;

claims upon Nantes, ib.;

death, 117;

vision of S. Martin, 118;

prophecy made to, ib.;

its fulfilment, ii. 187, 373

Fulk III., the Black, count of Anjou, his mother, i. 136;

surnames, 143, note 2{294};

character, 144;

significance of his life, 145, 146, 169;

war with Conan of Rennes, 146, 147;

regains Anjou west of Mayenne, 148;

attacks Blois, 149;

rivalry with Odo II., 150;

castle-building, 151;

seizure of the water-ways, 151–152;

first marriage, 152;

first pilgrimage, 153, 192;

founds Beaulieu abbey, 153–155;

marries Hildegard, 154;

second pilgrimage, 156, 192–195;

his oath, 155;

contrives the death of Hugh of Beauvais, ib.;

sacks Châteaudun, 156;

alliance with Maine, ib.;

victory at Pontlevoy, 157, 158;

subdues Hugh of Maine, 159;

imprisons Herbert of Maine, ib.;

invested with Saintes, ib., 173;

fortifies Montboyau, 161;

takes Saumur, 162;

besieges Montbazon, 163;

treaty with Odo, ib.;

his policy and its success, 164;

makes peace between Constance and her son, ib.;

joins King Henry’s expedition against Sens, ib.;

his home, 165;

buildings at Angers, ib.;

third pilgrimage, 166, 195, 196;

rebellion of his son, 166, 195;

wins Chinon, 167;

fourth pilgrimage, 167, 168;

quarrels with his son, 172, 175;

death, 168;

his tomb, ib.;

his work, 169, 188

Fulk IV. Rechin, son of Geoffrey of Gâtinais and Hermengard of Anjou, invested with Saintonge, i. 214;

his character, 219;

intrigues against his brother, ib.;

wins Saumur and Angers, 220;

captures Geoffrey, ib.;

does homage for Touraine, 221;

cedes Gâtinais to France, ib.;

his rule, ib.;

drives Geoffrey of Mayenne from Le Mans, 222;

besieges La Flèche, ib., 223, 257;

receives Robert’s homage for Maine, 223;

his marriages, 224;

excommunicated, ib.;

absolved, 225;

quarrels with his eldest son, 227, 228;

dies, 229;

his reign and its results, ib.;

his Angevin history, 127

Fulk V., count of Anjou, i. 229;

character and policy, 231, 232;

marries Aremburg, 232;

quarrel with Henry I. and alliance with France, 233;

homage to Henry, 234;

revolt of the burghers against, ib.;

joins league against Henry, 235;

wins Alençon, 236;

treaty with Henry, ib.;

goes to Jerusalem, 238;

quarrel with Henry, 240;

offers Maine to Clito, ib.;

imprisons the legate’s envoys, 242;

marries Melisenda and becomes king of Jerusalem, 246–248;

dies, 361

Fulk the Gosling, count of Vendôme, i. 214

Gaimar, see Geoffrey

Galloway, ii. 164, 179, 237

Gandrea, wife of Theobald III. of Blois, i. 255, 256

Gascony, Richard’s campaign in, ii. 214;

revolt in, 316.

See Guy-Geoffrey, Odo

Gatian, S., bishop of Tours, i. 179

Gâtinais, county of, i. 129;

ceded to France, 221;

counts, 249, 250

Gaubert of Mantes, ii. 415

Geddington, council at, ii. 249

Gelduin of Saumur, i. 161, 162

Geoffrey I. Greygown, count of Anjou, i. 118;

his character, 119;

joins invasion of Lorraine, 120;

his marriages, 121, 134–136;

relations with Britanny, 121, 122, 137–139;

with Maine, 124, 140–142;

war with Poitou, 123, 137, 139;

wins Loudun, 123, 124, 139;

founds church of our Lady at Loches, 153;

dies at siege of Marson, 125

Geoffrey II. Martel, son of Fulk the Black, born, i. 154;

nursed at Loches, ib.;

count of Vendôme, 172;

quarrel with Fulk, ib., 175;

marries Agnes, 136, 174, 197, 199;

war with Poitou, 173–175;

wins Saintonge, 174;

rebels, 166, 195, 196;

count of Anjou, 169;

his character, 170–172;

invested with Tours, 178;

besieges it, 184;

victory at Montlouis, 186;

treaty with Theobald, 187;

its significance, 188;

advocate of see of Le Mans, 205;

imprisons Bp. Gervase, 206;

master of Maine, ib.;

excommunicated, ib.;

revolts, 207;

wins Alençon and Domfront, 208;

challenges William and retires, 209;

war with Aquitaine, 210;

besieges Ambrières, 211;

dealings with Nantes, 211, 212;

marries Grecia, 212;

blockaded in Saumur, 213;

joins invasion of Normandy, ib., 214;

loses Vendôme, 214;

dies, ib.;

break-up of his dominions, 215;

dispute over them, 218;

his heirs, 251–252

Geoffrey III. the Bearded, count of Anjou, i. 214;

victory at Chef-Boutonne, 215, 252, 253;

receives Robert’s homage for Maine, 217;

wrongs Marmoutier, 220;

captured by Fulk, ib.;

imprisoned at Chinon, 221;

released and dies, 228

Geoffrey Martel II. of Anjou, son of Fulk Rechin, betrothed to Aremburg of Maine, i. 226;

joins Henry I., 11;

quarrel with Fulk, 227, 228;

slain, 228

Geoffrey V. Plantagenet, son of Fulk V. and Aremburg, knighted by Henry I., i. 244;

marriage, ib., 258–260;

his person and character, 261–265;

quarrels with his wife, 266;

with Henry, 269, 270;

invades Normandy, 281, 306, 307;

revolts against, 266, 267, 306, 343, 384;

summoned to England, 330;

treaty with Theobald, 337;

conquers Normandy, 338–342;

recalls his son, 343;

challenge to Stephen, 369;

cedes Normandy to his son, ib., 377;

his siege of Montreuil, 384, 386;

treatment of Gerald, 387;

cedes the Vexin to Louis, 388;

death, 389, 390;

burial, 390;

will, 444

Geoffrey of Anjou, second son of Geoffrey and Matilda, born, i. 373;

seeks to marry Eleanor, 393;

rebels against Henry, 394, 395, 444, 445;

count of Nantes, 449;

dies, ib.

Geoffrey I., duke of Britanny, i. 137, 148

Geoffrey, fourth son of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, i. 453;

acknowledged heir to Britanny, ii. 58;

duke, 80;

revolts, 135;

knighted, 214;

joins young Henry, 225;

submits, 232;

marries Constance, 233;

dies, 243

Geoffrey, son of Henry II., bishop-elect of Lincoln, ii., 155;

takes Kinardferry etc., ib.;

chancellor, 245;

secures castles of Anjou, 256;

with Henry at Le Mans, 258, 259, 260;

at La Frênaye, 262;

goes to Alençon, ib.;

rejoins Henry, 263;

his devotion to Henry, 268;

appointed archbishop of York, 274, 278, 302;

early life, 301, 302;

character, 304;

consecrated, 305;

returns to England, ib.;

arrested, ib.;

released, 306;

joins John, 307;

enthroned, 313;

quarrel with Hugh of Durham, ib., 316;

buys sheriffdom of Yorkshire, 330;

driven from England, 335;

redeems the Lincoln church-plate, 487

Geoffrey (Alberic), count of Gâtinais, marries Hermengard of Anjou, i. 214, 249, 250

Geoffrey of Brulon, ii. 259

Geoffrey of Chaumont, i. 272, note 1{662}

Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, justiciar, ii. 355, 356;

earl of Essex, 393

Geoffrey Gaimar, ii. 446

Geoffrey of Lusignan, ii. 59 note 1{235}, 136, 250, 405

Geoffrey of Mandeville, i. 334, 335

Geoffrey de Mandeville, earl of Essex, ii. 124

Geoffrey of Mayenne, i. 211;

holds Le Mans for Walter of Mantes, 218;

submits to William, ib.;

revolts, 221, 222, 224

Geoffrey of Monmouth, ii. 445, 448

Geoffrey of Rancogne, ii. 214, 250, 367

Geoffrey Ridel, archdeacon of Canterbury, ii. 30, 77;

vice-chancellor, 142;

bishop of Ely, 176;

dies, 277

Geoffrey Talbot, i. 294, 296

Gerald de Barri (“Giraldus Cambrensis”), ii. 452–460

Gerald of Montreuil-Bellay, i. 384, 385, 386, 388

Geraldines, the, ii. 108, 183

Gerard de Camville, ii. 280, 298, 299, 300, 329

Gerard la Pucelle, ii. 449

Gerberga, wife of Fulk the Good, i. 116, note 1{258}

Germany, English trade with, under the Angevins, ii. 484, 485

Gersendis of Maine, i. 221, 254–256

Gervase of Château-du-Loir, bishop of Le Mans, i. 205;

imprisoned by Geoffrey Martel, 206;

released, ib.;

archbishop of Reims, 207

Gesta Consulum Andegavensium, its authorship and character, i. 126, 127

Gévaudan, see Dulcia

Gilbert of Sempringham, S., i. 359, 360

Gilbert Becket, i. 50

Gilbert Foliot, abbot of Gloucester, i. 369, 370, 493;

bishop of Hereford, 371, 495;

his earlier history, 492, 493;

career as abbot, 494, 495;

relations with Abp. Theobald and with Henry II., 495, 496;

with Roger of Pont-l’Evêque, 478, 479;

character, 496, 497;

remarks on Thomas’s election, ii. 3, 6;

translated to London, 13, 14;

relations with Thomas, 13, 31, 49;

at council of Northampton, 35, 36, 37, 39;

his attitude in the Becket quarrel, 47–49;

his share in the bishops’ appeal, 67;

excommunicated, 70;

denies the primate’s jurisdiction, ib.;

absolved, 72;

dies, 277

Gilbert, bishop of Limerick, ii. 92;

legate in Ireland, ib., 93

Gilbert de Clare, earl of Pembroke, i. 377, 395, 396; ii. 99

Gilds, i. 29;

under Henry II. and Richard, ii. 469, 470;

leather-sellers’, i. 30;

merchant, i. 29, 36, 40, 43; ii. 481;

weavers’, i. 30, 52; ii. 481

Gildhall, i. 129;

of German merchants, ii. 485

Gilles, St., see Raymond

Giraldus Cambrensis, see Gerald

Gisors, i. 231, 234, 343;

meeting of Henry I. and Pope Calixtus at, 237, 238;

of Louis VII. and Henry II. at, ii. 148, 165;

claimed by Philip, 232, 236

Glanville, see Hervey, Ralf

Glastonbury, invention of Arthur at, ii. 447, 448

Gleeman, the, i. 90

Gloucester, i. 35, 36;

abbey and city, 493, 494;

council at, ii. 170;

commune at, 469.

See Avice, Gilbert, Miles, Philip, Robert, William

Godfrey de Lucy, bishop of Winchester, ii. 277, 288

Godfrey, abbot of Malmesbury, i. 84, 85

Godred, king of Dublin, ii. 88

Godric, S., i. 74–79

“Goliath, Bishop,” ii. 452

Gouleton, ii. 396, 402

Gournay, ii. 403.

See Hugh

Graçay, ii. 213, 361

Grandmesnil, see Ivo, Petronilla

Grandmont, ii. 58, 226;

order of, 435

Gratian, his work on canon law, i. 378

Grecia of Montreuil, second wife of Geoffrey Martel, i. 212

Gregory, archbishop of Dublin, ii. 94

Gregory, bishop of Tours, i. 181

Gué-St.-Rémy, ii. 244

Guerech, bishop and count of Nantes, i. 121, 122, 146

Guimund, prior of S. Frideswide’s, Oxford, i. 43

“Guirribecs,” i. 306

Guy of Anjou (son of Fulk the Red), bishop of Soissons, i. 112, 113

Guy of Anjou, son of Fulk the Good, i. 119

Guy of Crema, see Paschal

Guy, viscount of Limoges, ii. 407

Guy of Lusignan, ii. 59 note 1{235}, 136;

king of Jerusalem, 247;

Cyprus, 317, 321;

ally of Richard, 318, 320

Guy of Thouars, ii. 395, 424

Guy-Geoffrey, count of Gascony, i. 176, 212.

See William VII. of Aquitaine

Hackington, college at, ii. 437

Hainaut, see Elizabeth

Hameline, earl of Warren, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, ii. 40, 144

Hamo de Massey, ii. 139

Hans-house, i. 29;

at York, 36

Harding or Stephen, founder of Cîteaux, i. 69, 70

Harptree, i. 295, 298

Hasculf Thorgils’ son, ii. 105, 106

Hautefort, ii. 204, 231

Haye, La, see Richard

Henry I., son of William the Conqueror, his early life, i. 4–6;

character, 6, 7;

election and coronation, 7;

charter, 8;

marriage, 1, 8, 9;

treaty with Robert, 9;

proceedings against traitors, 10;

Norman campaigns, 11;

victory at Tinchebray, 12, 13;

policy, 13–15, 19;

struggle with Anselm, 15–18;

character of his reign, 19;

his work, 19, 20;

love of “foreigners,” 23;

his ministers, ib.;

called “the Lion of Justice,” 26;

charter to York, 30, 36;

to Norwich, 41;

London, 45, 46;

palace at Woodstock, 44, 94;

court at Oxford, 44;

his “good peace,” 30 note 4{58}, 48, 95;

settles Flemings in Pembroke, 52;

dealings with the Church, 63;

results, 64;

founds see of Ely, 68;

Carlisle, 69;

revival of literature under, 80–95;

relations with Maine, 227;

with France, 230, 231;

wars with France and Anjou, 233, 235;

treaties with Fulk, 234, 236;

victory at Brenneville, 237;

meets Calixtus at Gisors, ib., 238;

treaty with Louis, 238;

wreck of his hopes, 239, 240;

quarrel with Fulk, 240;

quells revolt in Normandy, 241;

alliance with Henry V., ib.;

proclaims Matilda his heiress, 243;

last years, 268–270;

death, 271;

possible successors, 274–275;

state of England after his death, 279;

burial, 282;

his court, 413

Henry II. Fitz-Empress born, i. 268;

Eadward’s prophecy fulfilled in, 1;

Witan swear fealty to, 269;

his early life, 372–374;

tutors, 375, 376;

goes to England, 334;

returns to Anjou, 343;

duke of Normandy, 369, 377;

goes to England, 377;

knighted, ib.;

returns, 378;

besieges Torigni, 386, 405;

does homage to Louis, 388;

marries Eleanor, 393;

ignores Louis’s jurisdiction, 394;

war with Louis and Geoffrey, 395;

lands in England, 396;

besieges Malmesbury, 397;

colloquy at Wallingford, ib.;

treaty with Stephen, 400, 401;

receives homage, 402;

plot to kill him, 403;

returns to Gaul, ib.;

effects of his visit to England, ib.;

resumes Norman demesnes, 404;

peace with Louis, 405;

comes to England, ib.;

crowned, ib.;

his work, 407;

person and character, 408–411, 414–417;

court, 411–413;

first ministers, 417, 418;

relations with Becket, 420, 423–427;

charter, 427;

settlement of the country, ib.;

of the succession, 429;

subdues William of Aumale, 428;

and Hugh of Mortemer, 429;

holds court at S. Edmund’s, 430;

goes to Anjou, 431;

scheme for conquering Ireland, ib., ii. 95;

effects of his first two years’ work in England, i. 431–434;

returns, 434;

demands Northumberland etc., 435;

receives Malcolm’s homage, 438;

wears his crown at Wigford, ib., 439;

at Worcester, 439;

his position compared with Cnut’s, 2, 440, 441;

relations with France, 441, 442;

does homage, 443;

subdues Geoffrey, 444, 445;

proposes for Margaret as wife for his son, 446;

seneschal of France, 450;

grants Britanny to Conan and obtains Nantes, 451;

designs on Britanny, 452, 453;

claims Toulouse, 458;

great scutage, 459–461;

his allies, 462, 463;

knights Malcolm, 464;

takes Cahors and threatens Toulouse, ib.;

withdraws, 465;

treaty, 467;

quarrel with Thomas, 469;

drives Louis from Chaumont, 471;

principle of his reforms, 474;

projects of crusade, 453, 497;

attitude towards the religious revival, 497;

relations with Adrian IV., ib.;

with Germany, 499, 502;

acknowledges Alexander III. as Pope, 502;

appoints Thomas archbishop, ii. 1;

meets Alexander and Louis, 13;

goes to England, ib.;

receives homage of Welsh princes at Woodstock, 14;

quarrel with Thomas, 15, 16;

plans of reform in criminal legislature, 17–20;

propounds his grandfather’s customs at Westminster, 22;

meets Thomas at Northampton, 23;

at Oxford, 24;

publishes constitutions of Clarendon, 26;

meets Thomas at Woodstock, 31, 32;

council of Northampton, 32–40;

sends envoys to the Pope, 41;

confiscates the primate’s estates and banishes his friends, 42;

effects of the quarrel, 46–49;

goes to Normandy, 54;

receives envoys from the Emperor, 55, 60;

plans for his children, 57, 60;

conquers Britanny, 57, 58;

correspondence with Arthur, 57 note 2{226}, 447;

meets Raymond, 58;

attempt to divorce him from Eleanor, 61;

does homage at Montmirail, ib., 62;

holds council at Chinon, 64;

appeals to Rome, 65;

drives Thomas from Pontigny, 68;

meets him at Montmirail, 69;

meets Louis and Thomas at Montmartre, 71;

at Fréteval, 73;

meets Thomas at Tours and Chaumont, 74;

goes to Rocamadour, ib.;

rash words at Bures, 78;

absolved, 81;

promises help to Dermot, 99;

forbids the war in Ireland, 108;

summons Richard of Striguil to Wales, 112;

goes to Ireland, 80, 113;

his fleet, 112;

Irish princes submit to, 114;

settlement of Ireland, 117;

of Dublin, 118;

goes to Normandy, 119;

relations with the barons, 120, 121, 126, 128;

legal and administrative reforms, 122–127;

inquest on Norman demesnes, 128;

alliance with Maurienne, 131;

receives homage of Toulouse, 133;

quarrel with young Henry, 134, 135;

revolt against, 141;

visits England, 143;

his adherents, 144–146;

takes Dol, 148;

meets Louis, ib.;

subdues rebels in Touraine, 151;

regains Saintes, 157;

returns to England, 158;

pilgrimage to Canterbury, 159;

receives news of William’s capture, 160;

takes Huntingdon and subdues Hugh Bigod, 163;

relieves Rouen, 164;

subdues Poitou, 165;

reconciled with his sons, ib.;

treaty with William the Lion, 166;

treatment of the rebels, 167;

end of the struggle, 166, 168;

his position after it, 169;

administrative work in England, 170–178;

his forest visitations, 171;

receives homage for Scotland, 178;

dealings with Wales, i. 435–437; ii. 179–181, 237, 453, 455;

treaty with Roderic O’Conor, ii. 182;

appoints John king of Ireland, 184;

character of his empire, 185–187;

continental policy, 188–191;

arbitrates between Castille and Navarre, 190;

administration in Normandy, 192–194;

buildings, 196, 197;

religious foundations, 197 and note 4{948};

hospitals, 198, 199;

Levée, 200;

bridges, ib.;

relations with Aquitaine, 203, 205;

quarrel with Louis, 212;

treaty, 213;

takes Châteauroux, ib.;

buys La Marche, 214;

house of Blois seek his help, 217;

makes peace in France, ib., 219;

tries to make peace among his sons, 224;

summons a conference at Mirebeau, 225;

besieges Limoges, ib.;

arrests rebel leaders of 1173, 226;

forgives young Henry, 227;

Aquitaine submits to, 230;

interview with Bertrand de Born, 231;

homage to Philip, 232;

proposes to transfer Aquitaine to John, 233, 242;

makes John governor of Ireland, 234;

mediates between France and Flanders, 235;

receives submission of Galloway, 237;

receives the patriarch Heraclius, 240;

meets Philip, 244;

marches into Berry, 245;

truce, 246;

reinstates Richard in Aquitaine, 247;

meets Philip, 248;

takes the cross, 249;

musters his forces in Normandy, 252;

meets Philip, 253;

conference at Bonmoulins, 254;

goes into Aquitaine, 256;

meets Richard, ib.;

goes to Le Mans, 257;

conference at La Ferté, ib.;

flies, 259–262;

returns to Anjou, 262;

goes to Chinon and Azay, 263;

submits to Philip at Colombières, 265, 266;

learns John’s treason, 267;

last days, 268;

death, 269;

burial, 270, 272;

points out Arthur’s tomb, 447;

grants trading privileges to Chester, 484;

grants burial-grounds to the Jews, 486

Henry, second son of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, i. 429, 445;

betrothal, 446, 448;

does homage for Normandy, 468;

marriage, 470;

intrusted to Thomas for education, 471, 472;

recognised heir to the crown, 472, 473;

receives homage of Malcolm IV., ii. 15;

withdrawn from Thomas, 23;

homage at Montmirail, 62;

receives Geoffrey’s homage for Britanny, ib.;

officiates as seneschal and does homage to Philip, ib.;

crowned, 72;

crowned again, 81;

rebels, 129, 130;

flies to France, 134;

threatens to invade England, 158, 162;

reconciled, 165;

receives homage of William the Lion, 178;

joins Richard in Aquitaine, 209, 210;

besieges Châteauroux, 211;

at crowning of Philip Augustus, 216, 218, 219;

character, 221;

quarrel with Richard, 222;

enters Aquitaine, 223;

confesses his league with the Poitevins, 224;

holds Limoges against his father, 225;

driven thence, 226;

plunders Grandmont, ib.;

and Rocamadour, 227;

death, ib., 228;

burial, 230, 232

Henry III., Emperor, i. 176

Henry V., Emperor, i. 241, 242

Henry VI., Emperor, his claims on Sicily, ii. 319;

demands for Richard’s ransom, 324, 325;

negotiates with Philip and John, 327;

grants Burgundian kingdom to Richard, 331;

conquers Sicily, 371, 372;

stirs up Richard against France, 372;

dies, ib.

Henry I., king of France, joins Odo II. against Fulk Nerra, i. 163;

tries to drive Odo from Sens, 164;

revolt against, 177, 178;

grants Tours to Geoffrey Martel, 178;

relations with Normandy and Anjou, 207, 210;

visits Angers, 213;

invades Normandy, ib.;

defeated at Varaville, ib., 214;

dies, 214

Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, his early life, i. 347;

supports Stephen, 277, 279;

legate, 305;

summons Stephen before a council at Winchester, 305;

advice at siege of Arundel, 309;

escorts Matilda to Bristol, 310;

receives her at Winchester, 321;

holds council there, 322;

again declares for Stephen, 324, 325;

his fortress of Wolvesey, 325;

besieged, 326;

fires the city, ib.;

holds council at Westminster and again proclaims Stephen, 329, 330;

his Church policy, 348;

character, 349;

position as legate, ib., 350;

elected to Canterbury, 350;

rivalry with Theobald, 351;

loses the legation, 356;

goes to Rome, ib.;

founds S. Cross, 357;

suspended, 368;

appeals, 381;

absolved, ib.;

consecrates S. Thomas, ii. 5;

at council of Northampton, 35, 36, 37, 41;

dies, 80

Henry the Liberal, count of Champagne, joins invasion of Normandy, i. 394;

betrothed to Mary of France, 445

Henry II., count of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, ii. 321

Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, betrothed to Matilda, daughter of Henry II., ii. 55;

married, 59, 60;

exiled 238, 257;

regains his lands, 319

Henry, son of David king of Scots, made earl of Carlisle and Huntingdon, i. 282;

Northumberland promised to, 286;

at battle of the Standard, 290, 291;

earl of Northumberland, 300;

at siege of Ludlow, 301, 302;

dies, 399

Henry of Albano, legate, ii. 256, 257

Henry of Essex, constable, i. 434;

drops standard at Consilt, 436, 437;

present in war of Toulouse, 466;

defeated in ordeal of battle, ii. 61

Henry Fitz-Aylwine, mayor of London, ii. 472;

his assize, 485

Henry of Huntingdon, i. 82, 83, 94

Henry Murdac, abbot of Fountains, i. 365;

opposes S. William, ib.;

archbishop of York, 366;

his troubles in Yorkshire, 367, 380;

reconciled to the king and enthroned, 381;

goes to Rome, ib.;

opposes election of Hugh of Puiset to Durham, 399, 400;

death, 400

Henry of Pisa, cardinal, ii. 2

Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem, ii. 240

Herbert I. Wake-dog, count of Maine, saves Fulk at Pontlevoy, i. 157, 158;

his surname, 159;

imprisoned by Fulk, ib.;

quarrels with Bp. Avesgaud, ib. note 4{343}, 204;

death, 204;

daughters, 254, 255

Herbert II., count of Maine, i. 216

Herbert Bacco usurps the county of Maine, i. 204;

quarrels with Bishop Gervase, 205;

expelled, ib.

Herbert Lozinga, bishop of Thetford, removes his see to Norwich, i. 41

Herbert, bishop of Salisbury, withstands Hubert Walter, ii. 350

Herbert of Bosham, ii. 9, 10, 38, 40, 75;

verdict on the Becket quarrel, 47

Hereford, i. 36;

castle seized by Geoffrey Talbot, 294;

yields to Stephen, 295.

See Gilbert, Miles, Robert, Roger

Herispoë, king of Britanny, i. 130, 203

Hermengard of Anjou, daughter of Geoffrey Greygown and wife of Conan of Rennes, i. 121, 135

Hermengard (Adela) of Anjou, daughter of Fulk Nerra, wife of Geoffrey of Gâtinais, i. 214, 249

Hermengard of Anjou, daughter of Fulk Rechin, marries Alan Fergant, duke of Britanny, i. 328 note 4{930}

Hermengard of Beaumont, wife of William the Lion, ii. 237

Hermengard of Bourbon, second wife of Fulk Rechin, i. 224

Hervey of Glanville, i. 362

Hervey of Lions, i. 321

Hervey of Mountmorris, ii. 101, 112

Hicmar, legate, i. 364

Higra, the, i. 34

Hilary, bishop of Chichester, ii. 24, 39

Hildegard, wife of Fulk III. of Anjou, i. 154, 165, 168

Historia Comitum Andegavensium, its authorship and character, i. 126, 127

History, English, under Henry I., i. 81–83, 87–91;

decay during the anarchy, ii. 438;

new school of, under Henry II., 439–445;

romantic school, 445, 449

Hoel, duke of Britanny, i. 222

Hoel I., count of Nantes, i. 117, 121

Hoel II., count of Nantes, i. 212

Hoel of Rennes, count of Nantes, i. 449

Holy Land, see Jerusalem

Hommet, see Richard

Hospitaliers, i. 357

Hospitals founded in Stephen’s reign, i. 357;

Henry II., ii. 198, 199

Houses, English, in twelfth century, i. 54, 55

Howden, see Roger

Hrolf the Ganger, i. 111, 124, 203

Hubert Walter, dean of York, ii. 278;

bishop of Salisbury, ib., 333;

elected to Canterbury, 326;

justiciar, ib.;

suppresses revolt, 327;

early life, 332, 333;

rivals, 334–336;

legate, 336;

his policy, ib.;

administration, 337–341, 348, 352–354;

fires Bow church and hangs William Fitz-Osbert, 347;

defeated in council at Oxford, 349, 350;

expedition to Wales, 351;

resigns the justiciarship, ib., 354, 355;

negotiates with Philip, 374;

regent for John, 390, 391;

crowns him, 392;

chancellor, ib.;

persuades John to dismiss the host, 427;

dies, 428;

his proposed college, 437

Hubert de Burgh, ii. 400, 407, 408, 426

Hugh, S., bishop of Lincoln, excommunicates the De Clères, ii. 306;

withstands Hubert Walter, 349;

buries Richard, 386;

dies, 399

Hugh of Nonant, bishop of Chester or Coventry, ii. 280, 293, 306, 310, 329;

his scheme of “new foundation,” 436

Hugh of Puiset, treasurer of York, excommunicated, i. 367;

absolved, 382;

bishop of Durham, 399, 400;

rebels, ii. 140, 141;

makes a truce with the Scots, 151;

fortifies Northallerton, 152;

calls in the Flemings, 162;

submits, 163;

takes the cross, 248;

justiciar, 279;

earl of Northumberland, 280;

character and antecedents, 283–285;

quarrels with the chancellor, 288, 291, 292;

relations with York, 303, 304;

quarrel with Geoffrey, 313, 316;

mission to France, 316;

besieges Tickhill, 323, 327, 328;

resigns Northumberland, 330;

tries to regain it, 335;

dies, 336;

his Boldon Buke, 478–480

Hugh, duke of Burgundy, i. 103, 104

Hugh the Great, duke of the French, i. 112, 123, 124, 204

Hugh Capet, duke of the French, i. 120, 124, 141, 142;

king, 125

Hugh I. count of Maine, i. 124;

subdued by Fulk the Black, 159;

dies, 156

Hugh II. count of Maine, set aside by Herbert Bacco, i. 204;

restored, 205;

marriage and death, 206

Hugh of Este, count of Maine, i. 221, 224

Hugh the Poor, earl of Bedford, i. 320

Hugh Bigod, i. 278;

revolts against Stephen, 284;

earl of Norfolk, 430;

revolts against Henry, ii. 139;

takes Norwich, 155;

submits, 163;

his punishment, 167

Hugh, earl of Chester, rebels against Henry II., ii. 138;

taken prisoner, 148;

restored, 167

Hugh Bardulf, ii. 283, 330, 335

Hugh of Beauvais, seneschal of France, i. 155

Hugh of Gournay, ii. 146, 403

Hugh de Lacy, ii. 113, 116;

governor in Ireland, 117;

with Henry in Normandy, 145, 147;

viceroy again, 185;

slain, 242, 243

Hugh IX., the Brown, of Lusignan, ii. 398

Hugh X. of Lusignan, ii. 398, 405

Hugh of Ste.-Maure, ii. 129, 136

Hugh of Mortemer, i. 429, 430

Hugh de Morville, ii. 78

Hugh of Sillé, ii. 137

Huitdeniers, see Osbern

Humbert, count of Maurienne, ii. 132, 133, 134

Humfrey de Bohun, constable, ii. 113, 145, 149

Hungary, see Bela

Huntingdon, siege of, ii. 154, 156;

surrenders, 163;

earldom of, i. 282, ii. 154;

weavers at, i. 30, 52.

See Henry, Simon

Hyde abbey, i. 31

Ilchester, see Richard

Ingebiorg of Denmark, second wife of Philip Augustus, ii. 395

Ingelger, son of Tortulf, i. 105, 114, 128–131, 182

Ingelger, son of Fulk the Red, i. 112

Inispatrick, synod at, ii. 94

Innocent II., Pope, i. 299, 351, 355; ii. 93

Innocent III., Pope, ii. 351

Inquest, see Jury

Investitures, i. 15–18

Ireland, English trade with, i. 32, 35, ii. 87;

northmen in, ii. 82–86;

civil wars in, 89–91;

Henry II.’s proposal to conquer, 95, 431;

plans of Eugene III. and S. Bernard for, 95;

bull for its conquest, i. 431, 486, ii. 96;

Henry II. in, ii. 113–118;

condition in his later years, 181–185;

John made governor of, 234;

John in, 242;

Gerald’s treatises on, 457, 458.

See Brian, Dermot, Donell, Malachi, Murtogh, Niall, Roderic, Terence.

See also Church

Isaac, king of Cyprus, ii. 317, 319

Isabel of Angoulême, ii. 398;

married to John, 399

Isabel de Clare, wife of William the Marshal, ii. 274

Isabel de Warren, ii. 29

Issoudun, ii. 361.

See Ralf

Ivo of Grandmesnil, i. 10

Jane, third daughter of Henry II., betrothed to William II. of Sicily, ii. 60;

marries him, 189, 190;

marries Raymond VI. of Toulouse, 371;

dies, 397

Jane of Montferrat, wife of William the Clito, i. 243

Jerusalem, kingdom of, condition under the Angevin kings, ii. 239;

taken by Saladin, 247.

See Baldwin, Fulk, Guy, Henry, Melisenda, Sibyl

Jews in England, i. 27, 46, 53;

under Henry II., ii. 486;

burial-grounds granted to, ib.;

massacres of, 289, 290;

relations with the Christians, 487, 488;

ordinance for their bonds, 488, 489

Joceas of Dinan, i. 301

Jocelyn, bishop of Salisbury, ii. 37, 67, 76

Jocelyn de Balliol, ii. 66

John “Lackland,” son of Henry II. and Eleanor, born, ii. 130;

betrothed to Alice of Maurienne, 132–134;

to Avice of Gloucester, 184;

appointed king of Ireland, ib.;

proposal to give him Aquitaine, 233;

knighted and sent to Ireland, 234;

his misconduct in Ireland, 242;

recalled, ib.;

proposal to crown him, ib., 244;

his treason discovered, 267;

reconciled to Richard, 274;

treats with Rees, 280;

his lands in England, 282;

marries Avice, ib.;

his power in England, 293;

quarrels with the chancellor, 297–301;

calls up the barons against him, 307;

enters London, 309;

appointed regent, 310;

alliance with Philip, 314, 323;

its terms, 363;

acknowledged heir by the English barons, 314;

negotiates with the chancellor, 315;

struggle with the justiciars, 323;

truce, 324;

charged with treason, 329;

reconciled to Richard, 334;

helps him against Philip, 369;

acknowledged in Anjou, 388;

invested as duke of Normandy, ib., 389;

burns Le Mans, 390;

goes to England, 391;

crowned, 391–393;

administrative arrangements, 393;

quarrel with Philip, 394;

treaty, 395, 397;

visits England, 396;

receives Arthur’s homage, 397;

Raymond’s, ib.;

does homage to Philip, ib.;

divorces Avice, 398;

marries Isabel, 398, 399;

crowned with her, 399;

meets the Scot king at Lincoln, ib.;

founds Beaulieu abbey, 400;

crowned at Canterbury, ib.;

summons the barons to Portsmouth, ib.;

goes to Paris, 401;

seizes Driencourt, ib.;

charges the Poitevin barons with treason, ib., 402;

cited to the French king’s court, 402;

condemned to forfeiture, 403;

sends troops into Britanny, 404;

relieves Mirebeau and captures Arthur, 406;

destroys Tours, 407;

quarrels with Otto, ib.;

cited by Philip for murder, 408;

condemned, ib.;

his apathy, 410;

plan for relief of Les Andelys, 413, 414;

letter to garrison of Château-Gaillard, 419;

goes to England, ib., 420;

sends ambassadors to Philip, 424;

summons the host and dismisses it, 427;

sails to La Rochelle, 428;

takes Angers, ib.;

flies back to England, ib.;

comment on Hubert Walter’s death, 428, 429;

charter to London, 471, 472

John of Anagni, legate, ii. 257, 258

John of Canterbury, i, 354;

treasurer of York, 477; ii. 19;

bishop of Poitiers, ii. 30, 209

John de Courcy, ii. 184, 242

John of La Flèche, i. 222

John of Marmoutier, i. 126, 127

John the Marshal, ii. 32, 33, 260

John Oldman, ii. 157

John of Oxford excommunicated, ii. 66;

negotiations at Rome, 68;

escorts Thomas to England, 75, 77;

bishop of Norwich, 176

John Paparo, cardinal, legate to Ireland, i. 380; ii. 94

John of Salisbury, his studies and early life, i. 480–483;

enters Abp. Theobald’s household, 483;

becomes his secretary, 484;

character, 484, 485;

relations with Adrian IV., 485, 486;

with Theobald, 486, 504;

Polycraticus, 486–191;

Metalogicus, 504;

exiled, ii. 30;

brings bull “Laudabiliter,” 96

John Scotus, i. 86, 87

John, count of Vendôme, ii. 137, 151

John the Wode, ii. 106

John, S., knights of, see Hospitaliers

Jouin-de-Marne, S., battle of, i. 174

Judges, see Justices

Judicaël, bishop and count of Nantes, i. 148

Juhel Berenger, count of Rennes, i. 116

Julian, S., of Le Mans, i. 202

Juliomagus, see Angers

Jury, the grand, ii. 338

Jury-inquest, ii. 122, 123, 353, 354

Justices itinerant under Henry I., i. 26;

under Henry II., 433, 434; ii. 124, 125, 173–177;

commission of 1194, 337;

circuit of 1198, 356

Justiciar, the, his office, i. 21.

See Hubert, Hugh, Ralf, Richard, Robert, Roger, Walter, William

Kavanagh, see Donell

Kells, synod at, ii. 94

Ketel of S. Edmund’s, ii. 472

Kinardferry, ii. 152, 155

King’s Court, the, i. 20, 21;

its judicial work, 25;

Henry II.’s changes in, ii. 174, 175

Kinsellagh, ii. 100

Kirkham priory, i. 67

Lacy, see Hugh, Roger

L’Aigle, see Richer

Lakenheath, dispute about market at, ii. 482, 483

Lambert, count of the Angevin march, i. 101, 130

Lambert, count of Autun, i. 121, 134, 135

Lambeth, college at, ii. 437

Landry of Châteaudun, i. 156, 193, 194

Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, consecrates Patrick to Dublin, ii. 89

Langley, see Nicolas

Laon, canons of, their journey in England, i. 30–35

Laurence, archbishop of Dublin, ii. 105, 108, 110

Law, canon, introduced into England, i. 378;

Roman civil, 379;

study of, in the schools, ii. 466

Layamon, ii. 491, 492

Leather-sellers’ gild at Oxford, i. 30

Legates in England, i. 350.

See Alberic, Gilbert, Henry, Hicmar, John, Malachi, Peter, Theobald, Thomas, William

Leia, see Peter

Leicester, siege of, ii. 146, 147.

See Robert, Petronilla

Leinster, see Dermot

Leopold, duke of Austria, ii. 319, 371

Lespec, see Walter

Levée, the, on the Loire, ii. 200

Liber Niger Scaccarii, ii. 125

Liber Niger, see Peterborough

Lichfield, i. 40

Lidford, gild at, ii. 469

Lidorius, S., bishop of Tours, i. 179

Limerick, ii. 83.

See Donell, Gilbert

Limoges besieged by Henry II., ii. 225;

plundered by the young king, 226;

surrenders, 230.

See Ademar, Guy

Lincoln, i. 38–40;

weavers at, 30, 52;

merchant gild, 40;

castle seized by Ralf of Chester, 315;

besieged by Stephen, ib.;

battle of, 316–320, 344–346;

sacked by Earl Robert, 320;

castle again seized by Ralf, 334;

given up to Stephen, 336;

Stephen at, 337;

Henry II. at, 438;

castle besieged by William of Longchamp, ii. 299;

John at, 399;

minster-library, 464, 465;

Richard’s charter to, 470.

See Aaron, Alexander, Geoffrey, Hugh, Remigius, Robert, William

Lions, see Hervey

Lisbon won by English crusaders, i. 363

Lisieux, council at, i. 392.

See Arnulf

Lisoy of Bazogers, commandant of Amboise and Loches, i. 157, 184, 185;

advice to Geoffrey Martel, 185;

captures Theobald, 186

Literature, revival of, under Henry I., i. 80–95;

under the Angevins, ii. 439–460, 491–492

Loches, i. 110, 153;

treaty of, 187;

pledged to Philip, ii. 364;

taken by Richard, 366;

taken by Philip, 426.

See Lisoy, Thomas

Lodden, conferences at the, ii. 307, 308

Lombard, see Peter

London, its growing importance, i. 31;

walls and castles, 44;

cathedral, folkmoot, portreeve, sheriffs, 45;

fires, ib., 55;

weavers, 30, 52, ii. 481;

constitution under William I., i. 45;

under Henry I., ib., 46;

Jews in, 46;

suburbs, ib., 47;

schools, 47;

character of its citizens, 47, 48;

Normans in, 48, 49;

trade, 49;

claim of its citizens to elect the king, 277;

loyal to Stephen, 313;

submits to the Empress, 323;

expels her, 324;

citizens at siege of Winchester, 326;

hospitals in, 357;

councils at, 381, 390, 429; ii. 314;

tumults in (1173), ii. 156–157;

meeting of barons at, 309, 310, 311;

the commune, 309, 310, 344;

rising under William Fitz-Osbert, 345–347;

gilds in, 469;

constitution under Henry II., Richard and John, 471, 472;

foreign commerce, 485;

gildhall of German merchants, ib.;

stone bridge, ib., 486.

See Andrew, Gilbert, Henry, Richard, Serlo, Thomas, Westminster

Longchamp, see William

Lorraine, i. 120

Lothar, king of West-Frankland, i. 119, 120, 122

Lothar, see Innocent III.

Lotharingia, i. 120

Loudun, i. 123, 124, 139, 394, 444

Louis the Gentle, Emperor, partition of his realms, i. 98, 99

Louis From-beyond-sea, King of West Frankland, i. 112, 113;

Fulk’s letter to, 114;

dies, 119

Louis the Lazy (Fainéant), King of West Frankland, i. 123;

marriage, 191;

death, 125

Louis VI., King of France, his policy, i. 230;

supports William Clito, 235;

defeated at Brenneville, 237;

treaty with Henry, 238;

marches against the Emperor, 241;

grants Flanders to Clito, 243

Louis VII., King of France, his quarrel with Blois and alliance with Anjou, i. 342;

helps Geoffrey to conquer Normandy, ib.;

grants him its investiture, 343;

takes the cross, 361;

marries Eleanor, 383;

strife with Blois, 384;

attacks Normandy, 385;

dealings with Geoffrey and Eustace, 386, 387;

grants Normandy etc. to Henry, 388, 389;

divorces Eleanor, 392;

cites Henry to his court, 393;

war in Normandy, 395;

receives Henry’s homage, 443;

marries Constance, 446;

makes Henry seneschal, 450;

proposed crusade in Spain, 453, 497;

claims on Toulouse, 457;

throws himself into Toulouse, 464;

attacks Normandy, 466;

treaty, 467;

marries Adela, 468;

alliance with Blois, 469, 471;

driven from Chaumont, 471;

acknowledges Alexander III. as Pope, 502;

meets Alexander and Henry at Chouzy, ii. 13;

threatens war in Auvergne, 31;

welcomes Thomas, 42;

his view of the Becket quarrel, 53, 54;

receives homage of the two Henrys and grants Aquitaine to Richard, 62;

meets Henry at Montmartre, 71;

Fréteval, 73;

supports young Henry’s revolt, 135, 136;

attacks Normandy, 143;

burns Verneuil, 147;

meets Henry II. at Gisors, 148;

besieges Rouen, 164;

truce, 165;

renewed quarrel, 212;

treaty, 213;