GREAT EXPLORERS OF THE 19TH CENTURY.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS

REPRODUCED IN FAC-SIMILE FROM THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, GIVING THE SOURCES WHENCE THEY ARE DERIVED.

PART THE FIRST.

Map of the work which had to be done in the 19th Century

Jerusalem

Map of Egypt, Nubia, and part of Arabia

Portrait of Burckhardt

"Here is thy grave"

Merchant of Jeddah

Shores and boats of the Red Sea

Map of English India and part of Persia

Bridge of rope

"They were seated according to age"

Beluchistan warriors

"A troop of bayadères came in"

Afghan costumes

Persian costumes

"Two soldiers held me"

"Fifteen Ossetes accompanied me"

"He beheld the Missouri"

Warrior of Java

A kafila of slaves

Member of the body-guard of the Sheikh of Bornou

Reception of the Mission

Lancer of the army of the Sultan of Begharmi

Map of Denham and Clapperton's journey

Portrait of Clapperton

"The caravan met a messenger"

"Travelling at a slow pace"

View on the banks of the Congo

Ashantee warrior

Réné Caillié

"He decamped with all his followers"

Caillié crossing the Tankisso

View of part of Timbuctoo

Map of Réné Caillié's journey

"Laing saw Mount Loma"

Lower Course of the Niger (after Lander)

Mount Kesa

"They were all but upset"

Square stool belonging to the King of Bornou

Map of the Lower Course of the Djoliba, Kouara, Quoora, or Niger (after Lander)

"It was hollowed out of a single tree-trunk"

View of a Merawe temple

The Second Cataract of the Nile

Temple of Jupiter Ammon

"Villages picturesquely perched"

Map of the Missouri

Circassians

"Excelling in lassoing the wild mustangs"

Map of the Sources of the Mississippi, 1834

View of the Pyramid of Xochicalco

PART THE SECOND.

New Zealanders

Coast of Japan

Typical Ainos

"In the twinkling of an eye the canoes were empty"

Interior of a house at Radak

View of Otaheite

One of the guard of the King of the Sandwich Islands

"The village consisted of clean, well-built huts"

A Morai at Kayakakoua

Native of Ualan

Sedentary Tchouktchis

Warriors of Ombay and Guebeh

Rawak hut on piles

The luxuriant vegetation of the Papuan Islands

Map of Australia

A performer of the dances of Montezuma

Ruins of ancient pillars at Tinian

An Australian farm near the Blue Mountains

Native Australians

Berkeley Sound, in the Falkland Islands

The Mercury at anchor in Berkeley Sound

The wreck of the Uranie

The waterfall of Port Praslin

Natives of New Guinea

Meeting with the Chief of Ualan

Natives of Pondicherry

Ancient idols near Pondicherry

Near the Bay of Manilla

Women of Touron Bay

Entrance to Sydney Bay

"Apsley's Waterfall"

Eucalyptus forest of Jervis Bay

New Guinea hut on piles

New Zealanders

Attack from the natives of Tonga Tabou

Lofty mountains clothed with dense and gloomy forests

Natives of Vanikoro

"I merely had the armoury opened"

Reefs off Vanikoro

Hunting sea-elephants

Map of the Antarctic Regions, showing the routes taken by the navigators of the 19th Century

"Here congregate flocks of penguins"

Dumont d'Urville

"Only by getting wet up to their waists"

Anchorage off Port Famine

"The rudder had to be protected"

View of Adélie Land

Reduced Map of D'Urville's discoveries in the Antarctic Regions

"Their straight walls rose far above our masts"

Captain John Ross

Map of Victoria, discovered by James Ross

"Two small sledges were selected"

Esquimaux family

Map of the Arctic Regions

Rain as a novel phenomenon

Discovery of Victoria Land

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

FIRST PART.

CHAPTER I. THE DAWN OF A CENTURY OF DISCOVERY.

Slackness of discovery during the struggles of the Republic and Empire—Seetzen's voyages in Syria and Palestine—Hauran and the circumnavigation of the Dead Sea—Decapolis—Journey in Arabia—Burckhardt in Syria—Expeditions in Nubia upon the two branches of the Nile—Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina—The English in India—Webb at the Source of the Ganges—Narrative of a journey in the Punjab—Christie and Pottinger in Scinde—The same explorers cross Beluchistan into Persia—Elphinstone in Afghanistan—Persia according to Gardane, A. Dupré, Morier, Macdonald-Kinneir, Price, and Ouseley—Guldenstædt and Klaproth in the Caucasus—Lewis and Clarke in the Rocky Mountains—Raffles in Sumatra and Java

CHAPTER II. THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF AFRICA. I.

Peddie and Campbell in the Soudan—Ritchie and Lyon in Fezzan—Denham, Oudney, and Clapperton in Fezzan, and in the Tibboo country—Lake Tchad and its tributaries—Kouka and the chief villages of Bornou—Mandara—A razzia, or raid, in the Fellatah country—Defeat of the Arabs and death of Boo-Khaloum—Loggan—Death of Toole—En route for Kano—Death of Oudney—Kano—Sackatoo—Sultan Bello—Return to Europe

II.

Clapperton's second journey—Arrival at Badagry—Yariba and its capital Katunga—Boussa—Attempts to get at the truth about Mungo Park's fate—"Nyffé," Yaourie, and Zegzeg—Arrival at Kano—Disappointments—Death of Clapperton—Return of Lander to the coast—Tuckey on the Congo—Bowditch in Ashantee—Mollien at the sources of the Senegal and Gambia—Major Grey—Caillié at Timbuctoo—Laing at the sources of the Niger—Richard and John Lander at the mouth of the Niger—Cailliaud and Letorzec in Egypt, Nubia, and the oasis of Siwâh

CHAPTER III. THE ORIENTAL SCIENTIFIC MOVEMENT AND AMERICAN DISCOVERIES.

The decipherment of cuneiform inscriptions, and the study of Assyrian remains up to 1840—Ancient Iran and the Avesta—The survey of India and the study of Hindustani—The exploration and measurement of the Himalaya mountains—The Arabian Peninsula—Syria and Palestine—Central Asia and Alexander von Humboldt—Pike at the sources of the Mississippi, Arkansas, and Red River—Major Long's two expeditions—General Cass—Schoolcraft at the sources of the Mississippi—The exploration of New Mexico—Archæological expeditions in Central America—Scientific expeditions in Brazil—Spix and Martin—Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied—D'Orbigny and American Man

SECOND PART.

CHAPTER I. VOYAGES ROUND THE WORLD, AND POLAR EXPEDITIONS.

The Russian fur trade—Kruzenstern appointed to the command of an expedition—Noukha-Hiva—Nangasaki—Reconnaisance of the coast of Japan—Yezo—The Ainos—Saghalien—Return to Europe—Otto von Kotzebue—Stay at Easter Island—Penrhyn—The Radak Archipelago—Return to Russia—Changes at Otaheite and the Sandwich Islands—Beechey's Voyage—Easter Island—Pitcairn and the mutineers of the Bounty—The Paumoto Islands—Otaheite and the Sandwich Islands—The Bonin Islands—Lütke—The Quebradas of Valparaiso—Holy week in Chili—New Archangel—The Kaloches—Ounalashka—The Caroline Archipelago—The canoes of the Caroline Islanders—Guam, a desert island—Beauty and happy situation of the Bonin Islands—The Tchouktchees: their manners and their conjurors—Return to Russia

CHAPTER II. FRENCH CIRCUMNAVIGATORS.

The journey of Freycinet—Rio de Janeiro and its gipsy inhabitants—The Cape and its wines—The Bay of Sharks—Stay at Timor—Ombay Island and its cannibal inhabitants—The Papuan Islands—The pile dwellings of the Alfoers—A dinner with the Governor of Guam—Description of the Marianne Islands and their inhabitants—Particulars concerning the Sandwich Islands—Port Jackson and New South Wales—Shipwreck in Berkeley Sound—The Falkland Islands—Return to France—The voyage of the Coquille under the command of Duperrey—Martin-Vaz and Trinidad—The Island of St. Catherine—The independence of Brazil—Berkeley Sound and the remains of the Uranie—Stay at Conception—The civil war in Chili—The Araucanians—Discoveries in the Dangerous Archipelago—Stay at Otaheite and New Ireland—The Papuans—Stay at Ualan—The Caroline Islands and their inhabitants—Scientific results of the expeditions

II.

Expedition of Baron de Bougainville—Stay at Pondicherry—The "White Town" and the "Black Town"—"Right-hand" and "Left-hand"—Malacca—Singapore and its prosperity—Stay at Manilla—Touron Bay—The monkeys and the people—The marble rocks of Faifoh—Cochin-Chinese diplomacy—The Anambas—The Sultan of Madura—The straits of Madura and Allas—Cloates and the Triad Islands—Tasmania—Botany Bay and New South Wales—Santiago and Valparaiso—Return viâ Cape Horn—Expedition of Dumont d'Urville in the Astrolabe—The Peak of Teneriffe—Australia—Stay at New Zealand—Tonga-Tabu—Skirmishes—New Britain and New Guinea—First news of the fate of La Pérouse—Vanikoro and its inhabitants—Stay at Guam—Amboyna and Menado—Results of the expedition

CHAPTER III. POLAR EXPEDITIONS.

Bellinghausen, yet another Russian Explorer—Discovery of the islands of Traversay, Peter I., and Alexander I.—The Whaler, Weddell—The Southern Orkneys—New Shetland—The people of Tierra del Fuego—John Biscoe and the districts of Enderby and Graham—Charles Wilkes and the Antarctic Continent—Captain Balleny— Dumont d'Urville's expedition in the Astrolabe and the Zelée—Coupvent Desbois and the Peak of Teneriffe—The Straits of Magellan—A new post-office shut in by ice—Louis Philippe's Land—Across Oceania—Adélie and Clarie Lands—New Guinea and Torres Strait—Return to France—James Clark Rosset—Victoria

II. THE NORTH POLE.

Anjou and Wrangell—The "polynia"—John Ross's first expedition—Baffin's Bay closed—Edward Parry's discoveries on his first voyage—The survey of Hudson's Bay, and the discovery of Fury and Hecla Straits—Parry's third voyage—Fourth voyage—On the ice in sledges in the open sea—Franklin's first trip—Incredible sufferings of the explorers—Second expedition—John Ross—Four winters amongst the ice—Dease and Simpson's expedition