PART III. FAMILY STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF BUILD. (continued 2)

However, there is one consideration that must not be overlooked. This is that the mean index of build of the slender offspring is lower than that of the fleshy ones. If we place the average index of the very slender and slender groups at 26, and of the pure fleshy at 40, then the coefficient of variability of the slender and very slender is 3.13/26, or 12 per cent, and that of the fleshy of table 24 is 4.70/40, or 14 per cent. Thus the fleshy offspring are not only absolutely but also relatively more variable than the slender offspring.

Perhaps a fairer comparison is obtained from the data of table 12. The standard deviation of the progeny of the S × S matings is 2.41; of the F × F matings is 5.37. The corresponding coefficients of variability are 2.41/28.47 and 5.35/37.56, or 8.46 per cent and 14.25 per cent respectively. That is, the coefficient of variability of build of the offspring of the F × F mating is 68 per cent greater than that of the S × S mating. The ranges of the logarithms of the indices of the S and the F groups is as near as possible the same, and the arithmetic range of the F is only 40 per cent greater than of the S group. Hence the greater variability of the offspring of the F × F as compared with the S × S matings can not be accounted for on a difference in the range of index values of the S and F classes. The most reasonable conclusion seems to be that the gametes of the fleshy parents are somewhat more variable than the gametes of the slender and the very slender parents.

Class III. Mating of Slender with Fleshy Stock—The F₁ Generation.

After having considered the inheritance of build in the progeny of slender and of fleshy stock respectively, we have next to consider the distribution of build in hybrids between such stocks. This class of matings produces the familiar F₁ generation. Incidentally it may be pointed out that where multiple factors are concerned the F₁ generation has not that uniformity that it has when only one factor is concerned. This is partly because there are several kinds of F₁ offspring. For example, the progeny of very fleshy × slender, fleshy × very slender, fleshy × slender, and even subdivisions of some of these categories. If we analyze the progeny of all these matings together, a considerable range of variation in the F₁ generation is to be expected. If we deal with each type of mating separately, the numbers are insufficient to be significant. Compromises of various sorts will be necessary between too small numbers of offspring, on the one hand, and too heterogeneous parents on the other. Further complications arise from the fact that on the hypothesis that fleshy persons carry factors that dominate over slender, it is to be expected that the children shall be, on the average, of above medium build; and, again, from the fact that the children are younger than the parents and, for the most part, do not as yet show their full adult build. This is a matter of especial importance in this mating, since heterozygous individuals are slow in developing their potential build. Three kinds of matings will be considered.

Mating 1. One Parent Slender, of Slender Stock, and the Other Fleshy, of Fleshy Stock. (Table VIII in Part.)

If mainly those fleshy parents are selected whose parents and sibs (so far as known) are fleshy, then the progeny will correspond as nearly as possible to a Mendelian F₁ generation, and should be characterized by relatively low variability. Such selected matings are given in table 27, extracted from table VIII, Appendix.

Table 27.—Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, together with their progeny.

FF FM F Father’s sibs. MF MM M Mother’s sibs. Offspring.

S M F VF

Ale 2 33 28 27 3 tall 36 42 38 2 t 2 1

Coo 6 38 38 39 33 29 28 Short 1 2

Cla 32 29 29 29 31 42 38 1 1

Dob 2 30 S 26 F F 42 4 1

Dud I 48 61 43 10 F and VF; 1S(t). 31 28 28 3 of 12, F or VF. 2

Elk I 36 44 41 30 32 27 1 3

Faz F S 1 F F F 57 1 VF 1 1

Leo F 1 F S S S 4 S 3

Lyn F F 2 F S 6

Ofi a S VF 1 6 1

Ofi b S 1 M 3 F F 7 F 2 4 2

Ofi c S VF 1 6 1

Smi 45 30 1 1 3 3

Wal 4 38 34 41 31 28 27 1 1

Total 64 4 18 35 7

Per cent 100 6.2 28.1 54.6 11.1

In table 27, of 64 offspring the proportions are 6 S, 28 M, 55 F, 11 VF. On the assumption of 6 zygotic factors, and that the matings are of 5-factor and 2-factor parents, and that they were equally of the two types of matings of this class, then we should expect the following proportions; 8 S, 42 M, 42 F, 8 VF. That this does not more closely approximate the observed proportions is probably due to the partial dominance of F over S. At any rate, it is a closer fit than would be given on the 4-factor hypothesis. The details of each family included in this mating are given below.

Ale-2 Family.

A family of English extraction; grandparents and parents living mostly in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Two of the children were born in West Virginia, the other two in Ohio. The Father, a minister, has at 55 years the formula 135/70.8 inches; build 1.9 (27). His 3 brothers are tall. Their father, who was a minister, always well, died at 81 years from “diseases incident to old age,” at 70 years having the formula M/VT;⁠[5] build, say, 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 6 children, in youth was “delicate.” She died at 85 years from old age, having the formula S/T; build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of slender build.

The Mother, who had 4 children, suffered in middle age from erysipelas and gallstones. She is living at 54 years, having at 50 years the formula 145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38). One of her brothers died at 18 years from tuberculosis, height 70 inches; another brother became feeble-minded after an attack of spinal meningitis, height 62.5 inches; one sister also died from tuberculosis at 48 years. Their father, who was a miller, suffered in youth from typhoid fever and in middle age from neuralgia and acute indigestion, and was killed in an accident at 77 years. At 60 years his formula was 165/M; build, say, 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had 9 children, was always well. She died at 78 years from angina pectoris. At 50 years her formula was 165/M; build, say, 3.0 (42). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build, despite some tuberculosis. The 3 grown children:

1. Male, a minister, always well, has at 30 years the formula 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 52 years, 174/67 inches; build 2.7 (39).

2. Female, a school teacher, always well, has at 28 years the formula 108/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 52 years, 123/62.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Male, a student, always well, has at 23 years the formula 140/66.5 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 52 years, 154/67 inches; build 2.4 (34).

Comment.—The build of the children ranges from 2.0 or 2.2 (28 or 31) to 2.6 or 2.7 (37 or 39), almost exactly the difference between the parents but the build is slightly higher on the average than theirs. One should probably be classified as slender, one as medium, and one as fleshy. There is a slight evidence of dominance of fleshiness (R: Ale-2).

Coo-6 Family.

A family of mixed Nordic stock, chiefly English, living in the Central States. The Father, a farmer, who has always been well, is a man of great bodily energy and calm temperament. Formula at 40 years 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father, a farmer, who was killed in the Civil War, had at 40 years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother, who was always well and energetic, had at 40 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house is uniformly fleshy.

The Mother, who had a throat infection, had the formula 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her sibs were mostly short and two of them suffered from asthma. Their father, a farmer, who had a throat infection and died at 55 of smallpox, had the formula 150/67.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Their mother, who also died at 55 of smallpox, had the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Thus the maternal side of the house has a distinctly slenderer build than the paternal. The 3 children:

1. Male, who died in early infancy of brain fever.

2. Male, 30 years old, a traveling salesman and soldier, with a catarrhal nasal infection, had the formula at 20 years 160/67.5 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 178/69.4 inches; build 2.7 (37).

3. Female, 25 years old, a music teacher, with a catarrhal nasal infection, has at 20 years the formula 120/62 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 139/62 inches; build 2.6 (36).

4. Male, 21 years old, a farmer, from whom a skin tumor and tonsils have been removed, has at 20 years the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 166/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).

Comment.—A mating of fleshy with slender build has produced only medium-fleshy offspring (R: Coo-6).

Cla-32 Family.

A family of English extraction living in Vermont. The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in youth from catarrh and influenza. He is living at 57 years, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who is a farmer, always well, has at 84 years the formula 150/72 inches; build 29. His mother, who had 2 children, always well, has at 80 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). This family is prevailingly slender.

The Mother, who has 2 children, always well, has at 52 years the formula 157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her father, who was a farmer, suffered in middle age from weak heart, sciatica, and rheumatism. He died, at 67 years, from “blood-clot on brain,” having the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who had 1 child, was always well till, at 68 years, she died of cancer of liver; formula 160/62 inches; build 2.9 (42). Of the 2 children:

1. Female, married, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/66 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37).

2. Male, a farmer, always well, has, at 24 years, the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 169/72 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—The daughter will probably become fleshy like her Mother; the son will probably remain slender like his Father (R: Cla-32).

Dob-2 Family.

A family of Scotch-Irish and German extraction, living in the middle western States. The Father, a real-estate agent, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 65 years the formula 120/67.5 inches; build 1.9 (26). His father, a farmer, always well, died at 89 years of old age, with the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother died at 29 years of tuberculosis; she was slender.

The Mother, who in youth suffered from whooping-cough and scarlet fever, has at 65 years the formula 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42)—fleshy. Her father, a German farmer, died of old age at 81 years; he was corpulent. Her mother died at 81 years of “heart leakage”; she was corpulent. The 5 children:

1. Male, a school teacher, always well, has at 34 years the formula 130/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 138/66.5 inches; build 2.3 (31).

2. Female, a music and art teacher, who in youth suffered from catarrhal fever, has at 32 years the formula 135/61 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 147/61 inches; build 2.7 (39).

3. Male, electrical engineer, always well, has at 29 years the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).

4. Male, student, had pneumonia, has at 26 years the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 162/67 inches; build 2.5 (36).

5. Male, a student, who has had malaria, has at 24 years the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 144/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).

Comment.—A man of a family of a prevailing slender build, whose mother died of tuberculosis, married a fleshy woman of two fleshy parents. Of the 5 children, 1 and perhaps 2 will become fleshy; 1 is of medium build, and 2 will probably remain slender like the Father. Since all children are fleshier than the slender Father, and since members of the family tend to grow fleshy as they grow older, it seems probable (barring disease) that child No. 2 will gain the build of her stout Mother and that the others will become of at least medium build (R: Dob-2).

Dud-1 Family.

A family of Scotch stock residing principally in Ohio and Iowa. The Father, a farmer until his retirement at 50 years, who died at 56 of diabetes, had at 40 years the formula 215/71 inches; build 3.0 (43). Of his 6 sisters, 4 were stout to very stout and 1 was slender and died of tuberculosis. Of his 2 brothers, one was 72 inches tall and died of kidney trouble; the other was 67 inches tall. The Father’s father, also a farmer all his life and very strong, died at 60 years of apoplexy, having the formula 250/64 inches; build 4.3 (61). This side of the house brings into the combination a tendency to extreme fleshiness.

The Mother, who was operated on for cancer, at 40 years had the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). She had 12 sibs, of whom 3 were fleshy or very fleshy. Her father, a carpenter, who died of Bright’s disease at 70, had the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who died at 50 years of tuberculosis, had at 40 years of age the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. The 2 children:

1. Male, a college student and subject to migraine, has at 25 years the formula 158/70 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 40 years, 169/70 inches; build 2.4 (35).

2. Female, a school girl, operated on at 16 for appendicitis, has at 25 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 40 years, 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—This mating of parents of stout and of slender stock results in children who are still young and of only medium to slender build. It is to be expected that the young man, at least, will become stout, approaching his father’s build (R: Dud-1).

Elk-1 Family.

A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The Father, a “superintendent,” suffered in youth from pneumonia. He is living at 47 years, having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). One of his brothers died, at 43 years, from consumption of the stomach “due to accident”; his formula, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother is living at 73 years, having the formula 160/60 inches; build 3.1 (44). This side of the house is prevailingly fleshy.

The Mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchial trouble, has at 49 years the formula 98/60.3 inches; build 2.0 (27). Her father, a farmer, is living at 76 years with the formula 135/67.3 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchitis, pneumonia, and heart trouble, is living at 68 years with the formula 124/62 inches; build 3.2. This is a prevailingly slender family. The 4 children:

1. Female, a student, has at 23 years the formula 120/64.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 48 years, 137/64.5 inches; build 2.2 (33).

2. Female, a student, has at 21 years the formula 108/64.5 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 48 years, 126/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Female, a student, has at 18 years the formula 107/61 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 48 years, 125/61 inches; build 2.4 (34).

4. Female, a student, twin to No. 3, has at 18 years the formula 107/61.6 inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 48 years, 127/61.6 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—The children are all fairly young and have the youthful slender and medium build. Even on adjustment they do not rise above the medium class. Unfortunately, we do not know how this family develops its index of build (R: Elk-1).

Faz Family. (Fig. 28.)

II 8, ♂, is slender; he has a fleshy sister and their mother is fleshy.

His wife is II 9, who, at 46 years, has stature 151 cm. (59 inches) and weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth, is 111/151, or 74 per cent. Her sister, II 6, who died at 66 of cerebral hemorrhage, had the formula 225/63 inches; build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. Both of their parents were fleshy.

The children of II 8, 9 who grew up are: (1) III 9, ♀, at 19 of medium weight. (2) III 10, ♂, at 18 years fleshy. Two others are too young to include in the statistics.

Comment.—Medium and fleshy progeny recur, suggesting that the fleshy parent is not entirely homozygous (73:665).

Leo Family. (Fig. 23.)

II 2 ♂, 72 inches tall and fleshy, has a tall and fleshy sister. His wife, II 3, ♀, is of medium stature and slender. She has 4 sibs, all slender; their parents also slender. Three children, all fleshy.

Again, II 7, the slender brother of II 3, married an obese woman, and has 1 child who, at 9 years, is 20 per cent over weight. See also page 61 (S × S mating). (73:676.)

Lyn Family.

D. O., ♂, weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), fleshy, has 2 fleshy sibs and fleshy mother. He married a slender woman, who grew fleshier in middle life. They had 6 children, all fleshy. D. O. is a second cousin of figure 30, II 1 (p. 74). The fleshy parent was apparently a homozygous dominant (73:684).

Ofi Family, A. (Fig. 35.)

I 1 ♂ was tall and slender. His wife I 2 was tall and very fleshy. There were 8 children, about whose build something is known.

II 1 ♀ fleshy. II 3 ♀ at 40 years is fleshy, married to a slender man, has slender and fleshy children. II 4 ♂ at 30 years is fleshy. II 7 ♂ is tall and fleshy. II 10 ♀ is inclined to be fleshy. II 12 ♀ at 42 years is fleshy, and has children of both types. II 14 ♂ at 45 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 62.5 (138 pounds); build 2.3 (33); medium. II 13 ♂ died at 35 years; very fleshy. Thus 1 is very fleshy, 6 are fleshy, and 1 is of medium build (73:697).

Fig. 35.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Ofi family.

Ofi Family, B. (Fig. 35.)

I 7 ♂, slender, has 3 fleshy sibs and 1 of medium weight. His wife, I 8 ♀, died at 68, fleshy, had 7 sibs, all fleshy. There were 8 children: II 15 ♀ at 38 years, stature 153 cm. (60 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 2.9 (42), fleshy; relative chest-girth 92/153, or 61 per cent. She has always been fleshy, was formerly more so than now. Married to a man of medium build, there were 4 children, 2 slender, and 1 fleshy⁠[6] and 1 very fleshy. II 16 ♂ died at 48 of “heart disease,” very fleshy. II 17 ♀, stature 151 cm. (59 inches); weight 56 kg. (124 pounds); build 2.5 (36), fleshy-medium; relative chest-girth 95/151, or 63 per cent. II 18 ♀ fleshy. II 20 ♀, very fleshy, has 3 slender children. II 21 ♀ fleshy. II 22 ♂ of medium build. II 23 ♀, at 31 years, stature 150 cm. (59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 3.0 (43 per cent), fleshy. Relative chest-girth 100/150, or 67 per cent. Thus, of the 8 children 2 are of medium build, 4 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy.

Ofi Family, C. (Fig. 35.)

II 2 ♂, slender, married II 3, at 40 years fleshy and heterozygous, and had 4 children. III 1 ♂ fleshy; III 2 ♂ of medium build, and III 3 ♂, 4 ♂ twins, slender. Thus 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and 2 slender.

Comment.—Mating B is apparently that of a nearly homozygous dominant fleshy mated to a slender, and producing fleshy and very fleshy offspring and 2 who are just below fleshy build (73:697).

Smi Family.

II 1 ♂ (fig. 26), at 50, stature 173 cm. (68 inches); and weight 90 to 100 kg. (200 to 215 pounds); build 3.2 (45), very fleshy. As a lad he was very slender, but at 28 years began to grow fleshy.

Married a woman who, at 68 years, has a stature of 150 cm. (59 inches), weight 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.0 (30), slender. They had 8 children:

(1) Male, at 50 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 2.9 (41), fleshy; slender as a child. (2) ♀, at 48 years, stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.3 (47), very fleshy; was slender until about 16 years of age. (3) ♀, at 46 years, stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.6 (51), very fleshy; was slender until 20 years old. By a slender husband she has 3 children, 13 to 5 years of age, all slender, but the eldest boy growing fleshier. (4) ♀ died at 28 years of kidney trouble, aggravated by child-birth; at that time she was slender. (5) ♀, at 34 years, stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.4 (48), very fleshy, rather uniformly over the body. She was fleshy as a child; then became slender and remained so up to the age of 16 or 18 years. By a slender man she has 3 children, all young and slender. (6) ♂, at 31 years of medium build with a tendency to grow fleshier, by a slender wife has a slender child. (7) ♂, at 29 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight now about 62 kg. (135 pounds); build 2.5 (35), fleshy-medium, and varying inversely with his activity. (8) ♂, at 24 years, stature 168 cm. (66 inches); weight 59 kg. (130 pounds); build 2.1 (30), medium-slender, but this is the age when in this family they first begin to put on flesh.

Comment.—This is an exceedingly instructive family; first, because they are all slender until 20 to 25 and then begin to grow fleshier. The heterozygous condition of fleshiness retards the full development of the trait, as so often seen in genetics. It is probable that III 1 is nearly homozygous for fleshiness (73:736).

Wal-4 Family.

A New York State family of English and Scotch ancestry.

The Father, a business man, with diabetic tendencies, has at 60 years the formula 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). His sibs are all tall or very tall. His father, a Scotch farmer, who had “kidney trouble,” which, aggravated by influenza, caused his death at 86 years, had the formula 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother, who suffered from neuralgia and died of blood-poisoning at 64 years, had the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). This side of the house is thus of medium to fleshy build.

The Mother is subject to nervous prostration and intestinal indigestion and has been operated on for uterine lacerations. At 52 she has the formula 125/67.5 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father, who kept a country store and died at 83 years of heart failure, had the formula 156/71 inches; build 2.2 (31). The Mother’s mother, who died at 75 years of cancer of the stomach, was hunch-backed from an accident when 3 years old; had long arms and would probably have been tall. At 60 she had the formula 100/60 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Two children are:

1. Male, a social worker, has at 30 years the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 214/74 inches; build 2.8 (39).

2. Male, a business man, has at 24 years the formula 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 178/71 inches; build 2.5 (35).

Comment.—One child is fleshy like the Father, the other is of intermediate build (R: Wal-4).

Mating 2. Other Slender × Fleshy Matings.

In addition to the selected cases of table 27, reference may be made to other families of table VIII of which details are published herewith; and which reveal special matters of interest. They are not included in mating 1, because there is always at least one medium-grade parent of the fleshy side of the house. The families are listed in table 28, summarized here and described in extenso further on.

Table 28.— Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy parent of mixed stock, together with their progeny.

FF FM F Father’s sibs. MF MM M Mother’s sibs. Offspring.

VS S M F VF

Bro 30 31 27 30 35 40 37 1 1 1

Fin 1 34 31 30 38 33 37 1 2

Met A M M 39 3M, 1F 1VF 33 ± 28 ± 30 2S, 3M 1 4

Olm A 34 38 1F 34 28 24 1M, 1F 1 4 1

She 12 34 46 38 34 28 28 3 4

Van 3 29 29 29 33 39 37 2 1

Total 2 7 16 2

Bro-30.—One child out of 3 is very fleshy, of a grade that in our experience never occurs when both parents are slender.

Fin-1.—In this family all 3 children have already a build nearly equal to that of the fleshier parent. Assuming that they increase in weight in the same degree as the average person, they may be expected to be considerably fleshier than the fleshy parent.

Met-A.—Of the 5 children, 3 already exceed in build the fleshy parent.

Olm-A.—Of 6 children, all but 1 are fleshier than the fleshy parent.

She-12.—Of 7 children, 4 are fleshy like the Father, the others are slender to medium.

Van-3.—One out of 3 is fleshy.

The distribution of indices of build in the offspring is summarized in table 28. This distribution of offspring is characterized by about the same means as in mating 1, and by about the same variability. It seems probable, consequently, that the fleshy parents were nearly homozygous for this trait.

Bro-30 Family.

A family of prevailingly English stock. The members of this family, including the grandparents, parents, and 3 children, were born and have lived in Connecticut. The Father in youth had typhoid fever, in middle age neuritis. Now, at 72, his formula is 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a school-teacher and farmer, died at 65 from old age, premature because of his strenuous life. His formula was 150/70 inches; build 2.0 (31). The Father’s mother had sick headaches and inflammatory rheumatism in middle age. She died at 82 from old age, having then the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27).

The Mother, who had inflammatory rheumatism in youth and malaria in middle age, has now, at 63, the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a farmer and politician, suffered from Bright’s disease in middle age, and died at 54 from an abscess of the liver as the immediate cause. His formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, having enjoyed good health all her life, died at 87 from old age. Her formula was 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). The 3 children are:

1. Male, at 42, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 149/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).

2. Male, at 40, 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37).

3. Male, at 39, 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 206/68 inches; build 3.1 (45).

Comment.—The children’s range of build exceeds that of the parents; the youngest is indeed very fleshy. Probably there is an obese tendency which comes down through the line of the Mother and Mother’s mother (R: Bro-30).

Fin-1 Family.

A family of Russian Jewish stock. The grandparents and parents were natives of Russia; the family emigrated to America and settled in Pennsylvania, where the 3 children were born. The Father, a manufacturer, is living at 47 years, having the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a merchant, is living at 69 years, having the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who had 12 children, died at 55 years from cancer, having the formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31).

The Mother has at 43 years the formula 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her sibs are mostly of heavy build. Her father, a merchant, has at 68 years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 5 children, died at 53 years, having the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). The 3 children:

1. Male, a salesman, has at 23 years the formula 195/70 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 45 years, 210/70 inches; build 3.0 (43).

2. Male, a law student, has at 23 years the formula 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 45 years, 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39).

3. Male, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 169/70 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 45 years, 186/70 inches; build 2.7 (38).

Comment.—All 3 children have a fleshy build and may be expected to become fleshier than the Mother (R: Fin-1).

Met-A Family.

A family of English extraction, living in Illinois. The Father, at 50 years, had the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). Of his 5 sibs: (1) Brother, at 50 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). (2) Brother, at 50 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (3) Brother, at 50 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Sister, at 50 years, had the formula 200/T; build, say, 3.2 (46±). (5) Sister, at 50 years, had formula 140/M; build, say, 2.5 (35). Both their father and mother are said to have been of medium build.

The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30). Of her 5 sibs who reached maturity: (1) Brother, at 50 years, had the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (2) Sister, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). (3) Sister, 110/60 inches; build 2.1 (31). (4) Sister, 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30). (5) Sister, 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28.) Their father had the formula 140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33±). Their mother had the formula 120/T; build, say, 2.0 (28±). Five grown children:

1. Female, at 35 years, has the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41).

2. Male, at 40 years, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).

3. Male, at 40 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50 years, 188/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).

4. Male, at 20 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 178/69 inches; build 2.7 (37).

5. Female, at 35 years, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 161/68 inches; build 2.4 (35).

Comment.—On the adjusted build, all children are above the mid-parent and 3 of the 5 exceed the stouter parent (S:Met-A).

Olm-A Family. (Fig. 36.)

A family of old American stock living in New York State. The Father has the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). He has a fleshy brother. His father had the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34).

The Mother has the formula 100/64.5 inches; build 1.7 (24). She has 1 medium brother and a fleshy sister. Her father had the formula 150/66.5 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother had the formula 125/66.5 inches; build 2.0 (28). The 6 children:

1. Male, at 60 years, has the formula 192/61 inches; build 3.6 (43).

2. Male, 250/67 inches; build 3.6 (51).

3. Male, 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41).

4. Male, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Male, 155/65 inches; build 2.6 (37).

6. Female, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).

Comment.—A fleshy man, whose known family is fleshy or medium, has by a very slender woman whose family shows a variety of builds, 6 children: 1 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This suggests that the Father is nearly homozygous for the factors of build (S:Olm-A).

Fig. 36.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Olm-A family.

She-12 Family.

This family, whose grandparents came from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is chiefly of English and German stock. The 10 children were born in Iowa and Nebraska.

The Father, soldier and editor, is in good health at 76 years, except for “rheumatism”; formula, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, a blacksmith, who was killed by the kick of a horse, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). The Father’s mother, who had a large family and died of dropsy, at 74 years had the formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build.

The Mother, with 10 children, had an attack of pneumonia and died at 56 of throat and bronchial trouble and had the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). The Mother’s father, a merchant, who died of a fever, had the formula 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). The Mother’s mother, who was inclined to bronchial and lung diseases, had the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). She died of “old age” at 82 years. This side of the house is medium to slender. The 7 grown children are:

1. Female, married, has suffered from intestinal indigestion and “some rheumatism.” At 48 her formula is 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42).

2. Male, a journalist, who was weak after an attack of scarlet fever, but developed into a robust man, has at 46 the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. Female, now 40 years old, married and with a family, has the formula 155/66 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 162/66 inches; build 2.6 (37).

4. Male, a linotype operator, subject to throat and stomach trouble, has the formula 170/72 inches, build 2.3 (33), at the age of 37 years; adjusted to 55 years, 176/72 inches; build 2.4 (34).

5. Male, a promoter, in fine health, has at 34 the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 168/72 inches; build 2.3 (32).

6. Male, a journalist, who has had ear and throat trouble following scarlet fever, has, at 32, the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38).

7. Female, delicate and inclined to rheumatism, at 29 years has the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 135/65 inches; build 2.2 (32).

Comment.—Four of the children are stout like the Father; the others are intermediate to slender (R: She-12).

Van-3 Family.

Grandparents from Pennsylvania and New York; children born in Pennsylvania and Michigan; chiefly of English origin. Father, iron-worker, subject to bronchial and catarrhal troubles; formula, at 60 years, 135/68 inches; build 2.1 (29). Father’s father, a minister, subject to catarrhal and bronchial troubles, died at 92 years of pneumonia; formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29). Father’s mother died of pneumonia at 84 years; formula 122/65 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side of the house is slender.

The Mother, who has some catarrhal and bronchial trouble, has the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.6). Her father, who died at 72 years of kidney trouble and constipation, had the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother had the formula 160/64 inches; build 2.7 (39). This side of the house is of or above the average build. There are 3 children:

1. Female, a teacher, has at 27 years old the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).

2. Female, who had an attack of typhoid fever, had the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.6) (“physically and mentally like mother”).

3. Male, at 18 years, has the formula 125/68.5 inches; build 1.8 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Thus 2 of the children resemble the (slender) paternal side and 1 the maternal (R: Van-3).

Mating 3. Very Slender × Very Fleshy.

Mention may be made of one example of this extreme mating, namely, of a very fleshy man with a very slender woman, whose slenderness may be due to the fact that she had formerly suffered an acute attack of tuberculosis. The two children are still young (19 and 21 years), but are already 3 and 5 points respectively above average build (English system), suggesting dominance of fleshiness. The detailed history of this mating follows.

Goo-8 Family.

A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts. The Father, a shoe manufacturer, is living at 47 years, having the formula 210/66 inches; build 3.4 (48). His father, a farmer, who died at 63 years from Bright’s disease, was of medium build. His mother, who had only 1 child, suffered in youth from tonsillitis. She is living at 75 years and is of medium build. The very stout Father is probably heterozygous in build.

The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from tonsillitis and scarlet fever; in middle age from tubercular trouble (“cured”). She is living at 46 years, having the formula 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23). Her 2 brothers were tall. Her father, a farmer, well except for headaches, was a distant cousin to his wife. He is living at 72 years, having the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 3 children, died from cancer at 58 years, having the formula 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus the mother comes of medium (heterozygous?) stock; her extreme slenderness is associated with a tendency to active tuberculosis. The 2 children:

1. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, has at 21 years the formula 153/69 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 47 years, 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36).

2. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 19 years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 47 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38).

Comment.—The children are medium to fleshy; they are still young (R: Goo-8).

Mating 4. Slender × Very Fleshy Matings (Table IX).

Another test of dominance of the fleshy factors is afforded by table IX. The details will be found in the following pages. The distribution of the progeny is indicated in table 29. The sums of table 29, reduced to percentages, are: 12.5 S, 42.5 M, 35 F, 10 VF. On the 4-zygotic-factor hypothesis of build, an equality of medium and fleshy progeny is expected. On the 6-factor hypothesis, a 5 × 2 mating would produce two types of families. Averaging these two types, the expected proportions are 9 S, 41 M, 41 F, 9 VF, which is fairly close to the proportions actually found. It will be observed that fleshy progeny are not far less frequent than those of medium build.

Table 29.—Matings of a slender parent and a very fleshy one, together with their progeny.

References. Parentage. Offspring.

FF FM F Father’s sibs. MF MM M Mother’s sibs. VS S M F VF

Arn 5 31 48 44 33 25 26 1 1

Ban 2 42 31 49 2 t M F 26± 5 VF 2

Ben 8 38 26 28 39 32 45 1 1

Bon A 40 51 1 F 35 26 4 S 1

Bun F S 57 26 1 2 1

Cle 5 34 34 30 1 F 27 32 54 3 F 1 2 1

Coo M F 29 2 S, 2 F M 49 49 1 F, 1 VF 1 1

Fen 1 44 27 2 2 1

Har 15 41 28 30 1 t 35 49 49 2 3

Hor 9 44 24 44 S M 29 2

How 8 37 27 30 3 t 40 46 51 1 4

Kro 3 34 42 29 38 28 46 1

Tea A 49 27 1 3 1

Totals 5 17 14 4

Percentages (4) 12.5 42.5 35 10

Before passing to the description of the 13 families based on Eugenics Record Office data, reference may be made to a case described by Rose (1907). A slender man (II 1) of slender parents married a woman who weighed 200 pounds (“livres”) and over. Her father weighed 270 pounds and her mother, while not obese, has a goiter. From the primary slender × very fleshy mating were derived 4 children (fig. 37, III 1 to 5). The first is fleshy; the third slender. The second, a girl, at 16 weighed 150 pounds, but after chlorosis became slenderer. This girl married a man apparently of medium build, and they had 4 children, of whom 3 died of meningitis and the other is an obese infant, weighing 36 pounds at 15 months. The fourth and last of the main fraternity is a girl who, at 15 years, is 145 cm. tall and weighs 75 kg. This gives her an index of build of 3.6 (51), very fleshy. She was very fleshy at 4 years, and has a big appetite. The fat is accumulated on abdomen, breasts, and appendages, except hands and feet. The extreme obesity came on at puberty and menstruation has never been regular. Epiphyses of radius and metacarpals of fingers are fused to their diaphyses. These facts indicate an obesity of both the dystrophic adiposo-genitalis type and the hypothyroid type. The progeny are thus 1 S, 1 M, 1 F, and 1 VF.

Fig. 37.—Pedigree chart of Rose’s case.

Arn-5 Family.

This is a family of the north central States, of English stock. The Father, an engineer, had pneumonia in youth and an attack of gravel at 45; his formula at 60 years is 193/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). His 9 brothers are all one-eighth to 3 inches below average stature. His father, who suffered five attacks of inflammatory rheumatism, died at 59 years of enlargement of the heart; formula, 135/65.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). His mother, who had typhoid at 25 years and catarrh of stomach at 55, has (at 70 years) the formula 186/62.4 inches; build 3.3 (48). Thus the Father, like his mother, is very fleshy; but there is a slender strain in the family.

The Mother, who died of tuberculosis of the lungs at 46 years after having had 5 children, had the formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (25.5). One of her 4 sibs died of “hardening of lungs.” Her father, who after attacks of pneumonia died at 67 of tuberculosis, had the formula 140/65 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother, who had active tuberculosis at 43 years, with recovery, has at 73 years the formula 105/65 inches; build 1.7 (25). Thus Mother and Mother’s mother are very slender (associated with tuberculosis); and there is no fleshiness in the record. There are 2 grown children:

1. Female, who has always been well, has at 24 years the formula 124/61 inches; build 2.4 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 140/61 inches; build 2.6 (38).

2. Male, who has always been well, has at 22 years the formula 133/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 149/68 inches; build 2.3 (32.3).

Comment.—Thus the progeny of these parents of opposite build are intermediate; in the adjusted build inclining toward fleshiness (R: Arn-5).

Ban-2 Family.

A family of Dutch extraction living in northern New York. The Father, a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; in middle age from tic douloureux. He died at 54 years from heart failure, “blood became thin and watery”; formula, 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). One of his sisters died at 40 years from tuberculosis of lungs. One of his brothers died at 29 years from “consumption of bowels.” His father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from inflammatory rheumatism, and died at 74 years from apoplexy. At 60 years his formula was 210/71 inches; build 2.9 (42). His mother died at 68 years from heart failure, having at 60 years the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). Thus we have a very fleshy parent with tuberculous sibs and a fleshy father.

The Mother, who in middle age suffered from dyspepsia, “after menopause very gradually lost her mind, becoming imbecile and helpless till death, at 66 years,” having the formula 96/S inches; build 26±. Five of her sibs were corpulent. One brother, “small and light framed,” died at 27 years from tuberculosis. Their father was of medium build. Their mother, who in middle age suffered from paralysis, died at 73 years from cancer of breast; at 60 years was corpulent. The slender mother is from fleshy stock. The 2 children:

1. Male, head of a factory, has at 50 years the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39).

2. Male, a teacher, has at 45 years the formula 185/69 inches; build 2.7 (39).

Comment.—Both offspring at middle age are intermediate in build between the two parents, but somewhat closer to the very fleshy one (R: Ban-2).

Ben-8 Family.

A northern family, of which the 4 children were born in Michigan, of mixed English, Scotch, and other stock.

The Father, a farmer, who enjoys good health, has at 40 years the formula 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Both his sibs are above the average in stature. His father, a farmer, who died from over-exertion in the sun at 48 years, had the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother died of “heart trouble” at 71 years; formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26). Thus, the slender parent has one fleshy parent in turn.

The Mother, who has “heart trouble,” has at 40 years the formula 195/66 inches; build 3.1 (45). Her 3 sibs are all tall. The Mother’s father, a mill-man, died at 61 years of Bright’s disease, having the formula 205/73 inches; build 2.7 (39). The Mother’s mother, who is well, had at 56 years the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). This side of the house is prevailingly fleshy. The 2 grown children are:

1. Male, has, at 21 years, the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 40 years, 202/71 inches; build 2.8 (40).

2. Female, at 19 years, has the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.9 (29); adjusted to 40 years, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).

Comment.—One child is fleshy like the Mother (adjusted build); the other is of medium build; both are between the parental extremes.

Bon-A Family.

A family from New Hampshire. The Father, at 55 years, had the formula 250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51). His brother, at 55 years, had the formula 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). Their father, at 61 years, had the formula 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40).

The Mother, at 55 years, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Of her 4 sibs: (1) Brother, at 50 years, 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). (2) Sister, at 55 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). (3) Sister, at 58 years, 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). (4) Sister, at 60 years, 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28). Their father, at 85 years, 180/71.5 inches; build 2.5 (35).

The one child, male, at 40 years, 220/71 inches; build 3.1 (44).

Comment.—The progeny of these two parents, one of prevailingly fleshy stock, the other of slender stock, is a very fleshy child, but less extreme than his parent, who is 15 years older (S:Bon-A).

Bun Family. (Fig. 38.)

A Long Island family of English stock. The Father, at maturity, had the formula 280/70 inches; build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. His father was fleshy; his mother slender. The Mother, at maturity, had the formula 125/69 inches; build 1.8 (26); slender. She belongs to a slender family.

The four offspring are all mature, 40 to 50 years: (1) female, 110/65.5 inches; build 1.8 (25.5); very slender; (2) female, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32); medium; (3) male, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); medium; (4) male, 198/67 inches; build, at 45 years, 3.1 (44); very fleshy (at 30 years his build was 2.3 (33) or medium). This very fleshy man has by a wife of medium build (but 3 of whose 9 sibs are fleshy) 2 daughters; one, at 18 years, is 121/62.5 inches; build 2.1 (31); medium; the other at 12 years, is 145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; far above normal build for her age.

Comment.—The principal mating has produced a variable progeny, but the tendency to obesity is traceable through three generations.

Fig. 38.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Bun family.

Cle-5 Family.

A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, who has for years been subject to stomach trouble, has at 62 years the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). He has a fleshy brother. His father, a farmer, died at 86 years from “probable cancer of ear,” having the formula 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother died at 80 years of indigestion; formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). This is a family of slender to medium build.

The Mother, who in youth was liable to asthma and throat trouble and in middle age to rheumatism, underwent an operation at 48 years for cancer of breast. At 25 or 30 years she began to grow fleshy; at 56 years she has the formula 200/61 inches; build 3.8 (54). She has 3 fleshy sibs. Her father, a farmer, died at 69 years of “enlargement (probably cancer) of liver”; formula, 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her mother, who had 12 children, and who underwent two operations for cancer on nose, died at 83 years of indigestion; formula, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). The very fleshy Mother’s fraternity is apparently derived from slender-medium parents. But one of these had probably lost weight before her death at 83 years. The 4 grown children:

1. Female, who has suffered from asthma, stomach trouble, gallstones, diphtheria, and appendicitis, has at 36 years the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33).

2. Male, a farmer, has at 35 years the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 148/70 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Male, a farmer, subject in youth to indigestion and catarrh of throat and nose. At 25 years he has the formula 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 179/68 inches; build 2.7 (39).

4. Male, a teacher, who has suffered from diphtheria and colds, has at 23 years the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 139/63 inches; build 2.5 (35).

Comment.—The offspring are still young, and we do not know just how they will develop. One is fleshy (but far less so than his Mother); 2 are intermediate, and 1, at 35 years, is even slender (R: Cle-5).

Coo Family. (Fig. 39.)

This is a New York State family upon which I personally made observations. A slender-medium man (II 5); build about 2.0 (29), who has 2 fleshy and 2 slender sibs, married a very fleshy woman, build 3.4 (49), whose 2 sibs are also fleshy, 3.4 (48) and 2.8 (40) respectively. Her mother was also about 3.4 (49). There were two daughters. One has now at 42 years a build of 3.4 (48); her sister a build of 2.4 (34) with a tendency to increase. The fleshy sister married a man of slender build, whose 3 sibs are of slender to medium build. There are 5 children, all under 16 except one boy who, at 20 years, has a build of 2.3 (32). He is 73 inches (183 cm.) tall. All of the other children are of about medium build.

Comment.—The very fleshy (but heterozygous) Mother mated with a slender man has children, all of whom are apparently of medium build (73:656).

Fig. 39.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the Coo family.

Fen-1 Family.

A family of English, Austrian, and Swiss extraction, grandparents and children living in New York State and California. The Father, a merchant, died at 81 years from ulcer of the stomach. At 50 years he had the formula 210/69.5 inches; build 3.1 (44).

The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 77 years, having at 50 years the formula 102/61.5 inches; build 1.8 (27). One of her sisters died at 79 years from “rheumatism of heart.” The 5 children are:

1. Male, a manufacturer, who suffered in youth from typhoid fever. He has at 50 years the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38).

2. Male, a merchant, has at 40 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 143/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).

3. Female, always well, married, has at 40 years the formula 120/66.5 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 126/66.5 inches; build 2.0 (29).

4. Male, a broker, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, at 47 years, 147/69.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

5. Male, who suffered from hemorrhage of lungs while at college, caused by “excessive running,” died at 31 years from tuberculosis, at 28 years having the formula 158/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 50 years, 173/74 inches; build 2.2 (32).

Comment.—The children are intermediate in build between the parents. Only 1 out of 5 is even fleshy.

Har-15 Family.

A family of English (and Welsh) extraction; grandparents living in the northern United States.

The Father, a twin, who was in the Civil War and has since suffered from a tendency toward tuberculosis but was living at 71 years, has the formula 150/70.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died of tuberculosis at 30 years, and one of pneumonia at 77 years. His father, who was a farmer and “never sick,” died of pneumonia at 47 years, and had the approximate formula 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41). His mother, who died at 48 years of “abscess on the back” after years of ailing, was of slender build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus, probably on account of the tubercular tendency, the Father’s build is slender like his mother.

The Mother, who had 11 children, had a tendency toward tuberculosis in youth, but in middle life suffered from “obesity, rheumatism, and varicose veins,” was genial and a ready and humorous talker; at 61 years her formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Her father, who was a traveling salesman and seldom ill except for “tobacco heart,” died of paralysis at 77 years; his formula, 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, who had pneumonia in middle life and suffered much from “delicate lungs,” died of a pulmonary abscess at 37 years; her formula, 194/63 inches; build 3.5 (49). Thus the Mother’s build is just like her mother’s. Of the 5 children who grew up:

1. Female, a teacher, who has suffered from bronchitis, tuberculosis, and rheumatism, at 34 years has the formula 162/66 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 50 years, 173/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).

2. Male, a mechanical engineer, always well, at 30 years has the formula 170/68.5 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 50 years, 181/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (39).

3. Female, married and always well, at 26 years has the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 151/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.9).

4. Male, a millwright, who suffers from valvular heart trouble, at 26 years has the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 150/67 inches; build 33.

5. Male, an optometrist, always well, has at 23 years the formula 150/69.8 inches; build 2.2 (30.6); adjusted to 50 years, 169/70 inches; build 2.1 (34).

Comment.—Thus 3 of the children are intermediate in build between the parents and 2 are fleshy. The build of the children inclines slightly toward the fleshier side of the house; but variability between indices 40 and 33 is marked (R: Har-15).

Hor-9 Family.

A family of Dutch and English extraction, living in Pennsylvania and New York State. The Father, who is a manufacturer, always well, has at 53 years the formula 218/70.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, who is a manufacturer, and suffered in middle age from malaria and measles, is living, at 75 years having the formula 215/70 inches; build 3.1 (44). His mother, who has 5 children, always well, has at 70 years the formula 83/S; build, say, 1.7 (24).

The Mother, who has 2 children and who in middle age suffered from pneumonia, has at 52 years the formula 124/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, who was a cabinet-maker, always well, till at 41 years he died from chronic diarrhea, was a slender man. Her mother, who had 5 children, was always well; she died, at 24 years, of child-birth; she was of medium build. Two grown children:

1. Female, who in youth suffered from measles (4 times), diphtheria, and pneumonia, and has undergone operations for hernia, tubercular glands, and appendicitis, has at 23 years the formula 116/66.5 inches; build 1.9 (26); adjusted to 53 years, 135/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (31).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever and influenza, has at 20 years the formula 119/62 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 53 years, 138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36).

Comment.—The children, who are quite young, are of a build intermediate between (or less than) that of parents, though a tendency to obesity is found in Father and grandfather (R: Hor-9).

How-8 Family.

A Vermont family of English origin. The Father, an author, was supposed to have had active tuberculosis in youth. He is living, at 83 years, with the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). All 3 of his sibs died of pulmonary tuberculosis. His father, a farmer, died at 79 years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 81 years, formula, 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). This is a prevailingly slender family with tubercular tendency.

The Mother, who has suffered from enlarged tonsils and inflammatory rheumatism, has, at 70 years, the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51). One of her brothers has a powerful physique. The Mother’s father, a legislator, died at 75 years; formula, 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). The Mother’s mother, who died at 70 years of Bright’s disease, had the formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46). This family is characterized by fleshiness. The 5 children are all sons:

1. A writer, at 48, has the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4 (35).

2. A farmer, with an organic defect of the heart, has, at 47, the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. A farmer, with chronic Bright’s disease, has the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37), at the age of 44.

4. A teacher, troubled with rheumatism, has, at 41 years, the formula 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 years, 190/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).

5. Twin to (4), a forester, has, at 41 years, the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 185/68.5 inches; build 2.8 (39).

Comment.—Thus the children are intermediate in build between parents. Tuberculosis is absent. Conditions that induced fleshiness on the mother’s side are reduced in the offspring of the slender and fleshy mating (R: How-8).

Kro-3 Family.

A family of Russian and Austrian extraction, living in New York City. The Father, who is a tailor, nervous, has, at 45 years, the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a tailor, always well, died at 85 years from pneumonia. Formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who had 5 children, always well, died at 56 years from pneumonia. Formula, 140/58; build 2.9 (42).

The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 44 years the formula 172/61 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her father, who was a tailor, is living at 81 years. Formula, 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 6 children, died at 58 years from pneumonia. Formula, 101/60 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The only grown child, a male, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, scarlet fever, and pneumonia, has at 19 years the formula 203/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 45 years, 228/74 inches; build 2.8 (42).

Comment.—The child is young and the possibilities of build in his case can not be foreseen, but he is already stout and may be expected to approach his fleshy Mother in build (R: Kro-3).

Tea-A Family.

A family from New York State. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49).

The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The 5 children are:

1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46).

2. Male, at 40 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (31).

3. Male, at 68 years, 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28).

4. Female, at 60 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31).

5. Female, at 62 years, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).

Comment.—There are 2 slender children, 2 medium, and 1 very fleshy, suggesting a sire who is heterozygous for build (S:Tea-A).

Summary.

Combining the progeny of the 4 matings of the F₁ generation, we get the results shown in table 30. The mean of this series is 37.82 ± 0.31; the standard deviation is 5.07 ± 0.22. It will be observed that the proportions of the totals agree closely with those of mating 1 and give a somewhat closer agreement, with the expectation of 8:42:42:8, than mating 1 does.

The standard deviation of 5.07 ± 0.22 is greater than that of the progeny of slender × slender parents (3.17 ± 0.17), but not so great as that of very fleshy × fleshy parents of fleshy stock (table 24) which is 5.74 ± 0.39. It is much less than the standard deviation of the F₂ progeny (table 31), which is 6.78 ± 0.26. This is in accordance with the usual genetical finding, that the F₁ generation is less variable than the F₂ generation. In this respect, as in so many others, the distribution of progeny is exactly that found in experimentally determined multiple-factor characters. The heredity of build follows closely the Mendelian formulæ.

It is noteworthy that the F₁ generation has an average build that is above the mean of the population; the progeny of F × S matings are not strictly intermediate, but incline toward fleshiness. This indicates again the presence of dominant fleshy factors.

Table 30. Matings of a slender parent and one of fleshy stock, together with their progeny.

No. Nature of mating. Grades of offspring.

VS S M F VF

1 One parent S, of S stock; the other F, of F stock 4 18 35 7

2 Other slender × fleshy matings 2 7 15 2

3 One parent VS; the other VF 1 1

4 One parent S; the other VF 5 17 14 4

Total 9 43 65 13

Proportion 7 33 50 10

If one superimposes in the same drawing the distribution polygons of the parental and F₂ generations tables 23, 24, 25 and 30 (fig. 40), the modes of the fleshy parents and the F₁ generation stand at fleshy, though the mean of the F₁ generation is intermediate between the means of the parental stocks.

Fig. 40.—Three superimposed polygons showing distribution, in the various classes of build, of the progeny of the following matings:

Slender × slender (S × S) Table 23

Very fleshy × fleshy (F × F) Table 24

Fleshy × slender (F × S) Table 27

Class IV. Mating of Probably Heterozygous Parents (the F₂ Generation).

We have next to consider the distribution of build in the progeny of parents both of whom are certainly or probably heterozygous and, as such, probably carry gametes for slenderness, as well as fleshiness. This is the mating in which the geneticist finds evidence for segregation, in that the parental types reappear nearly or quite as they went into the combination. At any rate, this generation is characterized by a greater variability than the F₁ generation. However, this greater variability is the less marked the greater the number of factors involved in the prevailing dominant trait—in this case fleshiness.

Two classes of matings will be considered—that of parents, whether medium or fleshy, who probably carry gametes for slenderness, and that of other parents who are both of medium build.

Mating 1. Both Parents Either Medium or Fleshy and Probably Carrying Gametes for Slenderness as well as Fleshiness.

This mating includes certain parents selected, usually on the ground of dissimilar grandparents on each side, as those which are probably of the F₁ generation. The families used are summarized in table 31, which is made up of the appropriate families taken from tables X, XI, and XIII.

The range of variation of the F₂ generation includes both the slender and the fleshy types which are found in the grandparents. The distribution of the progeny is more in accord with the hypothesis of the 6-zygotic factors than that of 4-zygotic factors.

The mean variability as measured by the standard deviation is 6.78 ± 0.26, as contrasted with that of 5.02 ± 0.30 of table 27 (the F₁ generation). The difference is 1.76, which is more than four times the probable difference between the means. Thus, the variability of the F₂ generation is nearly a third greater than of the F₁ generation. That the difference is not greater is, of course, due in large part to the presence of multiple factors.

The family histories upon which table 31 depends are given below.

Bea-17 Family. (Fig. 41.)

A family reared in the Central States. Father (II 5) a contractor and farmer, who died of pneumonia at 70 years, had the formula 170/71; build 2.4 (34); medium. Three brothers who were killed in the Civil War at 17, 19, and 21 years respectively had the formulæ 183/72; build 2.5 (35); 169/69, build 2.5 (36); 174/69, build 2.6 (37); all about medium. A sister, who died at 68 years, was 138/65; build 2.3 (33); medium. The Father’s father was a preacher; died at 79 years, had build 185/68; 2.8 (40); fleshy. His wife, who died at 81 years, had build 145/62; 2.7 (38); fleshy. This side of the house comprises medium-build children of fleshy parents.

The Mother (II 6), of quiet disposition, at 60 years has the build 145/66; 2.3 (33); medium. A brother, who is a machinist, at 33 has the formula 154/69; build 2.3 (33). Another brother, carpenter, at 30 years, has the formula 145/70; build 2.1 (30); medium. A sister has the formula 136/65; build 2.2 (32); medium. The eldest brother, a farmer, at 55 years has the formula 160/70; build 2.3 (33); medium. The Mother’s father, a farmer, died of cerebral hemorrhage at 81 years; 170/72; build 2.3 (33); medium. He had a brother, still living at 80 years, with a build 185/71; build 2.6 (37); fleshy. The Mother’s mother, living at 81 years, has the formula 140/64; build 2.4 (34); medium. Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of medium build. There are 4 children:

III 1 ♂, a farmer, at 35 years, has the formula 140/69; build 2.1 (29); slender; adjusted to 50 years, 2.14 (30). III 2 ♂, a teacher, at 30 years, 180/69; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.8 (40). III 3 ♂, a farmer, at 31 years, 175/68; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.8 (40). III 4 ♀, married, at 27 years, 150/63; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.9 (42).

Comment.—A mating of prevailingly medium stock with a medium parent from fleshy ancestors yields one slender and 3 fleshy children (R: Bea-17).

Fig. 41.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Bea-17 family.

Table 31.—Matings of two heterozygous parents of either medium or fleshy build, together with the progeny, the F₂ generation.

FF FM F Father’s sibs. MF MM M Mother’s sibs. Offspring.

VS S M F VF

Group X, M × M:

Bea 17 40 37 34 4 range betw. 33 and 37. 32⁠[7] 34 33 4 range 30 to 33. 1 3⁠[8]

Cas 4 39 29 34 43 27 34 3 3

Smi S F 35 7M 1F M M⁠[9] 33 1S 1M 1

War 3 33 S 33 41 26 31 3 7

Whi 22 41 27 32 31 44 36 2

Total 4 12 7

Group XI, F × M:

Cri 1 37 26 34 45 34 39 2

Hor 5 M F 31 M F 42 6 2

McF 2 28 39 35 27 32 1 2 1

Mil 23 30 37 38 40 26 33 1 1

Ofi 1 S VF 33 6F 1VF 42 2M 3F 2VF 2 1

Pot 4 35 28 33 29 43 39 1 2

Sta 7 35 29 34 37 44 43 1 2 3

Tra 4 39 23 39 37 30 32 2 3

Total 4 16 12 1

Group XIII, F × F:

Ber 50 2S 39 1S 1VF 2 2 3

Hod A 43 1M 2F 1VF 37 38 2 1 3 4

Mor S F VF F F 39 All F1 1 1 2 2

Total 1 3 3 7 9

Grand total 1 11 31 26 10

Cas-4 Family.

A family of English stock, living in New York State. The Father, a farmer and lumberman, had at 60 years the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, also a farmer and lumberman, who died of old age at 71 years, had at 38 years the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who suffered in middle age from consumption, died at 34 years with the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The Mother, who died at 57 years from catarrh of the stomach, had at 40 years the formula 130/62 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her father, an iron worker, who died at 75 years from fatty degeneration of heart, had the formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother, who died at 77 years, had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). The children:

1. Female, who suffered in middle life from rheumatism, had at 40 years the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 146/63 inches; build 2.6 (37).

2. Female, had at 38 years the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 50 years 128/63 inches; build 2.3 (32).

3. Male, had at 35 years the formula 180/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42); adjusted to 50 years, 186/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (43).

4. Female, who suffered in youth from stomach trouble, had at 32 years the formula 135/66 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years; 147/66 inches; build 2.4 (34).

5. Male, who suffered in youth from stomach and bladder trouble, had at 29 years the formula 190/70.5 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 202/70.5 inches; build 2.9 (41).

6. Male, had at 27 years the formula 155/70.5 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 169/70.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).

Comment.—The 6 children vary greatly in index of build. The index varies from 30 to 42, despite the similar build of the parents. But the grandparents vary from 27 to 43. This case suggests the uniformity of F₁ and variability of F₂ (R: Cas-4).

Smi Family.

The Father, of Scandinavian name and living in New York City, at 50 years has a stature of 171 cm. (67 inches); weight 70 kg. (154 pounds); build 2.4 (34.5); medium. His father is said to have been slender, his mother fleshy; his sibs intermediate; one fleshy after 48 years. The Mother, at 41 years, has a stature 162 cm. (64 inches); weight 61 kg. (136 pounds); build 2.3 (33); medium; relative chest-girth 76/162, or 47 per cent. She has a slender brother and one who is of more medium build. Their parents were of medium build; their mother’s father was fleshy (build 2.7 or 39); their mother’s mother was “slender.”

There is only one child of above mating. She was a full-term baby, who weighed 3.8 kg. (8.5 pounds), somewhat above the average. She was always plump as a child and, until 11 years of age, always well. Then she had “disease of the tonsils” and of the kidneys (infection), grew thin (weighing only 40 kg. [90 pounds]), and developed a chorea. After a year she recovered and began to gain steadily in weight, and now at the age of 13.7 years she is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, weighs 79 kg. (174 pounds) and has a build of 2.7 (39); is fleshy. Relative chest-girth 102/170, or 60 per cent. Her arms and calves are relatively slender, as they have recently been engaged in linear growth. She has monthly headaches. (Plate 9, fig. 5.)

Comment.—It seems probable that this girl has received factors for fleshiness from each medium parent, which have combined to give her a full set of fleshy factors (73:736).

War-3 Family.

A family descended from English and German stock, living in Pennsylvania principally.

The Father, a nurseryman, had malarial fever at 40. He is now living at 67 years, with a formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a nurseryman and horticulturist, died at 89 from a fall. His formula was 140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33). His mother, having had 5 sons, died at 42 from consumption; she was slender.

The Mother died, at 40, of child-birth. Her formula was 122/62 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her father, a miller, had a temporary attack of melancholia in middle age. He died at 75 from natural infirmities. His formula was 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her mother, having had 5 sons and 8 daughters, died of paralysis at 74. Her formula was 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26). Ten children are:

1. Male, at 43, has the formula 125/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 128/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

2. Male, at 41, has the formula 138/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Female, at 39, has the formula 120/63.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 126.5/63.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).

4. Male, at 36, has the formula 158/72 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 165/72 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Male, at 33, has the formula 127/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 136/67 inches; build 2.1 (30).

6. Female, at 31, has the formula 110/64.5 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 55 years, 122.5/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

7. Male, at 29, has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 134/64 inches; build 2.3+ (33).

8. Female, at 27, has the formula 110/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 126/62.5 inches; build 2.3 (32).

9. Male, at 25 years, has the formula 138/68.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 152.5/68.5 inches; build 2.3 (33).

10. Female, at 23 years, has the formula 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).

Comment.—Unadjusted, the indices range from 26 to 31; adjusted from 30 to 36. Using adjusted indices, 4 of the children are slenderer than either parent; the parents are doubtless heterozygous in stature (R: War-3).

Whi-22 Family.

A family of English and German extraction, living partly in New York, but mostly in Wisconsin and Minnesota.

The Father, who is a constructor, is living at 56 years, having the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, who was a farmer and laborer, suffered in middle age from partial paralysis, had one hand amputated at 48 years, one foot at 72 years. He died at 79 years from “stricture of the bladder,” having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). His mother, who is recorded to have suffered from no illness till at 79 years she died from “progressive paralysis,” had the formula 110/64 inches; build 1.9 (27).

The Mother, who is recorded as always well, has at 54 years the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her father, who was a farmer, is recorded as always well, died at 55 years from paralysis, having the formula 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who was always well, died at 78 years from old age, having the formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). Two grown children:

1. Male, who in youth suffered from adenoids, at 25 years has the formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 159/68 inches; build 2.4 (34).

2. Female, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 55 years, 129/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).

Comment.—One of the children has a slighter build than the parents, but may grow heavier (R: Whi-22).

Cri Family. (Table XI).

A family of English extraction; earlier generations in Pennsylvania, the last generation in Kansas. The Father, a lawyer, living at 48 years, suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from rheumatism, has the formula 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from rheumatism; at 75 years had one leg amputated below the knee; died from “arterio-sclerosis ending in gangrene,” having the formula at 74 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother, who suffered from no illnesses, is living at 76 years, having the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).

The Mother, who is subject to heart trouble and small goiter, is living at 43 years, having the formula 145/61 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her 4 brothers are of medium height. Her father, a farmer and public official, died from paralysis at 57 years, his formula being 190/65 inches; build 3.2 (45). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from heart trouble and goiter, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). The 2 grown children:

2. Female, at 21 years has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 45 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).

1. Female, died at 18 years from typhoid fever, having the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 45 years, 139/65 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—Both the children have the build of the slighter parent (R: Cri-1).

Hor-5 Family.

A family of English extraction, living in the Middle States. The Father, who is “superintendent of bridges and buildings on a railroad,” suffered in youth from bilious fever. He has, at 70 years, the formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). One of his brothers died from “tuberculosis of liver.” His father, who was a lumberman, died at 77 years from “consumption of the bowels”; was of medium build. His mother died, at 78 years, from Bright’s disease; she was corpulent.

The Mother suffered in youth from bilious fever and pleurisy; is living, at 58 years. Formula, 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42). Her father, who was a millwright, suffered in middle age from bilious fever and morphine poisoning; left eye removed; died at 75 years from “pneumonia (tubercular tendency)”; was of medium build. Her mother, who suffered in youth from typhoid fever, in middle age from paralysis, died at 68 years from paralysis; of fleshy build. Eight grown children:

1. Male, an electrical engineer, has, at 33 years, the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 55 years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from “spinal and nerve trouble,” has at 30 years the formula 115/63.8 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 128/63.8 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Male, a civil engineer, suffered in youth from typho-malaria. Has at 27 years the formula 157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55+ years, 168/64 inches; build 2.9 (41).

4. Female, who has at 25 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 134/63 inches; build 2.4 (34).

5. Male, an accountant, who in youth suffered from a “nervous collapse due to a severe electrical shock,” has at 23 years the formula 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34).

6. Female, who in youth suffered from blood-poisoning, erysipelas, and anemia, has at 21 years the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55+ years, 133/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).

7. Male, a pattern-maker, who in youth suffered from hemorrhages, has at 20 years the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55+ years, 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).

8. Male, at 18 years has the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—The children’s indices range between the two parental indices (R: Hor-5).

McF-2 Family.

A family of Irish extraction living in Maine. The Father, who was a shipwright, died at 40 years as a result of an injury received in battle. At 39 years he had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father died at 82 years from a “general breakdown,” having the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The Mother, who had 5 children, died at 74 years from apoplexy, having the formula at 50 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her father, who was a farmer, died at 64 years from “fever,” having the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, who in middle age was “struck by lightning,” died at 86 years from a “general breakdown,” having the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The 4 children who grew up:

1. Male, a farmer, who had right arm and three fingers of left hand amputated as result of a wound received in war, is living at 69 years, having at 50 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).

2. Female, who in middle age underwent an operation for gallstones, has at 40 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28).

3. Male, a “master mariner,” has at 50 years the formula 170/66 inches; build 2.7 (39).

4. Male, an attorney, has at 40 years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36).

Comment.—Three of the children have indices like that of the medium parent; the other is somewhat fleshier (R: McF-2).

Mil-23 Family.

A family of English extraction, living in New England and Ohio.

The Father, who is a clergyman, and who suffered in middle age from la grippe, is living at 58 years. At 50 years he had the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, who was a preacher, died at 72 years. At 50 years, formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, who had 4 children at 30 years, suffered from typhoid fever. At 50 years, her formula 165/66.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).

The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in middle age from pleurisy, capillary bronchitis, and nervous prostration. At 50 years her formula, 122/60.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her father, who was a bank president, suffered in youth from yellow fever (in West Indies), and in middle age from rheumatism and Bright’s disease. At 50 years, his formula 180/67.5 inches; build 2.7 (40). Her mother, who in youth suffered from “lung fever,” and in middle age from curvature of the spine and pleurisy, died at 50 years from “anemic condition with tuberculosis, induced by deformity.” At 40 years her formula 95/60 inches; build 1.9 (26). Two children:

1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from nervous troubles and diphtheria, has at 33 years the formula 115/60.5 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 125/60.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).

2. Male, who in youth suffered from throat troubles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, tonsillitis, during war had influenza, slightly gassed. He has at 27 years the formula 180/72.5 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 50 years, 195/72.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).

Comment.—Each child resembles a different parent (R: Mil-23).

Ofi Family, D. (Fig. 35.)

II 14 ♂, a Syrian, at 45 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches), weight 63 kg. (139 pounds), build 2.3 (33), medium. He had 7 grown sibs, as follows: II 1 ♀, short and fleshy; II 3 ♀, fleshy but probably heterozygous; married to a slender man she has both fleshy and slender children; II 4 ♂, fleshy. II 7 ♂, fleshy. II 10 ♀, inclined to be fleshy but probably heterozygous, since she had both fleshy and slender children. II 12 ♀, fleshy, but has some slender as well as medium children. II 13 ♂, very fleshy. Of the foregoing fraternity the father was slender and the mother very fleshy. From the builds of his parents and the issue of his sibs we may conclude that II 14 carries factors for slenderness.

II 15 ♀, the wife of II 14, at 38 years has a stature of 153 cm. (60 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy (and has been fleshier); her relative chest-girth is 61 per cent. She has had 7 sibs, as follows: II 16 ♂, very fleshy; II 17 ♀, at 50 years, stature 151 cm. (59 inches); weighs 56 kg. (124 pounds); build 2.5 (36); medium; relative chest-girth 63 per cent; II 18 ♀, “plump.” II 20 ♀, very fleshy and has 3 slender children; II 21 ♀, “plump.” II 22 ♂, of medium build. II 23 ♀, at 31 years, stature 150 cm. (59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy; relative chest-girth 67 per cent.

The father of the foregoing fraternity was slender and the mother fleshy. Hence it seems probable that some or all of the mother’s fraternity carry a gene for slenderness.

The children of II 14 and 15 are 4 in number. III 14 ♀, at 16 years has stature of 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 44 kg. (97 pounds); build 1.9 (27); slender; III 15 ♀, 15 years, stature 145 cm. (57 inches); weight 85 kg. (187 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy; relative chest-girth, 78 per cent; she began to grow fleshy at 5 years; is a very heavy eater; III 16 ♀, 9 years, is slender, and III 17 was at 4 years a very fat baby, but is now a slender child.

Comment.—Slenderness and fleshiness occur in the same fraternity; the eventual proportions can not yet be stated, since two of the children are very young (73:697).

Pot-4 Family.

A family of British extraction; living chiefly in Illinois.

The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; is living at 52 years, having the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, who was a farmer and in middle age subject to heart trouble, died at 57 years from heart failure. His formula 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who has always been well, is living at 77 years, having at 74 years the formula 105/61 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 48 years, having the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her father, who was a farmer, in middle age suffered from a nervous breakdown; he died at 71 years of apoplexy, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her mother, who died at 67 years from erysipelas, had the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43). Three grown children:

1. Male, a chemist, always well, has at 24 years the formula 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 177/71 inches; build 2.5 (35).

2. Male, farmer, always well, has at 22 years the formula 155/66.5 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 168/66.5 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. Female, a student at college, always well, has at 18 years the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 156/64 inches; build 2.7 (38).

Comment.—The children’s builds lie between those of the parents (R: Pot-4).

Sta-7 Family.

A family of German extraction, living in the Central States.

The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in middle age from sciatic rheumatism; he is living at 69 years, having the formula 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, who was a farmer, was always well; he died from apoplexy at 87 years, having the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother died from heart trouble at 69 years, having the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The Mother has always been well; she is living, at 59 years, having the formula 165/62 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her father, who was a carpenter and farmer, was always well; he died from “old age, hard work, and exposure” at 73 years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who was always well, died from apoplexy at 72 years, having the formula 170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44). Six children:

1. Male, who is a real-estate agent, always well, has at 34 years the formula 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 174/70 inches; build 2.5 (36).

2. Female, married, has always been well, has at 32 years the formula 118/M; build, say, 2.1 (30).

3. Female, a school teacher, suffered in youth from appendicitis, has at 29 years the formula 124/S; build, say, 2.3 (33).

4. Male, a teacher, in youth suffered from typhoid fever; has at 28 years the formula 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).

5. Male (twin of No. 4), a salesman, has at 28 years the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 65 years, 172/68 inches; build 2.6 (37).

6. Male, a teacher, always well; at 24 years has the formula 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 178/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).

Comment.—The children are fairly uniform in build, mostly falling in the medium class (R: Sta-7).

Tra-4 Family.

A family of English extraction, living in Canada and the eastern United States.

The Father, who was a station-master, died at 86 years from diabetes, having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). He was a first cousin to his wife. His father, who was a “customs-house officer,” died at 72 years from “typhoid pneumonia,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who had 1 child, was always well, died at 91 years from “old age.” Formula, 90/63 inches; build 1.6 (23).

The Mother, who had 6 children, was “never very strong—nervous,” suffered in middle age from acromegalia and diabetes mellitus, iritis, and cataract. She died at 65 years from acromegalia, having the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). One of her sisters died at 26 years from epilepsy; one brother died from apoplexy, “very tall and stout.” Her father, who was a “clerk in a freight office,” died at 76 years from pneumonia, having the formula 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who had a weak heart, died at 89 years from old age and apoplectic strokes; formula, 120/M; build, say, 2.1 (30). Five grown children:

1. Female, has at 47 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).

2. Male, who is a telegraph operator, suffered in youth from dyspepsia, has at 45 years the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 192/71 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. Male, a telegraph operator, who in youth suffered from rheumatic fever, has at 44 years the formula 210/71 inches; build 3.0 (42).

4. Female, a physician, has at 42 years the formula 135/68 inches; build 29; adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Male, a draughtsman, always well, has at 39 years the formula 210/73 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, formula 216/73 inches; build 2.9 (41).

Comment.—The children are variable (like the grandparents), ranging from medium to fleshy (R: Tra-4).

Ber Family. (Fig. 42.)

I 5, J. B., male, born in Germany, was 175 cm. tall (68.9 inches) and weighed 108.8 kg. (240 pounds); build 3.5 (50). He died at 79 years of Bright’s disease. He had 2 sisters who were slender. His wife was 152 cm. (59.8 inches) tall and weighed 63.5 kg. (140 pounds), build 2.7 (39). One of her brothers was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 113 kg. (250 pounds); build 3.4 (48); but another brother was slender, about 2.1 (30). This mating may or may not be of heterozygous parents.

There were 7 children who grew up. II 4, male, 176 cm (69 inches) tall and weighing at the time of his death (at 50 years from “heart disease”) about 215 kg. (475 pounds); build 7.0 (100), an extraordinarily obese man. This man was fleshy as a child. The next brother (II 6) remained single, dying at 45 years. His stature 170 cm. (67 inches) and weight 77 kg. (170 pounds); build 2.7 (38). The next brother, II 7, died at 54, single. He was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 118 kg. (260 pounds); build 3.5 (50); thus very fleshy. The next brother (II 8) was slender as a child and began to put on flesh at 19 years. His stature is 175 cm. (69 inches). At 25 he weighed 93 kg. (205 pounds); at 33 years, 115 kg.; at 35 years, 136 kg.; at 41 years, 163 kg.; at 52, 172 kg. and now at 57 years over 180 kg. or 400 pounds. This increase of weight occurred despite dieting and reducing exercises. He is a very hearty eater. He is fat all over the body, especially hips, abdomen, and shoulders. He has remained single.

Next in order is II 10, who died at 46 years of rheumatism of the heart. She was 175 cm. (69 inches) tall and weighed 73 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (34) or medium. Last was a pair of twins. II 11, male, 182 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighs 79 kg. (176 pounds); build 2.4 (34); thus medium. The other twin, II 12, is a woman, who at 38 is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall and weighs about 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.0 (43). She is thus fleshy.

Comment.—Thus 5 of the fraternity are fleshy (2 enormously obese) and 2 are of medium build. Thus we have a proportion of 2 medium to 5 very fleshy, approaching a 1:3 ratio; or a ratio may be recognized of 2 medium, 3 fleshy to very fleshy, and 2 obese; approximately a 1:2:1 ratio (73:646).

Fig. 42.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in Ber family.

Hod-A Family.

A family of English extraction from Illinois. The Father, at 84 years, had the formula 230/69 inches; build 3.4 (48). Of his 4 sibs: (1) brother, at 60 years had the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41); (2) sister, at 65 years, 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) sister, at 68 years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); (4) sister, at 60 years, 130/60 inches; build 2.5 (36).

The Mother, at 50 years, 150/63 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, at 86, had the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). The 10 children are:

1. Male, at 55 years had the formula 242/69 inches; build 3.6 (51).

2. Male, at 60 years, 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (28).

3. Male, at 21 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 199/69 inches; build 3.0 (42).

4. Male, at 49 years, 210/67 inches; build 3.3 (47).

5. Male, at 45 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).

6. Male, at 47 years, 225/69 inches; build 3.3 (47).

7. Male, at 37 years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); adjusted to 55 years, 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43).