T.

T. The form of a subterraneous arrangement in mining; so called from its resemblance to that letter.

TABAC, Fr. Tobacco. During the monarchy of France there was a specific allowance made of tobacco to the cavalry and infantry, when they were in camp, quarters, or garrison. They were likewise supplied by the captains of troops or companies, with a certain quantity whilst on the march from one province or quarter to another.

TABARD, -

TABELD,

A herald’s coat.

TABLE, in military affairs, a kind of register to set down the dimensions of carriages for guns, mortars, &c. also for the practice of artillery, charges of mines, &c.

Table des officiers généraux et principaux, Fr. Mess or table as directed to be kept for the general and other superior officers of the old French army.

The only military table which is regulated in Great Britain, is at the Horse Guards; and that is charged to the extraordinaries of the army. Good order and discipline are intimately connected with a system of messing. This truth holds good with respect to the soldier, and a regulation is the consequence of its propriety. With regard to the officers it is well known, that in corps where they do not mess, perpetual bickerings among themselves, and occasional obstacles to the service, occur.

The French regulation took place on the 1st of April 1705, and was again renewed, with additional clauses, on the 20th of January 1741, on the 1st of December 1746, on the 17th of February 1753, and on the 9th of March 1757. The curious are referred to a French publication, intitled Elemens Militaires.

Before the abolition of the French monarchy, it was usual for officers belonging to the line in that service, to mess together according to their several ranks; the colonel excepted, who had a private table to which he occasionally invited the officers of the corps. A regular roster was kept for this purpose. The lieutenant-colonel and major uniformly messed with the captains; the different tables were generally composed of eight or ten officers of the same rank. The lieutenants dined together; so did the sub-lieutenants; each paying towards the mess in proportion to the receipt of daily subsistence.

Table de capitaine de vaisseau, Fr. A mess or table which was regularly provided at the public expence, for the superior officers who served on board.

Table d’hote, Fr. An ordinary.

Tenir Table ouverte, Fr. To keep open house.

Table en saille, Fr. In architecture, a table which juts out of the facing of a wall, or of a pedestal.

Table fouillee, Fr. That which instead of being saliant is indented: it is commonly adorned with a border.

Table d’attente, Fr. See Rusticated Table.

Crowned Table. In architecture, one which is covered with a cornice, and in which is cut a basso relievo; or a piece of black marble incrustated for an inscription.

Razed Table. In architecture, an embossment in a frontispiece for the putting an inscription, or other ornament in sculpture.

Rusticated Table. In architecture, one which is picked, whose surface appears rough, as in grottoes.

Table. In literature, an index, a repertory, at the beginning or end of a book to direct the reader to any passage in it.

The Round Table. A table to distinguish military merit, which was first invented by king Arthur, who succeeded his father Uther Pendragon, king of the Britons, who was brother to Aurelius Ambrosius, and third son of Constantine. Arthur was the 11th king of England, from the departure of the Romans, and was crowned about the year 516.

Having expelled the Saxons out of England, conquered Norway, Scotland, and the greatest part of France, (where at Paris he was crowned) this monarch returned to his native country, and lived in so great renown, that many princes and knights came from all parts to his court, to give proof of their valor in the exercise of arms. Upon this he erected a fraternity of knights, which consisted of twenty-four, of whom he was the chief; and for the avoiding controversies about precedency, he caused a round table to be made, from whence they were denominated Knights of the Round Table. This table, according to tradition, hangs up in the castle at Winchester, where they used to meet at Whitsuntide.

Table de marbre, Fr. A marble table. During the monarchy of France, there were two courts of jurisdictions, which were called Tables de Marbre, or marble tables; one was that of the constable, and the Maréchaussée or police of France; and the other that which gave directions for the general clearing of the forests, and the purifying of stagnant waters. They are so called from the meeting being held round a large marble table.

TABLEAU, Fr. A description, a catalogue. It likewise signifies a chimney-piece.

TABLETTE, Fr. A flat thin stone, which is used to cover the outside of a wall belonging to a terrace, or the border of a bason, &c.

TABLIER, Fr. Apron. It likewise signifies an outside cover made for ornament, or to prevent any thing from being damaged by the weather. In the old French army the kettle drums had two of these aprons or covers; one made of damask or sattin, on which were embroidered the arms of the king, or of the general to whom they belonged, and the other of black leather.

Tablier de pont levis, Fr. That part of a draw-bridge, which is raised for the purpose of shutting a gate, and to prevent access to it, and upon which persons pass when the bridge is let down.

TABLOUINS, Fr. A word used in the artillery. The thick boards or planks that constitute the platform upon which cannon is mounted in battery.

TABOUR, -

TABOURET,

TABOURINE,

TABRET.

A small drum, beat with one stick to accompany a pipe. It was anciently used in war.

TACHE, Fr. properly means job, or a regular rate for labor. Workmen are thus hired and paid by the day or by the lump.

TACKLE. The weapon or arrow shot from a bow, was so called by the ancient Welsh.

TACKLES are more particularly used for small ropes running in pullies, the better to manage all kinds of ordnance. See Gin.

TACTICS. A word derived from the Greek, signifying order. Tactics consist of a knowlege of order, disposition, and formation, according to the exigency of circumstances in warlike operations. These dispositions are severally made, or one disposition follows another by means of manœuvres and evolutions. Hence the necessity of paying the greatest attention to the first principles of military art; and hence the absurdity and ignorance of some men, who would pass for great and able tacticians, without having grounded themselves in the elements of their professions. As well might a person assume the character of a complete arithmetician under a total ignorance of the first rules.

General tactics are a combination or union of first orders, out of which others grow of a more extensive and complicated nature, to suit the particular kind of contest or battle which is to be given, or supported. Let it not, however, be inferred from this, that evolutions or movements and tactics are one and the same. They are, but there is still a discernable difference between each of them.

Tactics (or as the French say, La Tactique, tactical art) may be comprehended under order and disposition: an evolution is the movement which is made by one corps among a larger number of corps, and eventually leads to order. Manœuvres consist of the various evolutions which several corps of a line pursue to accomplish the same object. The higher branches of tactics, or la grande tactique, should be thoroughly understood by all general officers; it is sufficient for inferior officers and soldiers to be acquainted with evolutions. Not that the latter are not to be known by general officers, but that having already acquired a full knowlege of them, they ought to direct their attention more immediately to the former; carefully retaining at the same time a clear apprehension of every species of military detail, and thereby obviating the many inconveniences and embarrassments which occur from orders being awkwardly expressed to the staff, and of course ill understood by the inferior officer. It may be laid down as a certain rule, that unless a general officer make himself acquainted with particular movements and dispositions, and preserve the necessary recollections, it is morally impossible for him to be clear and correct in his general arrangements. Of all mechanical operations, founded upon given principles, the art of war is certainly the most compendious, the most enlarged, and the most capable of infinite variety. Almost every other science and art are comprehended in it; and it should be the constant object, the chief study, and the ultimate end of a general’s reflections. He must not be satisfied with a limited conception of its various branches; he should go deeply into all its parts, be aware of its manifold changes, and know how to adapt movements and dispositions to circumstances and places.

It will be of little use to a general to have formed vast projects, if, when they are to be executed, there should be a deficiency of ground: if the general movements of the army should be embarrassed by the irregularity of some particular corps, by their overlapping each other, &c. and if through the tardiness of a manœuvre, an enemy should have time to render his plan abortive by more prompt evolutions. A good general must be aware of all these contingencies, by making himself thoroughly master of tactics.

The Prussian tactics under Frederic the Great, had for their principal object to concentrate forces, and thereby choose the most suitable points to attack an enemy, not at one and the same time, but one after another; the tactics which have been uniformly pursued by the French, since the commencement of their revolution, have been founded upon the same principles: as well as to apply the method to several points, and to attack all points with divided forces, at one and the same time.

Tactics of Europe. The following observations respecting the tactics of Europe, may be useful to those who have not the Am. Mil. Lib.

In the time of the Romans, the Gauls and other nations on the continent fought in the phalanx order; it is this order which still prevails through all Europe, except that it has been till lately deficient in the advantages and utility which Polybius ascribes to it, and is injured, by defects unknown in the ancient phalanx.

In Turenne’s days, troops were ranged 8 deep, both in France and Germany. Thirty years after, in the time of Puysegur, the ranks were reduced to 5: in the next Flanders war to 4; and immediately after to 3, which continues to be the order of the French armies; the ranks of light troops only are reduced to 2.

This part of the progression from 8 to 3 being known, we easily conceive how the files of the phalanx had been diminished from 16 to 8 in the ages preceding Turenne. It is to be presumed, that this depth was considered as superfluous, and it was judged necessary to diminish it, in order to extend the front. However, the motive is of very little consequence, since we are now reduced to three ranks; let us see what qualities of the phalanx have been preserved, and what might have been added thereto.

To shew that the defects of the phalanx were preferred in Europe, we suppose two bodies of troops, one of eight thousand men, ranged as a phalanx, sixteen deep; the other a regiment of three battalions, consisting only of fifteen hundred men, drawn up in three lines, after the same manner. Those two bodies shall be perfectly equal and alike in extent of front, and shall differ in nothing but in the depth of their files: the inconveniences and defects, therefore, occasioned by the length of the fronts are equal in both troops, though their numbers are very different; hence it follows, that, in Europe, the essential defects of the phalanx were preserved and its advantages lost.

Let the files of this body of eight thousand, be afterwards divided, and let it be reduced to three in depth, its front will then be found five times more extensive, and its depth five times less: we may, therefore, conclude, that the defects of the phalanx were evidently multiplied in the discipline of Europe, at the expence of its advantages, which consisted in the depth of its files.

The progress which has taken place in the artillery, has contributed greatly to this revolution. As cannon multiplied, it was necessary to avoid its effects; and the method of avoiding, or at least of lessening them, was to diminish the depth of the files.

The musquet, likewise, has a great share in the alteration; the half-pike was entirely laid aside for the bayonet; and in order to have no fire unemployed, it was thought necessary to put it in the power of every soldier to make use of his firelock.

Those are, we think, the two principal causes of the little solidity, or depth given to the battalion.

Thus the defects of the phalanx were multiplied in the European discipline, and its advantages and perfections injudiciously diminished. The system of Prussia, made some alterations, but with every other power until the French revived the principles of the phalanx in their columns of attack, the system was much inferior to the phalanx, and had nothing but the single effect of fire-arms to counterbalance all its advantages. The effect, however, of fire-arms is a partial power, and does not originally belong to the manner of disciplining troops, the sole aim of which, should be to employ man’s natural action. It is man, therefore, and not his fire, which is to be considered as the principal agent; and from hence the European systems before the French revolution were very much inferior to the phalanx, and still more to the Roman arrangement, which so far surpassed that of Greece.

The light troops of both those people were much heavier than modern battalions, and had more power and solidity for a shock or conflict. However, the Roman discipline, notwithstanding its superiority, is not calculated for our times; because, as we are obliged to engage first at a distance, ours, by its cannon, would destroy the Roman order of battle in a very short time, and would be exposed to a loss much less considerable itself, supposing even the artillery was equal on both sides; we should then, in order to perfect our arrangements, endeavor to procure them all the advantageous qualities of the legionary regulations, as the only means of giving them the superiority.

Many people are of opinion, that we now imitate the Romans, and that we give battle according to their system, because our troops are drawn up in lines, some of which are full, and others vacant. But it is shewn, that three battalions have the same front, and the same inconveniences that eight thousand men ranged in the phalanx order. Our lines are formed by brigades, regiments, or battalions, and the distance of one corps from the other is equal to the front of one of those corps: so that those lines, both full and vacant, are composed of detachments equal in front; each has a phalanx of six, eight, or twelve thousand men. This order of battle consequently, can be no more at most than a kind of medium between those of Greece and Rome.

Tactics of Bonaparte. It is well known that the greater part of the victories of Bonaparte may be imputed to the admirable system adopted by this general; a system which, however often repeated, has still been attended with the same success—a system, to which the established tactics have as yet applied no remedy, or rather, to which the confirmed habits of men, educated in the ancient system, are as unwilling as unable to accommodate themselves.

The minor discipline is his great secret; the simple methods of the first drills, are merely facings and wheelings in a discretionary order, all his rules, are like general principles, the results of which may be produced by a different process of the same elements. All his movements are at rapid time; and the rotation of evolutions, though laid down in regulation, is not pursued in practice, the soldier is taught not so much how to execute a set of movements, as how to perform any that the variety of ground and the incidents of action, never twice alike, call for. These are the elementary rules, on which the system is founded.

His system of action is comprehended in the following principles:

1st. To select some partial point of attack, most frequently the enemy’s centre, but occasionally one or other of the wings—and then, strengthening that part of his own army which is opposed to the point of attack, by drafts from the other divisions, to bear down upon the point of attack, with the advantage of numbers, and consequently of greater physical force.

2d. To counteract the effect of the weakness of the other divisions, by assigning them a defensive part only; a purpose which evidently requires a less power than is necessary to attack.

2. By some advantage of position. This is either natural, as a strong position properly so called, or relative, as where the weaker divisions are so placed as either to be protected by the stronger, or, in case of dispersion, to be enabled to fall in with the main body.

3d. The necessary, the inevitable effects of this system are—

That the part of the enemy, which is the point of attack, is almost invariably broken, driven back, in a word, defeated.

That, in the mean time, the weaker divisions of the army which attack, according to this system, are either enabled to maintain their ground, against the strongest wings of the enemy, or they are repulsed.

That, if the divisions maintain the ground, the defeat of their enemy is certain, complete, and irrecoverable.

The main body of the attacking army, having driven before it the point of attack, has now become the rear of those other divisions of the enemy which are contending with its own divisions. The divisions of the enemy are thus between two bodies. The divisions they are in the act of attacking, and the victorious main body, which, having accomplished its own part, is hastening to the relief of its divisions.

That, on the other hand, if the weaker divisions of the attacking army, (attacking according to the system) should happen to be dispersed; confident of their final victory, they exert themselves like conquerors, with the spirit of hope, and courage of assured victory. They dispute the ground, retreat inch by inch, and, if they cannot prevent, still protract their defeat, till the victorious main body shall come to their aid.

Finally, and indeed, most materially, though the weaker divisions of the attacking army should be absolutely defeated, the victorious main body cannot but necessarily recover every thing. The divisions of the enemy, which have succeeded in defeating the divisions of the attacking army, must be equally dispersed by pursuit, as the defeated divisions by defeat. It is, indeed, an essential part of this system, to contrive that they should so be dispersed, by the scattered flight of the divisions defeated. By this means the victorious main body, formed by the exactest discipline to keep their ranks, returning from their pursuit at the word of command, and in the very moment of opportunity have an easy conquest over scattered divisions, which are thus likewise under the circumstance of being placed between two fires.

Such is the celebrated system. Three singular inferences must be deduced from it:—

That, where an army attacks according to this system, the defeat of one part of the army of its enemy is the defeat of the whole.

That the defeat of the smaller divisions by the defending army, is no defeat at all; the defeat, or at least, repulse of these divisions, being one of the means of the victory of the attaching army.

That it is the event of the main attack, and not the repulse or even defeat of the subordinate and merely defensive divisions that should decide the victory.

Maritime Tactics, or manœuvres, &c. at sea. Like those practised on land may be considered under two heads. The first contains what the French term historique or detail, in which are included the orders and signals directed to be observed by fleets going into action; together with a specific account of the different manœuvres which have been executed in the principal engagements. The second comprehends a knowlege of the rates of ships, and of the method of constructing them.

The vessels of the ancients made their way by means of sails and oars. The rows of oars were proportioned to the different sizes, from what was called unus-ramus, which was the smallest, and had only one row; to the quinque-rami, which had five rows.

The particular method in which these ships were constructed, as well as of the arrangements that were made within, in order that a sufficient number of rowers might be commodiously placed to work them, is not perfectly known to the moderns; nor have the ancients left us documents sufficiently clear and accurate on that head.

With respect to naval tactics, or the art of fighting at sea, it is confessedly less ancient than tactics on shore, or what is generally called land service. Mankind were accustomed to contend for the possession of territory long before they determined on, or even dreamed of, making the sea a theatre of war and bloodshed.

Setting aside the many fabulous accounts which are extant concerning naval tactics, we shall remain satisfied with what has been transmitted to us by the Roman writers of the Vth and VIth centuries of that republic. We shall there find specific details of the different manœuvres which were practised at sea during the Punic war. In those times naval armaments began to be regularly fitted out; ships of different forms and sizes were constructed, and certain offensive and defensive machines, that served as a species of artillery, were placed upon them. They had already been drawn out according to system; being divided into certain proportions which were then called divisions, but are now named squadrons; and the persons who commanded them, exerted all their skill and genius to gain advantages over their enemies, by opportunely getting to windward, by seizing the favorable occurrence of the tide, or by mooring in advantageous situations.

At the battle of Actium, Augustus finding himself inferior to Mark Antony in the number of his ships, had the sagacity to draw up his line of battle along the entrance of the gulph of Ambracia, and thereby to make up for his deficiency. This naval manœuvre, as well as that of getting to windward of the enemy, in order to bear down upon him with more certainty and effect, exists to the present day.

We act precisely upon the same principles in both cases, by which the ancients were governed, with the additional advantage, in fighting to windward, of covering the enemy’s line with smoke from the discharge of ordnance and fire-arms. The French call this being in possession of the closest line—Occuper la ligne du plus prés.

In those times, ships were boarded much sooner than they are at present. Most engagements at sea are now determined by cannon shot. Among the ancients, when two ships endeavored to board each other, the rowers drew in their oars, to prevent them from being broken in the shock.

The manœuvre which was practised on this occasion, was for the ship that got to windward of its adversary, to run upon its side, with the prow, which being armed with a long sharp piece of iron, made so deep an impression in it, that the ship thus attacked, generally sunk. The voyages which were afterwards made on the ocean, rendered it necessary to construct ships that carried more sail, and were double decked; and since the invention of gunpowder, tiers of guns have been substituted in the room of rows of oars.

On the decline and fall of the Roman empire, the Saracens got the ascendancy in naval tactics. They took advantage of this superiority, and extended their conquests on all sides. The whole extent of coast belonging to the Mediterranean, together with the adjacent islands, fell under their dominion. Mankind are indebted to them for considerable improvements in naval tactics.

It was only under Charlemagne that the Europeans may be said to have first paid any great attention to their navy. That monarch kept up a regular intercourse with the caliphs of the East; and having just grounds to apprehend an invasion from the Normans, he constructed vessels for the defence of his coasts.

During the reign of the first French kings, belonging to the third race, naval tactics were little attended to, on account of the small extent of maritime coast which France possessed at that period. It was only in the days of Louis the Younger, and of Louis, surnamed the Saint, that we discover any traces of a considerable fleet; especially during the crusades.

Under Charles the Vth, and his successor Charles the VIth, the French got possession of several sea-ports, and had command of a long line of coast. Yet neither they nor the English, with whom they were frequently at war, had at that period any thing like the fleets which are fitted out now.

The discovery of America by Columbus, and the more lucrative possession of the East Indies, induced the principal states of Europe to encrease their naval establishments, for the purpose of settling colonies, and of bringing home, without the danger of molestation, or piracy, the wealth and produce of the Eastern and Western worlds.

The French marine was far from being contemptible under Francis the first; but it grew into considerable reputation during the administration of cardinal Richelieu, in the reign of Louis the XIIIth; and continued so until the battle of La Hogue. From that epoch it began to decline; while the English, on the other hand, not only kept up the reputation they had acquired under Cromwell and his predecessors, but rendered themselves so thoroughly skilled in naval tactics, that they have remained masters of the sea to this day. In corroboration of what we have advanced, we refer our readers to a history of the Sovereignty of the Ocean, by the American editor of this work.

TACTIQUE Maritime, Fr. Naval tactics, or sea manœuvres, &c. See Naval Tactics.

TAGBEERE, Ind. Dismission.

TAIGAU, Ind. A sabre.

TAIL of the trenches. The post where the besiegers begin to break ground, and cover themselves from the fire of the place, in advancing the lines of approach.

TAILLE du soldat, Fr. The size, height, and stature most proper for a soldier.

TAILLER, Fr. To cut. Tailler en pièces, to cut to pieces.

TAILLOIR, Fr. Trencher. It likewise signifies in architecture a square piece of stone, or wood which is placed above the capital.

To TAKE. This verb, as Dr. Johnson observes, like prendre in French, is used with endless multiplicity of relations. Its uses are so numerous, that they cannot easily be exemplified; and its references to the words governed by it so general and lax, that they can hardly be explained by any succedaneous terms. But commonly that is hardest to explain which least wants explanation. We shall content ourselves with giving a few general terms, in which the verb take is used with respect to military matters.

To Take. To make prisoner.

To Take advantage of. To avail oneself of any peculiar event or opening, whereby an enemy may be overcome, viz.—He took advantage of the debaucheries which were daily committed in the enemy’s camp, to surprise the army.

To Take ground to the right or left. To extend a line towards either of those directions.

To Take up quarters. To occupy locally; to go into cantonments, barracks, &c. To become stationary for more or less time.

To Take up the gauntlet. The correlative to throw down the gauntlet. To accept a challenge.

To Take up arms. To embody and troop together for offensive or defensive purposes. We likewise say, to take arms.

To Take down. To minute; to commit to paper what is spoken or given orally. Hence to take down his words.

To Take the field. To encamp. It likewise means generally to move with troops in military order.

To Take in. A low phrase, signifying to cheat, to gull. Officers, especially the junior classes, are frequently taken in.

To Take oath. To swear.

To Take up. To seize; to catch; to arrest; as to take up a deserter.

To Take on. An expression in familiar use among soldiers that have enlisted for a limited period, to signify an extension of service by taking a fresh bounty.

To Take. To adopt any particular formation:

Rear ranks take open order -

Rear ranks take close order

Words of command which are used in the discipline of troops. For the manner in which they are executed see Order.

To Take cognisance. To investigate with judicial authority.

TALC, (Talc, Fr.) In natural history, a shining, squamous, fissile species of stone, easily separable into thin lamina or scales, improperly called Isinglass.

There are two kinds of talc, viz. the white talc of Venice, and the red talc of Muscovy.

TALE. Information; disclosure of any thing secret.

Tale, Ind. An Indian coin equal to six shillings and eight pence.

TALEBEARER. One who gives officious or malignant intelligence. With respect to the interior economy of military life, a talebearer is the most dangerous creature that could insinuate itself among honorable men; and however acceptable domestic information may sometimes seem to narrow minds, it will be found even by those who countenance the thing, that such means of getting at the private sentiments of others, not only defeat their own ends, but ultimately destroy every species of regimental harmony. The only way to secure a corps from this insidious evil, is for commanding officers to treat those with contempt, who would endeavor to obtain their countenance by such base and unofficer-like conduct. For it is a known axiom, that if there were no listeners, there would be no reporters.

TALENT. Count Turpin, in his essay on the Art of War, makes the following distinction between genius and talent:—Talent remains hidden for want of occasions to shew itself; genius breaks through all obstacles: genius is the contriver, talent the workman in military affairs. Talent is properly that knowlege acquired by study and labor, and ability to apply it; genius takes, as by intuition, a glance of whatever it is occupied on, and comprehends at once without labor the true character of the subject; genius must however not be devoid of acquired knowlege.

TALK. The Indian tribes of the United States, on public occasions, such as treaties, depute persons to deliver discourses to those with whom they treat, and those discourses are called Talks: they often abound with eloquence.

To TALK. To make use of the powers of speech. Officers and soldiers are strictly forbidden to talk under arms.

TALLOW. A well known name for the fat of animals. It is used as a combustible in the composition of fireworks. See Laboratory.

TALON, Fr. In architecture, an ornamental moulding, which is concave below and convex above.

Talon renversé, Fr. An ornamental moulding which is concave above. This word is likewise applied to many other things, as the upper part of a scythe, &c. the end of a pike, &c.

Talon d’un cheval, Fr. A horse’s heel, of the hind part of his hoof. Talon literally means heel.

TALOOK, Ind. A farm under rent; or a number of farms or villages let out to one chief.

TALOOKDAR, Ind. The head of a village under a superior.

TALPATCHES, Fr. A nickname which is given to the foot soldiers in Hungary. It is derived from Talp, which, in the Hungarian language, signifies sole of a shoe, and plainly proves, from the ridicule attached to it, that the Hungarians would rather serve on horseback than on foot. All persons are strictly forbidden to call them by this name.

TALUS, Fr. This word is sometimes written Talut. For its signification see Fortification.

TALUTED, from taluter, is sloped or graduated from a given height to a less.

TALUTER, Fr. To give a slope to any thing in fortification.

TAMBOUR, in fortification, is a kind of work formed of pallisades, or pieces of wood, 10 feet long and 6 inches thick, planted close together, and driven 2 or 3 feet into the ground; so that when finished, it may have the appearance of a square redoubt cut in two. Loopholes are made 6 feet from the ground, and 3 feet asunder, about 8 inches long, 2 inches wide within and 6 without. Behind is a scaffold 2 feet high, for the soldiers to stand upon. They are frequently made in the place of arms of the covert-way, at the saliant angles, in the gorges, half-moons, and ravelins, &c.

Tambours, in fortification, solid pieces of earth which are made in that part of the covert way that is joined to the parapet, and lies close to the traverses, being only 3 feet distant from them. They serve to prevent the covert-way from being enfiladed, and obstruct the enemy’s view towards the traverses. When tambours are made in the covert-way, they answer the same purposes that works en cremaillére would.

Tambour likewise means, in fortification, a single or isolated traverse, which serves to close up that part of the covert-way where a communication might have been made in the glacis for the purpose of going to some detached work.

Tambour also signifies, both in French and English, a little box of timber-work covered with a cieling, within side the porch of certain churches, both to prevent the view of persons passing by, and to keep off the wind, &c. by means of folding doors. In many instances it is the same as porch.

Tambour, Fr. See Drum.

Marcher TAMBOURS battans et drapeaux flottans. To march with drums beating and colors flying.

Tambour, Fr. See Drummer. We frequently use the word Drum in the same sense that the French do, viz. to signify drummer. We likewise say fife for fifer; as, one drum and one fife to each company.

Tambour major, Fr. Drum major.

Batteries de Tambour, Fr. The different beats of the drum. The principal beats among the French are—La générale, the general; L’assemblée, the assembly; Le dernier, the last beat; Le drapeau, the troop; Aux champs, to the field; La marche, the march; La diane, the reveille; L’alarme, to arms, or the alarm; La chamade, the parley; L’appel, the roll or call; La fascine ou brelogue, the workman’s call. Le ban et la rétraite.

Aux champs, ou le premier, is beat when any particular corps of infantry is ordered to march; but if the order should extend to a whole army, it is then called La générale, the general. They do not make this distinction in the British service, but omit the premier or first beat when one regiment, detachment, or company, marches out of a camp or garrison where there are other troops.

Le second, ou l’assemblée, is to give notice that the colors are to be sent for.

La marche is beat when troops march off their parade.

Battre la charge, ou battre la guerre. To beat the charge, or the point of war. This occurs when troops advance against an enemy. This beat may be conceived by repeating in seconds of time the sound—bom! bom! bom! bom! Battre la rétraite is to beat the retreat, to cease firing, or to withdraw after the battle. It is likewise used in garrisons to warn soldiers to retire to their quarters.

Battre la fricassée. To beat the long roll. A beat which is practised to call soldiers suddenly together.

Battre la diane. To beat the reveille. This is done in a camp or garrison at break of day. When an army besieges a town, the reveille is confined to those troops belonging to the infantry that have mounted guard, particularly in the trenches; and it is then followed by the discharge of those pieces of ordnance which had ceased firing on account of the darkness of the night, that prevented their being properly pointed against the enemy’s works.

Tambour de basque, Fr. A tabor.

Tambour battant, Fr. Drums beating.

Sortir Tambour battant, enseignes deployées, Fr. To go out drums beating and colors flying.

Tambour in architecture. A term applied to the Corinthian and composite capitals, as bearing some resemblance to a drum, which the French call Tambour.

Tambour likewise denotes a round course of stone, several whereof form the shaft of a column not so high as a diameter.

Un TAMBOURIN, Fr. A timbrel.

TAMBOURINE. A drum, somewhat resembling the tabor, but played in our military bands without either stick or pipe.

TAMIS, Fr. A sieve.

TAMPIONS, or -

TOMBIONS,

are wooden cylinders to put into the mouth of the guns, howitzers, and mortars, in travelling, to prevent the dust or wet from getting in. They are fastened round the muzzle of the guns, &c. by leather collars.

They are sometimes used to put into the chambers of mortars, over the powder, when the chamber is not full.

Tampions, in sea-service artillery, are the iron bottoms to which the grape-shot are fixed, the dimensions of which are as follows, viz.

Diameter.

42 pounders, 6⁶⁄₁₀ths inches.

32 ditto 6

24 ditto 5⁴⁄₁₀ths

18 ditto 4⁹⁄₁₀ths

12 ditto 4³⁄₁₀ths

9 ditto 3⁹⁄₁₀ths

6 ditto 6³⁄₄ths

4 ditto 2⁹⁄₁₀ths

1 ¹⁄₂ ditto 2¹⁄₁₀th

¹⁄₂ ditto 1⁴⁄₁₀ths

TAMPON, Fr. A wooden peg or instrument which is used to plug up cartridges, petards, &c. A stopper.

TAMPONS, Fr. In mason-work are wooden pegs by which beams and boards for floors are fastened together.

Tampons, Fr. Flat pieces of iron, copper, or wood, which are used by the French on board their men of war, to stop up holes that are made by cannon-balls during a naval engagement.

Tampons de canon, Fr. The apron made of cork or lead, which is put over the vent of any piece of ordnance.

TANGENT, (Tangente, Fr.) In trigonometry, is a right line raised perpendicularly on the extreme of the diameter, and continued to a point, where it is cut by a secant, that is, by a line drawn from the centre, through the extremity of the arch, whereof it is the tangent.

Tangent. See Gunnery.

Tangent scale.—·21 of an inch is the tangent of 1 degree to every foot of a gun’s length, from the base ring to the swell of the muzzle: Therefore, if the distance in feet, between these two points be multiplied by ·21, the product will be the tangent of 1 degree; from which the dispart being subtracted, will give the length of the tangent scale above the base ring for one degree of elevation for that particular gun. If the scale is to be applied to the quarter sight of the gun, of course the dispart need not be subtracted.

Tangent of one degree to the following British ordnance.

Length. Tangent, 1°. Dispart.

Ft. In. In. In.

12 pr. medium 6 6 1 ·365 1 ·475

12 pr. light 5 — 1 ·05 1 ·

6 pr. heavy 7 — 1 ·47 1 ·32

6 pr. light 5 — 1 ·05 1 ·

3 pr. heavy 6 — 1 ·26 1 ·08

10 inch howitzer 3 11 ¹⁄₂ ·84 —

8 do. howitzer 3 1 ·64 —

5¹⁄₂ do. light 2 2 ³⁄₄ ·47 —

4²⁄₅ do. 1 10 ·384 —

Tangent of one degree to the following French guns.

Kind. Siege. Field.

Tangent of 1°. Dispart. Tangent of 1°. Dispart.

in. li. p. in. li. p. in. li. p. in. li. p.

24 pr. 2 1 5 1 2 4 — —

16 — 2 - - 1 1 - — —

12 — 1 10 6 1 - - 1 4 - 1 3 2

8 — 1 8 3 1 - - 1 2 ¹⁄₂ 1 2 -

4 — — — 1 - - 1 - -

6 in. how’r. — — 0 5 6 —

As the French tangent scales are marked off in inches and lines, the above dimensions are given in the same, for the more ready turning the French elevations into degrees, and thereby comparing their ranges with the English.

TANK, Ind. A pond or pool of water. A reservoir to preserve the water that falls in the rainy season.

TANNADAR, Ind. A commander of a small fort, or custom house.

TAP. A gentle blow, as a tap of the drum.

TAPABORD, Fr. A sort of cap or slouched hat made in the English fashion which the French sailors wear. Its sides hang over the shoulders, and shield them from rain in wet weather. It likewise signifies a riding-cap, a montero.

TAPE-cul, Fr. That part of a swipe or swinging gate which serves to raise and let down a draw-bridge.

TAPE-cul, Fr. A falling gate.

En TAPINOIS, Fr. Slyly, secretly.

Se TAPIR, Fr. To lie squat.

TAPIS, Fr. This word literally means carpet, and is used by the French in a figurative sense, viz.

Amuser le Tapis, Fr. To trifle.

Mettre une affaire sur le Tapis, Fr. To open any particular transaction, to move a business.

La TAPE, le TAPON, ou TAMPON, Fr. The tampion.

TAPER ou TAMPONNER un Canon, Fr. To put in the tampion. Détaper un Canon, Fr. To take out the tampion.

TAPPEE, Ind. The post letter carrier on the coast of Coromandel. An express.

TAPROBANE, Ind. The ancient name for the island of Ceylon. It is derived from tapoo an island, and bany, a ferry.

TAP-TOO. -

TAT-TOO.

See Drum.

TAR. A kind of liquid pitch used in the composition of some sorts of fireworks.

Tar and Feathers. A method of punishment invented in the American revolution, which consisted in pouring a bucket of tar over the head of the culprit, and loosing a bag of feathers over it. See the poem of M‘Fingal.

TARANTHE, Fr. A thick iron peg which is used to turn the screw in a press.

TARAU, Fr. An instrument which is used in making the nut of a screw. It is a round piece of steel with a spiral shape.

TARAUDER, Fr. To make a hole like that which is effected by the operation of the Tarau.

TARE, Fr. A word adopted by the French from the English term Tar.

TAREAU, Fr. A screw-tap.

TARGE, Fr. See Target. It is generally pronounced Targue, from whence is derived the figurative expression Se targuer, to plume one’s-self, or to be self-sufficient. Le poltron se targue du courage de son père—The coward plumes himself upon the courage which his father possessed.

TARGET, a sort of shield, being originally made of leather, wrought out of the back of an ox’s hide.

Target, is also a mark for the artillery, &c. to fire at in their practice.

TARIERE, Fr. Auger, wimble, gimlet. The French make a distinction with respect to the gender of this word. When they express a large sized auger or wimble, they say, Un gros Tarière, making it masculine, and when they mean a small sized one, they say, Une petite tarière, making it feminine.

Tariere, Fr. Likewise signifies a miner’s tool with which he bores into the earth. It is used to force a lighted match into the chamber of a countermine, and to make it explode.

TARPAULINGS, are made of strong canvas, thoroughly tarred and cut into different sizes, according to their several uses in the field; such as to cover the powder-waggons and tumbrels (carrying ammunition) from rain: each field-piece has likewise one to secure the ammunition-boxes.

To be TARRED. A cant word used among soldiers to signify the punishment which privates undergo among themselves, when they have been tried and sentenced by their own comrades.

TARTARES, Fr. A word used in the French army to distinguish officers’ servants and batmen from the soldiers that serve in the ranks. Tartare likewise means a groom.

TARTARS, (Tartares, Fr.) Asiatics, whose principal arms are the bow and arrow, and sabre or pike. Some few have firelocks and pistols.

Calmuc TARTARS. A free people inhabiting the borders of the Caspian Sea, and the banks of the river Wolga. They are under the immediate protection of Russia, and in consideration of the security they enjoy, they are obliged to serve when called upon. They consist of wandering hordes, live in tents, and are armed with bows and arrows. Some have rifle guns, with one or two pistols. But they are extremely cruel, and worse disciplined than the Cossacks.

TARTES, Fr. Bogs.

TAS, Fr. A heap. When the works of a fortification are lined with turf and fascines, &c. small beds of earth are previously prepared and laid one over another, till the necessary thickness is obtained; when completed it is called Tas de gazon ou de placage. A heap of turf or a placage, which see. Tas is likewise used in a sense of contempt to signify a croud—Un tas de fainéans. A heap or croud of parasites.

Un Tas de mensonges. A heap of lies.

TASA, Ind. A kind of drum, formed from a semisphere of copper, hollowed out and covered with goat skin. It is hung before from the shoulders, and beat with two rattans.

TAS de charge, Fr. An arch made in a particular manner. It is generally found in Gothic buildings.

TASSEAU, Fr. A small anvil. It likewise signifies a bracket.

TASSES. Armor for the thighs, so called.

TASSETTE, Fr. A tass in armor.

TATTEE, Ind. A bamboo frame; which encloses an herb called jawassea or kuskus. Frames of this sort are made to put to the different openings of a room; they are shaped like a sash, and one being laid on a floor and covered with the kuskus grass, the other is laid upon it, and the two are tied together at the angles, which correspond with the panes; by throwing water against them, the hottest wind in passing through becomes cool, and the air is made fragrant by the kuskus.

TAUGOUR, Fr. A small lever which is used for various purposes.

TAUPINS, Francs-Taupins, Fr. A name which was formerly given to a body of free-archers, or Francs-archers, in France. This body consisting chiefly of countrymen and rustics, they were probably so called from taupe, a mole; of which there are great quantities in the fields. Taupin likewise signifies swarthy.

TAX. A tribute or duty rated on land, &c.

TE, Fr. A term used among miners to express a figure which greatly resembles the letter T, and which consists of a certain arrangement and disposition of the furnaces, chambers, or lodgments that are made under any particular part of a fortification, in order to blow it up. The Té has four lodgments; the double Té has eight; and the triple Té has twelve.

TECHNICAL, (Technique, Fr.) All terms, or words which have been invented for the purpose of expressing particular arts, are called technical.

Mots Techniques, Fr. Technical words.

TE DEUM. As far as it concerns military matters, is a religious hymn sung in thanksgiving for any victory obtained.

TEEP, Ind. A contract or note of hand.

TEFTERDAR Effendi. The commissary general is so called among the Turks.

TEINT, Teinte, Fr. In painting, an artificial or compound color, or the several colors which are used in a picture, considered as more or less, high or bright, or deep or thin, or weakened, &c.; to give the proper relievo, or softness, or distance, &c. of several objects.

Teint, which is used to draw a plan, Teinte dont on se sert pour lever un plan, Fr. Teint, in a general acceptation of the word, means any shade that is given to an object which is raised from the canvas, paper, &c. and placed in perspective.

TELAMONES. A term used in ancient architecture, to express the figures of men supporting entablatures, and other projections, the same as Cariatides.

TELESCOPE, (Télescope, Fr.) An optical instrument, composed of lenses, by means of which remote objects appear as if near at hand. The telescope was invented by Galilæo.

TELINGHI, Ind. The mountaineers on the Coromandel coast are denominated Telinghis; which is also the name of their nation, language or dialect.

To Tell off. A term used in military formations, to designate the relative proportions of any given body of men. Thus a battalion may be told off into wings, grand divisions, divisions, companies, platoons, half platoons, sub-divisions, and sections. It is the peculiar duty of every adjutant, and serjeant major to be particularly expert at telling off. Squadrons of horse are told off by half squadrons, divisions, sub-divisions, ranks of threes, and files right and left. But all troops, whether infantry or cavalry, should be accustomed to tell themselves off; that is to move off at the word of command, without delaying to be told off. The skilful officer will understand this, the unskilful cannot.

TEMOIN, Fr. A witness. It likewise signifies the second in a duel.

Temoins, Fr. In civil and military architecture, are pieces of earth left standing as marks or witnesses in the fosses of places which the workmen are emptying, that they may know exactly how many cubical fathoms of earth have been carried.

TEMPER. A state of steel or other metal, that best fits it for the use to which it is to be applied. Thus, the blade of a sword should be so tempered as to admit of considerable flexure without breaking, yet so elastic as to return to its shape, on the pressure being removed.

To Temper. In a military sense, to form metals to a proper degree of hardness.

TEMPEST, (Tempête, Fr.) According to Dr. Johnson, the utmost violence of the wind: the names by which the wind is called according to the gradual increase of its force seem to be, a breeze; a gust; a gale; a storm; a tempest.

TENABLE, (Tenable, Fr.) Such as may be maintained against opposition; such as may be held against attacks.

TENAILLE, Fr. (This word literally means shears.) A military evolution which was performed in the times of the ancients.

A phalanx, attacked by a lozenge or triangular wedge, bent its right and left forward by a half-quarter wheel each wing on their common centre; and when they found themselves opposite the sides of the enemy’s arrangement, they each marched on their own side, perpendicular to their line; by which means they both inclosed and attacked the enemy together, at the same time, while the head was engaged and at blows with the centre of the phalanx that had kept its ground. Such is the description authors have left us of the design and effects of this manœuvre.

The tenaille had considerable advantage over the triangular wedge; but, according to Chevalier Folard, it was not equally efficacious against the column. The latter could alter the direction of its march, and fall upon one of the wings, whether in motion or not, or detach the section of the tail or rear to take its wings in flank, while it was occupied in making the quarter conversion. The column and tenaille were formed for acting against each other, and could only be victorious over one another by the superior abilities of their commander. However, the column was always exposed to less danger than the tenaille, for the latter could not pursue the column without changing its order; whereas the column must destroy, and in a manner annihilate the tenaille, in case it should once break it.

The tenaille is unquestionably an excellent manœuvre, and strictly conformable to a very wise maxim, which directs us to multiply our strength and efforts as much as possible against one point. It is sometimes made use of in war without being sensible of its advantages; turning a flank with a longer line, is in fact the tenaille. This, however, does not hinder the manœuvre from being well performed; for the nature of ground not being level like a sheet of paper, the commander in ranging his troops, according to the advantages of the situation, does not form a perfect tenaille, such as may be drawn or sketched out, but one of an irregular kind, which produces the same effects; and this is what should be sought on all occasions. This order is also called a potence.

Tenailles, in fortification, are low works made in the ditch before the curtains. There are three sorts: viz. the first are the faces of the bastions produced till they meet, but much lower; the second have faces, flanks, and a curtain; and the third have only faces and flanks.

Single Tenaille, (Tenaille simple, Fr.) is a work whose front is advanced towards the country, having two faces, forming a re-entering angle: its two long sides terminate on the counterscarp, opposite to the angle of the shoulder.

Double Tenaille (Tenaille double, ou flanquée, Fr.) is a work whose front, having 4 faces, forms 2 re-entering, and 3 salient angles: its long sides are likewise parallel, and terminate on the counterscarp, opposite to the angle of the shoulder. Both the single and double tenailles have this fault, viz. that they are not flanked or defended at the re-entering angle, because the height of the parapet hinders the soldiers from discovering before that angle. Therefore tenailles should only be made when there is not room enough to make horn-works. The ramparts, parapets, ditches, covert-way, and glacis of tenailles, are the same with other out-works.

Tenaille of a place, is what is comprehended between the points of two neighboring bastions; as the faces, flanks, and curtains. Hence it is said, the enemy attacked the whole tenaille of a place, when they made two attacks on the faces of the two bastions.

Tenailles, Fr. Pincers, nippers, sheers, tenails.

TENAILLER, Fr. To tear off the flesh with red hot pincers. This punishment existed in civilized Europe, until the French revolution.

TENAILLON, Fr. This is sometimes called among the French grande lunette. It is a work composed of two parts, each of which covers the faces of the half-moon; in whose front the tenaillon is constructed.

Un Tenaillon, Fr. A little tenaille. See Fortification.

TENDELET, Fr. An awning; such as is used on board of ship, and over carriages, in hot countries.

TENDRE, Fr. To stretch; to spread. This word has various significations in the French language. In military matters, it is common to say,

Tendre un piège à quelqu’un, Fr. To lay a snare for any body.

Tendre une marquise, une tente, Fr. To pitch a marquee, a tent.

TENIR, Fr. To hold, to keep, &c.

Tenir tête à quelqu’un, Fr. To cope with any body.

Se TENIR, Fr. To remain; to stay; to hold fast.

Se TENIR bien à cheval, Fr. To sit well on horseback, to have a good seat.

TENON, (Tenon, Fr.) Any thing that holds or keeps fast; that part of a frame work which is cut to fit a mortise.

Tenon d’arquebuse, Fr. Loop of a gun.

TENT, (Tente, Fr.) This word is originally derived from the Latin tendo, I stretch; whence tendre, to stretch. A soldier’s moveable lodging place, commonly made of canvas, and extended upon poles.

The sizes of the officers tents are not fixed; some regiments have them of one size, and some another. A captain’s tent and marquee should be 10¹⁄₂ feet broad, 14 deep, and 8 high: those of the subalterns are a foot less: the major’s and lieutenant-colonel’s, a foot larger; and the colonel’s 2 feet larger.

The subalterns lie two in a tent, those of engineers but one.

The tents of private men should be 6¹⁄₂ feet square, 6 feet high, and hold 5 soldiers each.

The tents for the horse seven feet broad, and 9 feet deep: they hold likewise 5 men and their horse accoutrements.

Common Infantry Tent. Length of ridge pole is 7 feet; length of standards 6 feet. They hold only 5 men each. Weight complete 27 lbs. Great alterations have taken place in tents since the French revolution.

Bell Tent. This was the name of a small tent that was formerly in use, also called a tent of arms, being used only for holding arms in the front of the line; the use of it is now exploded; and the form being given to those now used for infantry or cavalry; weight, complete with poles, 43 lbs. length of pole 9 feet, contain 12 men each, require 40 pegs.

Marquee. Weight complete, 1 cwt. 17 lbs. ridge pole 9 feet; standard 8 feet.

Round Tent. A circular tent which contains 12 men; the weight complete, with poles, 43 lbs. Length of pole 10 feet.

Hospital Tent. A large commodious tent, which is appropriated for the sick. It sometimes happens, that when a contagious disorder breaks out in a camp, or in barracks, the persons infected are removed from the hospital and lodged in a tent, which is pitched for that purpose in the neighborhood. It is usual for the commanding officer of the regiment to order one or more sentries to be furnished to the regimental hospital, and the same to the hospital tent, which sentries are directed to permit no person to enter but those concerned in the hospital, the staffs and officers of the regiment. They are to be particularly careful in preventing liquor, or any thing improper, from being carried into the hospital; nor are they to permit any patient to go out (to the necessary excepted) without a ticket of leave from the attending surgeon.

Laboratory Tent, in artillery, a large tent which is sometimes carried to the field for the convenience of fire-workers and bombardiers. The weight complete, with poles, pins, &c. 3 cwt. 24 lbs. length of ridge pole 18 feet, length of poles 14¹⁄₂ feet.

Tent bedstead. A small portable bedstead, so contrived as to correspond with the shape of an officer’s tent.

Tent-Pins, pieces of wood, which are indented at the top, and made sharp at the bottom, to keep the cords of a tent or marquee firm to the earth. There are four large ones which serve for the weather cords.

Tent-Poles. The poles upon which a tent or marquee is supported.

Tent walls. See Wall.

Tent likewise means lint to put in a wound.

TENTED. Having tents pitched on it. Hence “the tented field.”

TERRAIN, Fr. This word is sometimes written terrein, and signifies, generally, any space or extent of ground.

Gagner du TERRAIN peu-à-peu, Fr. To gain ground little by little.

Perdre du TERRAIN, Fr. To lose ground.

Menager son TERRAIN, Fr. To make the most of your ground. It is likewise used in a figurative sense, viz. Un homme est fort quand il est sur son terrain, Fr. A man always speaks with great confidence when he is thoroughly master of the subject.

Terrain du camp, Fr. The ground within the lines of encampment.

Lever le Terrain, Fr. To reconnoitre, to take a survey of ground.

Chicaner le Terrain, Fr. To dispute the ground; to fight it inch by inch.

Tenir un grand Terrain, Fr. To take up much ground.

TERRASS. See Mortar.

TERRASSE, Fr. Terrace, platform.

Contre-TERRASSE, Fr. A terrace that is raised above another.

TERRASSER, Fr. To throw down, to rout completely.

TERRASSIER, Fr. This word is used among the French not only to signify the person who undertakes to see heaps of earth removed, &c. for any specific purpose, but likewise the man who actually carries it.

TERRE, la TERRE, Fr. Earth, the earth.

TERRE-PLEIN, Fr. See Fortification.

TERRER, se Terrer, Fr. To hide under ground. The French say, des gens de guerre se sont bien terres; meaning thereby, that they had thrown up entrenchments with earth, so as to be covered from the enemy’s fire. Terrer une artifice, to cover the head of any fire-work with earth.

TERRES-Amendees, Fr. Earths that have been used in the cleansing of saltpetre. Saltpetre-men call these earths Terres reanimees.

TERREUR, Fr. Fear, apprehension.

TERREUR panique, Fr. See Panic.

TERTIATE, in gunnery, is to examine the thickness of the metal of a piece of artillery, in order to judge of its strength. This is usually done with a pair of calliper compasses.

TERTIATING a piece of ordnance, is to find whether it has its due thickness, at the vent, trunnions, and neck; if the trunnions and neck are in their due order, and the chase straight, &c.

TERTRE, Fr. A small rising ground that stands unconnected with any other.

TESSONS, Fr. Potsherds.

TESTAMENT Militaire, Fr. Among the French, a will which is made in the presence of two witnesses only, and is not committed to paper.

TESTIMONY. Verbal declaration given upon oath or honor before any court martial. The testimony of a witness should neither be influenced nor interrupted, and the precise words used by him should be written down in the proceedings without any alteration.

TESTUDO, in the military art of the ancients, was a kind of cover or screen, which the soldiers of each company made themselves of their bucklers, by holding them up over their heads, and standing close to each other. This expedient served to shelter them from darts, stones, &c. thrown upon them, especially those from above, when they went to the assault.

Testudo, was also a kind of large wooden tower, which moved on several wheels, and was covered with bullocks’ hides: it served to shelter the soldiers when they approached the walls to mine them, or to batter them with rams.

TETE, Fr. Head.

Tete du Camp, Fr. The head of the camp, or the front ground which looks towards the country; and where troops bivouac.

TETE de la Sappe, Fr. Head of the sap.

Tete de Chevalement, Fr. A cross beam which lies upon two upright stays, and supports any part of a wall, &c. whilst it is in repair.

Faire (ou tenir) Tete à quelqu’un, Fr. To oppose a person; to keep him at bay.

Avoir quelqu’un en tête, Fr. To have any person opposed to one, viz. Turenne avoit en Tête Montecuculli; Turenne was opposed by Montecuculli.

Tetes, Fr. In the plural number, are the same as men or lives, viz. La prise d’une place a coute bien des Tetes. The reduction or taking of a place has cost many lives or men.

Avoir la Tete de tout, Fr. To be the most advanced.

Tete de Pont, Fr. That part of a bridge which is on the enemy’s side. When the bridge is fortified on both sides, the French say, Les deux tetes de pont.

Tete de Porc, Fr. This word means literally a hog’s head. It is used to denote a military arrangement of the triangular kind. Those mentioned under the term wedge, were composed of ranks, greater one than another, in a regular progression from the incisive angle to the base. The tete de porc was formed of small bodies ranged in lines in the same sense, and in the same progression as the ranks in the preceding wedges; that is to say, a small body (probably square) was placed at the head, another of the same size was posted behind it, having two others, one on its right, the other on its left, both extending the full length of their front beyond the wings of the first. Behind those three, five others were ranged in the same order, and so on successively until all were placed.

This arrangement is equal to the former (viz. that of the wedge) with regard to defects; as to advantages it has but one only, which will never be of weight enough to gain it any degree of reputation; it is this, that being composed of small bodies, each having its leader or commander, all the different parts are more or less capable of defence should they be attacked at the time they are forming or dividing; and if the enemy attempted to form the Tenaille, they might detach some of those small bodies to interrupt their motions, or to attack them in flank.

This disposition corresponds with the movement by echellons from the centre, or both wings thrown back; it is in the modern mode a most imposing and important disposition, where the force that uses it is inferior in number, and well disciplined to rapid evolution.

TETHER. A string by which horses are held from pasturing too wide. We say, figuratively, to go the length of one’s tether; to speak or act with as much freedom as circumstances will admit.

TETRAEDRON, (Tetraëdre, Fr.) In geometry, one of the five regular bodies. It is a pyramid which is terminated by four equilateral triangles, that are equal to each other; in the same manner that the tetragon is a recontilineal figure of four equal sides, which has four right angles.

TETRAGONAL. Square, having equal sides and angles.

TETRARCH. A Roman governor of the fourth part of a province.

TEUTONIC, (Teutonique, Fr.) See Orders.

TEVEEL, Ind. The treasury.

TEVEELDAR, Ind. The treasurer.

THANE. An ancient military title of honor, now obsolete.

To THANK. In military matters, to make honorable mention of a person or persons for having behaved gallantly in an action, or otherwise rendered a public service.

To be Thanked. To receive a public testimony of good conduct. Officers, &c. are generally thanked in public orders.

Thanks. Public acknowlegements for gallant actions.

Vote of Thanks. It has been customary in all civilized countries for the legislature to pay a public tribute of applause to those warriors who have fought their country’s battles with success, and have otherwise distinguished themselves by particular feats of gallantry and good conduct. The French, during the progress of their revolution, have had frequent recourse to this mode of adding new zeal and fresh courage to their armies, and of expressing national gratitude.

THEATRE of war. Any extent of country in which war is carried on may be so called. The French say Théatre de la guerre. It signifies the same with us as seat of war. According to Turpin, page 21, in his essay on the Art of War, there are but three sorts of countries which may become the theatre of war; an open country divided by rivers, a woody, or a mountainous one. The dispositions for a march must of course be varied as the situation of places differ.

THEODOLITE. A mathematical instrument useful to engineers and artillerists, in taking heights and distances.

THEOREM, (Théoreme, Fr.) In mathematics, a proposition which is purely speculative and tends to the discovery of some hidden truth.

An universal Theorem, in mathematics, is one that extends universally to any quantity without restriction; as that the rectangle of the sum, and difference of any two quantities, is equal to the difference of their squares.

A particular Theorem is when it extends only to a particular quantity.

A negative Theorem is one that demonstrates the impossibilities of an assertion, as that the sum of two biquadrate numbers cannot make a square.

A local Theorem. That which relates to surface; as the triangles of the same base and altitude are equal.

THEORETICAL, (Théorique, Fr.) What appertains to theory.

THEORY, (Théorie, Fr.) The speculative part of any particular science, in which truths are demonstrated without being practically followed. Or more distinctly; a theory is an opinion formed in the mind, that certain effects must arise from certain combinations of matters or circumstances; the matters or circumstances being known, the result or consequence not yet demonstrated by experiment.

School of Theory. In order to secure to the army intelligent and well informed officers, it has been wisely suggested, that there should be a school of military theory in each regiment. The persons selected for this purpose are to pass an examination before competent persons, whenever the vicinity of regimental quarters will allow them to attend.

Order of Maria Theresa. A military order of knighthood, which was founded and established by the house of Austria on the 18th of June, 1757, and was distinguished by the name of the reigning queen and empress, being called the Imperial Military Order of Maria Theresa.

THERMES, Fr. Small barges or boats in which persons formerly bathed.

THERMOMETER, (Thermometre, Fr.) An instrument for measuring the heat of the air, or of any matter.

THERMOSCOPE, (Thermoscope, Fr.) An instrument by which the degrees of heat are discovered; a thermometer.

THIEF. Any person that robs another. The character of a thief is of so foul a cast in a military life, that the least imputation of dishonesty incapacitates either officer or soldier from remaining in the service.

Soldier’s THIGH. A well-known part of the human frame which takes its peculiar military application from the notorious poverty of army men in general. Hence, Soldier’s Thigh figuratively means an empty purse, or, speaking familiarly, a pair of breeches that fit close and look smooth, because the pockets have nothing in them.

THILL. The shafts of a waggon; hence, the horse which goes between the shafts is called the thill horse, or thiller.

To THIN. To make less numerous. As to thin the ranks by a heavy discharge of ordnance and firearms.

THIRTEEN. A shilling is so called in Ireland; thirteen pence of that country’s currency being only equal to twelve pence English.

THREE DEEP. Soldiers drawn up in three ranks, consisting of front, centre, and rear, are said to be three deep. It is the fundamental order of the infantry, in which they should always form and act in close order, and for which all their operations and movements are calculated.

THREES. A term used in the telling off in squadron, because the front of three horses in rank, is equal to the length of one horse from head to tail.

Ranks by threes. Each half squadron is told off by threes. See Cavalry, Mil. Library.

To THROW. To force any thing from one place to another; thus artillerists say, to throw a shot or shell, or so many shot or shells were thrown.

THRUST. Hostile attack with any pointed weapon, as in fencing. When one party makes a push with his sword to wound his adversary with the point it is called a thrust.

THUMBSTALL. A piece of leather which every careful soldier carries with him to secure the lock of his musquet from moisture.

THUNDERING-legion, was a legion in the Roman army consisting of Christian soldiers, who, in the expedition of the emperor Marcus Aurelius against the Sarmatæ, Quadi, and Marcomanni, saved the whole army, then ready to perish from thirst, by procuring, by their prayers, a very plentiful shower thereon, and at the same time a furious storm of hail, mixed with lightning and thunderbolts, on the enemy.

This is the account commonly given by ecclesiastical historians, and the whole history is engraven in bass-relievos on the Antonine column.

TIDEGATE. See Sluice-gate.

TIERCE. A thrust in fencing, delivered at the outside of the body over the arm.

TILE, -

TYLE,

in military building, a sort of thin, factitious, laminated brick, used on the roofs of houses; or more property a kind of clayey earth, kneaded and moulded of a just thickness, dried and burnt in a kiln, like a brick, and used in the covering and paving of different kinds of military and other buildings. The best brick earth should only be made into tiles.

The tiles for all sorts of uses may now be comprised under 7 heads, viz. 1. The plain-tile, for covering of houses, which is flat and thin. 2. The plain-tile, for paving, which is also flat, but thicker; and its size 9, 10, or 12 inches. 3. The pan-tile, which is also used for covering of buildings, and is hollow, and crooked, or bent, somewhat in the manner of an S. 4. The Dutch glazed pan-tile. 5. The English glazed pan-tile. 6. The gutter-tile, which is made with a kind of wings. 7. The hip, ridge, or corner-tile.

Plain-Tiles, are best when they are firmest, soundest, and strongest. Some are duskier, and others ruddier, in color. The dusky-colored are generally the strongest. These tiles are not laid in mortar, but pointed only in the inside.

Paving-Tiles, are made of a more sandy earth than the common or plain-tiles: the materials for these last must be absolutely clay, but for the others a kind of loam is used. These are made thicker and larger than the common roof-tiles; and, when care has been taken in the choice of the earth, and the management of the fire, they are very regular and beautiful.

Pan-Tiles, when of the best kind, are made of an earth not much unlike that of the paving-tiles, and often of the same; but the best sort of all is a pale-colored loam that is less sandy; they have about the same degree of fire given them in the baking, and they come out nearly of the same color. These tiles are laid in mortar, because the roof being very flat, and many of them warped in the burning, will not cover the building so well as that no water can pass between them.

Dutch glazed Pan-Tiles, get the addition of glazing in the fire. Many kinds of earthly matter running into a glassy substance in great heat, is a great advantage to them, preserving them much longer than the common pan-tiles, so that they are very well worth the additional charge that attends the using them.

English glazed Pan-Tiles, are in general not so good as the Dutch ones under that denomination; but the process is nearly the same.

Dutch Tiles, for chimnies, are of a kind very different from all the rest. They are made of a whitish earth, glazed and painted with various figures, such as birds, flowers, or landscapes, in blue or purple color; and sometimes quite white: they are about 6.5 inches each way, and three quarters or an inch thick. They are seldom used at present.

Gutter-Tiles, are made of the same earth as the common pan-tiles, and only differ from them in shape; but it is adviseable that particular care be taken in tempering and working the earth for these, for none are more liable to accidents. The edges of these tiles are turned up at the larger ends for about 4 inches. They are seldom used where lead is to be had.

Hip or Corner-Tiles, are at first made flat like pan-tiles of a quadrangular figure, whose two sides are right lines, and the ends arches of circles; the upper end concave, and the lower convex; the latter being about 7 times as broad as the other: they are about 10.5 inches long; but before they are burnt are bent upon a mould in the form of a ridge-tile, having a hole at the narrow end, to nail them on the hip corner of the roof.

Ridge-Tiles are used to cover the ridges of houses, and are made in the form of a semi-cylindrical surface, about 13 inches in length, and of the same thickness as plain-tiles; their breadth at the outside measures about 16 inches.

TILLAC, Fr. The same as pont, which signifies the deck of a ship.

Franc-TILLAC, Fr. The lower deck.

TILT, a thrust, or fight with rapiers; also an old military game. See Tournament.

TILTER, one who fights or contests in a tournament.

TIMBALE, Fr. A brass kettle-drum, such as is used by European cavalry. French soldiers say figuratively, Faire bouillir la timbale; to make the pot boil.

TIMARIOT, a Turkish soldier who has a certain allowance made him, for which he is not only obliged to arm, clothe, and accoutre himself, but he must likewise provide a certain number of militia-men. The allowance is called Timar.

The Timariots are under the immediate command of the Sangiack or Bey, according to their particular distribution. When the Timariots belonging to Natolia, do not join the standard, they forfeit a whole year’s allowance, which is deposited in a chest or stock-purse called mankafat. But the Timariots in Europe or Turkey, are not liable to this fine. When they refuse to serve, they are suspended for two years. The income of a Timariot amounts to five thousand aspres, and the Timariots of Hungary have six thousand. When an Hungarian Timariot dies, the Bashaw of Buda has the power of dividing his property into two parts, which is placed to the account of the Ottoman government, and enables it to pay two soldiers.

There are different classes among the Timariots. Some are called Ikmalers, some Isels, and others Bernobets.

The Ikmalers are in possession of that species of Timar which cannot be divided for the benefit of government after the decease of the individual.

The Isels are subject to a division of property among two or three persons, at the will of the Porte.

The Bernobets are in possession of that kind of Timar which may become the property of three or four individuals who serve together, or relieve each other alternately, on condition that the one who takes the field enjoys the whole benefit of the Timar during his stay with the army. There are many of this kind in Natolia. Every thing which appertains to the Turkish cavalry, known by the name of Topachly, and which is regularly clothed, armed, accoutred, and paid by certain officers, belonging to the Ottoman empire, out of revenues called maly-mukata, may be ascertained and known under the several appellations of Timariots, Zaims, Begliers, and Beglierbeys.

TIMARS, certain revenues, in Turkey, growing out of lands which originally belonged to Christian clergy and nobility, and which the sultans seized, when they conquered the countries they inhabited.

By means of these Timars and Ziamets the Grand Signor is enabled to support the greatest part of his cavalry.

The Timars differ in value. The richest, however, do not exceed twenty thousand aspres annually, which may be considered as equal to about three hundred and fifty dollars; and the Ziamets receive full as much. Those who are entitled to Timars, are called Timariots, and those who have Ziamets are named Zaims.

TIMBER, in military architecture, includes all kinds of felled and seasoned wood used in the several parts of building, &c.

Oak, of all the different kinds of timber known for building, is preferred by the European nations; because, when well seasoned and dry, it is very tough and hard: it does not split so easy as other timber, and bears a much greater weight than any other. When it is used under cover, it never perishes, no more than in water; on the contrary, the older it grows the harder it becomes; and when it is exposed to the weather, it exceeds all other timbers for durability. English oak is said to be the best, American the next, then Norway, and lastly Germany. But there are various kinds of American oaks.

Elm, if felled between November and February, is all spine, or heart, and no sap, and is of singular use in places where it is always wet or dry. It is very tough and pliable; it is easily worked, and does not readily split: it bears driving of bolts and nails into it better than any other wood; for which reason it is prepared for artillery uses.

Beech is likewise a very useful wood; it is very tough and white when young, and of great strength, but liable to warp very much when exposed to the weather, and to be worm eaten when used within doors. It is frequently used for axle-trees, fellies, and all kinds of wheelwright work: but where it is kept constantly wet, and free from air, it will outlast oak.

Ash. Its use is almost universal. It serves in buildings, or for any other uses where it is skreened from the weather: hand-spikes and oars are chiefly made of it; and indeed it is the wood that is most fit for this, or any other purpose, which requires toughness and pliability.

Fir, commonly known by the name of pine is much used in building, especially within doors. It wants but little seasoning, and is much stronger while the resinous particles are not exhausted, than when it is very dry: it will last long under water.

Chesnut-tree, especially wild chesnut, is by many esteemed to be as good as oak.

But the best of all timber for shipbuilding is the Teak of Asia; it endures water four times as long as oak, is much more easily wrought; iron spikes drove into it do not rust.

There are many other kinds of wood, used in military works, not mentioned here.

Preserving of TIMBER. When boards, &c. are dried, seasoned, and fixed in their places, care is to be taken to defend and preserve them: to which the smearing them with linseed oil, tar, or the like oleaginous matter, contributes much.

The Dutch preserve their gates, portcullices, draw-bridges, sluices, &c. by coating them over with a mixture of pitch and tar, whereon they strew small pieces of cockle and other shells, beaten almost to powder, and mixed with sea sand, which incrusts and arms it wonderfully against wind and weather.

Seasoning of TIMBER. As soon as felled, it should be laid in some dry airy place, but out of reach of too much wind or sun, which, in excess, will subject it to crack and fly. It is not to be set upright, but laid along, one tree upon another, only with some short blocks between, to give it the better airing, and prevent it becoming mouldy, which will rot the surface and produce mushrooms on it. Some persons daub the trees all over with cow-dung, which occasions their drying equally, and prevents their cracking, as they are otherwise very apt to do.

Some recommend the burying timber in the earth, as the best method of seasoning it; and others have found it a fine preservative to bury their timber under the wheat in their granaries; but this cannot be made a general practice. In Norway they season their deal planks, by laying them in salt water for three or four days, when new sawed, and drying them in the sun: this is found a great advantage to them; but neither this, nor any thing else, can prevent their shrinking.

Timber should always be seasoned, when it is intended for piles and other pieces that are to stand under the earth or water. The Venetians first found out this method; and the way they do it is this: they put the piece to be seasoned in a strong and violent flame, turning it continually round by means of an engine, taking it out when it is every where covered with a black coaly crust: by this means the internal part of the wood is so hardened, that neither earth nor water can damage it for a long time after.

TIME. The measure of duration, by which soldiers regulate the cadence of a march: as slow, ordinary, or quick, and quickest time or step, which see.

Time, in manœuvring. That necessary interval betwixt each motion in the manual exercise, as well as in every movement the army or any body of men make.

Time, in fencing. There are three kinds of time; that of the sword, that of the foot, and that of the whole body. All the times that are perceived out of their measure, are only to be considered as appels or feints to deceive and amuse the enemy.

Time thrust, in fencing. A thrust given upon any opening which may occur by an inaccurate or wide motion of your adversary, when changing his guard, &c.

TIMING, is the accurate and critical throwing in of a cut or thrust upon any opening that may occur as your adversary changes his position.

TIMON, Fr. Shafts of a cart, coach-pole.

TIMONIER, Fr. This word is frequently used as a sea term by the French, and signifies helmsman, or steersman, from Timon, which is applied to the part of the helm he holds.

TIN tubes. See Tubes and Laboratory.

TINDALS, Ind. Native officers employed in the artillery, and in ships.

TIR, Fr. In artillery. A term used to express the explosion or discharge of any firearm in any given direction. Un bon, un mauvais tir, a good, a bad shot; or a shot well or ill directed.

La theorie du TIR, Fr. The theory or art of firing.

Tir perpendiculaire, Fr. A shot made in a perpendicular direction.

Tir oblique, Fr. An oblique shot.

Tir à ricochet, Fr. A ricochet shot.

Tir rasant, Fr. A grazing shot; or shot made rasant. See Fortification.

Tir plongeant, Fr. A downward or plunging shot.

Tir fichant, Fr. A shot made fichant. See Fortification.

La justesse du TIR, Fr. The true direction of a shot. The French say, ce fusil n’a pas le tir juste, this musquet has not a true direction, or its shot diverges from the point levelled at.

TIRAILLER, Fr. To pester, to annoy. Hence the word Tirailleur.

TIRAILLEUR. A soldier who fires as he pleases; a rifleman.

Tirailleurs are likewise skirmishers or marksmen, advanced in front to annoy the enemy, and draw off his attention; or they are left behind to amuse and stop his progress in the pursuit; a column of infantry is often ordered to act as tirailleurs.

TIRE, are great guns, shot, shells, &c. placed in a regular form. See Piles.

Tire-balle, Fr. An instrument used by surgeons to extract musquet-balls.

Tire-bourre, Fr. In artillery, a wad-hook. It likewise signifies a worm to draw the charge out of a musquet.

Tire-fond, Fr. An instrument which is used among the French to fix a petard. It likewise means a surgeon’s tenebra or piercer.

Tire ligne, Fr. An instrument used in drawing lines.

Tire-ployer, Fr. To discharge; to unload.

TIRER, Fr. To shoot, to fire.

Tirer à boulets rouges, Fr. To fire with red hot shot.

Tirer des armes à feu. To fire any species of firearm. There is a curious and well written passage on this subject in the Supplement aux reveries de M. le Maréchal de Saxe, page 76.

Tirer le canon, Fr. To fire or discharge pieces of ordnance.

Tirer likewise means to move towards any place, viz. Après la battaille gagnee, l’armee tira vers un tel lieu; after the battle had been won, the army moved towards such a quarter.

Tirer dix ou douze pieds d’eau, Fr. To draw ten or twelve feet water.

Tirer à la mer, Fr. To put off to sea.

TIREUR, Fr. A game keeper, a shooter.

Tireur d’arc, Fr. A bowman, an archer.

Tireur d’armes, Fr. A fencing-master.

TYROLIANS. A body of sharp shooters in the Austrian service. They take their name from the Tyrol, a country formerly belonging to Germany, about 150 miles long, and 120 broad. It is wholly mountainous, and was part of the hereditary dominions of the house of Austria; but having been twice conquered by the French, part has been irrevocably ceded to Bavaria in 1809, the rest is incorporated with the kingdom of Italy.

TOCSIN, Fr. An alarm bell.

TOHIE, Ind. A canoe.

TOISE, in military mensuration, is a French measure, containing 6 feet, or a fathom: a square toise is 36 square feet, and a cubical toise is 216 feet.

These two measures correspond in the division of the feet; but these divisions being unequal, it is necessary to observe, that the proportion of the yard, as fixed by the Royal Society at London, to the half toise as fixed by the Royal Academy at Paris, is as 36 to 38.355.

Toise carree, Fr. Any square extent, having six feet in every sense.

Toise cube, Fr. Any substance having 6 feet in length, 6 ditto in breadth, and 6 in depth.

Toise, Fr. This word is used in the masculine gender, and signifies, in mathematics, the science or art of measuring surfaces and solids, and of reducing the measure by accurate calculation.

Une affaire TOISEE, Fr. A familiar phrase signifying, the thing is done, all over.

TOISER, Fr. To measure by the toise.

Toiser, Fr. In a military sense, to take the height of a man, as, toiser un soldat, to take the height of a soldier. The French likewise say in a figurative sense, toiser son homme, to examine one’s man with great attention, in order to find out his merits, or good qualities.

TOISEUR, Fr. A person employed among the French in the constructing and repairing of fortifications.

Toiseur, Fr. A measurer.

TOISON d’or. Fr. The golden fleece.

La Toison, Fr. The order of the Golden Fleece is so called.

TOKERY, Ind. A basket made with cane.

TOLE, Fr. Iron beat into thin plates.

TOMAN, Ind. Ten thousand men.

TOMAND, Ind. Equal to something more than three guineas.

TOMBER, Fr. To fall. Le vent tombe, the wind falls. Tomber entre les mains des ennemis, to fall into the hands of enemies.

TOMBIE, Ind. A wind instrument made in the shape of a globe.

TOMPION. See Tampion.

TAMSOOK Hazin Zaminee, Ind. A security for personal appearance.

TOMTOM, Ind. A small drum made in the shape of a tambourine.

TONDIN, Fr. A term in architecture which is seldom used. It is the same as the astragal or fillet which goes round the base of pillars.

TONG. See Tenaille.

Tongs of a waggon, a piece of wood fixed between the middle of the hind ends of the shafts, mortised into the fore cross-bar, and let into the hind cross-bar.

TONGUE of a sword. That part of the blade on which the gripe, shell, and pummel are fixed.

A triangular TONGUE. The bayonet figuratively so called from its shape.

TONNAGE, Fr. A word adopted from the English.

TONNAGE. A custom or impost due for merchandize brought or carried in tons from or to other nations after a certain rate in every ton.

Tonnage. The usual method of finding the tonnage of any ship is by the following rule:—Multiply the length of the keel by the breadth of the beam, and that product by half the breadth of the beam; and divide the last product by 94, and the quotient will be the tonnage.

Ship’s keel 72 feet: breadth of beam 24 feet.

72 × 24 × 1294 = 220·6 tonnage.

The tonnage of goods and stores is taken sometimes by weight and sometimes by measurement; and that method is allowed to the vessel which yields the most tonnage. In tonnage by weight 20 cwt. make 1 ton. In tonnage by measurement 40 cubic feet equal 1 ton. All carriages, or other stores to be measured for tonnage, are taken to pieces and packed in the manner which will occupy the least room on board ship. All ordnance, whether brass or iron, is taken in tonnage by its actual weight. Musquet cartridges in barrels or boxes, all ammunition in boxes, and other articles of great weight, are taken in tonnage according to their actual weight.

The following is the tonnage required for some of the most material ordnance stores by the British usage.

TONNAGE OF ORDNANCE.

Kinds. No. T. ct. qr.

Axes, complete with handles - Pole 264 — 10 0

Pick 100 — 9 0

Felling 176 — 14 0

Barrows— Wheel, packed 20 2 2 0

Do. unpacked 7 1 0 0

Hand, single 20 0 18 0

Budge barrels 32 1 0 0

Bricks 1000 2 5 0

Buckets of leather 20 0 2 0

Pontoon & carriage complete, with its appurtenances 11 0 0

Carbines.—A chest with 25 stand is 11 feet cubic

Carriages.— Standing 42 prs. 1 13 0

32 prs. 1 10 0

Howitzer 10 in. 1 10 0

24 prs. 1 9 3

18 prs. - 1 7 0

Howitzer 8 inch.

12 prs. 1 4 0

9 prs. 1 3 0

6 prs. 1 0 0

4 prs. 0 17 0

Carriages.—Travelling, complete with limber boxes, ladles, sponges and rammers - 24 prs. 5 10 0

12 prs. 4 10 2

9 prs. 4 7 2

6 prs. 3 7 2

3 prs. 2 19 0

Medium - 24 prs. - 2 9 2

12 prs.

6 pr. light, with ammunition boxes - 2 3 0

5¹⁄₂ inch howitzer, Do.

5¹⁄₂ inch howitzer of 10 cwt. - Car- riages - 3 2 0

8 inch howitzer 3 7 2

Sling cart complete 3 0 2

Forage cart, with limber 4 0 0

Ammunition waggon 4 18 1

Gravel cart 2 16 2

Duke of Richmond’s close bodied waggon 5 0 0

Road waggon, with upright sides 7 10 0

Gin; triangle 0 14 0

Grate for heating shot 0 4 2

Handspikes 120 1 0 0

Handcrow levers, of 5 feet 120 1 0 0

Handscrews, large 15 1 0 0

Handscrews, small 17 1 0 6

Helves, pick or felling 300 0 14 0

Do. sledge 300 1 0 0

Do. pinmaul 360 1 0 0

Junk 20 cwt. 1 5 0

Linstocks, with cocks 600 1 0 0

Linstocks, without cocks 1000 1 0 0

Musquets.—A chest with 25 is 16 feet.

Do. with 20 is 11 feet.

Match 6 cwt. 1 14 0

Powder - 11 whole barrels 1 0 0

22 half do. 1 0 0

Pitch or tar.—1 barrel is 7 feet.

Pistols.—A chest with 50 or 60 = 10 feet.

Park pickets 40 0 9 1

Pikes 280 1 0 0

Sheep skins 12 dozen 1 1 0

Shovels - of iron 100 1 0 0

Spades 184 1 0 0

Shovels, shod with iron 138 1 0 0

Sand bags Bales - Bushel 500 0 12 0

Half do. 500 0 7 1

2 bushel 250 0 8 1

The following is the tonnage allowed in the British service to the military officers of the ordnance embarked for foreign service, for their camp equipage and baggage:

For a field officer 5 tons

For a captain 3 do.

For a subaltern 1 ¹⁄₂ do.

TONNE, Fr. A tun. It likewise signifies a large cask or vessel which is used for stores and ammunition.

TONNEAUX Meutriers, Fr. Casks which are bound together with ropes, or circled round by iron hoops, and are filled with gunpowder, pebbles, &c. The particular method in which these casks are prepared may be seen in Tom. II. page 218, Des Œuvres Militaires.

TOOKSOWARS, Ind. The vizir’s body of cavalry.

TOOLS, used in war, are of many denominations and uses, as laboratory tools, mining tools, artificers tools, &c. which see.

TOPARCH, (Toparque, Fr.) The principal man in a place.

TOPARCHY, (Toparchie, Fr.) Superintendence; command in a district.

TOPAS, Ind. This name was originally given by the natives of India to a native Portuguese soldier, on account of his wearing a hat; contra-distinguished from the Hindus and Mahomedans who wear turbans.

TOPE, Ind. A small wood or grove.

Tope, Ind. A gun.

TOPEE, Ind. A hat.

Topee Walla, Ind. A person who wears a hat.

TOPEKHANA, Ind. The place where guns are kept; the arsenal.

TOPGI-Bachi. Grand master of the Turkish artillery. This appointment is one of the most important situations in the gift of the Porte. It is generally bestowed upon a relation to the Grand Signor, or upon a favorite to the Grand Visier.

The name is derived from tope, which, in the Turkish language, signifies cannon, and from Bach, which means lord, chief or commandant.