M. (continued 4)

No officer, or barrack-master, is, upon any account, to make any alteration or repairs at any barrack, or cause any expence to be incurred in providing any article relative thereto, without the direction of the barrack-master-general first obtained for that purpose.

On the 25th of March, 24th of June, 23d of September, and 24th of December, in every year, regular returns are to be transmitted by the barrack-masters to the barrack-master-general, of the state of the barracks, and of the furniture and utensils, both in use and store, specifying the actual condition of each, and the manner in which the apartments of the barrack or barracks, under their care have been occupied for the three months preceding; which return shall be countersigned by the commanding officers, who are directed personally and diligently to inspect the same.

The barrack-master-general is to take care, that a proper quantity of good and sufficient firing, candles, and other stores, be provided for each barrack every year. And the same is to be duly delivered out to the troops by the respective barrack-masters, at such times, and in such proportions, as are specified in the general regulations. The deliveries are to be vouched, not only by certificates of the actual amount, but also by accurate returns, stating the number in every troop, company or detachment, present at each weekly delivery. The said certificates and returns are to be given under the hand of the commanding officer in the barracks, and to be transmitted with the accounts. And a return thereof is without delay to be transmitted by the several barrack-masters, who from thenceforth are to remain accountable for the same to the barrack-master-general.

Half-yearly accounts of expenditures, with general returns of the receipts and issues, and the necessary vouchers for the same, are to be made up to the 24th of June, and 24th of December, in each year, and to be transmitted, within fourteen days after the said periods, to the barrack-master-general, who is to examine and settle the same without delay.

The issue of forage to the cavalry, is to be made according to a prescribed regulation. The officer commanding in each of the cavalry barracks, where forage shall be issued, is to transmit to the barrack-master-general a weekly return of the number of horses for which it has been delivered; and also the name and rank of each officer, with the number of horses for which he has received rations of forage. And at such periods as shall be required, by the barrack-master-general, the said commanding officer shall transmit to him, a general statement of the quantity of forage received and actually issued to the troops, the said certificate to be according to such form as shall be prescribed by the barrack-master-general.

Whenever small beer is to be issued to troops in barrack, it can only be supplied by such persons as shall have been approved by the barrack-master-general; and the delivery is to be vouched by a weekly return from the commanding officer, stating the number to whom it has been issued. And at such periods as shall be required by the barrack-master-general, the said commanding officer is to transmit to him a general statement of the quantity of small beer actually issued to the troops; the said certificate to be according to such form, as shall be prescribed by the barrack-master-general.

Every instance of neglect or misconduct which may occur in the management of barracks, must be reported to the barrack-master-general by the several officers commanding in barracks; and on the representation being judged sufficiently weighty, an inspector is to be sent down for the specific purpose of seeing every matter of complaint removed.

The barrack-master-general is authorised to take cognizance of all matters relative to accommodation, disposition, and supply, of the troops stationed in barracks, reporting thereupon, whenever it may be requisite, to the secretary at war, for the king’s information. And all officers, and barrack-masters, are directed and enjoined to obey such orders and directions as the barrack-master-general shall find necessary to be given thereon.

The barrack-master-general is from time to time to receive imprests of money, for the current services of each year, upon estimates signed by him, and delivered into the office of the secretary at war. And at the end of each year, he shall make up and deliver into the said office, a general account of barrack expenditures for the preceding twelve months. The half-yearly accounts of the several barrack-masters, and the accounts of other persons to whom monies shall have been paid within the period on behalf of the barrack department (for the propriety, justness, and accuracy of which, as also for their strict conformity to the regulations, he shall be held responsible,) together with their acquittances, shall be the vouchers upon which the said general accounts shall be passed, and warrants shall be made out according to the royal sign manual. See pages 69 to 80, General Regulations.

Quarter-MASTER of the victuals. The person who had the chief care and management of the provisions belonging to an army was formerly so called. See Purveyor.

Scout-Master-general. A person, formerly so called, under whose direction all the scouts and army messengers were placed. The appointment does not exist at present.

MASULIT, a boat used in the East Indies, which is calked with moss.

MATCH, in artillery, a kind of rope slightly twisted, and prepared to retain fire for the use of the artillery, mines, fireworks, &c. Slow match is made of hemp or tow, spun on the wheel like cord, but very slack; and is composed of three twists, which are afterwards again covered with tow, so that the twists do not appear: lastly, it is boiled in the lees of old wine. This, when once lighted at the end, burns on gradually, without ever going out, till the whole be consumed. It is mounted on a lint stock.

Quick Match, used in artillery, made of three cotton strands drawn into lengths, and put into a kettle just covered with white wine vinegar, and then a quantity of saltpetre and mealed powder is put in it, and boiled till well mixed. Others put only saltpetre into water, and after that take it out hot, and lay it into a trough with some mealed powder, moistened with some spirits of wine, thoroughly wrought into the cotton by rolling it backwards and forwards with the hands; and when this is done, they are taken out separately, drawn through mealed powder, and dried upon a line. See Laboratory.

Match.—The slow match used by the English is made by contract; one yard of it will burn about 8 hours. The French slow match is usually made by soaking light twisted white rope for three days in a strong lye. It burns about 3 feet in 6 hours.

Slow match was made at Gibraltar, during the last siege, in the following manner: eight ounces of saltpetre were put into a gallon of water, and just made to boil over a slow fire; strong blue paper was then wetted with the liquor, and hung to dry. When dry, each sheet was rolled up tight, and the outward edge pasted down, to prevent its opening: half a sheet, thus prepared, will burn 3 hours.

Quick Match Compositions.

Worsted Match.

Worsted 10 oz.

Mealed powder 10 lbs.

Spirits of wine 3 pints.

Water 3 do.

Isinglass ¹⁄₂ pint.

Cotton Match.

Cotton 1 lb. 12 oz.

Saltpetre 1 8

Mealed powder 10 —

Spirits of wine 2 quarts.

Water 3 pints.

The worsted or cotton must be laid evenly in an earthen or other pan, and the different ingredients poured over it, and about half the powder being left a short time to soak, it is afterwards wound smoothly on a reel, and laid to dry, the remaining half of the powder is then sifted over it; and it is ready for use when dry.

The French have lately made their slow match by soaking the rope in a solution of sugar of lead and rain water: in the proportion of ³⁄₄ths of an ounce of sugar of lead to one pint of water; and this they esteem as preferable to the old sort.

MATHEMATICS, originally signified any kind of discipline or learning; but, at present, denotes that science which teaches, or contemplates, whatever is capable of being numbered or measured; and accordingly is subdivided into arithmetic, which has numbers for its object; and geometry, which treats of magnitude.

Mathematics are commonly distinguished into pure and speculative, which consider quantity abstractedly; and mixed, which treat of magnitude as subsisting in material bodies, and consequently are interwoven every where with physical considerations.

Mixed Mathematics are very comprehensive, since to them may be referred astronomy, optics, geography, hydrography, hydrostatics, mechanics, fortification, gunnery, projectiles, mining, engineering, and navigation.

Pure mathematics have one peculiar advantage, that they occasion no disputes among wrangling disputants, as in other branches of knowlege; and the reason is, because the definitions of the terms are premised, and every one that reads a proposition has the same idea of every part of it. Hence it is easy to put an end to all mathematical controversies, by shewing, that our adversary has not stuck to his definitions, or has not laid down true premises, or else that he has drawn false conclusions from true principles; and, in case we are able to do neither of these, we must acknowlege the truth of what he has proved.

It is true, that in mixed mathematics, where we reason mathematically upon physical subjects, we cannot give such just definitions as the geometricians; we must therefore rest content with descriptions; and they will be of the same use as definitions, provided we are consistent with ourselves, and always mean the same thing by those terms we have once explained.

Dr. Barrow gives a most elegant description of the excellence and usefulness of mathematical knowlege, in his inaugural oration upon being appointed professor of mathematics at Cambridge.

The mathematics, he observes, effectually exercise, not vainly delude, nor vexatiously torment studious minds with obscure subtleties; but plainly demonstrate every thing within their reach, draw certain conclusions, instruct by profitable rules, and unfold pleasant questions. These disciplines likewise enure and corroborate the mind to constant diligence in study; they wholly deliver us from a credulous simplicity, most strongly fortify us against the vanity of scepticism, effectually restrain us from a rash presumption, most easily incline us to a due assent, perfectly subject us to the government of right reason. While the mind is abstracted and elevated from sensible matter, distinctly views pure forms, conceives the beauty of ideas, and investigates the harmony of proportions; the manners themselves are sensibly corrected and improved, the affections composed and rectified, the fancy calmed and settled, and the understanding raised and excited to nobler contemplations.

MATRAS, Fr. a sort of dart which was anciently used, and which was not sufficiently pointed to occasion any thing more than a bruise.

MATRON, a woman, generally the wife of some well behaved and good soldier, who is employed to assist in the regimental hospital. She is under the direction of the surgeon, by whom she is originally appointed to the situation. See Nurse.

MATROSSES, are properly assistants to the gunner, being soldiers in the British regiments of artillery, and next to them: they assist in loading, firing, and spunging the great guns. They carry firelocks, and march along with the guns and store-waggons, both as a guard, and to give their assistance on every emergency.

MATTER of Deed, in law, denotes something to be proved by witnesses, in contradistinction from matter of record, which may be proved by some process, &c. appearing in any court of record.

Matter, in a military sense, especially with regard to courts-martial, consists of the specific charges which are brought against a prisoner, and to which the president and members most strictly confine themselves. It has been very properly observed, in a small pamphlet upon martial law, that unacquainted with the serious consequence of a strict attention to the minutiæ of form in criminal proceedings, general courts-martial have looked upon the first swearing in of the court, as a sufficient authority to warrant their proceeding on the trial of a variety of offences; whereas, in propriety, the court should be sworn afresh at the commencement of every new prosecution: for though, as judges, (in the manner of a court of common law) once swearing would be sufficient; yet, as jurors, who are sworn on every different trial, though identically the same men, so are the members of general courts-martial to be considered, when a new criminal and fresh matter are brought before them. Lest, however, an established, and therefore an undisputed practice, should have acquired a force still difficult to be eradicated, we shall endeavor to point out those reasons which induce us to maintain this opinion. In the oath which is taken by each of the several members of a general court-martial, the words matter and prisoner, are cautiously inserted. These words, therefore, being absolutely confined to a single matter, and a single prisoner, and matters and prisoners not being subjected to their jurisdiction, how is it possible that men, with propriety, can proceed upon a trial which they are not warranted by law to decide upon? Were the obligation in the Articles of War decisive as to the trial of all matters, and all persons, and in all cases; or were the court possessed of the authority of extending the meaning of the oath, once swearing would undoubtedly be sufficient; but, as in every respect, the contrary is evident, as the very words of the oath express that “they shall well and truly try and determine according to their evidence, in the matter before them, &c.” How can it be otherwise than an unwarrantable irregularity in them, to proceed upon the trial of offenders, who, in the eye of the law, are not amenable to their authority? For, if the first prisoner to be tried, has a right to challenge an officer, who may be appointed to sit on an investigation of his offence, as a member of a court of enquiry, or who may be liable to any exceptions, why shall not the second and third prisoner be entitled to the same merciful indulgence? See Thoughts on Martial Law, pages 25, 26, 27, 28.

Combustible Matter, and Matter of composition. All solids and fluids are so called which are of an inflammable nature themselves, and can communicate fire to other substances.

MATTUCASHLASH, an ancient Scotch weapon, sometimes called armpit dagger, which was worn there, ready to be used on coming to close quarters. This, with a broad sword and shield, completely armed the highlanders. Since the use of fire arms, this weapon has been laid aside.

MATTOCK. An instrument somewhat resembling a pickax, but having two broad sharp edges instead of points.

MATTRESS, a sort of quilted bed of straw, used by officers on service, instead of the feather bed, differing from the paillasse in one particular only; the straw in the latter being loose, whereas that of the mattress is quilted in.

MAUG, Ind. The name of a month which partly agrees with our January and February.

MAUL, a heavy beater or hammer, generally shod with iron, used in driving piles, &c.

MAWANY, Ind. See Kistbundy.

MAXIMS, in fortification. See Fortification.

MEALED, pulverized, or reduced to powder.

MEAN Fortification. See Fortification.

MEANA, Ind. A machine or vehicle, a species of palankeen, but only used for carrying one person. It is borne by four men, and supported by means of a bamboo extended from the ends; being generally seven feet long, and three wide, with Venetian blinds, which slide and act as doors. Persons in India sometimes travel to a considerable distance in these vehicles; the number of bearers being increased, and successively relieved. It is computed that they will easily go at the rate of six miles in the hour.

MEASURE, in geometry, any quantity assumed as one, to which the ratio of other homogeneous or similar quantities is expressed.

Measure of an angle, the length of an arch described from the vertex to any place between its legs: hence angles are distinguished by the ratio of the arches between the legs to the peripheries. See Angle.

Measure of a figure, is a square, whose side is an inch, foot, yard, or other determinate measure. Hence square measures.

Among geometricians it is usually a square rod, called decempeda, divided into 10 square feet, and those into square digits, and those again into 10 lines, &c.

Measure of a line, any right line taken at pleasure, and considered as unity.

Measure of the mass or quantity of matter, in mechanics, is its weight: it being apparent that all the matter which coheres with a body, gravitates with it; and it being found by experiment, that the gravities of homogeneal bodies are in proportion to their bulks: hence while the mass continues the same, the absolute weight will be the same, whatever figure it puts on; for as to its specific weight, it varies as the quantity of its surface does.

Measure of a number, in arithmetic, such a number as divides another without leaving a fraction: thus 9 is a measure of 27.

Measure of a solid, is a cube, whose side is an inch, foot, yard, or other determinate length: in geometry, it is a cubic perch, divided into cubic feet, digits, &c. Hence cubic measure, or measures of capacity.

Measure of velocity, in projectiles, and mechanics, the space passed over by a moving body in any given time. The space therefore must be divided into as many equal parts, as the time is conceived to be divided into: the quantity of space answering to such portion of time, is the measure of the velocity.

Measures then are various, according to the different kinds and dimensions of things measured. Hence arise lineal and longitudinal measures for lines or lengths; for square areas; and solid or cubic, for bodies and their capacities: all which again are very different in different countries and ages, and even many of them for different commodities. Hence also arise other divisions, of domestic and foreign, ancient and modern, dry and wet (or liquid) measures, &c.

Long Measure. The English standard long measure, or that whereby the quantities of things are ordinarily estimated, is the yard containing three English feet, equal to three Paris feet one inch and ³⁄₁₂ths of an inch, or ⁷⁄₉ths of a Paris ell. Its subdivisions are the foot, span, palm, inch, and barley-corn: its multipliers are the pace, fathom, pole, furlong, and mile.

Table, which shews the length in English lines of the several long measures, and the relation of foreign measures to 100 English feet.

Long measure.

Places. Measure. Length of each measure —— Equiv. to 100 feet ——

Lines 100 num. 100

Aix la Chapelle foot 136 ,90 105 ,19

Amsterdam foot 134 ,25 107 ,26

Anspach foot 140 ,63 102 ,40

Antwerp foot 134 ,86 106 ,75

Augsburg foot 139 ,88 102 ,94

Basil foot 140 ,85 102 ,24

Bavaria foot 105 ,05 137 ,08

Bergen palm 41 ,87 343 ,92

Berlin foot 146 ,27 98 ,45

Bern foot 138 ,50 103 ,97

Bologna paso 896 , 16 ,07

foot 179 ,20 80 ,36

Bremen foot 136 ,58 105 ,43

Brescia braccio 221 ,06 65 ,14

Breslaw foot 134 ,25 107 ,26

Briel foot 158 ,30 90 ,97

Brunswick foot 134 ,77 106 ,86

Brussels foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Cagliari palmo 95 ,67 150 ,52

Cairo derah 262 , 54 ,96

Carara palmo 115 ,20 125 ,

Castille paso 658 ,75 21 ,86

foot 131 ,75 109 ,30

palmo 98 ,81 145 ,73

China foot for merchants 159 ,80 90 ,11

foot for mathematicians 157 ,35 91 ,51

kongpu for architects 152 ,45 94 ,46

foot land measure 150 ,96 95 ,39

Cleves foot 139 ,56 103 ,18

Cologne foot 129 ,97 110 ,80

Constantinople foot 334 ,50 43 ,05

Cracow foot 168 ,33 85 ,55

Dantzic foot 135 ,50 106 ,27

Denmark faum 889 ,32 16 ,19

foot 148 ,22 97 ,15

Dordrecht foot 170 , 84 ,71

Dresden foot 133 ,65 107 ,74

Egypt derah 262 , 54 ,96

Embden foot 139 ,88 102 ,94

England foot 144 , 100 ,

Erfurt foot 133 ,28 108 ,05

Ferrol codo 263 , 54 ,75

foot 131 ,50 109 ,50

palmo 32 ,87 438 ,

Florence braccio 258 ,90 55 ,62

France toise 920 ,46 15 ,64

pied de roi 153 ,41 93 ,86

metre 472 ,27 30 ,49

Francfort on the Maine foot 135 ,30 106 ,43

Geneva foot 230 ,44 62 ,49

Genoa palmo 118 ,58 121 ,44

Goes foot 141 ,60 101 ,70

Gottingen foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Gotha foot 135 ,85 106 ,

Greece foot 144 ,68 99 ,53

Groningen foot 137 ,97 104 ,37

Halle foot 140 ,63 102 ,40

Hamburgh foot 135 ,30 106 ,43

Hanover foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Harlem foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Hague foot 153 ,41 93 ,88

Heidelberg foot 131 ,57 109 ,44

Hildesheim foot 132 ,26 108 ,88

Holland foot 134 ,25 107 ,26

Holstein foot 140 ,95 102 ,16

Inspruck foot 150 , 96 ,

Konigsberg foot 145 ,32 99 ,09

Leghorn palmo 32 ,87 438 ,

braccio 258 ,90 55 ,62

Leipsic foot 133 ,50 107 ,86

Leyden foot 148 ,08 97 ,24

Liege foot 135 ,85 106 ,

Lisbon foot 159 ,92 90 ,05

palmo long measure 106 ,62 135 ,06

palmo short measure 103 ,56 139 ,05

London foot 144 , 100 ,

Louvain foot 134 ,86 106 ,75

Lubeck foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Lunenburg foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Lyons foot 161 ,40 89 ,22

Magdeburg foot 133 ,92 107 ,53

Manheim foot 137 , 105 ,10

Mantua braccio 219 ,70 65 ,54

Mastrick foot 132 ,64 108 ,57

Mecklenburg foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Mentz foot 142 ,23 101 ,25

Middleburg foot 141 ,70 101 ,62

Milan foot 187 ,50 76 ,80

Munich foot 105 ,05 137 ,08

Muscovy foot 158 , 91 ,14

Naples palmo 124 ,54 115 ,62

Neufchatel foot 141 ,70 101 ,62

Nuremburg foot 143 ,50 100 ,35

Oldenburg foot 139 ,88 102 ,94

Osnaburg foot 131 ,90 109 ,17

Padua foot 167 ,25 86 ,10

Palermo palmo 114 ,84 125 ,39

Paris toise 920 ,46 15 ,64

pied de roi 153 ,41 93 ,86

metre 472 ,27 30 ,49

Parma braccio 258 ,15 55 ,73

Persia arisch 459 ,20 31 ,36

Placentia braccio 258 ,14 55 ,78

Pomerania foot 137 ,97 104 ,37

Prague foot 142 ,55 101 ,02

Ratzeburg foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Reggio braccio 250 ,20 57 ,55

Revel foot 126 ,40 113 ,92

Rhine foot 148 ,23 97 ,15

Riga foot 129 ,45 111 ,24

foot of Holland 134 ,25 107 ,26

Rimini braccio 256 ,75 56 ,08

Rome foot 139 ,14 103 ,50

palmo 105 ,47 136 ,53

Rostock foot 136 ,58 105 ,43

Rotterdam foot 147 ,55 97 ,59

Rouen foot 127 ,84 112 ,64

Russia foot Rhenish 148 ,23 97 ,15

foot English 144 , 100 ,

Samos foot 163 ,40 88 ,13

Sardinia palmo of Genoa 118 ,58 121 ,44

palmo of Cagliari 95 ,68 150 ,50

Siam ken 453 ,85 31 ,73

Stade foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Stettin foot 133 ,50 107 ,86

Stockholm foot 140 ,20 102 ,71

Stralsund foot 133 ,50 107 ,86

Strasburg foot 136 ,66 105 ,37

Sweden faum 841 ,20 17 ,12

foot 140 ,20 102 ,71

Switzerland foot 141 ,70 101 ,62

Turin foot 152 ,56 94 ,39

Ulm foot 136 ,48 105 ,50

Utrecht foot 128 ,90 111 ,71

Valencia foot 142 ,72 100 ,90

Venice foot 164 ,07 87 ,77

Verden foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Verona foot 164 ,07 87 ,77

Vienna foot 151 ,28 95 ,18

Wirtemberg foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Wismar foot 138 ,93 103 ,65

Zell foot 137 ,43 104 ,78

Ziriczee foot 146 ,60 98 ,23

Zurich foot 141 ,70 101 ,62

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the long measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

Examples.

It is required to reduce 100 metres new measure of France into feet of Hamburgh.

The French metre measuring 472,27 English lines, and the Hamburgh foot 135,30, according to the table prefixed, I state the following equation:

100 metres = x

1 metre = 472 ,27 lines

135 ,30 lines = 1 foot

Result 349,05 feet.

Reduce 100 feet of Hamburgh into metres of France.

100 feet = x

1 foot = 135 ,30 lines

472 ,27 lines = 1 metre

Result 28,65 metres.

Table, which shews the contents in English square feet of the several land measures, and the relations of foreign measures to 100 acres English measure.

Land Measure.

Places. Measures. Contents of each measure —— Equiv. to 100 acres. ——

squ. feet. num. 100

Amsterdam morgen 87630 49 ,71

Basil juchart 34368 126 ,75

Berlin great morgen 61182 71 ,20

little morgen 27531 158 ,22

Bern juchart field measure 28979 150 ,32

juchart forest measure 41729 104 ,39

Dantzic morgen 59927 72 ,69

Denmark tœnde-hart-korn 118715 36 ,69

England acre 43560 100 ,

Florence soccate 53461 81 ,48

France arpent de Paris 36865 118 ,16

arpent des eaux et forêts 55071 79 ,10

hectare 107830 40 ,40

Franconia morgen 39157 111 ,25

Geneva journée 55707 80 ,02

Hamburgh morgen 135941 32 ,04

Hanover morgen 28050 155 ,29

Ireland acre 70560 61 ,73

Rhine morgen land measure 18354 237 ,33

ditto for forests 24472 178 ,

ditto for vineyards 16994 256 ,32

thauen 13767 316 ,40

juchart 9178 474 ,60

Russia dessaetina 124620 34 ,95

Saxony acker 59450 73 ,27

morgen, Dresden measure 29725 146 ,54

Schleswig pfluge 190350 22 ,88

Scotland acre 55354 78 ,70

Spain fanegada 48215 90 ,35

aranzada 40514 107 ,52

Sweden tuna land measure 53218 81 ,58

Switzerland fauxe 70818 61 ,51

morgen 35409 123 ,02

Vienna jochen 63728 68 ,35

Wirtemburg great morgen 61182 71 ,20

little morgen 35849 121 ,51

Zurich juchart 34941 124 ,67

ditto for forests 38823 112 ,20

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the land measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

Examples.

It is required to reduce 100 dessaetinas of Russia into fanegadas of Spain.

The dessaetina measuring 124620 square feet of England, and the fanegada 48215, according to the table prefixed, I state the following equation:

100 dessaetinas = x

1 dessaetina = 124620 square feet

48215 square ft. = 1 fanegada

Result 258,47 fanegadas.

Reduce 100 fanegadas into dessaetinas.

100 fanegadas = x

1 fanegada = 48215 square feet

124620 square ft. = 1 dessaetina

Result 38,69 dessaetinas.

Table, which shews the length in English feet of the several itinerary measures, and the relation of those measures to 1 degree of the terrestrial meridian, equal to 364420 English feet.

Itinerary Measure.

Places. Measures. Length of each measure —— Equiv. to 1 degree ——

Feet. num. 100

Arabia milla 6441 56 ,58

Brandenburg meile 34725 10 ,50

Denmark mil 24704 14 ,75

England mile by land 5280 69 ,02

mile by sea 6073 ²⁄₃ 60 ,

league marine 18221 20 ,

Flanders mille 20587 17 ,70

France lieue terrestre 14576 ⁴⁄₅ 25 ,

lieue moyenne 16398 22 ,22

lieue de poste 12784 28 ,50

lieue marine 18221 20 ,

myriametre 32797 11 ,11

Germany meile 20587 17 ,70

meile geographical 24294 ²⁄₃ 15 ,

Hamburgh meile 24704 14 ,75

Holland meile 19212 18 ,97

Hungary meile 27378 13 ,31

India parasang 12147 ¹⁄₃ 30 ,

Ireland mile 9110 ¹⁄₂ 40 ,

Italy milla 6073 ²⁄₃ 60 ,

Lithuania meile 29336 12 ,42

Persia parasang 16356 22 ,28

Poland meile 18221 20 ,

Portugal legua 20245 ⁵⁄₉ 18 ,

Prussia meile 25409 14 ,34

Russia werste 3500 104 ,12

Saxony meile 29700 12 ,27

Scotland mile 5952 61 ,23

Silesia meile 21250 17 ,15

Spain legua of Castille 21958 16 ,60

legua juridica 13724 26 ,55

legua maritima 18221 20 ,

milla maritima 6073 ²⁄₃ 60 ,

Sweden mile 35050 10 ,40

Switzerland meile 27450 13 ,28

Turkey berri 5476 66 ,55

The following example will shew in what manner the proportion between the itinerary measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

Reduce 1 myriametre new French measure into miles of England.

The length of the myriametre being 32797 English feet, and that of the mile 5280, I state the following equation:

1 myriametre = x

1 myriametre = 32797 feet

5280 feet = 1 mile

Result 6,21 miles.

Table, which shews the quantity of English cubic inches contained by each of the corn measures, and the relation of foreign measures to 10 quarters Winchester measure.

Corn Measure.

Places. Measures. Contents of each measure —— Equiv. to 10 quarters ——

cubic in. num. 100

Abbeville setier 9355 18 ,63

Agen sac 5332 32 ,68

Aire raziere 6136 28 ,40

Aix la Chapelle fas 1460 119 ,35

Alckmaar sack 4938 35 ,29

Alexandria rebebe 9578 18 ,19

kisloz 10407 16 ,74

Algiers caffise 19485 8 ,94

Alicante caffise 14901 11 ,69

Amersfort mudden 13986 15 ,68

Amiens setier 2003 87 ,

Amsterdam last 177916 ,98

mudden 6590 26 ,44

sack 4942 35 ,26

scheepel 1647 105 ,77

Ancona rubbo 16645 10 ,47

Antwerp viertel 4701 37 ,07

Apenrade tonen 8355 20 ,85

Archangel ozetwer 11888 14 ,66

Arensburg last 187262 ,93

Arles setier 3628 48 ,03

Arnheim mouver 8080 21 ,50

Augsburgh schaf 26787 6 ,50

Avignon boisseau 5612 31 ,05

Avila fanega 3311 52 ,62

Azores alquier 730 238 ,54

Barcelona quartera 4238 41 ,11

Basil sack 7866 22 ,15

Bautzen scheffel 6657 26 ,17

Bayonne conque 2503 69 ,61

Beaucaire setier 3703 47 ,05

Beauvais tonneau 118529 1 ,47

Bergamo staja 1263 138 ,

Bergen op Zoom fister 2818 61 ,83

Berlin scheffel 3315 52 ,26

Bern mutte 9650 18 ,06

Bilboa fanega 3510 49 ,64

Bois-le-Duc mouver 8671 20 ,09

Bologna corba 4499 38 ,73

Bordeaux boisseau 4678 37 ,25

Boulogne setier 10525 16 ,55

Breba viertel 5306 32 ,84

Bremen scheffel 4336 40 ,19

Breslaw scheffel 4262 40 ,89

Brest tonneau 84200 2 ,07

Briel sœcke 4380 39 ,78

Bruges hoeden 10157 17 ,15

Brunswick scheffel 18963 9 ,19

Brussels sack 7110 24 ,51

Cadiz fanega 3311 52 ,67

Calabria comolo 3119 55 ,87

Calais setier 10134 17 ,19

Campen mudden 7137 24 ,41

Candia carga 9356 18 ,62

Cassel viertel 8702 20 ,02

Castille fanega 3311 52 ,67

Cleves malter 10939 15 ,93

Coburg simmer 5079 34 ,31

Colberg scheffel 3029 57 ,52

Cologne malter 9883 17 ,63

Concarneau tonneau 84200 2 ,07

Constantinople kisloz 2140 81 ,40

Copenhagen tœnde 8481 20 ,54

Corfu moggie 6091 28 ,61

Corsica stajo 6008 29 ,

Corunna ferrado 986 176 ,71

Creutznach malter 8874 19 ,63

Cyprus medimno 4448 39 ,17

Dantzic last 187310 ,93

scheffel Berlin measure 3315 52 ,26

Darmstadt malter 6107 28 ,53

Delft sack 6129 28 ,43

Denmark tœnde 8481 20 ,54

Deventer mudden 4938 35 ,29

Dieppe raziere 6237 27 ,94

Dixmude raziere 5828 29 ,90

Dordrecht sack 7406 23 ,53

Dresden scheffel 6455 27 ,

Dunkirk sea raziere 9875 17 ,64

land raziere 8887 19 ,61

Eckrenforde tonnen 8242 21 ,14

Edam mudden 6590 26 ,44

Elbing last 187310 ,93

Embden tonnen 11656 14 ,95

Enchuysen mudden 8080 21 ,56

England quarter 17424 10 ,

bushel 2178 80 ,

Erfurt scheffel 3430 50 ,80

Femeren scheffel 2294 75 ,95

Ferrara staro 1843 94 ,54

Ferrol ferrado 1104 157 ,83

Flensburg tonnen 8355 20 ,85

Florence stajo 1444 120 ,67

France boisseau of Paris 774 225 ,13

décalitre[12] 610 285 ,64

Francfort on the Maine malter 6584 26 ,46

Frederickstadt tonnen 7708 22 ,60

Gand halster 3175 54 ,89

Geneva coupe 4735 36 ,80

Genoa mina 7110 24 ,51

Gluckstadt tonnen 8716 20 ,

Goes sack 4444 39 ,21

Gorcum mudden 10305 16 ,91

Grouda sack 6348 27 ,45

Granada sack 5924 29 ,41

Gravelines raziere 8080 21 ,56

Grypswald scheffel 2375 73 ,36

Groningen mudden 5386 32 ,35

Haarlem sack 4678 37 ,25

Hamburgh last 192720 ,90³⁄₈

sack 12848 13 ,56

scheffel 6424 27 ,12

tonnen salt measure 11428 15 ,25

Hanau malter 6862 25 ,39

Hanover himten 1896 91 ,89

Harderwyck mudden 5954 29 ,26

Harlingen mudden 5386 32 ,35

Havre de Grace boisseau 2108 82 ,66

Heidelberg malter 6279 27 ,75

Heusden mudden 10305 16 ,91

Hildesheim himten 1581 110 ,23

Holstein himten 2007 86 ,82

Honfleur boisseau 2390 72 ,91

Horn sack 4039 43 ,13

Husum tonnen 8924 19 ,52

Kiel tonnen 7227 24 ,11

Königsberg scheffel new measure 3315 52 ,26

Laland tonnen 8380 20 ,79

Leghorn sacco 4332 40 ,22

stajo 1444 120 ,67

Leipsic scheffel 8473 20 ,56

Lewarden mudden 5386 32 ,35

Liebau loof 3819 45 ,02

Libourne sac 5079 34 ,31

Liege setier 1825 95 ,48

Lisbon moyo 49440 3 ,52

alquier 824 211 ,46

Lisle raziere 4334 40 ,20

London quarter 17424 10 ,

Lubec last corn measure 195500 ,89¹⁄₈

scheffel rye measure 2037 85 ,54

scheffel malt measure 2375 73 ,36

scheffel oats measure 2392 72 ,84

Lucca stajo 1495 116 ,55

Lunenburg scheffel 3793 45 ,94

Lyons anée 12538 13 ,90

Madeira alquier 683 55 ,11

Magdeburg scheffel 3315 52 ,56

Majorca quartera 4139 42 ,10

Malaga fanega 3642 47 ,84

Malta salma 16240 10 ,73

Manfredonia carro 114634 1 ,52

Manhemia malter 6279 27 ,75

Mantua stajo 2124 82 ,04

Marans tonneau 84200 2 ,07

Marseilles charge 9636 18 ,08

Mastrick setier 1382 126 ,08

Meissen scheffel 6455 27 ,

Memel scheffel 3315 52 ,26

Middleburg sack 4284 40 ,67

Milan moggio 8436 20 ,66

Modena stajo 4284 40 ,67

Montpellier setier 3119 55 ,86

Montreuil boisseau 520 335 ,08

Morlaix boisseau 3229 53 ,96

Munich schaff 22109 7 ,88

Muyden mudden 8080 21 ,56

Nancy carte 2921 59 ,65

Nantes tonneau 152510 1 ,14¹⁄₄

setier 15251 11 ,42¹⁄₂

Naples tomolo 3182 54 ,76

Narva tonnen 9883 17 ,63

Neda in Galicia ferrado 1104 157 ,83

Negropont kisloz 1849 94 ,23

Nieuport raziere 10157 17 ,15

Nimeguen mouver 8173 21 ,32

Nice stajo 2349 74 ,18

Nuremberg summer 20287 8 ,59

Oesel last 187260 ,93

Oporto alquier 1006 173 ,20

Osnaburg scheffel 1750 99 ,57

Ostend raziere 10706 16 ,27

Oudenwater mudden 8465 20 ,58

Oviedo fanega 4415 39 ,47

Paris setier 9288 18 ,76

boisseau 774 225 ,13

decalitre 610 285 ,64

Passau sechsling 19465 8 ,95

Patras staro 5006 34 ,81

Pernau loof 3974 43 ,85

Persia artaba 3974 43 ,85

Piedmont sack 6489 26 ,85

Poland last 187260 ,93

Prague strick 5755 30 ,28

Purmerend mudden 6590 26 ,44

Ratisbon metzen 2001 87 ,08

Ravenna rubbo 16984 10 ,26

Rendsburg tonnen 7558 23 ,05

Revel tonnen 7212 24 ,16

Riga tonnen 7948 21 ,92

loof 3974 43 ,85

Rimini rubbo 16984 10 ,26

Rochelle tonneau 84200 2 ,07

Romagna staro 5506 31 ,64

Rome rubbo 16684 10 ,44

Rostock scheffel wheat measure 2450 71 ,12

scheffel oats measure 2723 63 ,99

Rotterdam hoed 67755 2 ,57

sakken 6352 27 ,43

achtendeelen 2117 82 ,31

Rouen setier 10904 15 ,98

boisseau 1363 127 ,83

Russia chetwer 11888 14 ,66

chetwerick 1486 117 ,25

St. Ander fanega 3311 52 ,67

St. Gall charge 4443 39 ,22

St. Malo tonneau 84200 2 ,07

St. Omer raziere 7900 22 ,07

St. Petersburgh chetwer 11888 14 ,66

chetwerick 1486 117 ,25

St. Sebastian fanega 3311 52 ,67

St. Valery setier 9356 18 ,62

Sardinia starello 2988 58 ,31

Schiedam sack 6352 27 ,43

Schleswig tonnen 8012 21 ,75

Schonhoven mudden 8465 20 ,58

Scotland firlot wheat measure 2197 79 ,31

firlot barley measure 3207 54 ,33

Seville fanega 3311 52 ,67

Sicily salma grossa 20215 8 ,62

salma generale 16229 10 ,74

Smyrna quillot 2141 81 ,38

Spain fanega 3311 52 ,67

celemine 276 631 ,30

Stettin scheffel 2677 65 ,09

Stralsund scheffel wheat measure 2609 66 ,78

scheffel oats measure 2768 62 ,95

Strasburg sester city measure 1117 156 ,

sester county measure 1152 151 ,25

Sweden tunna 8932 19 ,51

tunna wheat measure 10050 17 ,34

tunna malt measure 10607 16 ,43

tunna salt measure 9491 18 ,36

kappe 279 624 ,53

kanna 59 ¹⁄₂ 1092 ,42

Tarascon charge 3485 50 ,

Tarragona setier 3442 50 ,62

Tervere sack 4557 38 ,24

Tiel mudden 8465 20 ,58

Tonningen tonnen 7406 23 ,53

Tortosa quartera 5414 32 ,18

Toulon emine 6237 27 ,94

Tuscany moggio 32480 5 ,36¹⁄₂

Trieste staro 4517 38 ,57

Tripoli caffise 19920 8 ,75

Tunis caffise 21830 7 ,98

Turin emine 1168 149 ,18

Ulm metzen 584 298 ,26

Utrecht mudden 7110 24 ,50

Valencia cahiz 12227 14 ,25

barchilla 1019 171 ,

Valenciennes mytur 4380 39 ,78

Vannes tonneau 93556 1 ,86

Venice staro 4941 35 ,27

Verona minella 2248 77 ,51

Viana alquier 989 176 ,18

Vienna metzen 4277 40 ,74

Weimar scheffel 5430 32 ,09

Wetzlar malter 14275 12 ,20

Windaw loof 3819 45 ,62

Wirtemburg scheffel 3228 53 ,98

Wismar scheffel 2496 69 ,81

Wolgast scheffel 2609 66 ,78

Zante bazzilo 2165 80 ,48

Zell scheffel 18963 9 ,19

Ziriczee sack 4741 36 ,75

Zuric mutte 5043 34 ,55

Zwickau scheffel 4089 42 ,61

Zwoll sack 6836 25 ,49

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

Examples.

It is required to reduce 100 alquiers of Lisbon into fanegas of Cadiz.

The alquier containing 824 cubic inches, and the fanega 3311, according to the table prefixed, I state the following equation:

100 alquiers = x

1 alquier = 824 cubic inches

3311 cubic inches = 1 fanega

Result 24,89 fanegas.

Reduce 100 fanegas of Cadiz into alquiers of Lisbon.

100 fanegas = x

1 fanega = 3311 cubic inches

824 cubic inches = 1 alquier

Result 401,82 alquiers.

Table, which shews the quantity of English cubic inches contained by each of the measures used in the sale of liquids, and the relation of foreign measures to 100 English gallons wine measure.

Liquid Measure.

Places. Measures. Contents of each measure —— Equiv. to 100 gallons ——

cubic in. num. 100

Alicante cantara 622 37 ,14

Altona tonne of 32 stubgens 7067 3 ,27

Amsterdam steken 1160 19 ,91

virtel 442 ¹⁄₂ 52 ,20

stoopen 145 159 ,31

mingel 72 ¹⁄₂ 318 ,62

Ancona boccale 87 265 ,51

Antwerp stoopen 192 ¹⁄₄ 120 ,15

Arragon cantara 585 39 ,49

Augsburg maas 90 ¹⁄₃ 255 ,72

Barcelona carga wine measure 7599 3 ,04

carga oil measure 7394 3 ,12

Bari salm oil measure 10086 2 ,29

Basil pot new measure 76 ¹⁄₅ 303 ,15

Berlin nass or maas 70 ¹⁄₂ 329 ,41

Bern maas 100 ¹⁄₂ 229 ,85

Bologna corba 4450 5 ,13

Bordeaux velte 453 51 ,

Bremen stubgen 193 ¹⁄₂ 119 ,38

Breslaw quart 42 ¹⁄₃ 545 ,67

Brunswick stubgen 223 ³⁄₄ 103 ,24

Cadiz see Spain

Canary Islands pipa 26794 ,86

Canea miscala oil measure 686 33 ,67

Cassel viertel 499 ¹⁄₂ 46 ,25

Cognac velte 447 ¹⁄₂ 51 ,62

Cologne viertel 365 63 ,29

Constantinople almud 319 ¹⁄₄ 72 ,36

Dantzic stof wine measure 104 ³⁄₅ 220 ,84

stof beer measure 140 ¹⁄₄ 164 ,70

Denmark ahm 9128 2 ,53

kanne wine measure 117 ³⁄₄ 196 ,18

tœnde beer measure 8011 2 ,88

tœnde pitch measure 7067 3 ,27

Dijon quartaut 6176 3 ,74

Dresden anker regular measure 2055 11 ,24

tonne beer measure 5993 3 ,85

kanen great measure 85 ³⁄₈ 269 ,79

kanen small measure 57 405 ,27

Dunkirk pot 138 167 ,39

England gallon wine measure 231 100 ,

gallon beer measure 282 81 ,91

Ferrara secchia 624 37 ,02

Florence barile oil measure 1940 11 ,91

barile wine measure 2425 953

fiascho 121 190 ,90

boccale 60 ¹⁄₂ 381 ,80

France hectolitre 6100 3 ,79

litre 61 378 ,69

Francfort on the Maine viertel 450 51 ,33

Gallipoli salma 9392 2 ,46

Geneva pot 58 398 ,27

Genoa rubbo oil measure 521 44 ,34

pinta wine measure 105 220 ,

Gotha stubgen 206 ³⁄₄ 111 ,73

Hamburgh viertel 442 52 ,26

stubgen 221 104 ,52

kanne 110 ¹⁄₂ 209 ,05

tonne beer measure 10594 2 ,18

tonne fish oil measure 7062 3 ,27

Hanover stubgen 237 97 ,47

tonne beer measure 6163 3 ,75

tonne honey measure 6044 3 ,82

Heidelberg viertel 562 ¹⁄₄ 41 ,08

Hungaria eimer 4470 5 ,17

Königsberg stof 87 ¹⁄₂ 264 ,

Leghorn barile oil measure 1940 11 ,91

barile wine measure 2425 9 ,53

fiascho 121 190 ,90

boccale 60 ¹⁄₂ 381 ,80

Leipsic eimer 4625 5 ,00

kanne 73 ²⁄₅ 314 ,71

Lisle lot 128 180 ,47

Lisbon almude 1040 22 ,21

alquier 520 44 ,42

canhada 86 ²⁄₃ 266 ,54

Lubec stubgen 220 ³⁄₄ 104 ,65

Lucca copa oil measure 6088 3 ,79

Lyons pot 58 ¹⁄₁₀ 397 ,62

Majorca cortan oil measure 251 ⁵⁄₈ 91 ,80

Malaga arroba 947 24 ,39

Mantua moggio oil measure 6789 3 ,40

Marseilles millerolle 3640 6 ,35

scandal 910 25 ,38

Massa barile oil measure 2160 10 ,69

Mentz maass 113 ³⁄₄ 203 ,08

Messina salma wine measure 5270 4 ,38

caffise oil measure 527 43 ,83

Minorca quartillo 349 ¹⁄₂ 66 ,09

Montpellier pot wine measure 64 ¹⁄₈ 360 ,23

pot oil measure 71 ³⁄₈ 323 ,64

Naples stara oil measure 3407 6 ,78

barile wine measure 2541 9 ,09

Narva stof 78 ³⁄₅ 293 ,90

Nice rubbo oil measure 515 44 ,85

North barrel pitch measure 7067 3 ,27

Nuremberg maas tavern measure 60 ¹⁄₂ 381 ,81

Oneglia barile oil measure 3783 6 ,11

Oporto aliquer 675 ³⁄₄ 34 ,18

canhade 112 ⁵⁄₈ 205 ,10

Osnaburg kanne 74 ³⁄₈ 310 ,58

Ovieda quartillo 34 ¹⁄₂ 669 ,56

Paris setier 464 ⁴⁄₅ 49 ,70

pinte 58 ¹⁄₁₀ 397 ,62

litre new measure 61 378 ,69

Pernau stof 78 ³⁄₅ 293 ,90

Pola salma 9196 2 ,51

Prague pint 116 199 ,14

Puglia staja 940 24 ,57

Ratisbon viertel 216 ¹⁄₂ 106 ,70

Revel stof 72 ¹⁄₂ 318 ,62

Riga stof 75 308 ,

Rochelle velt 447 ¹⁄₂ 51 ,62

Rome boccale 79 ⁴⁄₅ 289 ,47

Rotterdam stoopen 156 148 ,08

Russia wedra 751 30 ,76

kruska 93 ⁷⁄₈ 246 ,07

Saragossa cantara 584 39 ,55

Schafhausen maas 79 ⁴⁄₅ 289 ,47

Scotland pint old measure 103 ²⁄₅ 223 ,40

Sicily caffise 695 33 ,24

Spain moyo wine measure 15152 1 ,52

cantara ditto 947 24 ,39

azumbre ditto 118 ³⁄₈ 195 ,14

quartillo ditto 29 ³⁄₅ 780 ,40

arroba oil measure 740 31 ,22

quartilla ditto 185 124 ,86

libra ditto 29 ³⁄₅ 780 ,40

Stettin nœssel 44 ³⁄₄ 516 ,20

Stralsund stubgen 237 97 ,47

Strasburg schoppen 29 ³⁄₅ 780 ,40

Sweden kanna 159 ⁵⁄₈ 144 ,71

Toulon millerolle 3927 5 ,88

Trieste orna oil measure 4003 5 ,77

barile wine measure 4158 5 ,56

Tripoli mataro 1375 16 ,80

Tunis mataro oil measure 1155 20 ,

mataro wine measure 577 ¹⁄₂ 40 ,

Turin pint 95 ¹⁄₂ 241 ,89

Valencia cantara 775 ⁵⁄₈ 29 ,78

Venice miro oil measure 962 24 ,

secchia wine measure 602 ¹⁄₄ 38 ,36

Verona basso 275 ³⁄₄ 83 ,77

Vienna eimer 3614 6 ,39

maas 90 ¹⁄₃ 255 ,72

Zell stubgen 237 97 ,47

Zurich maas 111 ¹⁄₄ 207 ,64

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the liquid measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

Examples.

Let it be required to reduce 100 litres new French measure into Spanish quartillos wine measure.

The French litre measuring internally 61 English cubic inches, and the Spanish quartillo 29³⁄₅, according to the table prefixed, I state the following equation:

100 litres = x

1 litre = 61 cubic inches

29 ³⁄₅ cubic inches = 1 quartillo

Result 206,08 quartillos.

Reduce 100 quartillos wine measure of Spain into litres new measure of France.

100 quartillos = x

1 quartillo = 29 ³⁄₅ cubic inches

61 cubic inches = 1 litre

Result 48,52 litres.

Table, which shews the length in English lines of each of the measures used in the sale of cloths, linens, and silk stuffs, and the relation of foreign measures to 100 yards and 100 ells English measure.

Cloth Measure.

Places. Measures. Length of each measure —— Equiv. to 100 yards —— Equiv. to 100 ells ——

lines 100. num. 100 num. 100

Abbeville aune 558 ,25 77 ,38 96 ,73

Aix la Chapelle elle 315 ,35 137 , 171 ,25

Aleppo pike 319 ,40 135 ,25 169 ,06

Alexandria pike 319 ,60 135 ,17 168 ,96

Algiers pike long measure 294 ,05 146 ,91 183 ,64

pike short measure 220 ,53 195 ,89 244 ,86

Alicante vara 399 ,20 108 ,22 135 ,27

Altona elle 270 ,60 159 ,64 199 ,50

elle Brabant measure 326 ,54 132 ,30 165 ,37

Amberg elle 394 ,40 109 ,58 136 ,91

Amsterdam elle 326 , 132 ,51 165 ,64

Ancona braccio 303 ,40 142 ,38 177 ,98

Anspach elle 289 ,80 149 ,07 186 ,34

Antwerp aune long measure 327 ,90 131 ,75 164 ,69

aune short measure 323 ,25 133 ,64 167 ,05

Archangel archine 336 , 128 ,57 160 ,71

Arragon vara 364 ,13 118 ,64 148 ,30

Arras aune 329 ,65 131 ,05 163 ,81

Augsburg elle long measure 287 ,85 150 ,08 187 ,60

elle short measure 279 ,75 154 ,42 193 ,02

Avigon canne 918 ,80 47 ,02 58 ,77

aune 551 ,20 78 ,37 97 ,96

Basil aune 556 ,80 77 ,58 96 ,98

Bamberg elle 344 ,65 125 ,35 156 ,69

Barcelona cana 727 ,45 59 ,39 74 ,23

Bayreuth elle 283 ,60 152 ,33 190 ,41

Batavia covid 237 ,60 181 ,82 227 ,27

Bautzen elle 272 , 158 ,82 198 ,53

Bayonne aune 417 ,40 103 ,50 129 ,38

Bengal covid 108 , 400 , 500 ,

Bergamo braccio 309 ,50 139 ,58 174 ,47

Bergen elle 296 ,45 145 ,72 182 ,15

Berg-op-Zoom elle 327 ,07 132 ,08 165 ,10

Berlin elle 314 ,90 137 ,19 171 ,48

Bern elle 255 ,80 168 ,89 211 ,10

Bielefeld elle 276 ,25 156 ,38 195 ,47

Bilboa vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Bologne braccio for silk stuffs 281 ,25 153 ,60 192 ,

braccio for cloths 299 ,90 144 ,05 180 ,06

Bolzano elle 373 ,20 115 ,75 144 ,69

braccio 259 ,60 166 ,40 208 ,

Bombay cuz 336 , 128 ,57 160 ,71

heat 216 , 200 , 250 ,

Bordeaux aune 562 ,51 76 ,80 96 ,

Brabant aune 326 ,54 132 ,30 165 ,37

Breda elle 327 ,07 132 ,08 165 ,10

Bremen elle 273 ,15 158 ,15 197 ,69

Brescia braccio 221 ,06 195 ,42 244 ,28

Breslaw elle 259 ,65 166 ,38 207 ,97

elle Silesia measure 272 , 158 ,82 198 ,53

Bretagne aune 636 ,25 67 ,90 84 ,87

Bruges aune 327 ,90 131 ,75 164 ,69

aune for linens 342 ,40 126 ,17 157 ,71

Brunswick elle 269 ,55 160 ,27 200 ,33

Brussels aune long measure 327 ,90 131 ,75 164 ,69

aune short measure 323 ,25 133 ,64 167 ,05

Burgos vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Cadiz vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

ana Brabant measure 327 ,90 131 ,75 164 ,69

Caën aune 558 ,25 77 ,38 96 ,73

Cagliari raso 259 ,20 166 ,66 208 ,33

Cairo pike 319 ,60 135 ,17 168 ,96

Calais aune 558 ,25 77 ,38 96 ,73

Calicut covid 216 , 200 , 250 ,

guz 338 ,40 127 ,66 159 ,57

Cambrai aune 338 ,35 127 ,68 159 ,60

Canary Islands vara 406 ,20 106 ,35 132 ,94

Candia pike 301 , 143 ,52 179 ,40

Canton covid 175 ,50 240 ,15 307 ,70

Carthagena vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Cassel elle 265 , 163 , 203 ,75

Castille vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Chambery raso 271 ,35 159 ,20 199 ,

China covid 175 ,50 246 ,15 307 ,70

Christiania elle 296 ,45 145 ,72 182 ,15

Coblentz elle 263 ,55 163 ,91 204 ,84

Coburg elle 276 ,90 156 , 195 ,

Cologne elle long measure 328 ,15 131 ,65 164 ,56

elle short measure 271 ,15 159 ,32 199 ,15

Constance elle long measure 351 ,05 123 ,06 153 ,82

elle short measure 326 ,33 132 ,38 165 ,48

Constantinople pike long measure 316 , 136 ,70 170 ,88

pike short measure 306 , 141 ,18 176 ,47

Copenhagen alen 296 ,45 145 ,72 182 ,15

Corfu pike 271 , 159 ,41 199 ,26

Corsica palmo 118 ,15 365 ,64 457 ,05

Cracow elle 291 ,40 148 ,25 185 ,32

Cremona braccio 290 ,50 148 ,70 185 ,93

Cyprus pike 317 ,15 136 ,21 170 ,26

Damascus pike 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Dantzic elle 271 , 159 ,41 199 ,26

Delft elle 326 , 132 ,51 165 ,64

Denmark alen 296 ,45 145 ,72 182 ,15

Dresden elle 267 ,30 161 ,61 202 ,02

Dublin yard 432 , 100 , 125 ,

ell 540 , 80 , 100 ,

Dunkirk aune 319 ,40 135 ,25 169 ,06

Dusseldorf elle 254 ,80 169 ,54 211 ,93

Elbing elle 266 ,88 161 ,87 202 ,34

Embden elle 316 ,60 136 ,45 170 ,56

England yard 432 , 100 , 125 ,

elle 540 , 80 , 100 ,

Erfurt elle long measure 259 ,60 166 ,40 208 ,

elle short measure 190 ,70 226 ,53 283 ,17

Erlang elle 311 ,50 138 ,62 173 ,35

Fermo braccio 310 , 139 ,35 174 ,20

Ferrara braccio for cloths 316 , 136 ,70 170 ,88

braccio for silk stuffs 297 , 145 ,45 181 ,82

Flensburg elle 270 ,60 159 ,64 199 ,50

Florence braccio for cloths 278 ,90 154 ,90 193 ,62

braccio for silk stuffs 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Forli braccio 290 ,50 148 ,70 185 ,93

France aune of 528 lines 562 ,51 76 ,80 96 ,

netre 472 ,27 91 ,47 114 ,34

Francfort on the Maine elle 254 ,80 169 ,54 211 ,93

elle Brabant measure 326 ,54 132 ,30 165 ,37

aune of Paris 561 ,27 76 ,97 96 ,21

Francfort on the Oder elle 313 ,33 137 ,87 172 ,34

Freyberg elle 267 ,60 161 ,43 201 ,79

Gand aune 327 ,90 131 ,75 164 ,69

aune for linens 342 ,40 126 ,17 157 ,71

Geneva aune 540 ,13 79 ,98 99 ,97

aune of France 562 ,51 76 ,80 96 ,

Genoa canna of 10¹⁄₂ palmi 1245 ,10 34 ,70 43 ,37

canna of 10 palmi 1185 ,80 36 ,43 45 ,54

canna of 9 palmi 1067 ,20 40 ,48 50 ,60

braccio 276 ,70 156 ,13 195 ,16

palmo 118 ,58 364 ,32 455 ,40

Gibraltar vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Glatz elle 276 ,80 150 ,07 195 ,08

Gombroon gueze 464 ,52 93 , 116 ,25

Gorlitz elle 266 ,25 169 ,90 212 ,37

Gottenburg alle 280 ,40 154 ,06 192 ,58

Gottingen elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Guastalla braccio 321 ,85 134 ,22 167 ,78

Gueldres elle 313 ,22 137 ,92 172 ,40

Guinea jactam 1728 , 25 , 31 ,25

Halle elle long measure 314 ,90 137 ,19 171 ,48

elle short measure 269 ,75 160 ,15 200 ,18

Hamburgh elle 270 ,60 159 ,64 199 ,50

elle Brabant measure 326 ,54 132 ,30 165 ,37

Hanover elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Harburg elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Harlem elle 343 ,70 125 ,69 157 ,11

Havre de Grace aune 558 ,25 77 ,38 96 ,73

Hague elle 326 , 132 ,51 165 ,64

Heidelberg elle 394 ,25 109 ,57 136 ,97

Hildesheim elle 264 ,53 163 ,30 204 ,13

Hirchsberg elle 272 , 158 ,82 198 ,53

Hoff elle 301 , 143 ,52 179 ,40

Jagerndorf elle 268 ,50 160 ,90 201 ,12

Japan inck 897 ,60 48 ,13 60 ,16

Java covid 237 ,60 181 ,82 227 ,27

Jerusalem pike 324 , 133 ,33 166 ,67

Ingolstadt elle 376 ,07 114 ,87 143 ,59

Inspruck elle 371 ,30 116 ,35 145 ,23

Kiel elle 271 ,70 159 , 198 ,75

Kintzingen elle 281 ,60 153 ,41 191 ,76

Konigsberg elle 314 ,90 137 ,19 171 ,48

Krems elle 353 ,25 122 ,29 152 ,87

Lauban elle 266 ,25 169 ,90 212 ,37

Leghorn canna for cloths 1115 ,60 38 ,72 48 ,40

braccio 278 ,90 154 ,90 193 ,62

palmo 139 ,45 309 ,80 387 ,24

canna for silk stuffs 1099 ,40 39 ,29 49 ,12

braccio 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

palmo 137 ,42 314 ,34 392 ,94

Leipsic elle 267 , 161 ,80 202 ,25

Leutkirch elle 331 ,87 130 ,17 162 ,72

Leyden elle 322 ,60 133 ,91 167 ,39

Liebau elle 267 , 161 ,80 202 ,25

Liege elle 260 ,50 165 ,84 207 ,30

Lisbon vara 517 ,80 83 ,43 104 ,29

covado 319 ,85 135 ,06 168 ,83

palmo craveiro 106 ,62 405 ,17 506 ,47

palmo menor 103 ,56 417 ,15 521 ,44

Lisle aune 332 ,40 129 ,96 162 ,45

London yard 432 , 100 , 125 ,

ell 540 , 80 , 100 ,

Louvain aune long measure 327 ,90 131 ,75 164 ,69

aune short measure 323 ,25 133 ,64 167 ,05

Lubec elle 272 ,50 158 ,52 198 ,16

Lucca braccio for cloths 285 ,84 151 ,13 188 ,92

braccio for silk stuffs 273 ,25 158 ,10 197 ,62

Lunenburg elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Lyons aune 552 ,70 78 ,16 97 ,70

Madeira vara 517 ,80 83 ,43 104 ,29

Madras covid 216 , 200 , 250 ,

Madrid vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Magdeburg elle 314 ,90 137 ,19 171 ,48

Mahon cana 756 , 57 ,14 71 ,43

Majorca cana 810 , 53 ,33 66 ,66

Malaga vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Malines aune 323 ,25 133 ,64 167 ,05

Malta canna 1058 ,40 40 ,82 51 ,02

Manheim elle 263 ,45 163 ,98 204 ,97

Mantua braccio 219 ,70 196 ,63 245 ,79

Marseilles canne 948 ,20 45 ,56 56 ,95

aune 552 ,60 78 ,18 97 ,72

Mastrick elle 322 ,80 133 ,83 167 ,28

Mecca covid 324 , 133 ,33 166 ,66

Memel elle 271 , 159 ,41 199 ,26

Memmingen elle 331 ,33 130 ,38 162 ,98

Mentz elle 259 ,20 166 ,66 208 ,33

Messina canna 918 ,72 47 ,02 58 ,77

palmo 114 ,84 376 ,18 470 ,22

Middelburg elle 326 , 132 ,51 165 ,64

Milan braccio for cloths 319 ,40 135 ,25 169 ,06

braccio for silk stuffs 253 ,34 170 ,52 213 ,15

Minden elle 273 ,40 158 , 197 ,50

Minorca cana 756 , 57 ,14 71 ,43

Mocha guz 300 , 144 , 180 ,

covid 216 , 200 , 250 ,

Modena braccio 302 ,35 142 ,88 178 ,60

Montpellier canne 946 , 45 ,66 57 ,08

Morea pike 216 , 200 , 250 ,

Morlaix aune 636 ,25 67 ,90 84 ,87

Morocco covado 238 ,10 181 ,44 226 ,80

Munich elle 394 ,30 109 ,56 136 ,95

Munster elle 381 ,80 113 ,15 141 ,43

Munden elle 276 ,15 156 ,44 195 ,55

Namur elle 313 ,22 137 ,92 172 ,40

Nantes aune of Bretagne 636 ,25 67 ,90 84 ,87

Naples canna 996 ,32 43 ,36 54 ,20

palmo 124 ,54 346 ,88 433 ,60

Narva elle 279 ,66 154 ,47 193 ,09

archine 336 , 128 ,57 160 ,71

Naumburg elle 267 , 161 ,80 202 ,25

Negropont pike 291 , 148 ,45 185 ,57

Neufchatel elle 525 ,45 82 ,22 102 ,77

Nice raso 259 ,20 166 ,66 208 ,33

palmo 124 ,65 346 ,57 433 ,21

Nienburg elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Nimeguen elle 313 ,22 137 ,92 172 ,40

Nordlingen elle 288 ,40 149 ,80 187 ,24

Norway elle 296 ,45 145 ,72 182 ,15

Nuremberg elle 311 ,50 138 ,68 173 ,35

Oporto vara 517 ,80 83 ,43 104 ,29

covado 313 ,62 137 ,75 172 ,18

palmo craveiro 104 ,54 413 ,25 516 ,54

palmo menor 103 ,56 417 ,50 521 ,44

Oran vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

pike for cloths 324 , 133 ,33 166 ,66

Osnabruck elle 275 ,50 156 ,80 196 ,

elle for linens 284 ,20 152 , 190 ,

Ostend aune 330 ,25 130 ,81 163 ,51

Osterode elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Oudenard elle 315 ,35 137 , 171 ,25

Oviedo vara 407 ,50 106 ,02 132 ,52

Paderborn elle 254 ,80 169 ,54 211 ,93

Padua braccio 316 ,75 136 ,38 170 ,48

Palermo canna 918 ,72 47 ,02 58 ,77

palmo 114 ,84 376 ,18 470 ,22

Paris aune of 528 lines 562 ,51 76 ,80 96 ,

aune of 526⁵⁄₆ lines 561 ,27 76 ,97 96 ,21

aune of 524 lines 558 ,25 77 ,38 96 ,73

metre 472 ,27 91 ,47 114 ,34

Parma braccio 258 ,15 167 ,35 209 ,19

Patras pike for cloths and linens 324 , 133 ,33 166 ,66

pike for silk stuffs 300 , 144 , 180 ,

Pekin peking 168 ,33 256 ,64 320 ,80

Pernau elle 259 ,10 166 ,73 208 ,41

Persia gueze 297 ,50 145 ,21 181 ,52

gueze monkelse 446 ,40 96 ,77 120 ,97

Perugia braccio 305 ,34 141 ,48 176 ,85

Piedmont raso 281 ,25 153 ,60 192 ,

Pisa palmo 140 ,95 306 ,50 383 ,12

Placentia braccio 306 ,30 141 ,04 176 ,30

Poland elle 291 ,40 148 ,25 185 ,32

Pondicherry covid 216 , 200 , 250 ,

Pontremoli braccio 326 ,10 132 ,47 165 ,59

Posen elle 269 , 160 ,59 200 ,74

Prague elle 279 , 154 ,84 193 ,55

Presburg elle 263 ,60 163 ,89 204 ,86

Queda covid 216 , 200 , 250 ,

Ragusa ana 242 ,40 178 ,22 222 ,78

Ratisbon elle 383 , 112 ,80 141 ,

Ratzeburg elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Ravenna braccio 317 ,50 136 ,06 170 ,08

Ravensburg elle 324 ,60 133 ,08 166 ,36

Reccanati braccio 314 ,20 137 ,50 171 ,87

Reggio braccio 250 ,20 172 ,66 215 ,82

Revel elle 252 ,80 170 ,88 213 ,60

Rhodes pike 357 , 121 , 151 ,25

Riga elle 258 ,90 166 ,86 208 ,57

Rimini braccio 302 ,35 142 ,88 178 ,60

Rochelle aune 558 ,25 77 ,38 96 ,73

Rome canna for linens 987 , 43 ,77 54 ,71

braccio ditto 299 ,80 144 ,10 180 ,12

canna for cloths and silk stuffs 939 ,66 45 ,97 57 ,47

braccio 400 ,50 107 ,86 134 ,83

Rostock elle 273 ,15 158 ,15 197 ,69

Rotenburg elle 276 ,90 156 , 195 ,

Rotterdam elle 326 , 132 ,51 165 ,64

Rouen aune for cloths 549 ,75 78 ,58 98 ,23

aune for linens 659 ,68 65 ,49 81 ,86

Roveredo braccio for cloths 299 ,90 144 ,05 180 ,06

braccio for silk stuffs 351 ,80 122 ,80 153 ,50

Ruremonde elle 324 , 133 ,33 166 ,66

Russia archine 336 , 128 ,57 160 ,71

Saltzburg elle for silk stuffs 379 ,15 113 ,94 142 ,42

elle for cloths 474 ,95 90 ,96 113 ,70

Sayd pike 285 ,50 151 ,31 189 ,14

St. Gall elle for cloths 291 , 1?8 ,45 185 ,57

elle for linens 378 ,30 114 ,20 142 ,75

St. Malo anne 636 ,25 67 ,90 84 ,87

St. Petersburg archine 336 , 128 ,57 160 ,71

St. Sebastian vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Saragossa cana 978 ,40 44 ,15 55 ,19

Sardinia raso 259 ,20 166 ,66 208 ,33

palmo 118 ,58 364 ,32 455 ,40

Schafhausen elle 285 , 151 ,58 189 ,47

Schweinfurt elle 275 ,50 156 ,80 196 ,

Scio pike long measure 324 , 133 ,33 166 ,66

pike short measure 311 ,80 138 ,55 173 ,19

Scotland ell old measure 446 ,40 96 ,77 120 ,96

Seville vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Siam ken 453 ,85 95 ,18 118 ,98

covid 216 , 200 , 250 ,

Sicily canna 918 ,72 47 ,02 58 ,77

palmo 114 ,84 376 ,18 470 ,22

Sienna braccio for linens 283 ,50 152 ,38 190 ,48

braccio for cloths 178 ,35 242 ,22 302 ,78

Silesia elle 272 , 158 ,82 198 ,53

Smyrna pike 324 , 133 ,33 166 ,66

Soleure elle 259 ,60 166 ,40 208 ,

Spain vara 295 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Stade elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Stettin elle 307 ,36 140 ,55 175 ,69

Stockholm elle 280 ,40 154 ,06 192 ,58

Stralsund elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Strasburg elle 562 ,51 76 ,80 96 ,

brache 254 ,60 169 ,68 212 ,10

Surat guz 336 , 128 ,57 160 ,75

cobit 216 , 200 , 250 ,

Sweden elle 280 ,40 154 ,06 192 ,58

Teneriff vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Thorn elle 269 , 160 ,59 200 ,74

Toledo vara 395 ,25 109 ,30 136 ,62

Tortosa cana 751 ,75 57 ,46 71 ,83

Toulon canne 915 ,80 47 ,17 58 ,96

Toulouse canne 859 ,75 50 ,25 62 ,81

Tournai aune 292 ,45 147 ,72 184 ,65

Trente elle for cloths 319 ,60 135 ,17 168 ,96

elle for silk stuffs 289 , 149 ,48 186 ,85

Treves elle 263 ,60 163 ,89 204 ,86

Trevigo braccio 316 ,75 136 ,38 170 ,48

Trieste elle for cloths 319 ,20 135 ,34 169 ,17

elle for silk stuffs 302 ,55 142 ,78 178 ,48

Tripoli in Barbary pike 260 ,90 165 ,58 206 ,98

Tripoli in Syria pike 324 , 133 ,33 166 ,66

Troppau elle 268 ,50 160 ,90 201 ,12

Troyes aune 374 ,70 115 ,29 144 ,12

Tunis pike for cloths 317 ,80 135 ,93 169 ,92

pike for silk stuffs 297 ,93 145 , 181 ,25

pike for linens 223 ,40 193 ,38 241 ,72

Turkey pike long measure 316 , 136 ,70 170 ,88

pike short measure 306 , 141 ,18 176 ,47

Turin raso 284 ,90 151 ,63 189 ,54

Ulm elle 268 ,50 160 ,90 201 ,12

Valencia vara 428 ,20 100 ,88 120 ,10

Valenciennes aune 311 ,10 138 ,86 173 ,58

Venice braccio for cloths 314 ,90 137 ,19 171 ,48

braccio for silk stuffs 296 ,40 145 ,75 182 ,18

Verden elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Verona braccio 296 ,40 145 ,75 182 ,18

Vicenza braccio 323 ,45 133 ,56 166 ,95

Vienna elle 367 , 117 ,71 147 ,14

Waldenburg elle 272 , 158 ,82 198 ,53

Warendorf elle 276 ,25 156 ,38 195 ,47

Warsaw elle 291 ,40 148 ,25 185 ,32

Windesheim elle 311 ,50 138 ,68 173 ,35

Wirtemburg elle 318 , 135 ,85 169 ,81

Wismar elle 275 ,30 156 ,92 196 ,15

Wurtzburg elle 274 ,10 157 ,60 197 ,

Xativa vara 420 ,50 102 ,73 128 ,42

Ypres aune 330 ,25 130 ,81 163 ,51

Zell elle 274 ,85 157 ,17 196 ,47

Zittau elle 269 ,10 160 ,54 200 ,67

Zurich elle 283 ,40 152 ,43 190 ,54

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the measures of any two given countries may be ascertained.

Examples.

Let it be required to reduce 100 archines of Russia into varas of Spain.

The archine measuring 336 English lines, and the vara 395,25, according to the table prefixed, I state the following equation:

100 archines = x

1 archine = 336 lines

395 ,25 lines = 1 vara

Result 85,01 varas.

Reduce 100 varas into archines.

100 varas = x

1 vara = 395 ,25 lines

336 lines = 1 archine

Result 117,63 archines.

English Long Measure.

inch

3 palm

9 3 span

12 4 1 ¹⁄₄ foot

18 6 2 1 ¹⁄₂ cubit

36 12 4 3 2 yard

45 15 5 3 ³⁄₄ 2 ¹⁄₂ 1 ¹⁄₄ ell

60 20 6 ²⁄₃ 5 3 ¹⁄₂ 1 ³⁄₄ 1 ¹⁄₄ pace fath- om

72 24 8 6 4 2 1 ³⁄₄ 1 ¹⁄₅

198 66 22 16 ¹⁄₂ 11 5 ¹⁄₂ 4 3 ¹⁄₁₀ 2 ³⁄₄ pole fur- long

7920 2640 880 660 440 220 176 132 110 40

63360 21120 7040 5280 3520 1760 1408 1056 880 320 8 mile

Jewish Long or Itinerary Measure.

Eng.

miles. paces. feet.dec.

cubit 0 0 1 .824

400 stadium 0 145 4 .6

2000 5 Sab. day’s journey 0 729 3 .0

4000 10 2 eastern mile 1 403 1 .0

12000 30 6 3 parasang 4 153 3 .0

96000 240 48 24 8 a day’s journey 33 172 4 .0

Roman long Measure, reduced to English.

Eng.

paces. ft. dec. inch

digitus transversus 0 0 0 .725¹⁄₄

1 ³⁄₄ uncia 0 0 0 .967

4 3 palmus minor 0 0 2 .901

16 12 4 pes 0 0 11 .604

20 15 5 1 ¹⁄₄ palmipes 0 1 2 .505

24 18 6 1 ¹⁄₂ 1 ¹⁄₅ cubitus 0 1 5 .406

40 30 10 2 ¹⁄₂ 2 1 ²⁄₃ gradus 0 1 5 .01

80 60 20 5 4 3 ¹⁄₂ 2 passus 0 4 10 .02

10000 7500 2500 625 500 416 ²⁄₃ 250 215 stadium 120 4 4 .5

80000 60000 20000 5000 4000 3333 ¹⁄₃ 2000 1000 8 milliare 967 0 0

English square or superficial Measures, are raised from the yard of 36 inches multiplied into itself; and this producing 1296 square inches in the square yard, the divisions of this are square feet and inches, and the multipliers, poles, roods, and acres.

English square Measure.

inches

144 feet

1296 9 yards

3600 25 2 paces

39204 272 ¹⁄₄ 30 ¹⁄₄ 10 ,89 poles

1568160 10890 1210 435 ,6 40 roods

6272640 43560 4840 1743 ,6 160 4 acres

Long Measure.

12 Inches make 1 Foot.

3 Feet —— 1 Yard.

5 ¹⁄₂ Yards —— 1 Pole, or perch.

40 Poles —— 1 Furlong.

8 Furlongs —— 1 Mile.

4 Inches —— 1 Hand.

6 Feet —— 1 Fathom, or toise.

3 Miles —— 1 League.

60 Nautical, or geographical miles, or 69¹⁄₂ statute miles —— 1 Degree.

Square Measure.

144 Square inches make 1 Square foot.

9 Square feet —— 1 Square yard.

30 ¹⁄₄ Square yards —— 1 Square pole.

40 Square poles —— 1 Square rood.

4 Square roods —— 1 Square acre.

Solid, or Cubic Measure.

1728 Cubic in. make 1 Cubic foot.

27 Cubic feet —— 1 Cubic yard.

251 Cubic in. —— 1 Gal. wine measure.

281 do. —— 1 Gal. beer measure.

168 ³⁄₅ do. —— 1 Gal. dry measure.

Dry Measure.

8 Pints make 1 Gallon.

2 Gallons —— 1 Peck.

4 Pecks —— 1 Bushel.

4 Bushels —— 1 Coom.

2 Cooms —— 1 Quarter.

5 Quarters —— 1 Wey.

2 Weys —— 1 Last.

Avoirdupois Weight.

16 Drams make 1 Ounce.

16 Ounces —— 1 Pound.

28 Pounds —— ¹⁄₄ of a Hundred.

4 Quarters —— 1 Hundred.

20 Hundred —— 1 Ton.

14 Pounds —— 1 Stone.

French square Measures, are regulated by 12 square lines in the inch square, 12 inches in the foot, 22 feet in the perch, and 100 perches in the arpent or acre.

French liquid Measures. At Paris, and in a great part of the kingdom, the smallest measure is the possou, which contains six cubic inches; 2 possous make the demi-septier; 2 demi-septiers the chopine; 2 chopines a pint; 2 pints a quart or pot; 4 quarts the gallon, or septier of estimation; 36 septiers the muid; which is subdivided into 2 demi-muids, 4 quarter muids, and 8 half quarter muids. The queue in Orleans, Blois, &c. contains a Paris muid and a half. The tun used at Bayonne and Bourdeaux, consists of 4 bariques, and equal to 3 Paris muids; at Orleans to 2: so that the first tun contains 864 pint, and the second 576. The demi-queue in Champagne, 96 quarts; the pipe in Anjou and Poictou, 2 bussards, equal to a demi-queues of Orleans, &c. or a muid and a half of Paris. The millerolle used in Provence, contains 66 Paris pints; and the poincon at Nantz, in Touraine, and the Blessois, equal to half the Orleans tun. The poincou at Paris is the same with the demi-queue.

French Weights and Measures.

The toise is commonly used in France for military purposes, and is divided into 6 feet: each foot 12 inches; each inch 12 lines; each line 12 points. The pace is usually reckoned at 2¹⁄₂ feet.

Poids de Marc, ou de Paris.

24 Grains make 1 Den’r.

3 Den’rs. —— 1 Gros.

8 Gros —— 1 Ounce.

8 Ounces —— 1 Marc.

2 Marcs —— 1 Pound.

The French have lately formed an entire new system of weights and measures: the following short account of them, and their proportion to the old weights and measures of France, and those of English standard, is extracted from Nicholson’s Natural Philosophy.

Proportions of the measures of each species to its principal measure or unity. First part of the name which indicates the proportion to the principal measure or unity. PRINCIPAL MEASURES, OR UNITIES.

Length. Capacity. Weight. Agrarian. For Firewood.

10,000 Myria - Metre. Litre. Gramme. Are. Stere.

1,000 Kilo

100 Hecto

10 Deca

0 ——

0 .1 Deci

0 .01 Centi

0 .001 Milli

Proportion of the principal measures between themselves, and the length of the Meridian. 10,000,000th part of the dist. from the Pole to the Equator. A Decimetre cube. Weight of a centimetre cube of distilled Water. 100 square metres. One cubic metre.

Value of the principal measures in the ancient French measures. 3 feet 11 lines and ¹⁄₂ nearly. 1 pint and ¹⁄₂₀ or 1 litron and ¹⁄₄ nearly. 18 grains and 841,000 parts. Two square perches des eaux et foret. 1 demi voie or ¹⁄₄ of a cord des eaux et foret.

Value in English measures. Inches 39·383. 61.083 inch, which is more than the wine and less than the beer quart. 22·966 grains. 11·968 square yards.

By the new metrical system of the French, the geometrical circle used in astronomical, geographical, and topographical calculations, is divided instead of 360, into 400 equal parts, which are called grades: each grade is divided into 100 equal parts which are called minutes of grades: and each minute into 100 seconds, of grades. The proportion of the new to the old degree is 0.9; and the next proportion or minute is 54′ of the old division; and the new second is 32″.4 of the ancient.

Reduction of the old French Weights and measures to English; and the contrary.

1st. To reduce English Avoirdupois to Paris weight:

The avoirdupois pound of 16 ounces, or 7000 troy grains = 8538 - Paris grains

The ounce = 533.6250

2d. To reduce Paris running feet or inches into English, multiply by - 1.065977

—— English running feet or inches into Paris divide by

3d. To reduce Paris cubic feet or inches into English, multiply by - 1.211278

—— English cubic feet or inches into Paris, divide by

4th. To reduce the Paris pint to the English, multiply by - 2.0171082

—— To reduce the English pint to the Paris, divide by

German Measures. The Rhinland rood is the measure commonly used in Germany and Holland, and in most of the northern states, for all military purposes.

It is divided into 12 feet. The Rhinland rood is sometimes divided into tenths, or decimal feet, and the pace is made equal to 2 decimal feet, or ²⁄₁₀ of a rood.

Proportions between the English Weights and Measures, and those of the principal Places in Europe.

Places. Foot in Parts. Pound in Parts.

London 1000 100

Paris 1068 108

Amsterdam 942 93

Rhinland 1033 96

Antwerp 946 98

Lovaine 958 98

Middleburgh 991 98

Strasburgh 920 93

Bremen 964 94

Cologne 954 97

Frankfort 948 93

Leipsig — 117

Hamburg — 95

Venice 1153 151

Prague 1026 106

Copenhagen 965 94

Nuremburgh 1006 94

Bavaria 954 40

Vienna 1053 83

Madrid 1001 99

Toledo 899 100

Bologne 1204 127

Naples 861 —

Florence — 123

Genoa — 142

Mantua 1569 143

Turin 1062 —

Dantzig 944 119

Cubical Measures, or measures of capacity for liquors. English liquid measures were originally raised from troy weight, it being ordained that pounds troy of wheat, gathered from the middle of the ear, and well dried, should weigh a gallon of wine measure; yet a new weight, viz. the avoirdupois weight, had been introduced, to which a second standard gallon was adjusted, exceeding the former in the proportion of the avoirdupois weight to the troy weight. From this latter standard were raised two measures, the one for ale, the other for beer.

The sealed gallon at Guildhall, London, which is the English standard for wine, spirits, oil, &c. is supposed to contain 231 cubic inches; yet by actual experiment made in 1688, before the lord mayor and commissioners of excise, it only contains 224 cubic inches. It was however agreed to continue the common supposed contents of 231: hence, as 12 : 231 ∷ 14¹²⁄₂₀ : 281¹⁄₂ the cubic inches in an ale gallon; but in effect, the ale quart contains 70¹⁄₂ cubic inches; on which principles the ale and beer gallon will be 282 cubic inches.

Dry Measure, is different from both the ale and wine measure, being nearly a mean between both.

According to a British act of parliament, passed in 1697, every round bushel with a plain and even bottom, being 18¹⁄₂ inches throughout, and eight inches deep, is to be accounted a legal Winchester bushel, according to the standard in the exchequer; consequently a corn gallon will contain 268.8 inches, as in the following table.

inches

2688 gallons

5376 2 pecks

21504 8 4 ¹⁄₂ bushels

172032 64 32 8 quarters

Winchester Measure.

2 Pints make 1 Quart.

4 Quarts —— 1 Gallon.

9 Gallons —— 1 Firkin.

2 Firkins, or 18 Gallon —— 1 Kilderkin.

2 Kilderkins, or 36 Gallons —— 1 Barrel.

1 Barrel and half, or 54 Gallons —— 1 Hogshead.

2 Hogsheads or 3 barrels, or 108 Gallons —— 1 Butt.

2 Butts, or 216 Gallons —— 1 Tun.

Table Cloth Measure.

2 Inches and a Quarter make 1 Nail.

4 Nails —— ¹⁄₄ of a Yard.

4 Quarters —— 1 Yard.

³⁄₄ of a Yard —— 1 Ell Flemish.

5 Quarters, or 1 Yard 1 Quarter —— 1 Ell English.

6 Quarters —— 1 French Ell.

Measure of wood for firing, is the cord, being four feet high, as many broad, and the length of the wood is as by law established, it is divided into two half cords.

Measure for horses, is the hand, which by statute contains 4 inches.

Powder Measures, made of copper, holding from an ounce to 12 pounds, are very convenient in a siege, when guns or mortars are to be loaded with loose powder, especially in ricochet-firing, &c.

The French recommend measures that are made of block tin, such as are used for measuring out salt, viz. 1 ounce, 2, 3, 4, 8, which make the half pound; and lastly, of 16, which make the pound. These quantities answer every sort of ordnance.

Diameters and Heights of Cylindric Powder Measures, holding from 1 to 15 Ounces.

Ounces 0 1 2 3 4 5

0 0 1·256 1·583 1·811 1·994 2·148

1 2·706 2·793 2·876 2·953 3·027 3·098

Diameters and Heights of Cylindric Powder Measures, holding from 1 to 15 Pounds.

Pounds 0 1 2 3 4 5

0 0 3·165 3·988 4·565 5·024 5·412

1 6·890 7·039 7·245 7·442 7·628 7·805

The above are in inches and decimals.

Measure-angle, a brass instrument to measure angles, either saliant or rentrant, for exactly ascertaining the number of degrees and minutes, to delineate them on paper.

MEASURING, -

MENSURATION,

in military mathematics, the assuming any certain quantity, and expressing the proportion of other similar quantities to the same; or the determining, by a certain known measure, the precise extent, quantity, or capacity of any thing.

Measuring, in general, constitutes the practical part of geometry; and from the various subjects which it embraces, it acquires various names, and constitutes various arts, viz.

Longimetry, Altimetry, Levelling, Geodesia, or Surveying, Stereometry, Superficies, and Solids, &c. which see.

Measuring. See Chain.

MECHANICS, a mixed mathematical science, which considers motion and moving powers, their nature and laws, with the effects thereof, in machines, &c. The word is derived from the Greek. That part which considers motion arising from gravity, is sometimes called statics, in contradistinction from that part which considers the mechanical powers and their application, properly called mechanics: it is, in fine, the geometry of motion.

Mechanics. The whole momentum or quantity of force of a moving body, is the result of the quantity of matter, multiplied by the velocity with which it is moved; and when the product arising from the multiplication of the particular quantities of matter in any two bodies, by their respective velocities are equal, their momentum will be so too. Upon this easy principle depends the whole of mechanics; and it holds universally true, that when two bodies are suspended on any machine, so as to act contrary to each other; if the machine be put in motion, and the perpendicular ascent of one body multiplied into its weight, be equal to the perpendicular descent of the other, multiplied into its weight, those bodies, how unequal soever in their weights, will balance each other in all situations: for, as the whole ascent of the one is performed in the same time as the whole descent of the other, their respective velocities must be as the spaces they move through; and the excess of weight in one is compensated by the excess of velocity in the other. Upon this principle it is easy to compute the power of any engine, either simple or compound; for it is only finding how much swifter the power moves than the weight does, (i. e. how much further in the same time,) and just so much is the power increased by the help of the engine.

The simple machines usually called mechanic powers, are six in number, viz. the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw.

There are four kinds of levers: 1st, where the prop is placed between the weight and the power. 2d, where the prop is at one end of the lever, the power at the other, and the weight between them. 3d, where the prop is at one end, the weight at the other, and the power applied between them. 4th, the bended lever, which differs from the first in form, but not in property.

In the first and 2d kind, the advantage gained by the lever, is as the distance of the power from the prop, to the distance of the weight from the prop. In the 3d kind, that there may be a balance between the power and the weight, the intensity of the power must exceed the intensity of the weight, just as much as the distance of the weight from the prop exceeds the distance of the power from the prop. As this kind of lever is disadvantageous to the moving power, it is seldom used.

Wheel and axle. Here the velocity of the power is to the velocity of the weight, as the circumference of the wheel is to the circumference of the axle.

Pulley. A single pulley, that only turns on its axis, and does not move out of its place, serves only to change the direction of the power, but gives no mechanical advantage. The advantage gained in this machine, is always as twice the number of moveable pullies; without taking any notice of the fixed pullies necessary to compose the system of pullies.

Inclined plane. The advantage gained by the inclined plane, is as great as its length exceeds its perpendicular height. The force wherewith a rolling body descends upon an inclined plane, is to the force of its absolute gravity, as the height of the plane is to its length.

Wedge. This may be considered as two equally inclined planes, joined together at their bases. When the wood does not cleave at any distance before the wedge, there will be an equilibrium between the power impelling the wedge, and the resistance of the wood acting against its two sides; when the power is to the resistance, as half the thickness of the wedge at the back, is to the length of either of its sides; because the resistance then acts perpendicular to the sides of the wedge: but when the resistance on both sides acts parallel to the back, the power that balances the resistance on both sides will be, as the length of the whole back of the wedge is to double its perpendicular height. When the wood cleaves at any distance before the wedge, (as it generally does) the power impelling the wedge will be to the resistance of the wood, as half the length of the back is to the length of either of the sides of the cleft, estimated from the top, or acting part of the wedge.

Screw. Here the advantage gained is as much as the circumference of a circle described by the handle of the winch, exceeds the interval or distance between the spirals of the screw.

There are few compound engines, but what, on account of the friction of parts against one another, will require a third part more power to work them when loaded, than what is required to constitute a balance between the power and the weight.

MECHANICAL, something relating to mechanics.

Mechanical philosophy, that which explains the phenomena of nature, and the operations of corporeal things, on the principles of mechanics; namely, the motion, gravity, figure, arrangement, &c. of the parts which compose natural bodies.

Mechanical powers. When two heavy bodies or weights are made by any contrivance to act against each other, so as mutually to prevent each other, from being put into motion by gravity, they are said to be in equilibrio. The same expression is used with respect to other forces, which mutually prevent each other from producing motion.

Any force may be compared with gravity, considered as a standard. Weight is the action of gravity on a given mass. Whatever therefore is proved concerning the weights of bodies will be true in like circumstances of other forces.

Weights are supposed to act in lines of direction parallel to each other. In fact, these lines are directed to the centre of the earth, but the angle formed between any two of them within the space occupied by a mechanical engine is so small, that the largest and most accurate astronomical instruments are scarcely capable of exhibiting it.

The simplest of those instruments, by means of which weights or forces are made to act in opposition to each other, are usually termed mechanical powers. Their names are, the lever, the axis or axle, and wheel, the pully or tackle, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw.

Of the Lever.

The lever is defined to be a moveable and inflexible line, acted upon by three forces, the middle one of which is contrary in direction to the other two.

One of these forces is usually produced by the re-action of a fixed body, called the fulcrum.

If two contrary forces be applied to a lever at unequal distances from the fulcrum, they will equiponderate when the forces are to each other in the reciprocal proportion of their distances. For, by the resolution of force it appears, that if two contrary forces be applied to a straight lever, at distances from the fulcrum in the reciprocal proportion of their quantities, and in directions always parallel to each other, the lever will remain at rest in any position.

Since of the three forces which act on the lever, the two which are applied at the extremes, are always in a contrary direction to that which is applied in the space between them: this last force will sustain the effects of the other two; or, in other words, if the fulcrum be placed between the weights, it will be acted upon by their difference.

On the principle of the lever are made, scales for weighing different quantities of various kinds of things; the steelyard, which answers the same purpose by a single weight, removed to different distances from the fulcrum on a graduated arm, according as the body to be weighed is more or less in quantity; and the bent lever balance, which, by the revolution of a fixed weight, increasing in power as it ascends in the arc of a circle, indicates the weight of the counterpoise.

On this principle also, depend the motions of animals; the overcoming or lifting great weights by means of iron levers, called crows; the action of nutcrackers, pincers, and many other instruments of the same nature.

Of the Axis or Axle, and Wheel, and of the Pulley or Tackle.

The axis and wheel may be considered as a lever, one of the forces being applied at the circumference of the axis, and the other at the circumference of the wheel, the central line of the axis being as it were the fulcrum.

For if the semidiameter of the axis, be to the semidiameter of the wheel, reciprocally as the power of A is to the power B, the first of which is applied in the direction of a tangent of the axis, and the other in the direction of the tangent of the wheel, they will be in equilibrium.

To this power may be referred the capstan or crane, by which weights are raised; the winch and barrel, for drawing water, and numberless other machines on the same principle.

The pully is likewise explained on the same principle of the lever. Suppose the line A. C. to be a lever, whose arms A. B. and B. C. are equidistant from the fulcrum B. consequently the two equal powers E. and F. applied in the directions of the tangents to the circle in which the extremities are moveable, will be in equilibrium, and the fulcrum B. will sustain both forces.

But, suppose the fulcrum is at C. then a given force at E. will sustain in equilibrium a double force at F. for in that proportion reciprocally are their distances from the fulcrum. Whence it appears, that considering E. as a force, and F. as a weight to be raised, no increase of power is gained, when the pulley is fixed, but that a double increase of power is gained, when the pulley moves with the weight.

A combination of pullies is called a tackle, and a box containing one or more pullies, is called a block.

This is a tackle composed of four pullies, two of which are in the fixed block A. and the other two in the block B. that moves with the weight F. Now, because the rope is equally stretched throughout, each lower pulley will be acted upon by an equal part of the weight; and because in each pully that moves with the weight a double increase of power is gained; the force by which F. may be sustained will be equal to half the weight divided by the number of lower pullies: that is, as twice the number of lower pullies is to one, so is the weight suspending force.

But if the extremity of the rope C. be affixed to the lower block, it will sustain half as much as a pulley; consequently the analogy will then be, as twice the number of lower pullies, more 2 is to 1, so is the weight suspended to the suspending force.

The pulley or tackle is of such general utility, that it would seem unnecessary to point out any particular instance.

Of the inclined Plane, and of the Wedge.

The inclined plane has in its effects a near analogy to the lever; and the forces by which the same weight tends downwards in the directions of various planes, will be as the sines of their inclinations.

The wedge is composed of two inclined planes joined together at their common bases, in the direction of which the power is impressed.

This instrument is generally used in splitting wood, and was formerly applied in engines for stamping watch plates. The force impressed is commonly a blow, which is found to be much more effectual than a weight or pressure. This may be accounted for on the principles which obtain when resisting bodies are penetrated, as if the mass and velocity vary, the depths to which the impinging body penetrates will be in the compound ratio of the masses and the squares of the velocities.

All cutting instruments may be referred to the wedge. A chizel, or an axe, is a simple wedge; a saw is a number of chizels fixed in a line: a knife may be considered as a simple wedge, when employed in splitting; but if attention be paid to the edge, it is found to be a fine saw, as is evident from the much greater effect all knives produce by a drawing stroke, than what would have followed from a direct action of the edge.

Of the Screw, and of mechanical Engines, in general.

The screw is composed of two parts, one of which is called the screw, and consists of a spiral protuberance, called the thread, which is wound round a cylinder; and the other called the nut, is perforated to the dimensions of the cylinder, and in the internal cavity is cut a spiral groove adapted to receive the thread.

It would be difficult to enumerate the very many uses to which the screw is applied. It is extremely serviceable in compressing bodies together, as paper, linen, &c. It is the principal organ in all stamping instruments for striking coins, or making impressions on paper, linen, or cards, and is of vast utility to the philosopher, by affording an easy method of measuring or subdividing small spaces. A very ordinary screw will divide an inch into 5,000 parts; but the fine hardened steel screws, that are applied to astronomical instruments, will go much farther.

It is easy to conceive, that when forces applied to mechanical instruments are in equilibrium, if the least addition be made to one of them, it will preponderate and overcome the effort. But the want of a perfect polish or smoothness in the parts of all instruments, and the rigidity of all ropes, which increases with the tension, are great impediments to motion, and in compounded engines are found to diminish about one fourth of the effect of the power.

The properties of all the mechanical powers depending on the laws of motion, and the action or tendency to produce motion of each of the two forces, being applied in directions contrary to each other, the following general rule for finding the proportion of the forces in equilibrium on any machine will require no proof.

If two weights applied to the extremes of any mechanical engine, be to each other in the reciprocal proportion of the velocities resolved into a perpendicular direction, (rejecting the other part) which would be acquired by each when put in motion for the same indefinitely small time, they will be in equilibrio.

Whence it may be observed, that in all contrivances by which power is gained, a proportional loss is suffered in respect of time. If one man by means of a tackle, can raise as much weight, as ten men could by their unassisted strength, he will be ten times as long about it.

It is convenience alone, and not any actual increase of force, which we obtain from mechanics. As may be illustrated by the following example:

Suppose a man at the top of a house draws up ten weights, one at a time, by a single rope, in ten minutes: let him then have a tackle of five lower pullies, and he will draw up the whole ten at once with the same ease as he before raised up one; but in ten times the time, that is, in ten minutes. Thus we see the same work is performed in the same time, whether the tackle be used or not: but the convenience is, that if the whole ten weights be joined into one, they may be raised with the tackle, though it would be impossible to move them by the unassisted strength of one man; or suppose, instead of ten weights, a man draws ten buckets of water from the hold of a ship in ten minutes, and that the ship being leaky, admits an equal quantity in the same time. It is proposed that by means of a tackle, he shall raise a bucket ten times as capacious. With this assistance he performs it, but in as long a time as he required to draw the ten, and therefore is as far from gaining on the water in this latter case as in the former.

Since then no real gain of force is acquired from mechanical contrivances, there is the greatest reason to conclude, that a perpetual motion is not to be obtained. For in all instruments the friction of their parts, and other resistances, destroy a part of the moving force, and at last put an end to the motion.

Mechanical, in mathematics, denotes a construction of some problem, by the assistance of instruments, as the duplicature of the cube, and quadrature of the circle, in contradistinction to that which is done in an accurate and geometrical manner.

MECHE, Fr. See Match.

MEDECIN, Fr. Physician.

MEDIATOR. Any state or power which interferes to adjust a quarrel between any two or more powers, is called a mediator.

MEDICINE-CHEST, is composed of all sorts of medicines necessary for a campaign, together with such chirurgical instruments as are useful, fitted up in chests, and portable. The army and navy are supplied with these at the expence of government.

Specific regulations have been issued by the war and navy offices, respecting the quantity and quality of the different medicines.

MEDIUM GUARD, a preparatory guard of the broad sword or sabre, which consists in presenting the sword in a perpendicular line with the centre of the opposed object, having the point upwards, the ward iron, and the cutting edge next the object.

MEER BUKSHY, Ind. Chief paymaster.

MEER TOZUK, Ind. A marshal whose business is to preserve order in a procession or line of march, and to report absentees.

MEGGHETERIARQUE, Fr. The commanding officer of a body of men, who formerly did duty at Constantinople, and were called Héteriennes, being composed of soldiers that were enlisted in the allied nations.

MELEE, Fr. a military term, which is used among the French to express the hurry and confusion of a battle; thus, Un Général habile conserve sa tranquillité au milieu du combat, et dans l’horreur de la mêlée:—An able general preserves his presence of mind in the thickest of the battle, and remains calm during the whole of the conflict. Mêlée corresponds with the English expression thick of the fight.

MEMOIRS, in military literature, a species of history, written by persons who had some share in the transactions they relate, answering, in some measure, to what the Romans call commentarii, i. e. commentaries. Hence Cæsar’s Commentaries, or the Memoirs of his Campaigns.