INDEX

α Aquilæ, see Altair

α Canis Majoris, see Sirius

α Canis Minoris, see Procyon

α Centauri, distance, 33, 35

luminosity and weight, 48

system of, 40, 263, 279, 280

α Herculis, 259, 272

α Lyrae, 33

α Orionis, see Betelgeux

α-particles, 112, 116, 117, 118

and Plate XIII (p. 113)

α-rays, 111

α Scorpii, see Antares

Absolute temperature, 102

Absorption lines and spectrum, 51, 126

Actino-uranium, 154, 155

Adams, J. C., 18, 19

Adams, W. S., 62, 343

Age of earth, 14, 151 ff., 248

of stars, 155 ff.

of sun, 180, 184

of universe, 336

Aitken, R. G., 171, 188

Altair (α Aquilæ), 33, 278

Andromeda, Great Nebula M 31 in, Plate IV (p. 30),

30, 70, 71, 72, 204, 206, 208, 215, 335

age, 335

distance, 71

rotation, 206

size, 30

weight, 71, 208, 215

Andromedid meteors, 251

Angstrom unit, defined, 256

Angular momentum, conservation of, 205, 217, 232

of solar system, 232

Annihilation of matter, 185, 191, 193, 298, 331

Antares (α Scorpii), 259, 272, 273, 278

internal constitution of, 273, 291

Aquarid meteors, 251

Aristarchus of Samos, 2, 13

Aristotle, 2, 5

Arrangement of solar system, 16, 240 ff.

Bode’s law, 19, 20

Copernican, 3, 5, 6, 27, 32

Ptolemaic, 2, 4, 6, 8, 31

Asteroids, 17, 226, 240, 247, 252, 348

Ceres, 17

distance of, 19, 20, 252

Eros, 34

origin of, 247, 252

Aston, F. W., 119, 154, 185

Atmosphere, of earth, 195, 343

of moon, 196

of planets, 196, 343, 344, 348

of sun, 195

Atomic nuclei, 108, 117

disintegration of, 111, 117

size and weight of, 109

structure of, 119, 139, 147

Atomic numbers and weights, 110, 287

in stellar matter, 306, 311

Atomic theory, 92, 103

Atoms, 103, 318

structure of, 106

synthesis of, 148, 149, 185

Availability of Energy, 326, 329

β Aurigae, 54, 58

β-particles, 112, 113, 116, 145 and Plate XIII (p. 113)

β-rays, 111, 145

B.D. 6° 1309, see Plaskett’s star

Bacon, Roger, 1

Becquerel, H., 110

Bentley, R., 197

Berenice’s hair, 39

Bessel, F. W., 33

Betelgeux (α Orionis), 259, 272, 278

Bickerton, A. W., 235

Biela’s comet, 251

Binary systems, 39, 40, 52, 54

birth of, 217

eclipsing, 54, 58

loss of weight in, 188, 228

orbits of, 46, 47, 167

origins of, 169, 219, 297

relative weights of components in, 188

subdivision in, 228

weights of, 48, 55

Birth of binary systems, 217

of nebulae, 204

of planets, 232, 237

of satellites, 232, 241

of stars, 209

Blackett. P. M. S., 117, 118

Blue stars, 62

Bode’s law, 19, 20, 252

Bohr, Niels, 124, 128, 129, 131, 304, 305

Bowen, J. S., 143

Boys, C. V., 44

Brownian movements, 159, 163

Bruno, Giordano, 3, 4, 344

Buffon, G. L. L., 235

Bumstead, H. A., 113

Burton, E. F., 143

γ-rays, 111, 114, 122, 139, 144, 145

Cameron, G. H., 143

Campbell, W. W., 321

Candle-power of stars, 49, 55, 179, 188;

see Luminosity

Capella, 278

Cassini, D., 23

Cavity-radiation, 123, 255

Cepheid variables, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 70, 209

mechanism of, 223

Ceres (asteroid), 17

Chamberlin, T. C., 235, 236

Chaos, primaeval, density of, 202

evolution from, 202, 204, 229, 230

Charlier, C. V. L., 67

Clusters, globular, 63, 64, 68, 213, 216

moving, 39, 173, 216, 217

Coal, combustion of, 175, 191

Coal sack, 30

Comets, 247, 251

origin of, 238

Condensation-chamber of C. T. R. Wilson, 113, 117

Condensations in a gas, 198, 200, 203, 209, 237

Configurations of rotating masses, 221

Conservation, of angular momentum, 205, 217, 232

of energy, 99, 189, 326, 328

of matter, 189

Constellations, 36, 39

Cooke, H. L., 143

Copernican astronomy, 3, 5, 6, 27, 32

Copernicus, 3

Creation, of matter, 336

of universe, 79, 337

Crookes, Sir W., 106

Cycles and epicycles (Ptolemaic), 2, 3, 4

Cyclic processes in nature, 325, 329, 331

δ Cephei, 56, 223

δ-rays, 113

Darwin, Sir George, 224

de Sitter, cosmology of, 79 ff., 84, 86, 174

Democritus, 93

Density, of matter in space, 77, 331, 332

of nebulae, 208

of stars, 265-8, 273, 282

Diameters of stars, 260, 263-8, 272, 277-80

Diffraction grating, 114

Dimensions, of earth, 34

of galactic system, 65

of solar system, 20, 34

of universe, 77, 83, 86, 87

Discontinuity, in physics, 124 ff.

of matter, 93

Displacements of spectral lines, (de Sitter), 81

(Doppler), 52

(Einstein), 78, 323

Distances, of globular clusters, 63

of nebulae, 71, 73

of stars, 33, 35, 36, 61, 62, 63

Doppler effect, 52

Dwarf and Giant stars, 276

Dwarfs, white, 280, 283, 284, 292, 317, 319, 320, 322, 323, 335

Earth, age of, 14, 151, 155, 173, 247

as a planet, 16, 19, 230, 237, 243

birth of, 237, 243

dimensions of, 34

future of, 225, 226, 250, 346, 352

-moon system, 34, 225, 226, 240, 243, 250

orbit of, 35, 36, 227, 346

Eccentricity of binary orbits, 171

of ellipse (defined), 46

Eclipsing binaries, 54, 55, 56, 58

Eddington, A. S., 67, 84, 179, 184, 187, 224, 287, 288, 295

Einstein, A., (Cosmology), 74, 77, 79, 84

(Gravitation), 45, 75, 79, 161

(Quantum theory), 124, 126, 127

(Relativity), 74 ff., 186, 261

Electricity, positive and negative, 107

attraction and repulsion, 107, 129

Electromagnetic energy, 120, 121

Electron, 107, 112, 119, 121

orbits in atom, 108, 128

Ellipse, defined, 46

as atomic orbit, 129

as gravitational orbit, 46, 47, 227

Ellis, C. D., 139

Emden, R., 286, 288

Energy, 98, 120, 189, 326 ff.

availability of, 326, 328

conservation of, 99, 189

source of stellar, 184

weight of, 120

Epicycles, 2, 3, 4

Equipartition of energy, in a gas, 156

stellar, 160, 164, 170, 172

Eros, 34

Ether, existence of, 338

Evaporation, 94

Evening stars, 17

Evolution, from primaeval chaos, 202, 205, 229, 230

stellar, 313 ff.

Expanding universe, 84, 86 ff.

Extra-galactic nebulae, 30, 70, 82

densities of, 208

distance of, 71, 82

evolution of, 204 ff. and Plates XVI to XXI in order

number of, 72

rotation of, 205, 206

size of, 31

velocities of, 82, 84, 86

weights of, 71, 215

Faraday, M., 122

Final end of universe, 329 ff.

Fireball, 248

Fission of stars, 169, 217, 219, 222, 229

Fizeau, H. L., 261

Fluorescence, 115, 327

Fraunhofer, J. von, 105

Free-path of molecules, 98

Frequency of radiation, 115, 126, 127

Full radiator, 123, 255, 261

Galactic latitude and longitude, 24, 25

Galactic nebulae, 29, Plates III (p. 29), VI (p. 37), VII (p. 44)

Galactic system of stars, 23, 25, 65 ff., 211

number of, 68, 69, 215

rotation of, 66 ff., 214

weight of, 69, 215

Galileo, 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 16, 24

Galle, J. G., 19

Gaseous masses in rotation, 206, 221

Gaseous state, nature of, 95

equipartition of energy in, 156

Gaunt, J. A., 309

Geodesy, 34

Geology, 150, 152

Gerasimovič, B. P., 321

Giant and Dwarf stars (defined), 276

Giant stars, internal constitution, 273, 290, 291, 310, 319

Globular clusters, 63, 65, 213, 216 and Plate IX (p. 63)

origin of, 216

shape of, 213

Goldsbrough, G. R., 250

Graham, T., 158

Gravitation, law of, 41, 45, 78, 161

cause of, 76

Gravitational instability, 197, 210, 237, 245, 246

Great Bear (cluster), 173, 216, 217

(constellation), 32, 39

Great nebulae, see Extra-galactic nebulae

H.D. 1337, see Pearce’s star

Halley, E., 151

Halley’s comet, 247, 251

Halm, J., 163

Hayford, J. F., 34

Heat, nature of, 100

effect of, on electrical structures, 141, 144

transport of, in a star, 307

Heat-death, 329, 330

Helium atom, 110, 119, 185, 305

Helmholtz, H., 177, 285

Henderson, T., 33

Herschel, Sir John, 23, 24, 211

Herschel, Sir William, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 65, 70, 211

Hertzsprung, E., 59, 223, 275

Hesperus, 17

Hess, V. F., 143

Highly penetrating radiation, 143, 144, 191, 298, 299

Hinks, A. R., 65

Holmes, A., 152

Hubble, E., 71, 73, 77, 83, 84, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210

Humason, M. L., 82

Huyghens, C., 23

Hydrogen atom, 110, 119, 130, 135, 146

annihilation of, 146, 147, 192

electron orbits in, 128, 130, 192

Hyperbola, 46

Instability, dynamical, 202

gravitational, 197, 210, 237, 245, 246

Interferometer, 261, 272

Interstellar matter, 29, 30, 63

Interstellar space, temperature of, 102

Inverse square law, (electric), 129

(gravitational), 44, 45, 47

(luminosity), 24, 33

Invisible radiation, 115, 258, 259

Irregular nebulae, 206

Irregular variables, 55, 58

Island universes, 28, 31, 68

Isotopes, 118

Jeffreys, H., 155, 225, 226, 239

Jupiter, 4, 16, 17, 19, 207

birth of, 240 ff., 243, 244

rotation of, 168, 225

satellites of, 4, 23, 196, 240, 241, 243, 250

size of, 17

temperature of, 21

weight of, 45

K-ring of electrons in atom, 134, 138, 289, 291,

292, 302, 304, 318

Kant, I., 176, 230, 231

Kapteyn, J. C., 27, 65, 212, 214

Kelvin, Lord, 177, 285

Kepler, J., 5, 33, 46

Klein, O., 146, 148

Kolhörster, W., 143

Kramers, H. A., 309, 310

Kruger 60, 48, 278, 279, 280, 317

system of, 267, 279, 280

L-ring of electrons in atom, 134, 138, 289, 292, 302

Lalande 21185, 36, 265

Lane’s law, 286

Laplace, P. S., 230, 233 ff.

nebular hypothesis of, 230, 231, 232 ff.

Lead, radio-active, 154

Leavitt, Miss, 57

Lemaître, G., 84, 86, 174

Lenard, P., 106

Leonid shooting-stars, 250

Leslie, Sir John, 158

Leucippus, 93

Leverrier, U. J. J., 18, 19

Life in solar system, 341

in universe, 340, 342, 345

on Earth, 12, 342, 345

on Mars, 343

on Venus, 344, 347

Light, nature and composition of, 37, 50, 114

speed of, 37, 115

wave-length of, 115, 138

Light-year, 37

Lindblad, B., 67, 69

Lippershey, 1

Liquid masses in rotation, 219 ff.

Liquid stars, 222, 296 ff., 300, 304, 310

Lives of stars, see Stars

Lockyer, Sir N., 314

Long-period variables, 56, 58, 61, 271, 319

Lowell, P., 19

Lucifer, 17

Lucretius, 93

Luminosity of stars, 48, 49, 179, 269, 278, 279, 280

M-ring of electrons in atom, 134, 289, 292, 293, 302

McLennan, J. C., 143

Magellanic clouds, 57, 210 and Plate XXI (p. 214)

Main-sequence stars, 279, 291, 295

Major planets, 16, 17

atmospheres on, 197

Man’s life on earth: past, 12, 16

future, 345 ff.

Marius, 31

Mars, 18, 19, 35

atmosphere of, 196, 343

birth of, 240, 243, 244

life on, 343

orbit of, 20, 239

rotation of, 225

satellites of, 240, 243, 250

temperature of, 21

Matter, annihilation of, 185, 191, 192, 315

conservation of, 189

Maxwell, J. C., 122, 157

Mayer, R., 176

Mercury, 4, 5, 16, 17, 19, 22, 35

absence of satellites, 243

atmosphere of, 196, 348

birth of, 240, 243

life on, 348

orbit of, 20, 45, 239

rotation of, 22, 224

Meteor, 238, 247, 248

Meteorite, 248

Michelson, A. A., 261

Milky way, 3, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30

Millikan, R. A., 143, 148

Minor planets, 16

Molecule, 94

collisions of, 97, 98, 102

equipartition of energy, 156

size of, 95

speed of, 96, 195

Moon, 4, 43

atmosphere of, 196

birth of, 243

distance of, 34, 43

eclipse of, 34

future of, 225, 226, 251

rotation of, 225

Moore, J. H., 321

Morning star, 17

Moulton, F. R., 235, 236

Moving clusters, 40, 173, 216

shape of, 216, 217

Munich 15040, 36, 264

Nebulae, classification of, 28

Nebulae, distance and size of, 31, 71, 72

extra-galactic, 28, 30, 70, 73, 82, 204 ff.

motions of, 82

rotation of, 205

weights of, 71, 204, 208, 215

M 31, see Andromeda, Great Nebula in

M 33, 71, 210 and Plate XX (p. 213)

N.G.C. 4594, 71, 72, 204, 208 and Plate XV (p. 204)

Nebulae, galactic, 29 and Plates III (p. 29),

VI (p. 37), VII (p. 44)

Nebulae, planetary, 29, 273, 321, 323 and Plate II (p. 28)

Nebulae, spiral, 30, 236

Nebular hypothesis of Laplace, 230, 231, 232 ff.

Neptune, 16, 17, 18, 19

birth of, 240, 243, 244

rotation of, 225

satellite of, 240, 243

New stars (novae), 61, 351

Newton, Sir Isaac, (cosmogony), 197, 203

(distances of stars), 33

(law of gravitation), 44, 45, 46, 161, 197

(light and optics), 50, 105

Nicholas of Cusa, 3

Nishina, Y., 146, 148

Novae, 61, 351

Nucleus, atomic, see Atomic

ο Ceti, 58, 272, 280

ο₂ Eridani, 268, 278, 280

Ο-type stars, 51, 321, 323

Obscuring matter in galactic system, 24, 30

Oort, J. H., 67, 84, 214

Opacity of stellar matter, 309

Orbit, of binary systems, 47, 167 ff., 224 ff.

of earth, 34, 36, 227

of moon, 34, 43, 226, 250

of planets, 45, 46, 237, 239, 245

of stars, 211, 213, 216

Oresme, 2

Orion, constellation of, 32, 39, 173

Paneth, F., 247

Parallactic measures of stellar distances, 33, 61, 63

Parallactic motion, defined, 33

Parallax, spectroscopic, 62, 303

Pearce’s star (H.D. 1337), 49, 54, 317

Period-luminosity law (Cepheid variables), 59-61

Perrin, J., 159, 184

Perseid shooting-stars, 251

Phases of moon and inner planets, 4, 5

Philolaus, 2

Phosphoros, 17

Photo-electric action, 128

Photography in astronomy, 37

Piazzi, G., 17

Planck, M., 123, 124, 126, 255

“Planet X,” 19

Planetary motions, 36, 45, 46, 78

Planetary nebulae, 29, 273, 321, 323 and Plate II (p. 28)

Planetary orbits, 45, 46, 237, 245

Planetesimal Hypothesis, 235, 236

Planets, arrangement of, 16, 19, 240

birth of (Laplace), 231, 234

birth of (Tidal Theory), 237, 240, 244

in the universe, 341, 349

motions and orbits of, 36, 45, 46, 78, 237, 239, 245

Plaskett, J. S., 67, 214

Plaskett’s star (B.D. 6° 1309), 49, 55, 269, 270, 272

Pleiades, 32, 39, 40, 173, 216

Plummer, H. C., 223

Pluto, 16, 18, 19, 20, 239, 240, 241, 243

birth of, 240, 243

temperature of, 20

Poincaré, H., 66, 285, 338

Poincaré’s theorem, 285, 291

Pressure in a gas, 97

in a star, 306

of radiation, 120

of radiation in a star, 290, 306

Primaeval chaos, evolution from, 202, 205, 229, 230

Proctor, R. A., 235

Procyon, 48, 266, 278, 279, 280

Proton, 119, 121

Proxima Centauri, 36, 40, 264, 278

Ptolemy, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 31

Pythagoras, 2, 3, 5, 13

Quantum, defined, 126

Quantum theory, 122 ff., 137 ff., 286, 330, 331

Quotations, Arnold, Matthew, 5

Bede, 7

Bruno, Giordano, 3

Cornford, Frances, 11

Cusa, Nicholas of, 3

Galileo, 5

Meredith, George, 283

Newton, Sir Isaac, 197

Sackville-West, Victoria, 7

Shakespeare, 193

Radiation, 114 ff., 137 ff., 254 ff., 307

distribution by wave-length, 253

highly penetrating, 143, 144, 191, 298, 299

mechanical effects of, 120, 137, 290, 306

of sun, 55, 175, 256

pressure of, 120;

in a star, 290, 306

visible and invisible, 258, 259

wave-length of, 122, 255, 258

weight of, 120, 122, 136

Radio-activity, 110 ff., 153, 298

Rainbow, 50, 51, 105

Rayleigh, Lord, 94

Redman, H. O., 277, 349

Relativity, theory of, 74 ff., 186, 261, 323, 337

Ring nebula in Lyra, 29, 274 and Plate II (p. 28)

Rings of electrons, in atom, 134, 138, 289, 291 ff., 302, 304, 305

Roche, E., 245, 249

Roche’s limit, 246, 250, 251, 252

Rosse, Lord, 30

Rotating masses, of gas, 206, 221

of liquid, 219, 221

Rotating nebulae, 205

Rotating systems of stars, 168, 213

Rotation, of astronomical bodies, 168, 216

of galaxy, 66 ff., 214

of nebulae, 205

of stars, 217

Royds, T., 112

Russell, H. N., 187, 229, 276, 293, 299, 314

Russell diagram, 276, 277, 278, 282, 283, 291,

295, 302, 303, 314, 338

Rutherford, Sir E., 107, 111, 112, 117, 143, 154

S Doradus, 182, 269, 270

St John, C. E., 343, 344

Salinity of oceans, 151

Sampson, R. A., 17, 308

Satellites, atmospheres on, 196

birth of (Laplace), 231

birth of (Tidal Theory), 241, 243, 246

discovery of, 23

Saturn, 16, 17, 18, 19, 32, 45

birth of, 240, 242, 243

rings of, 226, 231, 246, 247, 250

rotation of, 225

satellites of, 23, 196, 240, 241 ff., 250

temperature of, 21

Schrödinger, E., 305

Schwarzschild, K., 308

Seares, F. H., 26, 163, 281, 282

Sedimentation, 151

Shapley, H., 26, 59, 63, 65, 213, 216, 223, 247

Shooting-stars, nature of, 176, 247

origin of, 238, 247

swarms of, 247, 248, 251

Sirius, 36, 48, 259, 278, 279, 280, 316

system of, 265

Sirius B, 48, 262, 280, 292

Soddy, F., 111

Solar spectrum, 51, 105, 125, 256

Solar system, arrangement of, Bode’s law, 19

arrangement of (Copernican), 3, 5, 6, 27, 32

arrangement of (Ptolemaic), 2, 4, 6, 8, 31

atmospheres in, 194 ff., 343, 344, 347

orbits in, 45, 46, 224 ff., 238

origin of, 230 ff.

Sound, 96, 198

Spectra, stellar, 50, 125, 130 and Plate VIII (p. 51).

See also Displacements

Spectral types, 51

relation to stellar weights, 164

relation to surface-temperatures, 257

Spectroscope, 50

Spectroscopic binaries, 52

orbits of, 171, 172

origin of, 169, 222, 223

Spectroscopic parallaxes, 62, 303

Spectroscopic velocities, 50

Spectroscopy, 105

Spectrum, 50

of sun, 50, 105, 125, 256

Spherical nebulae, 207, 218, 219

Spiral nebulae, 30, 236

arms of, 236

Stability of stellar structures, 295, 296, 300 ff.

Stars, ages of, 84, 155, 167, 173, 174, 186

arrangement of, 24, 65

birth of, 209

density of, 263 ff., 273, 282, 292

diameters of, 260 ff., 277, 278, 321

distances of, 31, 35, 37

evolution of, 313 ff.

internal constitution of, 285 ff.

internal temperatures of, 286

liquid, 222, 296 ff., 298, 301, 310

luminosity of, 49, 179, 180, 269

motions of, 36, 50, 66 ff., 164, 212, 213

number of, 68, 69, 88

spectra of, 51, 125, 130 and Plate VIII (p. 51).

See also Displacements

stability of, 295, 296, 300 ff.

surface-temperatures of, 254, 257, 263 ff., 270, 271

variable, 55 ff., 223

weights of, 46, 48, 49, 164, 179, 268, 280 ff.

Star-streaming, 212, 214

Statistical methods in astronomy, 212, 213

Stellar, see Stars

Struve, Otto, 223

Struve, W., 33

Sun, age of, 181, 184

candle-power of, 55

distance from earth, 34, 227, 346

future of, 348, 350

internal constitution of, 286, 290

internal temperature of, 286, 288

loss of weight of, 178, 227, 346

past history of, 180

position in galactic system, 26, 66

radiation of, 55, 175, 189, 190

rotation of, 168, 205, 245

surface-temperature of, 256

Surface-temperatures of planets, 21 ff., 346, 347

Surface-temperatures of stars, 254, 257, 263 ff., 270, 271

of sun, 256

Taylor’s comet, 251

Telescope, 1

Galileo’s, 2, 13

Herschels’, 25

Lord Rosse’s, 30

100-inch, 2, 20, 68, 72, 73

200-inch, 2, 73

Temperature, scale of, 102

Temperature-radiation, 140, 255

Thermodynamics, 326 ff.

first and second laws of, 326, 328

Thomson, Sir J. J., 106

Tidal friction, 224 ff.

Tidal theory of solar system, 236 ff.

Tides in binary stars, 224, 226

Titan (satellite of Saturn), 23, 196

Transit of Venus, 34

Transport of energy in a star, 307

Ultra-violet radiation, 116, 143, 144

Universe, age of, 334, 336

apparent expansion of, 84, 86 ff.

beginning of, 77, 332 ff.

final end of, 329 ff.

size of, 77, 84, 87

structure of, 74 ff., 87

Uranium atom, 110

disintegration of, 116, 121, 153

Uranus, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

birth of, 240, 243, 244

rotation of, 225

satellites of, 23, 240, 243, 244

temperature of, 21

V Puppis, 278, 317

van Maanen, A., 273

van Maanen’s star, 268, 274, 278, 292

van Rhijn, P. J., 26

Variable stars, 55 ff., 222, 271, 319

Vega (α Lyrae), 33

Velocities of stars, 36, 68, 163 ff.

Venus, 4, 5, 16, 17, 19, 34

absence of satellites, 243

atmosphere on, 197, 344

birth of, 240, 243

life on, 344, 347

phases of, 4, 5

rotation of, 224

temperature of, 22, 347

transit of, 34

Virgo, nebula N.G.C. 4594 in, 71, 72, 204, 208

and Plate XV (p. 204)

Visual binaries, orbits of, 170, 171

origin of, 169, 284

Wave-length of radiation, 115, 122

Wave-mechanics, 136, 305

White dwarf stars, 280, 283, 288, 317, 318,

319, 320, 323, 348, 349

Wilson, C. T. R., 113, 117

Wireless transmission, 115

Wolf 359, 36, 264, 269, 270

X-rays, 116, 138, 144, 307, 311

Zero (absolute) of temperature, 102

Zodiacal light, 238

Zwicky, F., 87

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY W. LEWIS, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Footnotes: