Part 3 — INDEX

[ A ][ B ][ C ][ D ][ E ][ F ][ G ][ H ][ I ] [ J ][ K ][ L ][ M ][ N ][ O ][ P ][ Q ][ R ] [ S ][ T ][ U ][ V ][ W ][ Y ][ Z ]

Aar glacier, formation and dissolution of the, 75 Acalephæ, 348. See Jelly-fishes Acephala, their organisation, 299 — their food, 305 — their enemies, 305, 306 Acorn-shell, the, 244 Actiniæ, 361 Actinozoa, 363 Adriatic, depth of the, 8 — tides of the, 43 Africa, length of coast-line of, 4 — circumnavigated by the Phœnicians, 444 — Hanno's discoveries on the west coast of, 444 Agar-agar, or artificial edible birds'-nests of Java, 402 Agricola, Julius, sails round Scotland, 422 Air-bladder of fishes, 189 Air-currents. See Winds Albatross, 163 Albion, New, discovery of, 467 Alcyonarians, 363 Alexander the Great, maritime discoveries resulting from the conquests of, 447 Alexandria, the Pharus or lighthouse of, 89 Algæ, 390 — changes produced by, in the colour of the sea, 19 — Russian official collecting, 392 Alligators, 172 Amalfi, maritime trade of, 449 — decline of, 449 Amazon river, tides of the, 43 — — quantity of water which it pours into the ocean, 75 — — discovery of the river, 460 America, length of coast-line of, 4 — salmon of Russian America, 221 — discovery of, by Columbus, 457 — account of early navigation along the shores of, 457 Amerigo Vespucci, his discoveries, 460 Ammodyte, or launce, 230 Ammonites, 437 Amœbæ, 379 — simplicity of their structure, 380 Anabas of the dry tanks, 193 Anchovy, 214 Angler, or sea-devil, 203 Annelides, marine, 262 — general remarks on the, 262 — their beauty, 263 — their food, 264 — their enemies, 265 — tubicole, 266 Anson, Commodore, his maritime discoveries, 483 Aphrodita, or sea-mouse, 264 Arab commerce and maritime discovery, 452 Arctic discovery, 474, 496 — winter passed by Barentz, 478 Argand, his improvement in marine illumination, 90 Argonaut, 280 Argus, Scotch or Shetland, 333 Ascidia mammillata, 322 Asia, length of coast-line of, 4 Asteriæ, 335 Astræa, 373 Atlantic Ocean, depth of the, according to Maury, 7 — — temperature of the, 14 — — fury of the Atlantic surge, 28, 29 — — enormous fucus banks, or floating meadows of the, 397 Atolls, or lagoon islands, 374 Auburn, site of the village of, 29 Auks, 151, 168 Australia, length of coast-line of, 4 — discoveries in, 480, 486 Avosets, 143, 144, 146 Azores, discovery of the, 456 Back's arctic voyages, 507 Baffin, his maritime discoveries, 483 Baffin's Bay, discovery of, 483 Balani, 244 Balanus ovularis, 244 — balanoides, 244 Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, sketch of him and his discoveries, 464 Baleen of the whale, 98 Balleny, his discoveries, 509 Baltic, depth of the, 8 Band-worm, the great, 264 Barentz, William, his maritime discoveries, 476 Barnacles, 244 — their attacks on the whale, 17 Barnacle goose, 146 Barrow's Straits, discovery of, 505 Basaltic pillars of Fingal's Cave, 46 Bassora, foundation of the town of, 452 Bastidas, Roderigo de, his maritime discoveries, 461 Beachy Head, 5 Bear, white, said to attack the whale, 100 — organisation of the polar bear, 10 — attacks Barentz's men, 478 Bear Islands, discovery of, 477 Behring, his maritime discoveries and death, 484 Belemnites, 437 Bellrock lighthouse, 28, 86 — — height of the waves at the, 28 — — in the storm of 1807, 29 Benin, discovery of, 456 Bermudas, depth of the sea near the, 7 Bird Island, discovery of, 490 Bird's-foot sea-star, 335 Birds'-nests, edible, of Java, 399 — mode of gathering them, 399 — agar-agar, or artificial birds'-nests, 402 Birds of passage, 171 Birkenhead, the Great Float at, 91 Biscoe, his discoveries, 509 Bivalves, or acephalous mollusca. See Acephala Black-skimmer, or cut-water, the, 144 Blocks, erratic, of Greenland and Spitzbergen, 76 Bojador, Cape, doubling of, for the first time, 455 Bonito, the, 223, 224 Booth, Mr. Felix, 503 Boothia Felix, discovery of, 503 Borda, his improvements in marine illumination, 90 Borer, the, 231 Botallack, submarine mine, 91 Botrylli, 324 Bougainville, his maritime discoveries, 483 Boundaries of the ocean. See Limits of the ocean Brachiopods, 315 Brazils, discovery of the, 460 Breakwater of Cherbourg, 90 — of Plymouth, 90 — moles of Portland, Holyhead, ind Alderney, 90 Bream, sea, 415 Bristol Channel, high tides of the, 38 — — marine fauna, 414 Britannia Tubular Bridge, 91 Bryozoa, 316 Buchan, Captain, his arctic discoveries, 497 Buffadero, the marine cave of the, 52 Bullhead, river, its parental affection, 195 Burgomaster-bird, 159 Butthorn, the, 335 Byron, Commodore, his maritime discoveries, 483 Cabot, John and Sebastian, their discoveries, 459 Cachalot, or sperm-whale, its organisation, 102-104 — its food, 104 Ca'ing whale, the, 115 Calamary, 272 Caledonia, New, discovery of, 490 California, discovery of, 472 Callao, colour of the sea near, 20 Calling crabs, 250, 251 Calms, or doldrums, causes of, 67 Calycophoridæ, 352 Canada acquired by France, 461 Canary Islands probably known to the Phœnicians, 444 Cano, Sebastian el, first performs the circumnavigation of the globe, 469 Cape de Verd Islands, depth of the sea near the, 7 Capelins, 162 Capri, 'azure cave' at, 18, 49 Carcinas mænas, metamorphosis of, 258 Caribbean Sea, crystalline clearness of the, 21 Carinaria, 287 Carrigeen (Chondrus crispus), 399 Carteret, his maritime discoveries, 483 Cartier, Jacques, voyages of, 461 Caryophyllia, 370 Cat-fish, or sea-wolf, 415 Catalonians, their maritime discoveries, 452 Caves, marine, 45 — Fingal's Cave, 45-48 — azure cave of Capri, 18, 49 — the Antro di Nettuno, 49 — the Cave of Hunga, 49-51 — cave of the Skerries, 51 — the Souffleur, or Blower, 52 — the Buffadero, 53 Caviar, 217 Cellulariæ, 319 Cephalopods, their organisation, 271 — their locomotion, 274 — their food, 277 — their enemies, 277 — their great size in some cases, 379 — the Norwegian kraken, 279 — the argonaut, 280 — the nautilus, 281 — the cephalopods of the primitive ocean, 282 Cessart, De, his breakwater at Cherbourg, 90 Cetaceans, general remarks on the organisation of the, 95 — food of whales, 98 — their enemies, 99 — large Greenland whale, 101 — the rorqual, or fin-back, 101 — the antarctic smooth-back, 102 — sperm-whale, 102 — the narwhal, or unicorn-fish, 106 — the dolphin, 107 — the porpoise, 108 — the grampus, 108 — history of the whale-fishery, 109 — the ca'ing whale, 115 Cetochilus australis, banks of the, in the Pacific, 21 Ceylon, or Taprobane, discovery of, 447 Chætodon rostratus, 203 Chancellor's discovery of the White Sea, 474 — his death, 475 Charybdis, vortex of, 41 Chelura tenebrans, 247 Chelyosoma, 323 Chepstow, high tides at, 38 Cherbourg, breakwater of, 90 Chili, upheaving of the coast of, 10 Chincha Islands, statistics of the guano trade of the, 169 Chiton squamosa, 285 Chlorospermeæ, or green sea-weeds, 391 Chondrus crispus, or carrigeen, 399 Circumnavigation of the globe first performed by Sebastian el Cano, 469 Clavellina producta, 322 Climate, influence of the Gulf Stream on that of the west European coasts, 51 — variety of climates in similar latitudes, 52 — Peruvian cold stream, 53 — Japanese stream, 54 — influence of forests on climates, 78 — power of man over climate, 78 Climbing fishes, 193 Clio borealis, 298 Clouds, formation of, 71, 72 Coast-line of the sea, length of, 4 Coasts, different formation of, 5 — destructive power of the sea on all, 29 Cockle, the, 303, 306 Cocoa-nut crab of the East Indies, 254 Cod, the, 415 — curing the cod, 216 — cod-liver oil, 216 Cœlenterata, 345, 357 Colæus of Samos, his maritime discoveries, 446 Colour of the sea, 17 — the azure cave at Capri, 18 — changes produced by algæ and sea-worms, 19 Columbus, his discovery of America, 457 Compass, mariner's, invention of the, 451 Composition of sea-water, 12 Cone-shell, orange, 288 Conger-eels, 222 Congo, discovery of, 456 Constructions, marine, 80-91 Cook, Captain, his voyages and discoveries, 485 — his first voyage, 486 — discovery of the Society Islands, 486 — of the east coast of New Holland, 486 — his second voyage, and discoveries, 492 — his third voyage, 491 — his death, 462 Cook's Strait, discovery of, 486 Conochilus volvox, 268 Coral, spotted, of the Indian Ocean, 21 Coral, 366 — deep sea, 367 — fishing of the Mediterranean, 367 Coral-reefs, 374 — barrier-reef of Australia, 374 — how they become habitable for man, 375, 376 Coralline zone, 413 Cordova, his discoveries, 491 Cormorants, 154, 155 Cortereal, Gaspar, his maritime discoveries, 460 Cortereal, John Vaez, his discoveries, 458 Cortereal, Miguel, 461 Cortes, his conquest of Mexico, 461 Coryniadæ, 358 Crabs, 246 — legs of crabs, 251 — larvæ of crabs, 258 Cross-fish, the common, 334 Crustacea, by what are they distinguished from the insects and spiders? 243 — their respiratory organs, 244 Ctenophora, 358 Cuba discovered, 459 — circumnavigated for the first time, 461 Curlew, the, 143 Currents, ocean, 54 — causes of, 54, 55 — the equatorial stream, 56 — the Gulf Stream, 57 — influence of the Gulf Stream, 60 — the cold Peruvian stream, 62 — the Japanese stream, 63 — beneficial influence of the ocean currents, 64 Cushion star-fishes, 335 Cuttle-fish, 275 — ova of the, 278 Cuvier's classification of fishes, 188 Cyclobranchiata, 285 Cyclones, causes of, 68 Cymospiras, 266 Dampier, his maritime discoveries, 483 Darien, Gulf of, discovered, 461 Darwin's theory of the formation of lagoon islands, 375 Davis, John, his maritime discoveries, 476 Depth of the sea, 6 — of the Atlantic, according to Maury, 7 — American mode of sounding in deep water, 6 — telegraphic plateau between Newfoundland and Ireland, 7 — measurement of depth by the rapidity of tide-wave, 8 Dew, formation of, 68 Diatomaceæ, 402 — their importance in reference to the existence of animal life in high latitudes, 403 Diaz, Bartholomew, his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, 476 Diazona violacea, 324 Diodons, 178 Diogenes hermit-crab, 254 Diphyes, 352 Discovery, maritime, progress of, 441. See Maritime Discovery Diu, Portuguese settlement of, 462 Divers, 150 Docks of London and Liverpool, 91 Dogfish, 200 Dolphins, 107 Donax, 301 Dory, 242 Dragon-weever, 204 Drake, Sir Francis, his discoveries, 473 Duck family, 146 Dugong, 117 — skeleton of the, 118 — female dugong of Ceylon, 119 Dunes, formation of, 5 Dunwich, destruction of the coast at, 30 D'Urville, Dumont, his discoveries, 509 Dusky Bay, discovery of, 487 Dutch, their attempts to discover a North-West passage to India, 474, 476 Earth-rind, the giant book of the, 432 — formation of a solid earth-crust by cooling, 432 Echinus, or sea-urchin, 337 — mammillated, 338 — edible, 338 — dental apparatus of sea-urchins, 339 Eddystone lighthouse, the, 81 — Winstanley's structure, 81 — Rudyerd's, 82 — Smeaton's, 83 Edward's Island, Prince, discovery of, 491 — Land, 415 Eel, the common, 225 — conger, 228 — the murry, or muræna, 229 Eendragt's Land, discovery of, 480 Eider-duck, 146 Electric eel, 202 Endeavour Strait, discovery of, 486 Enderby Land, discovery of, 509 English navigation, retrospective view of, 459 — attempts to discover the North-West passage, 474 Enteromorphæ, 391 Eolis coronata, 284 Eozoon canadense, 381 note Equatorial ocean-current, 57 Equinoctial line crossed for the first time, 456 Erebus, Mount, discovery of, 509 Escharæ, 317 Espiritu Santo, discovery of the Archipelago of, 480, 490 Esquimaux in his kayak, 120 Euripus, phenomenon produced by the tides of the, 44 Europe, length of coast-line of, 4 Euryale, warted, 333 Evaporation, movement of the waters through, 65 Extent of the ocean, 1 Falkland Islands, sea-weeds at, 396 Fan-bearer, 402, 403 Feather-star, the rosy, 330 Fernandez, Juan, his discoveries, 473 Fierasfer, 340 File-fish, 232 Fin-crab, spotted, 252 Fin-fish, or northern rorqual, 101 Fingal's Cave, 45-48 — — popular belief as to its workmanship, 48 — — Sir W. Scott's description of it, 48 Fire, sea of, 434 Fish, consumption of, in London, 237 note Fish River, Great, course of, traced, 507 Fishes, general remarks on, 186 — their locomotive organs, 187 — Cuvier's classification of fishes, 188 note — fins, 188 — air-bladder, 189 — skin of, 190 — beauty of tropical, 191 — gills of, 191 — circulation of the blood of, 191, 192 — climbing, 193 — parental affection of, 194 — organs of sense, 196 — offensive weapons of, 198 — numerous enemies of, 207 — luminous, 422 Flamingoes, 142 Flat-fishes, 235 Florence, its commercial grandeur, 450 Flounder, 238 Flying-fishes, 156, 205, 224 Flying-gurnard, 206 Foraminifera, 378 — their immense numbers, 378 — simplicity of their structure, 380 — various forms of Foraminifera, 381 Forbes, Professor Edward, on the four zones of marine life on the British coasts, 408 Forests, influence of, on the formation and retention of atmospherical precipitations, 76 — formation of, 77 — influence of, on climates, 78 Franklin, Sir John, his arctic voyages, 501 — his last voyage, 508 Fresnel, his improvements in marine illumination, 90 Frigate-bird, 155 Frobisher, Martin, his maritime discoveries, 475 Frog-fish, 193, 194 Fuci, 392 — fucus banks, or floating meadows, of the Atlantic 397 Fulmar, the, 195 Gades, Phœnician town of, 444 Gaëta, maritime trade of, 451 Gama, Vasco de, doubles the Cape of Good Hope, 462 Gannet, or soland goose, 156 Gar-fish, 223 Garry, Cape, discovery of, 503 Gasteropods, 282 — respiratory apparatus, 283 — growth of their shells, 289 — mode of locomotion, 289 — their food, 294 — organs of sense, 295 — their enemies, 297 — their use to man, 296 Genoa, maritime grandeur of, 450 Geographical distribution of marine life, 405 Georgia, South, discovery of, 490 Germany, its climate at the time of the Romans and at the present time, 78 Glaciers, formation and dissolution of, 75 — the Aar glacier, 75 — of Greenland and Spitzbergen, 76 Glaucus, 283 Globe-fish, 232 Goa, Portuguese settlement of, 462 Goby, the black, 194 Goniaster, 335, 336 Good Hope, Cape of, discovery of, 457 — — first doubled, 462 Goodwin Sands, 9 Goose, sea, various kinds of, 146 Gorgonidæ, 365 Grampus, the, 108 — — anecdote of one, 109 Grass wrack (Zostera marina), 391 Great crab, 251 Grebes, the, 150 Greenland, depression of the coast of, 10 — olive colour of the water of the Greenland seas, 20 — glaciers of, 76 — whale-fishery of, 110 — discovery of, 457 Grijalva, his maritime discoveries, 461 Guano of the Chincha Islands, 169 — statistics of the trade of, 170 Guillemot, black, 165, 167 Guinea, New, discovery of, 473 Gulf Stream, the, 57, 58 — — its influence on the climate of the west European coasts, 59 Gulls, sea, 157 Günnbjorn, his discovery of Greenland, 457 Gurnard, 414 Haddock, 215 Hag. glutinous, 231 Haiti discovered, 459 Halibut, 236 Hanno, the Carthaginian, his voyage, 444 Harp-shell, 288 Hartburn, site of the village of, 29 Hartog, his maritime discoveries, 480 Hassar, land journeys of the, 194 Hawaii, discovery of the island of, 492 Hebrides, New, discovery of the, 480, 490 Henry, Prince, of Portugal, his maritime discoveries, 453 Hermit-crabs, 254 Herrings, 208, 415 Herring-crab, 256 Herring-fishery, 208 — history of the, 209 — statistics of the, 210 Herring-gull, 158 Hervey's Islands, discovery of, 487 Hindustan, circumnavigation of, 447 Hippocamp, 129, 234 Hippopus, 315 Hoar-frost, causes of, 72 Hogg, James, his experiments with salmon, 219 Holland, devastations caused by storm-tides on the coast of, 35 Holland, New, discoveries of, 473 — — Cook's discoveries in, 486 Holothuriæ, 339 Homer, his picture of the breaking of the waves against the shore, 27 Hood's Island, discovery of, 489 Hooded seal of northern seas, 125 Huatulco, sea-cave of, 52, 53 Hudson, Henry, his maritime discoveries, 481 — his unfortunate end, 482 Hudson's Bay, discovery of, 481 Hump-back whales, 102 Hunga, cave of, 49-51 Hyalæa, 298 Hyde, site of the village of, 29 Ianthinæ, 290 Ice-bear, 100, 134 Icebergs, formation of, 76 — erratic blocks carried away by, 76 Iceland, salmon of, 220 — discovery and colonisation of, 361 Ichthyosaurus, 438 Inachus Kæmpferi of Japan, 259 India, Portuguese discovery in, 462 Indian Ocean, spotted corals in the, 21 Indus, sudden rising of the spring-tide at the mouth of the, 42 Inferobranchiata, 284 Infusoria, marine, 383 Insects, marine, 261 Isinglass, 216 Isis hippuris, 369 Ivory of the walrus, 132 Jamaica discovered, 459 Japanese ocean-stream, the, 63 Java, gathering of edible birds'-nests on the south coast of, 399 Jelly-fishes, 345 — their anatomical structure, 345 — their size and colours, 356 — their indirect use to man, 357 — their phosphorescence, 420 — the Velella, 353 — the Portuguese man-of-war, 354 John Dory, 415 Kamtschatka, salmon of, 220 Keeling Island, subsidence of the coast at, 10 Kerguelen's Land, discovery of, 491 Kilda, St., bird-catching on, 164 King-crab, 246 Kittiwake, or tarrock, the, 158 Kraken, the Norwegian, 279 Labrador, discovery of, 459 Ladrone Islands, discovery of the, 468 Lagoon islands, 374 — — Darwin's theory of the formation of, 375 — — how they became habitable for man, 376 Lamantins of the Atlantic Ocean, 117 Laminaria, region of the great, or tangle forests, 393 Laminariæ, 393 Lampreys, 230, 231 Land-crabs, 250 Landscapes, submarine, 21 — in the Caribbean Sea, 21 — on the coast of Sicily, 21 La Perouse, his maritime discoveries, 493 — — his fate, 493 Launces, 230 Le Maire, his maritime discoveries, 480 Lepraliæ, 318 Lessonias, of the Falkland Islands, 396 Level of the ocean, does it remain unchanged, and every where the same? 11 Licmophora, or fan-bearer, 402 Life, marine, geographical distribution of, 405 — dependence of all created beings upon space and time, 406 — influences which regulate the distribution of marine life, 407 — the four bathymetrical zones of marine life on the British coasts, according to the late Professor Edward Forbes, of Edinburgh, 408 — first wakening of life in the bosom of the ocean, 435 Lighthouses, 80 — the Eddystone lighthouse, 81 — the Bellrock, or Inchcape, lighthouse, 85 — the Skerryvore lighthouse, 85-89 — the Pharus of Alexandria, 89 — progress of marine illumination, 90 Lily encrinites, 340 Limacina arctica, 298 Limits of the ocean, progressive changes in the, 9 — Goodwin Sands, 10 — alluvial deposits, 10 — upheaving of coasts, 10 — subsidence, 10 — temple of Serapis, 11 — level of the sea everywhere the same, 11 Limnoriæ, 247 Limpet, 285, 294 Limuli, or king-crabs, 246 Ling, 215, 415 Ling-thorn, 335 Lithophytes, 373 Liverpool Docks, 91 Lizards of the sea, 173, 181 — serpent-lizard, 435 Lobsters, 256, 257 Loggerheaded duck or goose, 148 London Docks, 91 Long-tailed duck, 148 Lophobranchii, the, 233 Louse, whale, 101 Lucernaridæ, 350 Luminous marine animals, 418 Lump-sucker, 415 Mackerel, 222 Macrocystis pyrifera, 393 — — Mr. Darwin's description of it at Tierra del Fuego, 393, 396 Madeira, depth of the sea near, 1 — discovery of, 505 Maelstrom, the, 41 Magellan, Ferdinand, his discoveries, 467, 468 Magellan's Straits, discovery of, 468 — — harmony of animal life in the islands of, 490 Magilus antiquus, 291 Malacca Islands, discovery of the, 462 Malo, St., high tides of, 38 Mammaria scintillans, 275 Manatee, the, 116 Mantis crab, spotted, 256 Marco Polo, his travels and discoveries, 453 Maritime discovery, progress of, 441 — discoveries of the Phœnicians, 443 — expedition of Hanno, 444 — circumnavigation of Africa, under Pharaoh Necho II., 444 — Ophir, 339 — Colæus of Samos and Pytheas of Massilia, 340 — expedition of Nearchus, 447 — circumnavigation of Hindostan, under the Ptolemies, 447 — voyages of discovery of the Romans, 453 — consequences of the fall of the Roman empire, 448 — Amalfi, 449 — Pisa, Venice, and Genoa, 449 — resumption of maritime intercourse between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, 451 — discovery of the compass, 451 — Marco Polo, 453 — other discoveries, 453 — Prince Henry of Portugal, 454 — discovery of Porto Santo and Madeira, 455 — doubling of Cape Bojador, 455 — discovery of the Azores, 456 — the line crossed for the first time, 456 — Benin and Congo discovered, 456 — and the Cape of Good Hope, 457 — discovery of America, 457 — and of Iceland, 457 — Greenland, 457 — discoveries of John and Sebastian Cabot, 459 — retrospective view of the beginnings of English navigation, 461 — Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci, 460 — Vincent Yañez Pinson, 460 — Cortes, 461 — Verazzani, 461 — Jacques Cartier, 461 — the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean, 462 — Balboa's discovery of the Pacific Ocean, 466 — Magellan, 467 — Sebastian el Cano, the first circumnavigator of the globe, 469 — Pizarro and Cortes, 470 — Urdaneta, 472 — Juan Fernandez, 473 — Mendoza, 473 — Drake, 473 — Willoughby and Chancellor, 474 — Martin Frobisher, 475 — Davis, 476 — Barentz, 476 — Quiros, 480 — Torres, 480 — Schouten, Le Maire, and others, 480 — Tasman, 480 — Henry Hudson, and his unfortunate end, 481 — Baffin, 481 — Dampier, 483 — Anson, Behring, Byron, Wallis, Carteret, and Bougainville, 483 — Cook's voyages, 485-492 — arctic discovery, 496 Marquesas de Mendoza Islands, discovery of the, 473 Mauritius, sea-cave on the, 52 Mediterranean Sea, depth of the, 8 — — height of the, 12 — — temperature of the, 14 — — colour of the, 18 — — sides of the, 43 — — Phœnician trade in the, 443 — — decline of trade in the, 33 — — resumption of maritime intercourse between the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, 449 Medusidæ, 349, 350 Melanospermeæ, or olive-coloured sea-weeds, 392 Melville Island, discovery of, 500 Mendana, Alvaro, his discoveries, 473 Menezes, Don Jorge de, his discoveries, 473 Merganser, 149, 404 Mexico, discovery of the coast of, 461 — conquest of, by Cortes, 461, 472 Microscopic life of the ocean, 378 Mines, submarine, 91 Mitre shells, 288 Mollusca, 270 — general remarks on, 270 Monsoons, north-east, 68 — south-west, 68 Moon, influence of the, on the tides, 446 Mother-of-pearl, 313 Mullet, grey, 415 Murex haustellum, 291 Murry, or muræna, 229 Mussels, edible, 307 — history of, 307 — 'bouchots,' or mussel-parks, 307 Myxine, the, 231 Naples, maritime trade of, 449 Narwhal, or unicorn-fish, 106 Nautilus, 280 — the pearly, 281 Nearchus, voyage of, 447 Necho II., Pharaoh, of Egypt, his maritime discoveries, 444 Nelson, Horatio, pursuing a polar bear, 138 Neptune's ruffles, 318 Nereis, the, 263 Nereocystis lutkeana, the, of Norfolk Bay and Sitcha, 397 Nettuno, Antro di, 49 Newfoundland, discovery of, 459 Noctiluca miliaris, 425 Norfolk, rapid destruction of the cliffs of, 29 Norfolk Island, discovery of, 490 North Sea, depth of the, 8 — — colour of the, 18 North-West Passage, attempts of the Dutch and English to discover the, 474 Norway, treaty of commerce concluded with, 459 Nova Zembla, 476, 477 — — sufferings of Barentz and his crew during a winter at, 478 Nudibranchiata, 284 Nummulina discoidalis, 378 Oar-weeds, 393 Ocean, the primitive, 433 Ojeda, discoveries of, 460 Oliva hispidula, 290 Onychoteuthis, arms and tentacles of an, 274 Ophir, the, of the Phœnicians, 445 Ophiuridæ, or snake-stars, 331 Orkney Islands, whirlpools among the, 42 Ormus, taken by the Portuguese, 462 Ostend, oyster-parks of, 309 Otarian seals, 126 Oyster, 307 — account of the oyster-trade, 308 — catchers, 143 — oyster-dust, 310 — pearl, 311 Pacific Ocean, depth of the, 7 — — height of the, 12 — — discovery of the, 466 — — Cook's voyages in, 492 Paguri, 254 Palisser Islands, discovery of the, 489 Palmas, Cape, colour of the sea near, 20 Palmyra, 445 Parrot-fishes, 372 Parry, Sir John, his arctic discoveries, 500 Patagonia, discovery of, 484 Pea-crab, 253 Pearl-oyster, 311 Pearls, 311, 312 Pectinibranchiata, 288 Pectunculus, 302 Pegasus, swimming, 207 Pelamid, 224 Pelamys bicolor, 183 Pelicans, 116, 154 Penguins, 142, 152 — species of, 153 Pentacrinus briareus, 330 Periwinkle, 411 Peru, visited by Pizarro, 471 — conquered by him, 472 Peruvian ocean-current, the, 62 Petrels, 160 — stormy, 162 Philippine Islands, discovery of the, 468 Philodina roseola, 269 Phœnicians, maritime discoveries of the, 443 — their progress in the arts and sciences, 445 Pholades, 304 Pholas dactylus, 301 — Pliny's accounts of its phosphorescence, 431 — striata, 302 Phosphorescence of the sea, causes of, 418 — of various marine animals, 418 Phyllosoma, 258 Physaliæ, the, 354 Physophoridæ, 353 Pilchards, 212, 415 Pilot-fish, 225 Pinnæ of the Mediterranean, 253, 304, 305 Pinson, his discoveries, 460 Pipe-fishes, 233, 234 Pisa, maritime trade of, 449 Pizarro, sketch of him and his companions, 469 Plaice, 238 Plants, marine, 390 Plectognaths, 232 Plesiosaurus, the, 438 Pleuronectidæ, or flat-fishes, 235 Pliny, his geographical knowledge, 448 Plover, the, 144 Plymouth breakwater, in the great storm of 1824, 29 Polycystina, 382, 383 Polynesia, length of coast-line of, 4 Polyps, 345 Polyzoa, 316, 320 Porcupine-fish, 232 Porpoise, 108 Portland, destructive action of the sea at, 31 Porto Santo, discovery of, 455 Portuguese man-of-war, 354 Poulp, 272, 273 Prontzchitschew, his maritime discoveries, 483 Protozoa, 378 Pteroceras, 290 Pteropods, their organisation and mode of life, 298 — the butterflies of the ocean, 299 Ptolemies, maritime discoveries of the, 447 Ptolemy, the geographer, his knowledge of the globe, 449 Ptygura melicerta, 267 Puffins, 165, 167 Purbeck, destruction of the cliffs at, 31 Pyrosoma atlantica, its phosphorescence, 420 Pyrosomes, 325 Pytheas of Massilia, his maritime discoveries, 446 Quantity of the waters contained within the bosom of the ocean, 8 Quiros, his maritime discoveries, 480 Quito, coast of, discovery of, 470 Racer, or rider-crab, the, 251 Rain, formation of, 72 — inequality of, 72 — its return to the sea, 73 Rays, 240 Razor-shell, 303-306 Ré, oyster-trade of, 311 Reculver, destruction of the coast at, 30 Red Sea, height of the, 12 — — red algæ of the, 20 — — Phœnician trade on the, 445 Reef-building corals, 374 Regent Inlet, Prince, discovery of, 500 Reptiles of the sea, 172 Rhodosperms, Florideæ, or red sea-weeds, 398 — their habitat, 398 Richardson, Sir John, his arctic voyages, 501 Rivers, phenomena presented by the mixture of salt and fresh water in, 16 — quantities of water which rivers pour into the ocean, 75 Rock-goose, 149 Roggewein, his maritime discoveries, 483 Rome, ancient, maritime discoveries of, 448 Rorqual, northern, or fin-fish, 101 — its food, 102 Ross, Sir James, on the height of waves, 28 — — — his discoveries, 509 — — John, his arctic discoveries, 500, 503 Rotifera, the, 267 Rudyerd, Mr., his lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks, 82 Saavedra, Alvaro de, his discoveries, 473 Sabrina Land, discovery of, 509 Sagittaria, discovery of the island of, 480 Sail-fluke, 239 Salangana caves in Java, 399 Salmon, 217, 324 — trade, 220 — salmon-spearing, 219 — growth of the salmon, 219 — abundance of salmon, 220 — introduced into Australia and New Zealand, 221 Salmon-leaps, 218 Salpæ, 325 — their alternating generations, 327 Salts of the sea, 12 Sand-crab, American, 252 Sandhopper, 246 Sand-stars, 332 Sandwich Land, discovery of, 490 — Islands, discovery of, 490 Sardinia, stalactite caves of the island of, 49 Sargasso Sea, the, 397 Saurians of the past seas, 172, 438 Scari, or parrot-fishes, 372 Schouten, his maritime discoveries, 480 Scissor-bill, 144 Scoopers, 143 Scoresby, his arctic voyages, 497 Scyllæa, 283 Scythe, the, 415 Sea-anemones, 361 Sea-bear, 117, 126 Sea-birds, 128, 142 — their vast numbers, 142 Sea-cask, 142 Sea-cucumbers, 339 Sea-devil of the Pacific, 241 Sea-ear, 286, 287 Sea-elephant, 125 Sea-fox, 99 Sea-hare, 284, 295 Sea-horse, 129, 234 Sea-lemon, 284 Sea-lion, 128 Sea-mat, leaf-like, 316 Sea-mew, 157 Sea-otter, 139 — chase of the, 139 Sea-pen, 364 — its phosphorescence, 426 Sea-pie, the, 144 Sea-pinks, 391 Sea-scurfs, 318 Sea-snail, purple, 290 Sea-snakes, 183 Sea-squirts, 323 Sea-swallows, 157 Sea-urchin, 337 Sea-weeds, 391 — luminous, 423 Sea-wolf, 197 Seals and walruses, 117 — food of, 120 — statistics of seal-fishery, 121 — various kinds of, 123 Seine, sudden rising of the spring-tides at the mouth of the, 42 Seleucidæ, maritime discoveries of the, 42 Seleucus Nicator, his circumnavigation of Hindostan, and discovery of Taprobane, or Ceylon, 447 Semen Deshnew, the Cossack, his maritime discoveries, 483 Sepia. See Cuttle-fish Serapis, temple of, 11 Serpents of the seas, 183 Serpulas, 266 Sertularia, 347 Shakspeare's Cliff, destructive action of the sea on, 30 Sharks, 198 — Greenland shark, an enemy of the whale, 99 — luminous, 330 Sheldrake, or burrow duck, 148 Sheppey, Isle of, rapid decay of the coast of the, 30 Sherringham, ravages of the sea on the coast at, 29 Shetland Islands, fury of the Atlantic waves at the, 28 Shetland, New South, discovery of, 509 Ship-worm (teredo), 302 Shore-crab, 251 Siberia, Cook's visits to the coasts of, 492 Sicily, submarine landscapes of the coast of, 21 Siphonostomata, 245 Skerries, cave in the, 51 Skerryvore lighthouse, 85 Skimmer, 144 Sledge-journey, arctic, 502 Sly, 202 Smeaton, John, his lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks, 83 Smooth-back whale, the antarctic, 102 Snake-stars, 437 Snow-goose, 146 Society Islands, discovery of the, 486 Soland goose, 156 Solasters, 334 Sole, 237 — skin of the, 190 Solen, or razor-shell, 304 Solis, Juan de, his discoveries, 461 — — — his death, 461 Solomon Islands, discovery of the, 473, 483 Souffleur, or blower, the marine cave of the, 52 Soundings, American method of taking, in deep water, 6 South Sea Islands, discovery of the, 474 Speckled diver, 145 Sperm-whale, or cachalot, 102 Spiders, marine, 260 Spitzbergen, discovery of, 477 Spondylus, royal, 314 Sponge-crab, 249 Sponges, 385 — their remarkable growth, 385 — habitat of the common sponge, 388 Sprat, the, 214 Springs, origin of, 73 — mineral waters, 74 Springs of fresh water in the bottom of the sea, 17 Staffa, island of, 46 Stalactite caves of the island of Sardinia, 49 Star-fishes, 328 — their organisation, 328 Star-gazer fish, 202 Sterlet of the Volga, 217 Stevenson, Mr. Alan, his Skerryvore lighthouse, 86 Stevenson, Mr. Robert, his lighthouse on the Bell Rock, 85 Stickleback, parental affection of the, 195 Stone-corals, 373 Storm, the great, of 1703, 82 Storm-tides, 34 — devastations of, on flat coasts, 34, 35 Strand-birds, 143 — migration of, 144 — food of, 144 Strombus pes pelicani, 290 Sturgeons, 216, 217 — caviar, 217 Sucking-fish, 203 Suffolk, rapid decay of the cliffs of, 29 Sun-fish, 232, 233 — its luminousness, 422 Sun, his influence on the tides, 37 Sun-star fish, 334 Surgeon-fish, the, 205 Sweden, gradual upheaving of the coast of, 10 Sword-fish, an enemy of the whale, 99 — his weapon, 201 Synchæta baltica, 269 Tahiti, discovery of, 484 Tailor-bird, the, 143 Taprobane, or Ceylon, discovery of, 447 Tartessus, Phœnician town of, 444 Tasman, Abel, his maritime discoveries, 480 Tasmania, discovery of, 481 Tectibranchiata, 284 Temperature of the sea, 13 — at various parts of the surface of the globe, 14 Teredo navalis, 302 Thames, progress of the tide-wave in the, 43 Thornbacks, 240 Thresher, or sea-fox, an enemy of the whale, 99 Thunder-stones, 437 Tide-wave, measurement of the depth of the sea by the rapidity of the, 8 — progress and course of the, 40, 43 Tides, the, 32 — description of the phenomenon, 32 — devastations of storm-floods on flat coasts, 34, 35 — knowledge of the ancients respecting the tides, 35 — fundamental causes of the tides revealed by Kepler and Newton, 36, 37 Tides, height of the, at various places, 38 — vortices caused by the: the Maelstrom, Charybdis, &c., 41 — the phenomena of the Euripus, 44 Tierra del Fuego, masses of sea-weed at, 394 — — — rounded by Schouten and Le Maire, 480 Tonga, discovery of, 481 Top, agglutinating, 296 Tornadoes, causes of, 68 Tornatella fasciata, 290 Torpedo, the, 201 Torres, his maritime discoveries, 480 Torso Rock, the, 9 Tortoise-shell, 180 Tortoises, 176 Trade-winds, the, 67 Transparency of the sea at Capri, 18 — — — — in the Indian Ocean, 21 — — — — in the Caribbean, 21 Trepang, or Biche de Mer, 340 — mode of curing, 340 — the fishery in the Feejee Islands, 342 Tridacna, the gigantic, 314 Trigger-fish, 233 Trilobites, 436 Trunk-fish, 232 Tubiporidæ, 370 Tubulibranchiata, 292 Tunicata, 316, 321 Tunny, the, 221 — stripe-bellied, 224 Turbot, the, 236, 237 Turn-stone bird, 144 Turtles, 173 — catching turtles in the island of St. Thomas, 172 Tynemouth Castle, destruction of the coast near, 29 Typhoons, causes of, 68 Tyrian dye, 446 Ulvæ, 391 Unicorn-fish, or narwhal, 106 Urasters, 334 Urdaneta, first reaches Acapulco from Manilla, 472 Vancouver's discoveries, 472 Van Diemen's Land, discovery of, 480 Vanikoro, island of, 493 Velellæ, the, 353 Venice, maritime grandeur of, 450 Verazzani, voyage of, 461 Vermetus, 291 Virgularia mirabilis, 365 Vogtia pentacantha, 353 Wales, Cape Prince of, discovery of, 491 Wallis, his maritime discoveries, 483 Walrus, or morse, 117, 129, 135 — anecdote of a fight with, 130 — ivory of the, 132 Walton, his mussel-beds in France, 307 Water-snakes, 183 Water-spouts, causes of, 68 Waves of the ocean, 24 — wave-motion as distinct from water motion, 25 — height and velocity of storm-waves, 26-28 — Homer's picture of the breaking of the waves against the shore, 26 — Scoresby on the height of waves in the open sea, 27 — force and height of the waves on rocky coasts, 28 — instances of the destructive action of the tidal waves on coast-lines, 28-31 Weddell, Captain, his voyages, 509 Weevers, 204 Wellington Channel, discovery of, 500 Wentle-trap, Chinese, 289 Whalebone, 96 Whale-fishery, history of the, 109 Whales. See Cetaceans Whelks, 292 Wilkes, Captain, on the height of waves, 28 Wilkes, his explorations, 509 Willoughby, Sir Hugh, his unfortunate arctic voyage, 474 Winds, origin of, 66 — trade-winds, 67 — calms, or doldrums, 67 — monsoons, 68 — typhoons, tornadoes, &c., 68 — water-spouts, 68 Wing-shells, 304 Winstanley, Mr., his lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks, 81 Winter Harbour, discovery of, 500 Wolf-fish, 197 Wolstenholme Sound, elevation of the coast at, 10 Worm-shell, 291 Yorkshire, wearing away of the coast of, 29 Yucatan, first exploration of, 461 Zostera marina, 391

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Transcriber's Note

Minor typos have been corrected. Most words that sometimes have hyphenations and other times non-hyphenated were left as written. Illustrations were repositioned to not split paragraphs. An assumed missing end quotation was added on page 353.