APPENDIX.

ON AUTHORITIES.

(1216-1377.)

Our two main sources of knowledge for medieval history are records and chronicles. Chronicles are more accessible, easier to study, more continuous, readable, and coloured than records can generally be. Yet the record far excels the chronicle in scope, authority, and objectivity, and a prime characteristic of modern research is the increasing reliance on the record rather than the chronicle as the sounder basis of historical investigation. The medieval archives of England, now mainly collected in the Public Record Office, are unrivalled by those of any other country. From the accession of Henry III. several of the more important classes of records have become copious and continuous, while in the course of the reign nearly all the chief groups of documents have made a beginning. The whole of the period 1216 to 1377 can therefore be well studied in them.

A large proportion of our archives is taken up with common forms, technicalities, and petty detail. It will never be either possible or desirable to print the mass of them in extenso, and most of the efforts made to render them accessible have taken the form of calendars, catalogues, and inventories. Such attempts began with the costly and unsatisfactory labours of the Record Commission (dissolved in 1836); and in recent years the work has again been taken up and pursued on better lines. The folio volumes of the Record Commission only remain so far of value as they have not been superseded by the more scholarly octavo calendars which are now being issued under the direction of the deputy-keeper of the records. These latter are all accompanied by copious indices which, though not always to be trusted implicitly, immensely facilitate the use of them. The records were preserved by the various royal courts. Of special importance for the political historian are the records of the Chancery and Exchequer.

Prominent among the Chancery records are the PATENT ROLLS, strips of parchment sewn together continuously for each regnal year, whereon are inscribed copies of the letters patent of the sovereign, so called because they were sent out open, with the great seal pendent. Beginning in 1200, they present a continuous series throughout all our period, except for 23 and 24 Henry III. The publication of the complete Latin text of the Patent Rolls of Henry III. is now in progress, and two volumes have been issued, including respectively the years 1216-1225 and 1225-1232. From the accession of Edward I. onwards the bulk of the rolls renders the method of a calendar in English more desirable. The Calendars of the Patent Rolls are now complete from 1272 to 1324 and from 1327 to 1348 (Edward I., 4 vols.; Edward II., 4 vols.; Edward III., 7 vols.). For the years not thus yet dealt with the unsatisfactory Calendarium Rotulorum Patentium (1802, fol.) may still sometimes be of service.

The letters close, or sealed letters addressed to individuals, usually of inferior public interest to the letters patent are preserved in the CLOSE ROLLS, compiled in the same fashion as the Patent Rolls. The whole extant rolls from 1204 to 1227 are printed in Rotuli Literarum Clausarum (2 vols. fol., 1833 and 1844, Rec. corn.), and it is proposed to continue the integral publication of the text for the rest of Henry III.'s reign on the same plan as that of the Patent Rolls. One volume of this continuation, 1227-1231 (8vo, 1902), has been issued. For the subsequent periods a calendar in English is being prepared similar in type to the Calendar of Patent Rolls. The periods at present covered by the Calendar of Close Rolls (1892-1905) are, Edward I., 1272-1296 (3 vols.): Edward II., the whole of the reign (4 vols.), and Edward III., 1327-1349 (8 vols.).

A third series of records preserved by the Chancery officials is the ROLLS OF PARLIAMENT, including the petitions, pleas, and other parliamentary proceedings. None of these are extant before 1278, and the series for the succeeding century is often interrupted. Many of them are printed in the first two folios (vol. i., Edward I. and II.; vol. ii., Edward III.) of Rotuli Parliamentorum (1767-1777). A copious index volume was issued in 1832. A specimen of what may still be looked for is to be found in Professor Maitland's edition of one of the earliest rolls of parliament in Memoranda de Parliamento (1305) (Rolls series, 1893) with an admirable introduction. For the reigns of Edward I. and II. the deficiencies of the published rolls are supplemented by SIR F. PALGRAVE'S Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Service (vol. i., 1827, Edward I.; vol. ii., 1834, Edward II., fol., Rec. Corn.) with alphabetical digests and indices.

Formal grants under the great seal called Charters, characterised by a "salutation" clause, the names of attesting witnesses, and, under Henry III. after 1227, by the final formula data per manum nostram apud, etc., and implying normally the presence of the king, are contained in the CHARTER ROLLS, extant from the reign of John onwards. They are roughly analysed in the Calendarium Rotulorum Chartarum (1803, Rec. Com.); and the Rotuli Chartarum (fol., 1837, Rec. Corn.) contains the rolls in extenso up to 1216, Vol. i., 1226-1257, of an English Calendar of Charter Rolls, printing some of the documents in full, was published in 1903.

The documents formerly known as ESCHEAT ROLLS, or INQUISITIONES POST MORTEM, are concerned with the inquiries made by the Crown on the death of every landholder as to the extent and character of his holding. Some of the information contained in these inquests was made accessible in the Calendarium Inquisitionum sive Eschætarum (vol. i., Henry III., Edward I. and II., 1806; vol. ii., Edward III., 1808, fol., Rec. Corn.). The errors and omissions of these volumes were partially remedied for the reigns of Henry III. and Edward I. by C. ROBERTS'S Calendarium Genealogicum (2 vols. 8vo, 1865). A scholarly guide to all this class of documents has been begun in the new Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem and other Analogous Documents, of which vol. i. (Henry III.) was issued in 1904. The first volume of a separate list of the analogous inquisitions Ad pod damnum is also announced.

Of the FINE ROLLS containing the records of fines[1] made with the Crown for licence to alienate, exemption from service, wardships, pardons, etc., those of Henry III. have been made accessible in C. ROBERTS'S Excerpta e Rotulis Finium, 1216-1272 (1835-36, 8vo). Other rolls such as the LIBERATE ROLLS have not yet been published for the reigns here treated.

[1] A fine in this technical sense is an agreement arrived at by a money transaction.

Of special or local rolls, preserved in the Chancery, the most important for our period are the GASCON ROLLS. The earlier documents called by this name are not exclusively concerned with the affairs of Gascony; they are miscellaneous documents enrolled for convenience in common parchments by reason of the presence of the king in his Aquitanian dominions. Of these are F. MICHEL'S Roles Gascons, vol. i., published in the French government series of Documents Inédits sur l'Histoire de France (1885), including a "fragmentum rotuli Vasconiæ," 1242-1243, and "patentes littere facte in Wasconia," 1253-1254, years in which Henry III. was actually in Gascony. This publication was resumed in 1896 by M. CHARLES BÉMONT'S Supplément to Michel's imperfect volume, containing innumerable corrections, an index, introduction, and some additional rolls of 1254 and 1259-1260. The later of these, the roll of Edward's delegated administration, is the first exclusively devoted to the concerns of Gascony. "Gascon Rolls" in this later sense begin with Edward I.'s accession, and M. Bémont has undertaken their publication for the whole of Edward's reign from photographs of the records supplied by the English to the French government. In 1900 vol. ii. of the Roles Gascons, containing the years 1273-1290, was issued. Other classes of Chancery Rolls accessible in print are Rotuli Scotiæ, 1291-1516 (2 vols., 1814-1819, Rec. Corn.), and Rotuli Walliæ, 5-9 Edward I., privately printed by Sir Thomas Phillipps (1865). Among isolated Chancery records the Rotuli Hundredorum (Rec. Corn., 2 vols. fol., 1812-1818), containing the very important inquests made by Edward I.'s commissioners into the franchises of the barons, may specially be noticed here.

Of not less importance than the Chancery records are those handed down from the Court of Exchequer. The most famous of these, the PIPE ROLLS, which, unlike the Chancery Enrolments, were "filed" or sewn skin by skin, are decreasingly important from the thirteenth century onwards as compared with their value for the twelfth. For this reason the Pipe Roll Society, founded in 1883, only undertook their publication up to 1200. Fragments of Pipe Rolls for our period can be seen in print in various local histories and transactions, as e.g., "Pipe Rolls of Northumberland" up to 1272 in HODGSON-HINDE'S History of Northumberland, pt. iii., vol. iii., and 1273-1284, ed. Dickson (Newcastle, 1854-60), and of Notts and Derby (translated extracts) in YEATMAN's History of Derby (1886). The only gap in our series is for Henry III. Of other Exchequer records we may mention: (i) the ORIGINALIA ROLLS, containing the estreats or documents from the Chancery informing the Exchequer of moneys due to it, beginning in 20 Henry III., a summary of which is published in Rotulorum Originalium in Curia Scaccarii Abbreviatio, 20 Henry III,-51 Edward III (2 vols. fol., Rec. Corn., 1805-1810); (2) the MEMORANDA ROLLS, containing records of charges upon the Exchequer, etc., are complete for this period. They were kept by the king's and the treasurer's remembrancer, and are illustrated in print by extracts from the Memoranda Rolls, 1297, in Transactions of the Royal Hist. Soc., new series, iii., 281-291(1886), and by the roll of 3 Henry III. in COOPER'S Proceedings of the Record Commissioners (1833); (3) MINISTERS ACCOUNTS, i.e., accounts of royal bailiffs, etc., for royal manors, etc., not included in the sheriffs' accounts, beginning with Edward I., of which a list is given in the P.R.O. Lists and Indexes, Nos. v. and viii.; (4) of the PELL RECORDS, recording issues and payments, samples given in DEVON'S Issues of the Exchequer (Rec. Corn., 8vo, 1837), DEVON'S Issue Roll of Thomas of Brantingham in 1370 (Rec. Corn., 8vo, 1835). The pells of receipt were entered on the (5) RECEIPT ROLLS, specimens of which, along with the corresponding issues, are to be found in SIR JAMES RAMSAY'S abstracts of issue and receipt rolls for certain years of Edward III. in the Antiquary(1880-1888); (6) SUBSIDY ROLLS of various types, illustrated by Nonarum Inquisitiones tempore Edwardi ZZZ. (Rec. Corn., 1807), the record of a subsidy of a ninth collected by Edward III. in 1340-1341; (7) WARDROBE and HOUSEHOLD ACCOUNTS containing for the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries information on national as well as private royal finance; specimens in print include the important Liber Quotidianus Contra-rotulatoris Garderobæ, 28 Ed. I.(1299-1300), (1787, Soc. Antiq.).

From the Exchequer records come also the following: (1) Testa de Neville sive Liber Feodorum temp. Hen. ZZZ. et Edw. I. (Rec. Corn., fol., 1807), a miscellaneous and ill-digested but valuable collection of thirteenth century inquisitions; (2) Nomina Villarum, g Ed. II., published in PALGRAVE'S Parl. Writs, ii., iii., 301-416; (3) Kirkby's Quest, a survey made by Bishop Kirkby, the treasurer, in 1284-85, of which the Yorkshire portion has been printed by the Surtees Soc., ea. Skaife (1867), and other portions elsewhere; (4) Taxatio Ecclesiastica Angliæ et Walliæ, 1291 (Rec. Corn., 1802), the taxation of benefices by Nicholas IV. by which assessments of papal and ecclesiastical taxes were long made. A very useful compilation, recently undertaken under the direction of the deputy-keeper, is Inquisitions and Assessments relating to Feudal Aids, 1284-1431, of which three volumes, dealing in alphabetical order with the shires from Bedford to Norfolk, are published Cheshire and Durham are entirely omitted and Lancashire very scantily dealt with as exceptional jurisdictions. The work is based upon the various lay records enumerated above and other analogous inquests. Ancient compilations of miscellaneous documents by officials of the Exchequer are exemplified in Liber Niger Scaccarii (ed. Hearne, 2 vols., 1774), and in the Red Book of the Exchequer (ed. H. Hall, 3 vols., Rolls ser., 1896).

The records of the common law courts, the King's Bench and the Court of Common Pleas, are of less direct historical value than those of the Chancery and the Exchequer. Extraordinarily bulky, they require a good deal of sifting to sort the wheat from the chaff. As yet a very small proportion of them has been printed, and few have even been calendared. A brief index of them has been compiled in the useful List of Plea Rolls (1894, P.R.O. Lists and Indexes, No. iv.). Of the various types of these records the FEET OF FINES have been largely used by the topographer and genealogist, and the feet of fines for many counties during this period have been calendared, summarised, excerpted, and printed, wholly or in part, by local archaeological societies, as for example, W. FARRER'S Lancashire Final Concords till 1307 (Rec. Soc. for Lancashire and Cheshire, 1899), and many others. The PLEA ROLLS are of wider importance. For the days of Henry III. Placita Coram Rege (i.e., of the King's Bench) and the Placita de Banco (i.e., of the Common Pleas in later phrase) are classified as Rotuli Curiæ Regis, while the rolls of the local eyres for the same period are called Assize Rolls. Separate series for each court begin with Edward I. Specimens of most of these types have been printed. Placitorum Abbreviatio Ric. I.—Edw. II. (Rec. Com., fol., 1811) is a careless seventeenth century abstract. Placita de Quo Warranto, Edward I. to Edward III. (Rec. Com., fol., 1818), is a record of local eyres of particular importance for the reign of Edward I. as the corollary of the Hundred Rolls and the attack on the local franchises. HUNTER'S Rotuli Selecti (Rec. Com., 1834) contains pleas of the reign of Henry III. A typical year's pleadings of the King's Bench for 1297 is given in full in PHILLIMORE's Placita coram rege, 25 Edward I. (1898, British Rec. Soc.). Selections from the proceedings of the commission appointed by Edward I. in 1289 to hear complaints against judges and officials will shortly be published by Miss Hilda Johnstone and myself for the Royal Historical Society. Of special importance are the plea rolls issued by the Selden Society, which include for our period F.W. MAITLAND'S Select Pleas of the Crown, 1200-1225; BAILDON'S Select Chancery Pleas, 1364-1471; J.M. RIGG'S Select Pleas of the Jewish Exchequer; and G.J. TURNER'S Select Pleas of the Forest; all have translations and introductions, of which those of Professor Maitland are of exceptional value.

To these types must be added the records of the local courts, now largely also in the Public Record Office, though vast numbers of court rolls and manorial documents are still in private hands, and among the archives of ecclesiastical and secular corporations. The Selden Society has done excellent work in publishing such muniments; as in particular, MAITLAND'S Select Pleas in Manorial Courts, vol. i., Henry III. and Edward I., illustrating the social and legal life of a medieval village; MAITLAND and BAILDON'S Court Baron; HUNTER' s Leet Jurisdiction of Norwich; C. GROSS's Select Cases from the Coroners' Rolls, 1265-1413. The records of the Bishopric of Durham, the County Palatine of Chester, the Principality of Wales, and the Duchy of Lancaster are deposited in the Public Record Office, and calendars and lists scattered over the Deputy-Keeper of the Records' Reports throw some light on their contents. Unluckily these records of franchise are incompletely preserved and often in bad condition. The best preserved for our period are the Durham records, described in LAPSLEY'S County Palatine of Durham, pp. 327-337 (Harvard Historical Studies); some of the most important are printed in Registrum Palatinum Dunelmense, ed. Hardy (Rolls Series, 4 vols.), which is also an Episcopal register. Welsh records may be illustrated by the Record of Carnarvon (Rec. Corn., fol., 1838). Academic records are illustrated by the Oxford Munimenta Academica (ed. Anstey), Rolls Series. Municipal records are very numerous and important; full particulars as to them can be found in C. Gross's Bibliography of British Municipal History (Harvard Hist. Studies). Admirably edited examples of our wealth of municipal records for this period are to be found in Records of the Borough of Nottingham (ed. W.H. Stevenson), vol. i. (1882); Records of the Borough of Leicester (ed. Mary Bateson), vols. i. and ii. (1899 and 1901); and Munimenta Gildhallæ Londoniensis (ed. H.T. Riley), Rolls Series. The Reports of the Historical Manuscripts Commission afford much information as to every type of document in private or local custody. Ireland and Scotland have archives of their own; but there are no systematic records in the Register House at Edinburgh before the War of Independence. Among the enterprises now abandoned of the Public Record Office were Calendars of Documents relating to Scotland and Ireland. The Scottish series covers all this period (vols. i.-iv.), the Irish was stopped at 1307. They are derived, by a rather arbitrary selection, from various classes of English records, but contain much valuable material. JOSEPH STEVENSON'S Documents illustrating the History of Scotland (1286-1306) (Scot. Rec. Publications, 1870), and PALGRAVE'S Documents and Records illustrating the History of Scotland (Rec. Corn., 1837), are useful for the reign of Edward I. as are for limited periods of it the Wallace Papers (Maitland Club, 1841) and Scotland in 1298 (ed. Gough, 1888).

A new class of records begins in the thirteenth century with BISHOPS' REGISTERS. These, so far as they survive, are preserved in the diocesan registries. Of printed registers for this period the most important is MARTIN'S Registrum Epistolarum J. Peckham (3 vols., Rolls Series, 1882-1886), the earliest surviving Canterbury register. Other registers printed or calendared are HINGESTON-RANDOLPH'S Exeter Registers, 1257-1291, 1307-1326, and 1327-1369 (5 vols., 1889, etc.); excerpts, particularly from the York registers, in RAINE'S Letters from the Northern Registers, Rolls Series; the two oldest York Registers of ARCHBISHOPS WALTER GREY (1215-1255) and WALTER GIFFARD (1266-1279), both in Surtees Society; the Wells Registers of BPS. DROKENSFORD, 1309-1329, and RALPH OF SHREWSBURY, 1329-1363 (Somerset Record Society); the Worcester Register of BP. GIFFARD, 1268-1302 (Worcester Historical Society); the Winchester Registers of BISHOPS SANDALE and RIGAUD, 1316-1323, and WYKEHAM, 1366-1404 (Hampshire Record Society). A society called the Canterbury and York Society has recently been started to set forth episcopal registers systematically in print. It has begun to publish the earliest Lincoln Register extant, that of Hugh of Wells, bishop of Lincoln, 1209-1235, whose Liber Antiquus de Ordinatione Vicariorum was printed in 1888. Analogous documents are LUARD'S Rob. Grosseteste Epistola (Roll Series, 1861), and the like.

Monastic CARTULARIES are less important for general history in this than in previous periods; large masses of monastic records of this age have survived, not a tithe of which is to be found in DUGDALE'S Monasticon. Some monastic records illustrate the domestic economy or religious life of the house as KIRK'S Accounts of the Obedientiaries of Abingdon, 1322-1479 (Camden Soc.); J.W. CLARK's Observances in use at Barnwell Priory, 1295-1296(1897), and the like.

For this period by far the most important series of foreign records is the magnificent collections of the papacy. A summary of many of these is to be found in BLISS, JOHNSON, and TWEMLOW's Calendars of Papal Registers illustrating the History of Great Britain and Ireland; Papal Letters (vols. i.-iv., 1198-1404), and Petitions to the Pope (vol. i., 1342-1419), of special importance for the fourteenth century. These useful calendars, however, do not always dispense us from consulting the grand series of papal records published or analysed under the care of the French School of Rome, which has not yet sufficiently been studied in this country. This enterprise is divided into two sections. In the first the Registers from Gregory IX. to Benedict XI. are in course of publication; in the second the letters of the Avignon popes relating to France are printed or analysed. Portions of the letters of John XXII, Benedict XII, and Clement VI, are already issued. PRESSUTI has published one volume of the Registers of Honorius III (1888). From the Vatican archives also comes THEINER'S Vetera Monumenta Hib. et Scot. Historiam illustrantia (1864), beginning in 1216.

Extracts from various archives are found in such collections as RYMER's Foedera of which the Record Commission's edition in folio reaches just beyond the end of this period; WILKINS'S Concilia (1737), containing many extracts from episcopal registers and canons of councils; HADDAN and STUBBS'S Councils, vol. i. (for the thirteenth century Welsh Church); CHAMPOLLION-FIGEAC'S Lettres des Rois et des Reines d'Angleterre (2 vols., 1847, Doc. Inédits); STUBBS'S Select Charters (Henry III. and Edward I.), and BÉMONT'S excellent Chartes des Libertés anglaises in the Collection de Textes pour l'Étude et l'Enseignement de l'Histoire. Equally useful is COSNEAU'S Grands Traités de la Guerre de Cent Ans also in the same Collection de Textes. The Statutes of the Realm (vol. i., fol., 1810) contains the text of the laws and of the great charters of this period.

Chronicles, with all their deficiencies, must ever be largely used as sources of continuous historical narrative. For the thirteenth century our chief reliance must still be placed upon the annals drawn up in various monasteries, some based upon little more than gossip or hearsay, others showing real efforts to acquire authentic information. The greatest centre of historical composition in thirteenth-century England was the Abbey of St. Alban's, whose chronicles form so important a series that they may appropriately be considered as a whole, before the other chroniclers are dealt with in approximately chronological order. The fame of St. Alban's as a school of history had its origin in the order of Abbot Simon (d. 1183) that the house should always appoint a special historiographer. The first of these whose work is now extant is ROGER OF WENDOVER (d. 1236), whose Flores Historiarum (ed. H.O. Coxe, Engl. Hist. Soc., 1842, or ed. Hewlett, Rolls Series, 1886-89—this latter edition is unscholarly) becomes original in 1216 and remains a chief source, copious and interesting, if not always precise, until 1235. On Wendover's death, MATTHEW PARIS, who took the monastic habit in 1217, became the official St. Alban's chronicler. His great work, the Chronica Majora, is, up to 1235, little more than an expansion and embellishment of Wendover. He re-edited Wendover's work with a patriotic and anti-curialist bias quite alien to the spirit of the earlier writer, whose version should preferably be followed. Paris's book is a first-hand source from 1235 to 1259. The narrative of the years 1254-1259 is considerably later in composition to the history of the period 1235-1253, since on reaching 1253 Paris devoted himself to an abridgment of what he had already written, called the Historia Minor. On completing this he resumed his earlier book, and carried it on to the eve of his death in 1259, though he did not live to complete its final revision; that was the work of another monk who added a picture of his death-bed. The Chronica Majora has been excellently edited by Dr. H.R. Luard in seven volumes for the Rolls Series, with elaborate introductions tracing the literary history of the work and a magnificent index. The Historia Minor has been published in three volumes by Sir F. Madden in the Rolls Series. Paris also wrote the lives of the abbots of his house up to 1255, a work not now extant, and the basis of the later Gesta Abbatum S. Albani, compiled by Thomas Walsingham (d. 1422?) and likewise issued in the Rolls Series. The thirteenth century biographies have some original value. Paris's Life of Stephen Langton is printed in LIEBERMANN'S Ungedruckte Anglo-Normannische Geschichtsquellen (1870).

Paris, perhaps the greatest historian of the Middle Ages, has literary skill, a vivid though prolix style, a keen eye for the picturesque, bold and independent judgment, wonderful breadth and range, and an insatiable curiosity. He was a man of the world, a courtier and a scholar; he took immense pains to collect his facts from documents and eye-witnesses, and had great advantages in this respect through the intimate relations between his house and the court. Henry III himself contributed many items of information to him. His details are extraordinarily full, and he tells us almost as much about continental affairs as about those of his own country. He wrote with too flowing a pen to be careful about precision, and had too much love of the picturesque to resist the temptation of embellishing a good story. His narrative of continental transactions is in particular extremely inexact. But the chief cause of his offending also gives special value to his work; he was a man of strong views and his sympathies and prejudices colour every line he wrote. His standpoint is that of a patriotic Englishman, indignant at the alien invasions, at the misgovernment of the king, the greed of the curialists and the Poitevins, and with a professional bias against the mendicants. His writings make his age live.

The falling off in the St. Alban's work of the next generation is characteristic of the decay of colour and detail which makes the chroniclers of the age of Edward I. inferior to those of his father's reign. The years after 1259 were briefly chronicled by uninspired continuators of Matthew Paris, and the reputation of St. Alban's as a school of history led to the frequent transference of their annals to other religious houses, where they were written up by local pens. This led to the dissemination of the series of jejune compilations which in the ages of Edward I. and II. were widely spread under the name of Flores Historiarum. Dr. Luard has published a critical edition of these Flores in three volumes of the Rolls Series, which range from the creation to 1326, with an introduction determining their complicated relations to each other. They are of no real value before 1259, and for the next sixty-seven years are only important by reason of the defects of our other sources. No unity or colour can be expected in books handed from house to house and kept up to date by jottings by different hands. The ascription of these Flores to a conjectural Matthew of Westminster by earlier editors is groundless. Dr. C. Horstmann, Nova Legenda Anglie, i., pp. xlix. seq.(1901), maintains that John of Tynemouth's Historia Aurea, still in manuscript, is the official St. Alban's history from 1327 to 1377.

In the reign of Edward I. the credit of the school of St. Alban's was revived to some extent by WILLIAM RISHANGER, who made his profession in 1271 and died early in the reign of Edward II. To him is assigned a chronicle ranging from 1259 to 1306 published by H.T. Riley in the volume Willelmi Rishanger et Anonymorum Chronica et Annales (Rolls Series). Rishanger's authorship of the portion 1259-1272 is more probable than that of the section 1272-1306, which, not compiled before 1327, is almost certainly by another hand, and the attribution of even the earlier section to Rishanger is doubted by so competent an authority as M. Bémont. The compilation is frigid and unequal. Of the miscellaneous contents of Mr. Riley's volume, the short Gesta Edwardi I. (pp. 411-423), of no great value, is clearly Rishanger's work. We may also ascribe to Rishanger the Narratio de Bellis apud Lewes et Evesham (ed. Halliwell, Camden Soc., 1840), which tells the story of the Barons' Wars with vigour, detail, and insight. Written by a true inheritor of the prejudices of Matthew Paris, this chronicle is a eulogy of Montfort. It was put together not before 1312.

Another volume of Chroniclers of St. Alban's was edited by Mr. Riley for the Rolls Series in 1860. Three of its chronicles concern our period. These are: (1) Opus Chronicorum, 1259-1296, a source of "Rishanger's" chronicle; (2) J. DE TROKELOWE'S Annales, 1307-1322; (3) H. DE BLANEFORDE'S Chronica (1323). These last two are important for Edward II.'s reign. After these works, historical writing further declined at St. Alban's. At the end of our period, however, another true disciple of Matthew Paris was found in the St. Alban's monk who added to a jejune compilation for the years 1328 to 1370 a vivid and personal narrative of the years 1376-1388, our chief source for the history of the last year of Edward III.'s reign. In his bitter prejudice against John of Gaunt and his clerical allies, such as Wychffe and the mendicants, the monk is so outspoken that his book was suppressed, and most manuscripts leave out the more offensive passages. It has been edited by Sir E. Maunde Thompson as Chronicon Angliæ, 1328-1388 (Rolls Series). Before that its contents, like that of other St. Alban's annals, were partially known through the fifteenth century compilation under the name of a St. Alban's monk, THOMAS OF WALSINGHAM, whose Historia Anglicana (2 vols., Rolls Series, ed. Riley) is not an authority for our period.

For the early years of Henry III. we have besides Wendover's Flores: (i) The CANON OF BARNWELL'S continuation of Howden published in STUBBS'S Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventria (Rolls Series), written in 1227 and copious for the years 1216-1225. (2) RALPH OF COGGESHALL's Chronicon Anglicanum (ed. Stevenson, Rolls Series), ending at 1227 and important for its last twelve years. (3) The Histoire des Ducs de Normandie et des Rois d'Angleterre, which, published by F. Michel in 1840 (Soc. de l'histoire de France), was first appreciated at its full value by M. Petit-Dutaillis in the Revue Historique. tome 2 (1892). (4) The Chronique de l'Anonyme de Béthune printed in 1904 in vol. xxiv. of the Recueil des Historiens de la France. (5) A French rhyming chronicle, the Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, discovered and edited by P. Meyer for the Soc. de l'histoire de France. Written by a minstrel of the younger Marshal from materials supplied by the regent's favourite squire, it is, though poetry and panegyric, an important source for Marshal's regency.

St. Alban's was not the only religious house that concerned itself with the production of chronicles. Other Annales Monastici have been edited in five volumes (Rolls Series, vol. v. is the index) by Dr. Luard. They are of special importance for the reign of Henry III. In vol. i. the meagre annals of the Glamorganshire abbey of Margam only extend to 1232. The Annals of Tewkesbury are useful from 1200 to 1263, and specially for the history of the Clares, the patrons of that house. The Annals of Burton-upon-Trent illustrate the years 1211 to 1261 with somewhat intermittent light, and are of unique value for the period of the Provisions of Oxford, containing many official documents. Vol. ii. includes the Annals of Winchester and Waverley. The former, extending to 1277, though mainly concerned with local affairs are useful for certain parts of the reign of Henry III., and particularly for the years 1267-1277. The annals of the Cistercian house of Waverley, near Farnham, go down to 1291. From 1259 to 1266 the narrative is contemporary and valuable; from 1266 to 1275, and partly from 1275 to 1277 it is borrowed from the Winchester Annals; from 1277 to its abrupt end it is again of importance. The Annals of Bermondsey in vol. iii. are a fifteenth century compilation. The Annals of the Austin canons of Dunstable are of great value, especially from the year 1201, when they become original, down to 1242. This section is written by RICHARD DE MORINS, prior of Dunstable from 1202 to 1242. After his death the annals become more local, though they give a clear narrative of the puzzling period 1258-1267. They stop in 1297. The chief contents of vol. iv, are the parallel Annals of Oseney and the Chronicle of THOMAS WYKES, a canon of that house, who took the religious habit in 1282. To 1258 the two histories are very similar, that of Wykes being slightly fuller. They then remain distinct until 1278, and again from 1280 to 1284 and 1285-1289. In the latter year Wykes stops, while Oseney goes on with independent value until 1293, and as a useless compilation till 1346. Wykes is of unique interest for the Barons' Wars, as he is the only competent chronicler who takes the royalist side. The Oseney writer, much less full and interesting, represents the ordinary baronial standpoint. Wykes is occasionally useful for the first years of Edward I.; after 1288 his importance becomes small. The Annals of Worcester are largely a compilation from the Winchester Annals and the Flores; the local insertions have some value for the period 1216-1258, and more for the latter part of the reign of Edward I., at whose death they end.

Other monastic chronicles of the thirteenth century, of small importance, enumerated by Dr. Luard (Ann. Mon., iv., liii.) are not yet printed in full. Extracts from many are given in PERTZ'S Monumenta Germaniæ Hist. Scriptores, vols. xxvii. and xxviii. The Annales Cestrienses (to 1297) have been edited by R.C. Christie (Record Soc. of Lancashire and Cheshire); EDMUND OF HADENHAM'S Chronicle (down to 1307) is given in part in WHARTON'S Anglia Sacra, and M. Bémont publishes in an appendix to his Simon de Montfort (pp. 373-380) a valuable fragment of a Chronicle of Battle Abbey on the Barons' Wars, 1258-1265. For the latter part of that period we have some useful notices in HENRY OF SILEGRAVE's brief Chronicle (ed. Hook, Caxton Soc., 1849), whose close relationship to the Battle Chronicle M. Bémont has first indicated. To these may be added the Annals of Stanley Abbey (1202-1271) in vol. ii. of Chronicles of Stephen, Henry II. and Richard I. (ed. Hewlett, Rolls Series, 1885), and the Chronicle of the Bury monk, JOHN OF TAXSTER or TAYSTER, which becomes copious from the middle of the thirteenth century and ends in 1265; it was partly printed in 1849 by Benjamin Thorpe as a continuation of Florence of Worcester (English Historical Society), and the years 1258-1262 are best read in Luard's edition of Bartholomew Cotton (Rolls Series). Taxster's work became the basis of several later compilations of the eastern counties, including: (i) JOHN OF EVERSDEN, another Bury monk, independent from 1265 to 1301, also printed without his name by Thorpe, up to 1295, as a further continuation of Florence. (2) JOHN OF OXNEAD, a monk of St. Benet's, Hulme, a reputed continuator of Taxster and Eversden up to 1280, who adds a good deal of his own for the years 1280-1293, edited somewhat carelessly by Sir Henry Ellis as Chronica J. de Oxenedes (Rolls Series). (3) BARTHOLOMEW COTTON, a monk of Norwich, whose Historia Anglicana, original from 1291 to 1298, and specially important from 1285 to 1291, is edited by Luard (Rolls Series). Some thirteenth and early fourteenth century Bury chronicles are also in Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, ed. T. Arnold (vols. ii. and iii., Rolls Series). The Chronicon de Mailros (Bannatyne Club), from the Cistercian abbey of Melrose, goes to 1270; though utterly untrustworthy, it may be noticed as almost the only Scottish chronicle before the war of independence, and as containing a curious record of the miracles of Simon de Montfort.

Among the historians of Edward I.'s reign is WALTER OF HEMINGBURGH, Canon of Guisborough in Cleveland (ed. H.C. Hamilton, 2 vols., Engl. Hist. Soc.). His account of Henry III.'s reign is worthless, but from 1272 to 1312 his work is of great value, though never precise and full of gaps. It contains many documents and is remarkable for its stirring battle pictures. Hemingburgh probably laid down his pen when the narrative ceases early in the reign of Edward II. Another writer, identified by Horstmann with John of Tynemouth, carries the story from 1326 to 1346.

In striking contrast to the flowing periods of Hemingburgh is the well-written and chronologically digested Annals of the Dominican friar NICHOLAS TREVET or TRIVET, the son of a judge of Henry III.'s reign (ed. Hog, Engl. Hist. Soc.). Beginning in 1138, his work assumes independent value for the latter years of Henry III. and is of first-rate importance for the reign of Edward I., at whose death it concludes, though Trevet was certainly alive in 1324. It was largely used by the later St. Alban's chroniclers.

Franciscan historiography begins earlier than Dominican with the remarkable tract of THOMAS OF ECCLESTON, written about 1260, De Adventu Fratrum Minorum in Anglia, published with other Minorite documents (including Adam Marsh's letters) in BREWER'S Monumenta Franciscana (Rolls Series, continued in a second volume by R. Hewlett). The first important Franciscan chronicle, called the Chronicon de Lanercost (ed. J. Stevenson, Bannatyne Club, 2 vols.), really comes from the Minorite convent of Carlisle. It covers the years 1201 to 1346. The early part is derived from the valueless chronicle of Melrose, and its incoherent cult of the memory of Montfort does not save it from the grossest errors in dealing with his history. It becomes important for northern affairs from Edward I. onwards, giving full details with a strong anti-Scottish bias. Another north-country chronicle is Sir T. GREY'S Scalacronica (ed. Stevenson, Maitland Club, 1836), useful for the Scottish wars and for Edward III.'s reign up to 1362.

A sign of the times is the beginning of civic chronicles. The London series alone is important for English history. It begins with the Liber de Antiquis Legibus, or Chronica Majorum et Vicecomitum Londoniarum (1188-1274, ed. T. Stapleton, Camden Soc.). The work of ARNOLD FITZTHEDMAR, alderman of the German merchants in London, it is copious for the years 1236 to 1274, and is, with Wykes, the only chronicle of the Barons' Wars written with a royalist bias. Fourteenth century civic chronicles, based upon Flores Historiarum, and continued independently, form the main contents of the two volumes of Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I. and II. (ed. by Dr. Stubbs for the Rolls Series). These are: (1) Annales Londonienses, perhaps written by ANDREW HORN, chamberlain of London, and compiler of the Liber Horn; they have much general value for the period 1301 to 1316, and deal more narrowly with London history from 1316 to 1330, when they conclude. (2) Annales Paulini, 1307-1341, compiled by one of the clergy of St. Paul's, but not by Adam Murimuth. These take up Dr. Stubbs's first volume. The second contains: (1) JOHN OF LONDON'S Commendatio Lamentabilis in Transitu magni Regis Edwardi quarti, a funeral eulogy containing the most elaborate contemporary analysis of Edward's character. (2) The CANON OF BRIDLINGTON'S Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvon, with a continuation down to the death of Edward III., of little value after 1339. It has frequent reference to the vaticinations of the local prophet, John of Bridlington, and was not put in its present shape before 1377. Its first part is based on earlier sources, and it is, for lack of better, a prime authority for north-country history and Anglo-Scottish relations; the continuation contains the best account of Edward Balliol's attempts on the Scottish throne. (3) Vita Edwardi II., from 1307 to 1325, attributed by Hearne on slight grounds to a MONK OF MALMESBURY, with many notices of the history of Gloucestershire and Bristol, of which the famous rising is described at length. The writer is the most human of the annalists of the reign, prolix, self-conscious, moralising, and somewhat incoherent. He is the most outspoken of all the fourteenth century critics of the Roman curia, and has more insight than most of his contemporaries.

The following are of primary importance for the early years of Edward III.; it is significant that they are nearly all secular, not monastic, in origin. (1) Continuatio Chronicorum, 1303-1347, by ADAM MURIMUTH, a canon of St. Paul's much employed by Edward III. (ed. E.M. Thompson in Rolls Series), a mere continuation of the Flores until 1325, thence enlarged from personal sources, but still meagre until 1337, when it becomes a first-rate authority to 1346. Murimuth's adoption of Michaelmas day as the beginning of the year has often confused those who have imitated him. Chief among these is (2) GEOFFREY LE BAKER of Swinbrooke, an Oxfordshire man, and like Murimuth, a secular clerk, whose Chronicon (ed. E.M. Thompson), beginning in 1303 on the basis of Murimuth, has independent value after 1324, and is noteworthy for its touching details of Edward II.'s fall and death. It ends in 1356 with an excellent account of the battle of Poitiers. The early part of Baker's chronicle, widely circulated as Vita et Mors Edwardi II., was previously assigned to Sir Thomas de la Moor, and was so edited by Stubbs, but Sir E.M. Thompson showed clearly that this Oxfordshire knight was Baker's patron and not the writer of a chronicle. With many defects, Baker can tell a story picturesquely. (3) ROBERT OF AVESBURY, a canon lawyer, wrote De mirabilibus Gestis Edwardi III., of special importance for the war from 1339 to 1356, and containing many state documents. It is edited by E.M. Thompson in the same volume as Murimuth. (4) HENRY KNIGHTON, Canon of Leicester, wrote a Chronicle about 1366 which is valuable for the period 1336-1366 and includes the best contemporary account of the Black Death. The latest edition by Lumby in the Rolls Series is not a scholarly work. (5) Eulogium Historiarum (ed. Haydon, Rolls Series) is contemporary and valuable for 1356-1366 only. There is a great dearth of English chronicles for the latter years of Edward III. The signal exception is the important St. Alban's Chronicon Angliæ already mentioned.

In the age of Edward III. the Flores Historiarum were superseded by the Polychronicon (often called the "Brute" after WACE'S Brut d'Angleterre), the voluminous compilation (to 1352) of RANDOLPH HIGDEN, a monk of Chester (edited by Babington and Lumby, Rolls Series). ROBERT OF GLOUCESTER, PETER LANGTOFT, and ROBERT MANNYNG have been referred to elsewhere. The first is of some original value for the Barons' Wars and Edward I., while Langtoft, a Yorkshire canon specially interested in the Scottish wars, is a contemporary for all Edward I.'s reign. Among rhyming chronicles, French in tongue but English in origin, may be mentioned Le Siège de Carlaverock, 1300 (ed. Nicolas, 1828), of value for heraldry, and CHANDOS HERALD'S Prince Noir (ed. H.O. Coxe, whose edition was pillaged by F. Michel for his more accessible version of 1883). L'Histoire de Foulques Fitz Warin (d. 1260?), a picturesque marcher hero, a prose romance of the end of the thirteenth century, can be read in Stevenson's edition of COGGESHALL (Rolls Series), or Englished by A. Kemp-Welch (1904).

No contemporary Scottish chronicles of importance deal with the War of Independence, though fairly full Scottish versions of it exist in later books. The earliest of these is the Bruce of JOHN BARBOUR, Archdeacon of Aberdeen. Written in 1375 at the instigation of Robert II., Barbour's spirited verses are inspired by patriotic rather than historic motives. His details are minute, but impossible to control by other sources, and he is more valuable as the epic poet of Scottish liberty than as an historical authority. He is edited by Skeat (Early English Text Soc.), Jamieson, and Innes. The earliest prose Scottish chronicle, that of JOHN FORDUN, who died about 1384 (ed. Skene, in Historians of Scotland), is of value for the fourteenth century. ANDREW WYNTONN'S Originale, a metrical history written in the fifteenth century, has next to no authority until the end of this period (ed. Laing, in Historians of Scotland), BLIND HARRY'S Wallace, written in 1488, is romance not history.

Wales is more fortunate than Scotland in preserving contemporary thirteenth century annals, of which a Latin chronicle, Annales Cambriæ, extending to 1288, and a Welsh one, Brut y Tywysogion (i.e., Chronicle of the Princes), down to 1278, are edited by J. Williams in the Rolls Series, the latter with an English translation. A more critical version of the Welsh text of the Brut is that of J. RHYS and J.G. EVANS' Red Book of Hergest, vol. ii. (1890).

The close relations between England and France for the whole of this period render the French chronicles by far the most important of foreign sources for English history. They are enumerated in detail by Auguste Molinier in vols. iii. (up to 1328) and iv. (after 1328) of the first part of Les Sources de l'Histoire de France (Manuels de Bibliographie historique). The chief French chronicles of the period 1226-1328 are collected in vols. xx.-xxiv. of the Recueil des Historiens de la France begun by Dom Bouquet. Some of them are of special importance for English history. For Anglo-Netherlandish relations under Edward I. see Annales Gandenses (1296-1310), "la chronique la plus remarquable de la fin du xiiie siècle," the French Chronique Artésienne (1295-1304), and the Chronique Tournaisienne (1296-1314), all edited by F. Funck-Brentano in the already mentioned Collection de Textes. For the Hundred Years' War the French chroniclers are indispensable, especially for military history. The most famous of these writers, JEAN FROISSART, has been characterised in my text (p. 419). He can best be studied in Luce and Raynouart's excellent edition for the Soc. de l'Histoire de France (tomes i.-viii., 1869-1888) which completes the story up to Edward III.'s death. Luce's careful "sommaire et commentaire critique" often affords means of checking Froissart by other sources. The magnificent volumes of indexes of Kervyn de Lettenhove's complete edition (vols. XX.-XXV.) are still of immense use, though his text and comments are inferior to those of Luce, Froissart's spirit may well be caught in Lord Berners's racy English translation (Tudor Translations), or in G.C. Macaulay's useful abridgment. The three redactions of Froissart's first book (from 1327 to 1373-1377), which is all that concerns our period, have been clearly distinguished by Luce. (1) The first edition, written about 1373, at the request of Count Robert of Namur, is inspired by an English bias. Up to 1360 it is largely derived from the chronicle of JEAN LE BEL, Canon of St. Lambert of Liège; after that date it is original. (2) The second edition, only represented by two MSS., of which one is incomplete, is a modification of the first with a French bias. The earlier part is more independent of Jean le Bel. (3) The third edition, preserved in a single MS., ends with the death of Philip VI in 1350, and, written after 1400, is even more hostile to England than the second. The best edition of Jean le Bel is by Polain for the Académie royale de Belgique.

A few of the more important French chronicles after 1328 may be mentioned shortly. (1) Grands Chroniques de France (ed. Paulin Paris). Original from 1350 to 1377, a work of first-rate importance, where, if truth is altered, it is altered deliberately from political motives. (2) JEAN DE VENETTE, 1340-1368, written with a popular bias, and partly favourable to Charles of Navarre (edited as a supplement to Géraud's edition of Guillaume de Nangis, ii., 178-378, Soc. de l'Hist. de France). (3) Chronique Normande du xiv'e siècle, 1337-1372 (ed. Molinier, Soc. de l'Hist. de France, 1882), exact and very important for the wars 1337 to 1372. (4) Chronique des quatre premiers Valois (Soc. de l'Hist. de France). (5) CUVELIER'S poetical Vie de Bertrand du Guesclin (2 vols., Doc. inédits). Further details can be found in Molinier's bibliography. Netherlandish sources for the Hundred Years' War are summarised in PIRENNE'S Bibliographie de l'Histoire de Belgique (1895). Of special importance is JAN VAN KLERK'S Van den Derden Edewaert Rym Kronyk. (1840), useful for 1337-1341, and written with an English bias.

The unofficial legal literature of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries is of exceptional variety and value. Many lawyers' treatises throw light on matters far beyond legal technicalities. HENRY OF BRACTON or BRATTON'S De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ illustrates the union of English and Roman juridical ideas characteristic of the age of Henry III. It has been edited badly by Sir T. Twiss in six volumes (Rolls Series), and some portions well by Professor Maitland in his Select passages from Bracton and Azo (Selden Soc.). Maitland's Bracton's Note Book includes extracts from plea rolls seemingly made by Bracton. Bracton's book on the laws was translated, condensed, and rearranged by a writer of the next generation called Britton. It may be studied in a modern edition in NICHOLLS'S Britton on the laws of England, while Fleta, an almost contemporary Latin law book, must be read in Selden's seventeenth century edition. Another thirteenth century law-book, Le Mirroir des Justices, has been edited by Maitland and W.J. Whittaker for the Selden Society. From Edward I.'s time onwards unofficial reports of trials called YEAR BOOKS, written in French, become valuable for their vividness and detail, and for the light which they throw on the more technical records of the plea rolls. Many of them are printed in unsatisfactory seventeenth century editions, but the Year Books of five of Edward I.'s regnal years, between 1292 to 1307, together with the Year Book of 11-12 Edward III., are accessible in A.J. Horwood's editions in the Rolls Series. L.O. Pike has also edited in the Rolls Series the Year books of Edward III. from 1338 to 1345, and Maitland's Year books of Edward II. for the Selden Society are the first two instalments of a scheme for publishing the Year Books of the reign. Besides their legal value, the Year Books are an almost unworked mine for social and economic, and often even political and ecclesiastical, history.

Of literary aids to history T. WRIGHT'S Political Songs (Camden Soc.) illustrate this period to the reign of Edward II. One of Wright's pieces has been more elaborately edited in C.L. KINGSFORD'S Song of Lewes (1890), and C. Hardwick published a Poem on the Times OF Edward II. for the Percy Soc. (1849). With Edward III. such literature becomes copious. Of special importance are T. Wright's Political POEMS and SONGS FROM the accession of Edward III., vol. i. (Rolls Series, 1859), J. Hall's Poems of LAURENCE MINOT, Skeat's editions of CHAUCER and LANGLAND, and G.C. Macaulay's edition of GOWER. The Latin works of Wycliffe, published by the Wycliffe Society, mainly belong to the succeeding period, but De Dominio Divino and De Civili Dominio, as well as some tracts printed in the appendix to LEWIS'S Life of Wiclif and in Shirley's edition of Fasciculi Zizanioram (Rolls Series), were written before 1377.

Of modern works treating of this period, many monographs, dealing with particular points, have been mentioned in notes in the course of the narrative. Of general guides to the period the best by far are Stubbs and Pauli. STUBBS'S Constitutional History (vol. ii.) is as valuable for the chapters summarising the political history as for the more strictly constitutional matter. R. PAULI'S Geschichte von England, iii., 489-896, and iv., 1-505, 716-741, remains, after half a century, the fullest and most satisfactory working up in detail of these reigns, though the great additions to our material make parts of it a somewhat unsafe guide. It can be supplemented for particular aspects of history by the following: For legal history, POLLOCK and MAITLAND'S History of English Law before the time of Edward I., especially vol. i., book i. (chapters iv.-vi.), and book ii.; and most of vol. ii.; to which should be added the prefaces by Prof. Maitland and others to the volumes of the Selden Society. MAITLAND'S Roman Canon Law in the Church of England (1898) is also of great importance. For economic history, W.J. ASHLEY'S Economic History, parts i. and ii.; W. CUNNINGHAM's Growth of English Industry and Commerce, Early and Middle Ages; VINOGRADOFF'S Villainage in England, S. DOWELL'S History of Taxation (2nd edition), H. HALL'S Customs Revenue of England, and, as a collection of materials, J.E. THOROLD ROGERS' History of Agriculture and Prices, vols. i. and ii. For ecclesiastical history, W.R.W. STEPHENS'S History of the English Church, 1066-1272; W.W. CAPES'S History of the English Church in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, and F. MAKOWER'S The Constitutional History and Constitution of the Church of England (translated from the German). For academic history, DENIFLE'S Entstehung der Universitäten des Mittelalters bis 1400, especially pp. 1-40, 237-251 (Oxford) and pp. 367-376 (Cambridge), HAURÉAU'S Histoire de la Philosophie scholastique and RASHDALL'S Universities of the Middle Ages, i., 1-74, and ii., part ii. (Oxford and Cambridge). For military history, KÖHLER'S Entwickelung des Kriegswesens in der Ritterzeit, OMAN'S History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, CLARK'S Mediæval Military Architecture, and (above all) J.E. MORRIS'S Welsh Wars of Edward I. For naval history, NICOLAS'S History of the Royal Navy, and C. DE LA RONCIÈRE'S Histoire de la Marine Française. For particular reigns the following may be found useful: For Henry III., PETIT-DUTAILLIS'S Étude sur Louis VIII., GASQUET'S Henry III. and the Church (1905), BÉMONT'S Simon de Montfort, PROTHERO'S Simon de Montfort, and BLAAUW'S Barons' Wars (2nd ed., 1871). For the reign of Edward I., SEELEY's Life and Reign of Edward I. (1872), my Edward I.; GOUGH'S Itinerary of Edward I., MAXWELL'S Robert the Bruce (Heroes of the Nations), and MORRIS'S above-mentioned Welsh Wars of Edward I. For some aspects of Edward II.'s reign, STUBBS'S prefaces to Chronicles of Edward I. and Edward II. are of special value. For Edward III.'s reign, BARNES's History of Edward III. (1688) is not quite superseded by LONGMAN'S Life and Times of Edward III. (2 vols., 1869), and MACKINNON'S History of Edward III. (1900). For the Hundred Years' War, E. DÉPREZ'S Préliminaires de la Guerre de Cent Ans (1328-1342) (Bibl. de l'Ecole française de Rome, 1902) for diplomatic history, and DENIFLE's Désolation des Églises et Monastères de la France pendant la Guerre de Cent Ans (ii., part i., 1899) for the best general survey of the war to 1380. See also LUCE'S La Jeunesse de Bertrand de Guesclin and La France pendant la Guerre de Cent Ans, and (for Brittany) A. DE LA BORDERIE'S Histoire de Brétagne (1899). The end of Edward III.'s reign is illustrated by S. ARMITAGE SMITH'S John of Gaunt (1904), J. LECHLER'S Wiclif und die Vorgeschichte der Reformation (2 vols., 1873), also translated, not very adequately, Wycliffe and His English Precursors (1878 and 1881), F.D. MATTHEW'S introduction to Wyclif's English Works (Early English Text Society), and R.L. POOLE'S Illustrations of the History of Mediæval Thought (1884), and Wycliffe (1889). G.M. TREVELYAN's England in the Age of Wycliffe (1899) is interesting but not always very scholarly.

Some account of the general foreign history of the period can be found in LAVISSE and RAMBAUD'S Histoire générale (tomes ii. and iii.), LOSERTH'S Geschichte des späteren Mittelalters (good bibliographies), and, briefly, in my Papacy and Empire (up to 1273), and LODGE'S Close of the Middle Ages (after 1273). For French history of the period LAVISSE'S Histoire de France (iii., pt. i., 1137-1226, by A. LUCHAIRE; iii., pt. ii., 1226-1328, by C.V. LANGLOIS, and iv., pt. i., 1328-1422, by A. COVILLE) cover the whole of the period. More detailed works are, PETIT-DUTAILLIS'S Louis VIII., E. BERGER'S Blanche de Castile, WALLON'S Louis IX., BOUTARIC'S Saint Louis et Alfonse de Poitiers, C.V. LANGLOIS'S Philippe le Hardi, BOUTARIC'S France sous Philippe le Bel, LEHUGEUR'S Philippe le Long, PETIT'S Charles de Valois, FOURNIER'S Royaume d'Arles et de Vienne, L. DELISLE'S Hist. de Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, and (for the south) the new edition of DE VIC and VAISSÈTE's Hist. générale de Languedoc. Much recent work has been done by French scholars towards the reconstruction of the external history of England during the whole of our period. For the Low Countries, PIRENNE'S Hist. de Belgique, ii., ASHLEY'S James and Philip van Artevelde, and VANDER KINDERE'S Le Siècle des Arteveldt. PAULI is good for the relations of England and Germany.

Maps illustrating the period are to be found in POOLE'S Oxford Historical Atlas, LONGNON'S Atlas historique de la France, and SPRUNER-MENKE'S Historischer Hand-Atlas; special maps of Edward I.'s Scottish expeditions in GOUGH'S Itinerary of Edward I., of Edward III.'s and the Black Prince's campaigns in THOMPSON'S Chronicon Galfridi le Baker, and KERVYN'S Froissart, of John of Gaunt's in ARMITAGE-SMITH's John of Gaunt, and of Wales in the thirteenth century in Owens College Historical Essays. VIDAL DE LA BLACHE'S Tableau de la Géographie de la France (LAVISSE, Hist. de France, i., pt. i.) is instructive for the physical features of the campaigns of the Hundred Years' War.

Further details as to English authorities, ancient and modern, can be found in GROSS'S excellent Sources and Literature of English History (1900). The Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores, vols. xxvii., xxviii., consist of excerpts from English writers of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; the introductions (in Latin) by Pauli and Liebermann contain noteworthy estimates of the works from which the extracts are taken.

NOTE TO PAGES 390-92.

My reasons for my account of the battle of Poitiers demand longer explanation than can be given in a footnote. Like most modern writers, I have based my narrative on the Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker as expounded by Sir E.M. Thompson, though I agree with Professor Oman in holding that Baker's "ampla profundaque vallis et mariscus, torrente quodam irriguus," must be the valley of the Miausson. I also, however, agree with Father Denifle in not setting great store on Chandos Herald, though I would not reject him altogether, as all prudent writers must reject Froissart. My conjectural account of the movements of the armies is an attempt to combine Baker with what may be true in the Herald. I hope elsewhere to be able to justify my narrative at length.

INDEX.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z TOP

Aachen, 80.

Abbeville, 145, 361-364, 411.

Aberconway Abbey, 165.

Aberdeen, 198, 225

Aberdeen, John Barbour, Archdeacon of. See Barbour, John.

Abergavenny, town, castle and lordship, 47, 165, 174, 180.

Abergavenny, Lords of. See Hastings.

Aberystwyth, 161.

Abingdon, 57-59.

Abingdon, Edmund of. See Rich, Edmund.

Acre. 134, 184

Acre, Joan of. See Joan.

Acton Burnell, 165.

Adolf of Nassau, King of the Romans, 191.

Adour, the river. 70, 324, 386.

Agen, 105, 206, 324.

Agenais, the, 105, 140, 296, 297, 324, 358, 384, 387, 397.

Agnelius of Pisa, 50, 85, 87.

Aigueblanche, Peter of, Bishop of Hereford, 55, 63, 78.

Aiguillon, 358, 367.

Albemarle, William of Fors, Earl of, 4, 20, 24-26, 103.

Albemarle and Devon, Isabella of Fors, Countess of, 224.

Albigenses, the, 31, 33, 55, 70, 352.

Albert the Great, 90.

Albret, Lord of, 73, 212, 325, 357.

Aldgate, 375.

Alencon, Count of, 328.

Alexander II., King-of Scots, 15, 23, 58, 67.

Alexander III., King of Scots, 176, 177, 181.

Alexander, son of Alexander III of Scotland, 177.

Alexander IV., Pope, 78, 79, 88, 108-110, 176, 177.

Alexander of Hales, See Hales.

Alfonso X., King of Castile, 72, 73, 80, 104, 143, 144, 169, 171, 172.

Alfonse of France, Count of Poitiers, 34, 62, 64, 71, 105, 106, 140.

Alice, Countess of Lancaster, 224, 273.

Alice of Lusignan, 99.

Aliens, 67, 97, 98, 100-103, 112, 175, 176.

Almaine, Henry of. See Henry of Almaine.

"Almaines, The," 335.

Almond, the river, 213.

Alnwick Castle, 131.

Alton Castle, 273.

Amadeus III., Count of Savoy, 54.

Amesbury, 184.

Amice, mother of the elder Simon de Montfort, 55.

Amiens, 112, 170, 187, 222, 295, 328, 361; cathedral, 55, 295, 295; mise of, 295, 295; treaty of (1279), 295, 295.

Amory, Roger of, 273, 274, 276, 279-281, 284, 285.

Anagni, 200, 222.

Andrew, St., 219.

Anne of Brittany, 178.

Angers, 35.

Anglesey, 75, 162, 166, 190.

Anglia, East, 131, 370.

Angoulême, 31, 358, 416.

Angoulême, Isabella, Countess of. See Isabella, Queen of England.

Angoumois, 81, 397, 415.

Anjou, 30, 36, 104, 105, 146, 148, 170, 200, 395, 412.

Anjou, Charles of. See Charles.

Anjou, Louis, Duke of. See Louis.

Annandale, 180, 194, 196, 215.

Antrim, 234.

Antwerp, 332, 335, 343, 345, 412.

Apulia, 79.

Aquinas, St. Thomas, 90, 92.

Aquitaine, 30, 32, 63, 64, 69, 72-74, 76, 104, 105, 140, 141, 162, 165, 175, 239, 297, 298, 300, 327-329, 357, 370, 385, 395, 397, 404, 406, 407, 411, 415, 416, 427, See also Gascony.

Aquitaine, Dukes of. See under the Kings of England.

Aquitaine, Edward, Prince of. See Edward the Black Prince.

Aquitaine, Eleanor of, 64.

Aragon, 146, 169-172, 200, 403, 404, 411.

Aragon, James, King of. See James.

Aragon, Peter, King of. See Peter.

Archers; English, 164, 190, 210, 211, 261, 285, 318, 320, 363-365, 369, 390-392, 401. Welsh, 210, 214, 269. Scottish, 214.

Architecture; gothic, 83, 96, 97, 420, 422, 423, 427. ecclesiastical, 96, 97. domestic, 97. military, 97, 166. "decorated" style, 422. "flamboyant", 422, 423. "perpendicular", 304, 422, 423. Norman, 304, 423. French, 422.

Arden, forest of, 252.

Argenton, 388.

Aristotle, 89-92.

Armagh, Archbishop of. See Fitzralph, Richard.

Armagnac, Counts of, 73, 164, 384, 386, 407.

Armagnac, John, Count of, 384, 386, 397, 400, 406, 407, 411.

Arnold, T., his edition of Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, 455.

Art, 82, 83, 94, 96, 427, See also Architecture.

Artevelde, James van, 342, 343, 345-349, 356.

Arthur I., Count of Brittany, 179.

Arthur II., Duke of Brittany, 352.

Arthur, King, 313.

Arthurian Legend, the, 94.

Articuli super cartas, 218, 219.

Artois, 8, 196, 330, 343, 347, 385, 413, 417.

Artois, Robert of. See Robert.

Arundel, the Countess of. 42.

Arundel, Edmund Fitzalan, Earl of, 239, 244, 249, 259, 273, 274, 276, 283, 299, 301, 307.

Arundel, Richard Fitzalan, Earl of, 362.

Arvon, 162.

Ashley, W.J.; his Economic History, 461. his James and Philip van Artevelde, 462.

Assisi, 84.

Athenry, battle of, 271.

Athis, treaty of, 313.

Athol, David of Strathbolgie, Earl of, 316, 322.

Auberoche, battle of, 357, 358.

Aubigny, Philip of, 32.

Aude, the river, 386.

Audley, Hugh of, 279, 280, 286.

Audley, Earl of Gloucester. See Gloucester.

Audley, James (1258), 103.

Audley, James (d. 1369), 412.

Audleys of Shropshire, 306.

Audrehem, Marshal, 390, 391.

Aumâle, Counts of, 20. See also Albemarle.

Auray, 401; battle of, 401, 402. Church of St. Michael, 401.

Ausculta, Fili, bull, 221.

Austin Canons of Lanercost, 234.

Austin Friars, 86.

Austria, 33, 44, 54.

Austria, Duke of, 44.

Auvergne, 62, 417.

Auvergne, Counts of, 33.

Auvézère, the river, 357.

Avalon, Hugh of. See Hugh, St.

Avesbury, Robert of, chronicler, 458.

Avesnes, 340; house of, 332.

Avesnes, William of. See William, Count of Hainault.

Avignon; the papal court at, 229, 241, 293, 330, 333, 337, 355, 370, 372, 377, 378, 380, 385, 386, 393, 430, 431. records of Popes of, 450.

Avon, the river, 127.

Axholme, 129.

Ayermine, William, Bishop of Norwich, 293, 296, 298.

Aymer of Valence, Bishop of Winchester, 65, 99, 102, 108, 109.

Aymer of Valence, Earl of Pembroke. See Pembroke.

Ayr, 215, 235.

"Babylonish Captivity, the," 229, 418.

Bacon, Roger, 91, 92.

Bacon, Robert, 46.

Badenoch, John Comyn, lord of, 180, See Comyn.

Badlesmere, Bartholomew, Lord, 268, 273, 277, 279, 283, 286, 293, 314.

Badlesmere, Lady, 282, 283.

Baker, Geoffrey le, Chronicle of, 420, 458, 464.

"Balance of Power," the, 138.

Baldock (town), 299.

Baldock, Ralph, chancellor and bishop of London, 238.

Baldock, Robert, chancellor, 292, 293, 298, 299, 301.

Baldwin, Count of Flanders, Latin Emperor of the East, 33.

Ball, John, 376, 377.

Balliol College, Oxford, 376, 377, 439.

Balliol, Edward, eldest son of King John of Scotland, 194, 315, 317-324.

Balliol, John (d. 1269), 93.

Balliol, John, lord of Barnard Castle, and of Galloway, son of the above, 179, 181, 183. See also John, King of Scots.

Balsham, Hugh, Bishop of Ely, 93.

Barnburgh Castle, 247.

Bampton in the Bush, 250.

Banaster, Adam, 267, 268, 272.

Banbury, 250.

Banff, 198, 225.

Bankers; foreign, 97, 248. Jewish, 160, 176. Italian, 176, 237, 240.

Bannatyne club, publications of the, 455, 456.

Bannock, the river, 261.

Bannockburn, battle of, 260-264, 267, 270, 272, 274, 277, 279, 318-320, 346, 363, 364.

Bar, Joan of. See Joan.

Bar, Count of, 192.

Barbavera, 345, 347.

Barbezieux, 64.

Barbour, John, Bruce, 422, 459.

Bardi, the, 356.

Bardolf, William, 100.

Barfleur, 360.

Bargate, the, Lincoln, 10.

Barnard Castle, 179, 316.

Barnes's History of Edward III., 462.

Barnwell, 299.

Barnwell, Canon of, 13, 16, 21, 453.

Barons' war, the, 133-135, 164, 175, 237, 452, 454, 456, 461, 462.

Barres, William des, 11.

Basset, Gilbert, 46, 47.

Bastides, 165, 171, 295, 296.

Bastilles, 417.

Bath, 407.

Bath and Wells, Bishop of. See Burnell, Robert; Drokensford; Shrewsbury, Ralph of, and Harewell, John.

Battle Abbey, chronicle of, 455.

Battles of —— Athenry, 271. Auberoche, 358. Auray, 401, 402. Ayr, 235. Bannockburn, 260-263. Boroughbridge, 285-287. Bourgneuf Bay, 410, 415. Cassel, 327. Chalon, 140. Chesterfield, 130. Cocherel, 401. Corte Nuova, 61. Courtrai, 221, 222, 262. Crecy, 362-364. Dupplin Moor, 317, 318. Dunbar, 197. Dundalk, 271. Evesham, 127, 128. Falkirk, 213-215. Halidon Hill, 319, 320. La Rochelle, 415. Lewes, 116, 117. Lincoln, 10, 11. Lisieux, 400. Madog's Field, 190. Maes Madog, 190. Mauron, 383. Methven, 234. Morgarten, 262. Morlaix, 354. Myton, 276, 277. Najera, 405, 406. Neville's Cross, 365. Orewyn Bridge, 163, 164. Poitiers, 389-392. Pontvallain, 414. Sandwich, 11, 12. Sluys, 346, 347. Stirling Bridge, 207, 208. The Thirty, 382, 383. Winchelsea, 384.

Bayonne, 70, 71, 186, 191, 196, 297, 324, 357, 417, 418.

Bazas, 32, 71, 324, 386, 412.

Béarn, 141, 171, 325.

Béarn, Gaston, Viscount of. See Gaston.

Beatrice, daughter of Henry III. and wife of John II. of Brittany, 107, 352.

Beatrice, sister of Amadeus III., Count of Savoy, wife of Raymond Berengar IV., Count of Provence, 54.

Beaucaire, 62.

Beauce, the, 413.

Beauchamp, Thomas. See Warwick, Earl of.

Beauchamp, William. See Warwick, Earl of. Beauchamps of Warwick, the, 306.

Beaumanoir, commandant at Josselin, 382, 383.

Beaumaris Castle, 190.

Beaumont, Henry de, 248, 252, 264, 316, 320, 322.

Beaumont, Louis de, Bishop of Durham, 290, 316.

Beaumont, Robert of, Earl of Leicester. See Leicester.

Beaumonts, the, 252.

Beauvais, 361.

Becket, Archbishop, St. Thomas, 16, 60, 350.

Bedale, 182.

Bedford, Castle of, 25, 26, 32; scutage of, 26.

Bedfordshire, 447.

Bégard, Abbey of, 368.

Beghards, the, 376.

Beguines, the, 376.

Behuchet, Nicholas, 345-347.

Bek, Anthony, Bishop of Durham, 178, 185, 197, 213, 215, 219, 223, 230, 232, 238, 245.

Bek, Thomas, Bishop of St. David's, 185.

Belleville, 400.

Bembro, Robert, 382, 383.

Bémont, Charles, 64; his Rôles Gascons, 445, 446. his Chartes des libertés anglaises, 208, 450. his Simon de Montfort, 455, 462, 463.

Bénauge, 73.

Béne, Amaury of, 90.

Benedict XI., Pope, 228.

Benedict XII, Pope, 329, 330, 333, 334, 336, 348, 450.

Bengeworth, near Evesham, 127.

Bentley, Sir Walter, 382, 383.

Bere Castle, 165, 166.

Bereford, Sir Simon, 305, 309.

Berg, Count of, 332.

Berger's Blanche de Castile, 462.

Bergerac, 32, 357, 358, 412.

Berkeley Castle, 300, 303.

Berkeleys, the, 306.

Berkhampstead, siege of, 6.

Berkshire, 59.

Berkstead, Stephen, Bishop of Chichester, 119.

Bermingham, John of. See Louth, Earl of.

Bernabò, Visconti, Lord of Milan, 430.

Berners, Lord, translator of Froissart, 459.

Berri, John, Duke of, 412.

Bertrand, Cardinal, 330, 336, 339. See Montfavence.

Berwick, 182, 194, 196, 198, 206, 207, 212, 213, 245, 247, 258, 259, 261, 264, 273, 275-277, 289, 319, 321, 386, 393.

Béthune, 343; Chronique de l'Anonyme de 454.

Bibliographies, historical, 459, 464.

Bidassoa, the, 324.

Bigod, the house of, 278.

Bigod, Hugh, justiciar, 100, 102, 104, 109.

Bigod, Roger, earl marshal and Earl of Norfolk. See Norfolk, Earl of.

Bigorre, county of. 71, 80, 164, 294, 397.

Biscay, Bay of, 35, 415.

Blaauw's Barons' Wars, 461.

Black Prince, the. See Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine.

Black death, the, 370-376, 380, 381, 423, 424, 432, 457.

Blacklow Hill, 251.

Blanche of Artois, Queen of Navarre, 144, 246.

Blanche of Bourbon, wife of Peter the Great of Castile, 404.

Blanche of Castile, Queen of Louis VIII. and regent of France, 4, 11, 34, 62, 80.

Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster, 421, 430.

Blanche taque, the, in estuary of Somme, 361, 362, 411.

Blaneforde's Chronicle, 453.

Blankenberghe, 344, 346.

Blavet, the river, 354.

Blaye, 36, 64, 191, 196.

Bliss' Calendars of Papal Registers, 449.

Blois, 388, 389.

Blois, Charles of. See Charles.

Blois, Theobald, Count of, 11.

Blount, Sir Thos, 302.

Blundeville, Randolph of, Earl of Chester. See Chester, Randolph, Earl of.

Boccaccio, 421.

Bohemia, 54.

Bohemia, Ottocar, King of, 80.

Bohun, Humphrey, Earl of Hereford. See Hereford.

Bohun, Humphrey of Brecon, son of the Earl of Hereford, 115.

Bohun, Margaret, 435.

Bohun, William, Earl of Northampton. See Northampton.

Bohuns, the, 430.

Bollers, house of, 24.

Bologna, 84, 89.

Bolton, 433.

Bonhommes, order of, 86.

Boniface VIII., Pope, 172, 195, 200, 203, 211, 217, 219-223, 228.

Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, 60, 61, 66, 73, 99, 103, 128, 135, 139.

Bordeaux, 32, 33, 36, 64, 70-74, 77, 146, 170, 171, 191, 193, 196, 222, 230, 296, 324, 358, 370, 385-387, 393, 404, 406, 407, 412, 417, 418, 433; truce of, 395.

Bordeaux, Bertrand de Goth, Archbishop of. See Clement V.

Bordelais, the, 324.

Borderie's Histoire de Brétagne, 463.

Boroughbridge, 275, 286, 290. battle of, 285-287, 319.

Boroughs; growth of, 122, 195, 426-427; representation of, 139.

Bothwell Castle, 262.

Boulogne, 8, 121, 239.

Bouquet, Dom, his Recueil des Historiens de la France, 459.

Bourbon, Blanche of. See Blanche.

Bourbonnais, 417.

Bourchier, Sir Robert, 349.

Bourg, of Limoges, the, 142.

Bourg, 191, 196.

Bourgneuf, Bay of, 410, 415.

Bourne, 95.

Boutaric's St. Louis et Alfonse de Poitiers, 463; his France sous Philippe le Bel, 462.

Bouvines, battle of, 11.

Brabant, 148, 192, 331, 332, 335, 336, 340, 348.

Brabant, Dukes of. See John II., John III., and Wenceslaus.

Brabant, Mary of. See Mary, Queen of France.

Brabazon, Roger de, chief justice after 1295, 181.

Bracton, Henry of, 94, 148, 426; his book De Legibus, 461. his Note Book, 461.

Bradwardine, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 425.

Brandenburg, 80.

Brandenburg, Elector of, 340.

Brantingham, Thomas, treasurer, Bishop of Exeter, 432, 433.

Brantôme, 388.

Braose, house of, 1, 280, 300.

Braose, William de, 37, 38, 44; his daughter, 37, 38.

Bratton, Henry. See Bracton.

Braybrook, Henry de, 25.

Bréauté, Falkes de, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 20, 24-27, 43, 44.

Brechin, 197, 225.

Brecon, 172-174, 189, 190, 252, 267, 280.

Bren, Llewelyn. See Llewelyn.

Brentwood, 45, 47.

Bremen, 97.

Brest, 354, 416, 418.

Brétagne bretonnante, La, 352.

Brétigni, treaty of, 396-398. See also Calais, treaty of.

Bretons. See Brittany.

Brewer's Monumenta Franciscana, 455, 456.

Bridgnorth, 25, 284.

Bridlington, 289.

Bridlington, Canon of, his Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvon.

Bridlington, John of, 457.

Brie, 60.

Brigham, treaty of, 178, 181.

Bristol, 4, 56, 112, 168, 241, 268, 273, 370, 457; council meets at, 4. confirmation of the Great Charter at, 5. castle of, 6, 268. channel, 76, 300. disturbances at, 268, 457.

Brittany, 2, 35, 36, 41, 44, 54, 178, 179, 186, 352, 353, 356, 357, 381-383, 386-388, 395 401-404, 413-417, 436, 463; Celtic, 416. French, 416.

Brittany, Counts, afterwards Dukes, of. See Arthur I., Arthur II., John II., John III., John IV., John V., Peter Mauclerc.

Brittany, Constance of, wife of Randolph of Chester. See Constance of Brittany.

Brittany, John of, Earl of Richmond. See John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond.

Britton, lawyer, 94; his treatise On the Laws of England, 461.

Bromfield, 162.

Brotherton, Thomas of, Earl of Norfolk. See Thomas of Brotherton.

Bruce, David. See David II., King of Scots.

Bruce, Edward, "King of Ireland.", 257, 269-272, 280, 429.

Bruce, Elizabeth, Queen of Scots. See Elizabeth.

Bruce, Joan, Queen of Scots. See Joan.

Bruce, Robert, Lord of Annandale, claimant to the Scots throne (d.1295), 177, 180-184, 194.

Bruce, Robert, Earl of Carrick, son of the above (d. 1304), 177, 194, 206, 215.

Bruce, Robert, Earl of Carrick, son of the above, 206, 215, 227, 232, 233. See also Robert, King of Scots.

Bruce, John Barbour's, 458.

Bruges, 143, 210, 211, 327, 343, 344, 346, 398, 402, 418, 434; the Matins of. 221. truce of (1375), 418, 434.

Brussels, 332, 339, 341, 420.

Brut, the Trojan, 421.

Brut d'Angleterre, Wace's, 95, 458.

Brut y Tywysogion, 459.

Buch, Captal de, 212, 392, 40l, 402, 415.

Buchan, Comyn, John, Earl of, 198, 206, 257, 316.

Buchan, Henry de Beaumont, Earl of, 316, 320, 322; See also Beaumont, Henry de.

Builth, town and castle, 37, 38, 163, 167.

Buironfosse, 340, 341, 354, 361.

Bulgaria, 33.

Burgh, the family of, 269.

Burgh, Elizabeth de, wife of Robert, King of Scots; See Elizabeth, Queen of Scots.

Burgh, Elizabeth de, wife of Lionel of Clarence, 428, 429.

Burgh, Hubert de, Earl of Kent, 2, 5, 9, 11-13, 1717-47, 51, 53.

Burgh, Richard de, Earl of Ulster. See Ulster.

Burgh, Richard de, Lord of Connaught, 48.

Burgh, William de, Lord of Connaught and Earl of Ulster, 428. See Ulster.

Burgh-on-Sands, 235.

Burghersh, Bartholomew, Bishop of Lincoln, 282, 283, 285, 293, 314, 332-334, 349, 350.

Burgos, 73, 405, 406.

Burgundy, 96, 119, 140, 191, 396, 400, 401, 410, 412, 417.

Burgundy, Duke of. See Philip the Bold and Philip de Rouvres.

Burnell, Robert, Chancellor, and Bishop of Bath and Wells, 139, 143, 147, 170, 184, 185.

Burton-on-Trent, 285.

Bury, Richard of, Bishop of Durham, 310.

Bury St. Edmunds, 131, 172, 199-201, 299, 454, 455.

Busses, Spanish, 384.

Butler, Edmund, 270, 271.

Butler of Ireland, James, the, 307.

Byland Abbey, 289, 290.

Bytham Castle, 20, 21.

Cader Idris, 165.

Cadzand, island of, 334, 346.

Caen, 360; abbeys of, 360, church of St. Peter at, 360.

Caerlaverock. See Carlaverock.

Caerleon, Morgan of, 15.

Caerphilly Castle, 166, 267, 281, 300.

Cahors, 105, 399, 411; bishopric of, 140. See Quercy.

Calais, 12, 365-369, 380, 381, 383-386, 395, 398, 411-413, 415, 417-419, 433; treaty of, 396-398, 402, 403, 419, 421, 427, 432. See also Brétigni.

Calendar of Close Rolls, 444.

Calendar of Charter Rolls, 445. Calendars of Documents relating to Scotland and Ireland, 449.

Calendar of Inquisitions Post-mortem and other analogous documents, 445.

Calendars of Papal Registers, 450.

Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 444.

Calendarium Genealogicum, C. Roberts', 445.

Calendarium Inquisitionum sive Eschætarum, 445.

Calendarium Rotulorum Cartarum, 445.

Calveley, Sir Hugh, 382, 383, 400-402, 404.

Cambrai, 105, 339.

Cambrésis, the, 339.

Cambridge, 6, 85, 131, 182; university of, 85, 83, 93, 375, 425.

Cambridge, Edmund of Langley, Earl of, 431. See Edmund.

Camville, Nichola de, 8, 9.

"Candlemas, The Burnt," 387.

Canfranc, treaty of, 171.

Canons, Austin, annals by, 454.

Canterbury,; 7; cathedral, 12, 19, 54, 84, 350, 85, 230, 440; 286: 96, 439; hall, Oxford, 431; register, 449.

Canterbury, Archbishops of. See Langton, Stephen; Grand, Richard le; Neville, Ralph, and Blunt, John (archbishops elect); Rich, Edmund; Boniface of Savoy; Kilwardby, Robert; Peckham, John; Winchelsea, Robert; Cobham, Thomas (archbishop elect); Reynolds, Walter; Meopham, Simon; Stratford, John; Bradwardine, Thomas; Islip, Simon; Langham, Simon; Whittlesea, William, and Sudbury, Simon.

Cantilupe, St. Thomas of, chancellor and Bishop of Hereford, 93, 120, 129.

Cantilupe, Walter of, Bishop of Worcester, 66, 81, 121, 126.

Cantilupes, the, 1.

Cantreds, the four, 75, 76, 133, 167, 168. See also Perveddwlad.

Caours, Raoul de, 382.

Capes's, W. W., History of the English Church, 461.

Capetians, the, 33, 34, 64, 144, 294, 325, 326, 330.

Captal de Buch, the. See Buch.

Captivity, the Babylonish, of the Papacy, 229, 418.

Carcassonne, 62, 386, 387.

Cardiff Castle, 47, 281, 300.

Cardigan and Cardiganshire, 15, 24, 75, 76, 161, 168, 189.

Cardinerie, La, 391.

Carlaverock, castle, 218, 220; chronicle of the siege of, 458, 459.

Carentan, 360.

Carhaix, 368.

Carlisle, town and castle, 1, 15, 196, 197, 212, 215, 218, 234, 237, 25%, 275, 284, 289, 290, 456; parliament Of 1307 at, 230, 231, 234; Statute Of, 230, 254, 377.

Carlisle, Andrew Harclay, Earl of, 287.

Carmarthen, town and castle, and Carmarthenshire, 15, 24, 47, 75, 76, 162, 166, 168, 189; justice of, 166, 168.

Carmelites, the, 86.

Carnarvon, town and castle, 165, 189, 190.

Carnarvon, Edward of. See Edward.

Carnarvonshire, 166, 167.

Carrick, Earl of. See Bruce, Robert.

Carrickfergus, 270, 27l.

Carta menatoria, 225.

Cartmel, 289.

Cartularies, 450.

Cassel, battle of, 327.

Cassingham (Kensham), William of, 7-9.

Castile, 104, 144, 235, 370, 403, 405, 406, 411.

Castile, Alfonso, King of. See Alfonso.

Castile, Blanche of. See Blanche.

Castile, Constance of, 430. See Constance.

Castile, Eleanor of. See Eleanor.

Castile, Ferdinand the Saint, King of. See Ferdinand.

Castile, Henry of Trastamara, King of. See Henry.

Castile, Isabella of. See Isabella.

Castile, Peter the Cruel, King Of. See Peter.

Castile, John, King of Leon and Duke Lancaster, 430, 431. See John of Gaunt.

Castle of; Aberconway or Conway, 165, 189, 195. Abergavenny, 47. Aberyswyth, 160, 161. Alnwick, 131. Alton, 273. Bamburgh, 247. Barnard, 179. Beaumaris, 190. Bedford, 25, 26. Bere, 166. Berkeley, 284. Berwick, 208, 275, 321. Bothwell, 262. Bristol,6, 265. Builth, 163 Bytham, 20. Caen, 360. Caerphilly, 166, 267. Cardiff, 47. Carlaverock, 218. Carmarthen, 160. Carnarvon, 189, 190. Castleton, Liddesdale, 365. Chepstow, 47, 300. Christchurch, 224. Clare, 115. Colchester, 6. Conway. See Aberconway. Conisborough, 149, 273. Corfe, 303, 307. Cornet, 415. Criccieth, 166. Dolwyddelen, 166. Dover, 5, 9, 10, 109, 129, 252, 288. Drysllwyn, 158, 160. Dublin, 271, 272. Dumfries, 238, 321. Dunbar, 197. Dynevor, 162, 168. Edinburgh, 218, 321, 323. Flint, 161, 167. Fotheringhay, 21. Gloucester, 125. Grosmont, 47, 357. Harlech, 166. Hawarden, 161. Hedingham, 6. Josselin, 382, 383. Kenilworth, 126, 127, 130, 131, 251. Kilkenny, 49. Kidwelly, 166. Knaresborough, 273. Leeds (Kent), 282, 283. Limoges, 142. Lincoln, 9, 11. London. See Tower of London, the. Maud's, 38. Monmouth, 47, 48. Montgomery, 37, 40. Mount Sorrel, 8. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 183. Norham, 181. Norwich, 6. Nottingham, 308, 438. Orford, 6. Peebles, 321. Pevensey, 117, 120, 126. Pontefract, 264, 286. Powys, 267. Rhuddlan, 161, 162, 164, 166, 167. Rising, 309. Rochester, 114. Rockingham, 20. Romorantin, 389. Rose, 258. Roxburgh, 208, 321. Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, 399, 417. Scarborough, 250, 251. Skelton, 180. Skenfrith, 47. Stirling, 191, 217, 225, 258-260, 262. Swansea, 280. Tickhill, 285. Tintagel, 249. Tunbridge, 39. Tutbury, 285. Usk, 47, 279. Wallingford, 239, 249, 250. Wark, 196. Warwick, 251. Whitecastle, 47. Wigmore, 125. Windsor, 112, 249, 310, 356, 380. Wolvesey (Winchester), 8, 102.

Castles, 6, 24, 25, 102, 103, 119. royal, 2, 100, 109. adulterine, 14, 15, 18. Welsh, 44, 111. of South Wales, 47. Edward I.'s, 161, 165, 166. concentric, 166. Scottish, 181.

Castleton Castle, Liddesdale, 365.

Castor, Church of St., Coblenz, 335.

Castorplatz, the, Coblenz, 335.

Caversham, 15.

Celestine V., Pope, 199, 200.

Celts, Irish, 270, 429.

Celts of Scotland, the, 263.

Chaboterie, la, 389.

Chalon, little battle of, 140.

Champagne, Blanche of Artois, Queen of Navarre and Countess of. See Blanche.

Champagne, Edmund, Count of, 144, 187. See also Edmund of Lancaster. Champagne, Henry, Count of. See Henry.

Champagne, Joan of. See Joan.

Champagne, Theobald IV., Count of. See Theobald.

Champagne, 35, 36, 144, 146, 187, 246, 294, 396, 413, 417, 418.

Champollion-Figeac's Lettres des rots d'Angleterre, 450.

Chancellor, office of, 53, 64, 102, 120.

Chancery courts, for Wales, 166; records, 446.

Chandos, Sir John, 399, 401, 402, 404, 407, 412, 417.

Chandos Herald, 266, 459, 464.

Channel, the Bristol, 76, 300; the English, 35, 297, 330, 333.

Channel Islands, the, 30, 73, 345, 397, 414, 415.

Charente, the river, 63, 105, 170, 324.

Charing, 350.

Charles IV., the Emperor, 364, 410.

Charles IV., the Fair, King of France, 295-298, 324-326.

Charles V., King of France, 403, 404, 408-412, 414, 415.

Charles of Anjou, younger brother of Louis IX., Count of Provence and Charles I., King of Sicily, 64, 119, 120, 139, 143, 144, 169.

Charles the Bad, Count of Evreux and King of Navarre, 385-387, 394, 395, 398, 400-404, 411, 417, 460.

Charles of Blois, claimant to Duchy of Brittany, 352-354, 367, 368, 382, 383, 388, 393, 401, 402.

Charles of La Cerda, 384.

Charles of Moravia, King of the Romans, 364; See Charles IV., the Emperor.

Charles, Duke of Normandy, 390, 391, 394, 396. See also Charles V., King of France.

Charles of Salerno, afterwards Charles II. of Sicily, 169, 171.

Charles, Count ofValois, 191, 296, 297, 324, 325.

Charlemagne, 326.

Charlton, Tohn, lord of Powys, 248, 267, 306.

Charltons of Powys, the, 306, 414.

Charter, the Great, 1, 13, 65, 101, 115, 119, 125, 131, 203, 206, 244, 247; the forest, 13, 65, 119, 131, 206; Rolls, the, 445, see Rolls.

Charterhouse, the London, 375.

Charters, confirmations of the, 1, 5, 13, 28, 29, 40, 65, 131, 205, 208, 209, 216, 219; of London. 134: Carta Mercatoria, 225; as sources for history, 444, 445.

Chartley, 130.

Chartres, 396.

Chateauneuf, 358.

Chateauroux, 388.

Chatelherault, 389.

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 310, 395, 421-424, 426, 427, 441, 461.

Chauvigny, 389.

Chaworth, Payne of, 166.

Cheapside, 299, 300.

Chepstow, 47, 300.

Cher, the river, 388, 389.

Cherbourg, 193, 360.

Cheshire, 74-76, 122, 132, 224, 278, 428, 447; palatine earldom of, 14, 24; palatine courts of, 167; records of county palatine of, 449.

Chester, 161, 242, 423.

Chester, Edward, Earl of. See Edward I., Edward II. and Edward III.

Chester, John de Lacy, Constable of. See Lacy.

Chester, John the Scot, Exl of, 42, 46, 179. See also Huntingdon.

Chester, Simon de Montbrt, Earl of. See Leicester.

Chester, Randolph Blundeville, Earl of, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 17, 21, 22, 24-26, 35, 35, 41 42, 75, 97.

Chesterfield, battle of, 130.

Chichester,8.

Chichester, Bishops of. See Berkstead, Stephen; Neville, Ralth, and Stratford, Robert.

Chilham, barony of, Kenf, 316.

Chilterns, the, 129.

Chinon, 63.

Chirk, 306.

Chirk, Roger Mortimer of. See Mortimer, Roger, of Chirk.

Christchurch Castle, 222.

Christopher, The, 335, 345, 346.

Chroniclers, the, 93-95, 419, 420.

Chronicles as sources of history, 443, 451-460.

Cinque Ports, the, I, 7, 8, 33, 113-115, 122, 129, 161, 186, 210, 252, 282.

Cirencester, 284.

Cistercian, nuns of Eastminster, 310; monks of Whalley, 316.

Cistercians, the, 11, 60, 76, 165, 375, 376.

Clare Castle, 115; the house of, 133.

Clare, Eleanor de, 278. See Despenser Eleanor de.

Clare, Elizabeth of, 279, 429.

Clare, Gilbert of, Earl of Gloucester. See Gloucester.

Clare, Margaret of, 238, 279.

Clare, Richard of, Earl of Gloucester. See Gloucester.

Clarence, Duchy of, 429. See Lionel of Antwerp.

Clarendon, 178.

Clares, the poor, 309.

Clark's, G. T., Mediæval Military Architecture, 462.

Clark's, J. W., Observances in use at Barnwell Priory, 150.

Clement IV., Pope, 92, 121, 135.

Clement V., Pope, 229-231, 233, 234, 241, 254-256.

Clement VI., Pope, 348, 354, 370, 377, 385, 450.

Clergy, taxation of the, 195, 219, 230.

Clericis laicos, the bull, 200, 201, 203, 208, 222, 223.

Clerkenwell, 108.

Clermont, Marshal, 390, 391.

Cleves, Count Of, 332.

Clifford, Robert, 249, 250.

Clifford, Roger, 285, 286. Cliffords, the, 1.

Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon. See Huntingdon.

Clisson, Oliver de, 401.

Cloth, manufacture of English, 427.

Clydesdale, 205.

Clwyd, the river, 75, 76, 162, 167.

Clun, 167, 306.

Cobham, Thomas of, Archbishop elect of Canterbury, 256.

Coblenz, 335, 336.

Cocherel, battle of, 401.

Cog Thomas, the, 384.

Coggeshall's Chronicle, 454, 459.

Cognac, 65, 412.

Coinage, 175.

Colchester, Castle of, 6.

Coldstream, 196.

Colleges, growth of, 93, 375, 376.

Cologne, 92, 335.

Cologne, Archbishop of, 33, 80, 335.

Colons, faction of the, 70, 74.

Commerce under Edward III., 311, 427.

Comminges, Counts of, 73.

Commons, house of, 122, 243.

Companies, the free, 402, 403, 414.

Company, the White, 403.

Compiègne, 328.

Compostella, 201, 259.

Comyn, John, the elder, lord of Badenoch, 180, 198, 206.

Comyn, John, of Badenoch, the younger, or the Red, regent of Scotland, 217, 225, 226, 233, 257, 263.

Comyn, John, of Buchan. See Buchan, Earl of.

Confirmation of the charters, 208, 209. See Charters.

Conisborough Castle, 149, 273.

Connaught, 37, 46, 271, 272.

Connaught, Phelim O'Connor, King of, 271, 272.

Connaught, King of, 37.

Conrad, son of Frederick II., 78.

Conservators of the Peace, 119.

Consilium ordinarium, the, 29.

Constable, office of, 202, 204, 209.

Constance of Brittany, 36.

Constance of Castile, daughter of Peter the Cruel, wife of John, Duke of Lancaster, 430, 431,

Convocation, 440.

Conway, the river, 68, 77, 161, 162, 164, 166, 180.

Corfe Castle, 303, 307.

Cormeilles, Abbey of, 400.

Cornet Castle, 415,

Cornouailles, 354.

Cornwall, 241; earldom of, 224, 242, 248, 278.

Cornwall, Dunstanville, Earls of, 2.

See Dunstanville.

Cornwall, Edmund, Earl of. See Edmund.

Cornwall, Edward, Duke of. See Edward, the Black Prince.

Cornwall, John of Eltham, Earl of. See John.

Cornwall, Peter GavestOn, Earl of. See Gaveston.

Cornwall, Richard, Earl of. See Richard.

Corte Nuova, battle of, 61.

Cosneau's Grands Traités de la Guerre de Cent Ans, 451.

Côtentin, the, 359, 387, 388.

Cotton, Bartholomew's Historia Anglicana, 456.

Coucy, Enguerrand de, 8.

Councils, General, at Lyons, 67, 86.

Court of King's Bench, records of, 447, 448.

Court of Common Pleas, records of, 447.

Court of the County, IOI, 103.

Courts of Chancery and Exchequer in Wales, 166.

Courtenay, House of, Earls of Devon, 314.

Courtenay, William, Bishop of London, 435, 439.

Courtrai, 211, 330; battle of, 221, 222, 262.

Coventry, Roger Northburgh, Bishops of. See Northburgh, Roger.

Coville's Histoire de France, 463.

Craven, 275. Crécy, battle of, 190, 313, 362-366, 383, 385, 389, 392.

Crécy-en-Ponthieu, 362.

Cree, the river, 321.

Cressingham, Hugh, 198, 205, 207.

Creuse, the river, 388.

Criccieth Castle, 166.

Crockart, 382, 383.

Crossbowmen, Genoese, 363, 364.

Crotoy, Le, 367. Crusades, the, 11, 13, 27, 28, 31, 33, 36, 58, 61, 69, 70, 78, 88, 134, 139, 143, 146, 164, 176, 184, 232, 234, 305, 329, 330, 403.

Crutched friars, the, 86.

Cumberland, 258, 285, 290, 319. Cunningham's, W., Growth of English Industry, 462.

Curzon, Robert, 89, go.

Customs, 244. "Custom, the Great and Ancient," 147; "the New and Small," 225. Cuvelier's Vie de Bertrand de Guesclin, 460.

Cymry, the, 188. See also Wales.

Cyprus, 419.

Cyprus, Lusignan kings of, 403.

Dagworth, Sir Thomas, 367, 368, 381, 382.

Damietta, Crusade of, 13, 19.

Damietta, Archbishop of. See Roches; Peter des, 20. Damme, 211.

Dampierre, Guy, Count of Flanders. See Guy.

Dancaster, John, 384.

Dante, 421.

Darlington, John of, Archbishop of Dublin, 99.

David I., King of Scots, 228.

David II., son of Robert Bruce, King of Scots, 305, 315, 320, 323, 329, 354, 364, 365, 368, 393, 403.

David I., an Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, 68, 75.

David II., ap Griffith, Prince of Wales, 75, 111, 161, 165, 414.

David, Earl of Huntingdon. See Huntingdon.

David of Strathbolgie, Earl of Athol. See Athol.

Dax, 70, 324.

Dean, Forest of, 124.

"Decorated" style of architecture, 96

Deddington, 250, 251, 272.

Deganwy, Castle of, 76, 77, 111.

Delisle's Histoire de Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, 462.

Denbigh, town, lordship and castle of, 161, 162, 189.

Denifle's Désolation des Eglises de France, etc., 463, 464; his Entstehung der Universitäten, 462.

Déprez's Préliminaires de la Guerre de Cent Ans, 463.

Derby, Henry of Grosmont, Earl of, 314. See also Lancaster.

Derby, Robert Ferrars, Earl of, 65, 123, 130.

Derby, Thomas, Earl of Lancaster and. See Lancaster.

Derby, William of Ferrars, Earl of, 1.

13, 42.

Deschamps, Eustace, 421.

Despenser, Eleanor de, wife of Hugh le Despenser, the younger, 278, 392.

Despenser, Hugh, justiciar, 100, 109, 112, 113, 119, 120, 128.

Despenser, Hugh, the elder, Earl of Winchester, son of the justiciar, 241, 265, 274, 277-300, 306.

Despenser, Hugh, the younger, Lord of Glamorgan, son of the foregoing, 266, 277-301, 306, 314.

Devizes, Castle of, 45, 47.

Devon, earldom of, Falkes de Bréauté as warden of, 2, 6.

Devon, Courtenays, earls of, 314, 435.

Dictum de Kenilworth, the, 131, 132.

Dinan, 35, 382.

Disafforestments, 217-2l9.

Diserth, Castle of, 76, 111.

Disinherited, the (after Evesham), 128-132; the, Scotch, 315, 318, 321, 323.

Disseisin, novel, 25.

Dolwyddelen Castle, 166.

Dominic, St., 84, 85.

Dominicans, 84, 85, 88, 91, 251, 254.

Don, the river. 198.

Donaldbane, brother of Malcolm Canmore.

Dordogne, the river, 32, 69, 73, 324, 357, 388.

Dordrecht, 299.

Dorking, 8.

Dorsetshire, 233.

Douai, 343.

Douglas, Sir Archibald, 319, 320.

Douglas, Sir James, 276, 277, 305.

Douglas, Sir William, 197, 206.

Douglas, Sir William (at Poitiers), 390.

Dover, town and castle, 5, 8, g, 11, 13, 40, 84, 109, 129, 143, 172, 192-194, 248, 252, 283; straits of, 386.

Dovey the river, 75.

Dowell's, S., History of Taxation, 462.

Downs, the north, 116; the south, 116,

Drokensford, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 450.

Dublin, 269, 271; Castle of, 271.

Dublin, Archbishop of. See Hotham, William of, Archbishop of, 211.

Dubois, Peter, 232.

Dugdale's Monasticon, 450.

Dumfries, 233, 238, 321.

Dunbar, 197, 261; battle of, 187.

Dunfermline, 225, 271, 272, 278, 317.

Dunkeld, Bishop of, 318.

Duns Scotus, 91, 92.

Dunstable, 25, 299.

Dunstanville, house of, 2.

Dupplin Moor, 317. battle of, 318-322.

Durham, 275, 365, 447; bishopric of, 2, 197, 198, 223; records of, 448.

Durham, Bishops of. See Bek, Anthony; Beaumont, Louis de; and Bury, Richard of.

Dynevor Castle, 162, 168.

Earn, the river, 317.

Eastminster, the, London, 310.

Eastry, Henry of, prior of Christ Church, Canterbury, 199.

Ebro, the river, 405.

Eccleston, William of, his De adventu fratrum minorum, 456.

Edinburgh, town and castle, 193, 197, 213, 225. 258, 321, 323.

Edington, church of, 422.

Edington, William of, Bishop of Winchester, 422, 423, 432.

Edmund of Almaine, Earl of Cornwall, son of Richard of Cornwall, 168, 170, 172, 224.

Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, Leicester and Derby, some time titular King of Sicily, son of Henry III., 78, 79, 129, 134, 144-146, 187, 188, 196.

Edmund of Langley, son of Edward III., Earl of Cambridge, afterward Duke of York, 400, 410, 431.

Edmund of Woodstock, son of Edward I., Earl of Kent, 278, 296, 298, 302, 307-309, 428.

Edmund (Rich). St. See Rich, Edmund.

Edmund, St., of East Anglia, 19, 53.

Edward the Confessor, saint and king, 53, 181, 198, 240. translation of, 134, 135.

Edward I., 136-235, 243, 247, 262, 263, 277, 278, 294, 311, 315, 321, 322, 344, 352, 426, 428, 430, 435; authorities for reign of, 444, 446, 448, 450, 454-457, 459, 461.

Edward II., 236-304, 306-308, 315, 317, 324, 422; sources for the reign of, 444.

Edward III., 229, 301-441; sources for the reign of, 444, 448, 457-460.

Edward, son of Henry III., 71, 73, 76, 87, 94, 96, 99, 102, 103103, 107, 108, 111, 112, 119, 122-135. See also Edward I.

Edward of Carnarvon, Prince of Wales, 178, 179, 192, 204, 208, 211, 212, 220-222, 230, 232, 234. See also Edward II.

Edward of Windsor, Duke of Aquitaine, 253, 297-299.

Edward, Prince of Wales and of Aquitaine, called the Black Prince, 308, 314, 335, 340, 359, 364, 383, 385-393, 395, 396, 404-409, 411-413, 416, 427, 428, 430, 434-437.

Education, 88, 425, 426; of clergy, 168.

Elbeuf, 361.

Egypt, 70, 74.

Elderslie, 205.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of Henry II., 11, 64.

Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Edward I., 73, 145, 165, 110, 184, 216, 316.

Eleanor, second daughter of Raymond Berenger IV., Count of Provence, Queen of Henry III., 54, 70, 73, 77, 112, 113, 115, 120, 128, 175.

Eleanor, younger sister of Henry III., married (1) William Marshal, (2) Simon de Montfort, 23, 24, 56, 59, 105.

Elgin, 198, 225, 332.

Elizabeth, daughter of Edward I., Countess of Holland, afterwards of Hereford, 223.

Elizabeth de Burgh, queen of Robert (Bruce), King of Scots, 234, 265, 270.

Ellis, Sir Henry, ed. of Chronica I. De Oxenedes, 456.

Eland, William, 308.

Ely, bishopric of, isle of.

Ely, Bishops of. See Marsh, Adam; Balsham, Hugh; Langham, Simon; Hotham, John.

Eltham, 328.

Eltham, John of. See John.

Englefield, 167.

English language, 94, 103. in law courts, 380.

Eric, King of Norway, 348, 349.

Escheats, 223.

Esplechin, treaty of, 348, 349.

Essex, 6, 45, 299, 402. earldom of, 2, 430.

Essex, Countess of. See Isabella of Gloucester.

Estates, the three, 65, 66, 301, 433, 436, 437.

Etsi de statu, bull, 203.

Etaples, 383.

Ettrick forest, 197, 206, 321.

Eu, Count of, constable of France, 360, 368.

Eure, the river, 401.

Eulogium Historiarum, 458.

Eustace the Monk, 11, 12.

Evans, J.G., his edition of the Red Book of Hergest. 459.

Eversden, John of, 456.

Evesham, battle of, 127-129, 132, 277; Abbey, 128.

Evreux, 385, 388, 389.

Evreux, Counts of. See Charles the Bad, King of Navarre; Philip the Bold.

Evreux, Louis, Count of. See Louis.

Exchequer courts for Wales, 166.

Exchequer records, 446, 447.

Exeter, Bishops of. See Brantingham, Thomas; Stapledon, Walter.

Exeter College, Oxford, 292.

Exports, 143.

Eynsham, Walter of, 38.

Eyville, John d'. 131, 132.

Fair of Lincoln, the. See Lincoln, battle of.

Falkirk, 213, 221; battle of, 213-215, 217, 276.

Famine, of 1316, the, 266; of wool, in Flanders, 342.

Farnham, 8, 9, 454.

Farrer's, W., Lancashire Final Concords, 448.

Faucigny, 56.

Fecamp, 27.

Fecamp, Peter Roger, Abbot of. See Clement VI.

Feet of Fines, 448.

Felton, Sir Thomas, Seneschal of Aquitaine, 407, 417.

Ferdinand of Portugal, Count of Flanders, 55.

Ferdinand III. the Saint, King of Cast&, 70, 145.

Ferrars, house of, 246.

Ferrars, Robert of, Earl of Derby. See Derby.

Ferrars, William of, Earl of Derby. See Derby.

Fife, 177, 317.

Fife, Earl of, 317, 318.

Fifteen, the Council of, 100, 103, 105, 107, 109.

Figeac, 415.

Firstfruits, 230.

Fitzalan, Edmund, and Richard, Earls of Arundel. See Arundel.

Fitzalan of Bedale, Brian, 182.

Fitzalans, the, 306.

FitzAthulf, Constantine, sheriff of London, 22, 44.

FitzGeoffrey, John, 100, 103.

Fitzgerald, governor of Ireland, 429.

Fitzgerald, Maurice, justiciar of Ireland, 48.

Fitzgeralds, the, 269, 270.

Fitzralph, Richard, Archbishop of Armagh, 425, 439.

Fitzthedmar, Arnold, 97, 456.

FitzWalter, Robert, 6, 7, g, 13.

Flemings, the. See Flanders.

Fleta, law-book, 94, 461.

Fletching, 115.

Flint, county of, 167; town and castle of, 161, 167, 189.

Flodden, battle of, 365.

Florence, 237.

Florence, count of Holland, 180.

Florence of Worcester, Continuators of the Chronicle of, 455, 456.

Flores Historiarum, Roger of Wendover's, 450, 451.

Flores Historiarum (fourteenth century), 452, 454, 455, 457.

Flagellants, the, 376, 377.

Flamangrie, La, 340.

Flanders, county of, 33, 70, 142, 143, 148, 204-206, 210, 211, 216, 221, 249, 262, 327, 331, 332, 339, 341-344, 347-349, 353, 365, 367-369, 376, 398, 410, 415, 421.

Flanders, counts of. See Ferdinand of Portugal, Guy of Dampierre, Louis of Male, Louis of Nevers, Robert of Bethune and Thomas of Savoy.

Flanders, Joan, Countess of. See Joan.

Flanders, Margaret of. See Margaret.

Foedera, Rymer's, 450, 451.

Foix, 329.

Foix, Count of, 192, 325.

Foix, Gaston Phoebus, Count of, 397, 406, 407.

Fontenelles, Cistercian Abbey of, 348.

Fontevraud, 65, 74.

Fordun, John, his Chronicle, 459.

Forests, charter of the, 13, 119, 126. perambulation of the, 218; enlargement of the, 247.

Fors, William of, Earl of Albemarle. See Albemarle.

Fors, Isabella of. See Albemarle, Countess of.

Forth, the, 206, 207, 213, 225, 227, 245, 261, 289.

Fotheringhay, Castle of, 21.

Foulquois, Guy, Cardinal-bishop of Sabina. See Clement IV.

Fountains Abbey, 21.

Fournier, James, 329. See Benedict XII.

Fournier's Royaume d'Arles, 463.

France, 4, 8, 18, 27, 54, 62, 69, 77, 78, 92, 96-98, 104-108, 120, 121, 134, 138, 140-147, 169-172, 175, 176, 178, 184, 186-190, 192-196, 210, 211, 216, 239, 252, 253-256, 263, 293-298, 304, 311, 313-316, 320, 323-368, 370, 374, 375, 381-418; records of, 450. chronicles of, 459, 460.

France, King of, Edward III. takes title of, 432.

France, Kings of. See Philip Augustus, Louis VIII., Louis IX., Philip III., Philip IV., Louis X., Philip V., Charles IV., Philip VI., John and Charles V.

Francis, St., of Assisi, 85, 203.

Franciscans, the, 84, 85, 88, 91, 117, 379, 380; the spiritual, 374.

Franks, the Salian, 326.

Frankton, Stephen of, 164.

Frascati, 354.

Fraser, William, Bishop of St. Andrews, 177, 180.

Frederick II., the emperor, 4, 28, 33, 55, 58, 61, 62, 66, 67, 78, 88, 146, 169.

French language, the, 83, 94, 95, 103, 181.

Frescobaldi, the, 176, 237, 248.

Freynet, Gilbert of. See Gilbert.

Friars, the, 83, go, 91, 134, 172, 175, 425; the four orders of; 97. See Austin or hermits of order of St. Augustine, 86. Bonhommes, 86; Carmelite or White, 86. Crutched, 86. Dominicans; Francisans, 84-88; — of the Penance of Jesus Christ or — of the Sack, 86. Trinitarians or Maturins, 86.

Froissart, John, 310, 311, 313, 346, 347, 353, 354, 371, 382, 419-421, 424, 432, 460, 464.

Froissart, Chroniques, ed. Luce, 460; ed. Kervyn, 460, 464.

Fronsac, Viscount of, 71.

Funck-Brentano's, F., editions of the Chronique Artésienne and Annales Gandenses, 459.

Furness, 268.

Gabaston, 236.

Gaetano, Benedict. See Boniface VIII.

Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Pavia, 430.

Galloway, 179, 227, 316, 321.

Garonne, the river, 32, 36, 73, 296, 324, 358, 411, 412.

Garter, Order of the, 356, 380, 381.

Gascony, 27, 30-36, 55, 62-65, 69-74, 80, 81, 97, 104-107, 138, 140-142, 144, 145, 162, 168, 170-172, 176, 177, 186-189, 191, 192, 195, 202, 210-212, 216, 217, 221, 222, 229, 234, 237, 240, 241, 248, 257, 294-298, 303, 304, 317, 324, 325, 327, 333, 334, 336, 337, 357-359, 381, 384-392, 399-401, 406-408, 411-415, 417, 446. See also Aquitaine.