INDEX

Abortions, spirits of, dreaded, 49 n.¹ Adam, the Hawaiian, 393 Adoption among the Marquesans, 339 Aesculapius, the Hawaiian, 398 Afiatouca, burial-place, 102, 103 Agriculture of Maoris, 8 sq.; of the Tongans, 59 sq.; Samoan, 164 sqq.; of the Hervey Islanders, 221 sq.; of the Society Islanders, 249; of the Hawaiians, 378 sq. Air, gods of the, 277 Aitu, Samoan gods embodied in visible objects, animals, birds, etc., 182, 201, 207 Akaanga, a god, spreads a net to catch ghosts, 242, 244 Akea (Wakea), king of the nether world, 427, 428, 430 Akua, god, in the Hawaiian dialect, equivalent to atua, 392, 398 Akuas, spirits, 429 Alai Valoo, a Tongan god, 74 Alo Alo, a Tongan god, 71 sq. Altars in the Society Islands, 291 Amable, Father, Catholic missionary, 367 Ambler, English sailor, 84 Amusements of the Marquesans, 339 sqq. Ancestors worshipped by Maoris, 32 sqq.; skulls of, brought out at marriages, 288, 311 Ancestral spirits watch over the living, 33; do not follow their kinsfolk among strangers, 34; cause disease, 49; worshipped by Society Islanders, 300, 315; guardians of newly wedded pairs, 311 Angas, G. F., 48 n.¹ Animals, gods in form of, 66, 92 sqq., 182 sqq.; deified spirits of men resident in, 227 sq.; worshipped in Hawaii, 401 sqq. Anointing a king of Samoa, 177 Anuanu, vale of, 376 n.² Ao, titles of chiefs in Samoa, 172 sq. Apolima, Samoan island, 149, 151 Apparitions dreaded, 205, 217 Araia, 241, 242 Aremauku, starting-place for spirit-land, 239 Areois, Society of the, 259 sqq. Arii taboo, sacred chiefs, 387 Ariki, sacred chief, 41; king, 224 Astronomy of priests, 293 Atua, the Polynesian word for god or spirit, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 44, 46, 64 n.³, 89, 277, 322, 323, 348, 349. Compare akua, eatooa, etua Atuas, consecrated feathers called, 291; inspired priests called, 294; great national gods, distinguished from oramatuas tiis, the spirits of dead relatives, 324 Auraka, a burial cavern, 233, 237, 238, 241 Avaiki, subterranean region, home of the dead, 238, 239, 241, 243, 244 Axes or adzes of stone, 61, 180, 233, 251, 335, 382 Ba-ila, their licence at funerals, 425 Baessler, A., 221 n.¹, 279 n.¹, 285, 286, 374 Baganda, superstition as to twins among the, 270 sq. Baldness as penalty of impiety, 95; the penalty of breach of taboo, 209 sq. Baluba, of the Congo, customs as to twins among the, 273 Banishment of chiefs in Samoa, 176 Banqueting-halls of the Marquesans, 343 sq. Baptism among the Maoris, 16 Bark-cloth, manufacture of, 61, 168, 222, 251 sq., 334, 381; not made in time of mourning, 234 sq. Baronga, of S.E. Africa, their superstitions concerning twins, 268 sq. Barundi, of E. Africa, customs as to twins among the, 272 sq. Bastian, Adolf, on sun-worship, 131 n. Bathing after burial, 21; of king at installation, 255 n.¹; after contact with a corpse, 313 Bats, goddess incarnate in, 185; local deity, 196 Bay of Plenty, 23 Bennett, F. D., 332 sq., 359, 360, 372 Best, Elsdon, 6 n., 33, 35 Birds, gods incarnate in, 187 sq.; sacred, 228; small land birds formerly oracular, 228; gods in the form of, 277, 294; worshipped in Hawaii, 402 Birth, a man's god determined at, 200 sq., 223; ceremonies after a, 288 Blackened faces in mourning, 231, 235 Blood of chief sacred, 45 sq.; human, acceptable offering to deity, 188; offered to the dead, 209; of relatives offered to bride at marriage, 289; of bride's mother offered to bridegroom, 289; of mourners offered to the dead, 303, 304, 311 Bolotoo (Boolotoo, Bulotu), fabulous island, residence of Tongan gods and of noble dead, 65, 66, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 sq., 92, 93, 98, 135 Bones of Captain Cook worshipped, 396 Bones of dead dug up, 21; painted red, 21; concealed, 21; profaned, 21; festival at removal of, 22; burned, 23; of sacrificial victims not broken, 291; of famous men carried off by enemies, 311; thrown into volcano, 400; carried about by relatives, 419 sq.; hidden to prevent profanation, 420 Bones of dead chiefs buried in temples (morais), 311; hidden in caves, 312, 420 Boolotoo Katoa, a Tongan god, 94 Borabora, one of the Society Islands, 246, 281, 317 Bows and arrows, unknown to Maoris, 10; used by the Society Islanders as an amusement, 252 sq.; unknown to the Marquesans, 335; found among the Hawaiians, 383 Boxing-matches in mourning, 211 Branch plucked from sacred trees, 255 n.¹ Bread-fruit the staple food of the Society Islanders, 249; of the Rarotongans, 222; and of the Marquesans, 333, 334 Breath of chief sacred, 45 Brenchley, J. L., 124, 125 n.¹ Brown, Dr. George, 56, 161, 173 n.¹, 201, 204, 206 n.¹, 212, 213, 214, 216 n.², 218 Buffoonery in mourning for the dead, 211 Burial, Maori modes of, 20 sq.; in house, 20, 27; on a stage, 20, 21; on a tree, 20 sq.; secret, 21; and mourning, rites of, in Tonga, 132 sqq.; by night, 419 Burial customs in Samoa, 209 sqq.; in the Hervey Islands, 231 sqq.; in the Society Islands, 308 sqq.; in the Marquesas, 356 sqq.; in the Hawaiian Islands, 418 sqq. Burial ground dreaded, 27 Burial places (morais) of the Marquesans, 357 sq. Burying the sins of the dead, 305 Busoga, superstition as to twins in, 270 Cabri, J. Baptiste, 371 Cain, the Hawaiian, 393 Campbell, A., 385, 412 n.¹, 415, 419, 423 Cannibalism, 26, 62, 158 sq.; in the Hervey Islands, 221 Canoe-shaped coffins, 20, 353, 356, 363 Canoes, Maori, 9; Tongan, 59; Marquesan, 337; provided for the dead to enable them to reach the spirit land, 364 sqq. Caterpillars, servants of owl-god, 188 Caves, bones or bodies of dead deposited in, 22, 232, 233, 237, 312, 320 sq., 357, 418 Centipedes, family god in, 188 sq.; worshipped in Mangaia, 228 Ceremonies, magical, of Maoris, 13 sq.; observed at death, 19 sqq.; to facilitate passage of soul to other world, 24 sqq., 29; magical, of Tongans, 67 sq.; observed for unburied dead, 205 sq.; of mourning in the Hervey Islands, 234 sqq.; at the inauguration of a king, 254 sq., 255 n.¹; over dead Areoi, 261; after childbirth, 288; at marriage, 288 sq.; for the protection of the living against ghosts, 305 sqq. See Rites Ceremony of anointing a king of Samoa, 177; performed by parents of twins to fertilise plantains, 271 Chiefs descended from the gods, 29; their souls immortal, 29; tabooed, 41 sqq.; physical superiority of, 58 sq., 377 sq.; Samoan, 171 sqq.; deified, 204; embalmed, 205; in the Marquesas, 344; in Hawaii, 384 sq. Chiefs' language in Samoa, 173 sqq. Chieftainship hereditary in Samoa, 176 Children sacrificed, 75 sq., 81 sq. Christianity in Tonga Islands, 60 Circumcision, in the Tonga Islands, 81; in the Hervey Islands, 223 sq.; invented by god Rongo, 224 Civil lords and sacred kings in Mangaia, 224 sq. Clans, gods of, in animals or other natural objects, 94, 95 sq. Clavel, Dr., 338, 374 Cockles, god in, 183; prayers to cockle-god, 188 Coco-nuts, god in, 183; offered to the dead, 233 Coffins shaped like canoes, 20, 353, 356, 363 Collocot, E. E. V., 65 n.², 93, 94, 96, 97, 98 n.¹, 267 n.² Comedies acted in mourning, 236 Commoners, the question of their souls, 66, 85 Communistic system in Samoa, 170 sq. Confession of sins, 189 Cook, Captain James, 1, 9, 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61 n.², 63, 81, 86, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 111 n., 117, 123, 128, 129, 132, 246, 248, 249, 251, 257, 258 n.⁵, 262, 275, 277 n.² and ⁴, 279, 280, 282, 283, 293, 297, 304, 310, 314 n.³, 315, 321, 328, 331, 371, 375, 379, 382, 383, 391, 395 sq., 406, 407, 408 Cook or Hervey Islands, 219 sq. Cooking in ovens of hot stones, 222, 379 Coral reefs, their formation, 55 sq. Corpses, sent adrift on the sea or exposed on stages, 210; broken in pieces, 362; flayed, 367 sq. Courage seated in liver, 85 Cousin marriage, 223 Creation, Hawaiian tradition of the, 393 Cremation among the Maoris, 23 Crickets, omens from, 231 Crimes, Tongan ideas about, 67 Crook, William P., first missionary to the Marquesas, 328, 349, 361, 372 Cruise, R. A., 31 n.² Curse of Manaia, 12 Curses, Maori, 15; Tongan, 67; of sisters specially dreaded, 207 Customs observed at the birth of twins, 268 sqq. See Burial customs, Ceremonies, Rites Cuttings in mourning for the dead, 19, 208 sq., 231, 302, 309, 311, 353; in Tonga, 133 sqq.; intention of the, 145 sq. Cuttle-fish, household god in, 184; omens from, 190; temple of, 195; myth of the, 202 sq.; a god in Mangaia,228; myth of Maui and the, 275 Dances at the birth of twins, 270 sqq.; funeral, 139, 353 sq.; of widow, 353, 354 Dancing among the Marquesans, 340 sq. Dancing-places of the Marquesans, 340 sq. Danger Island, 230 Darwin, Charles, on coral reefs, 55 De Sainson, 112 D'Urville, J. Dumont, 11, 58, 110, 123, 357 n.³, 359 n.³, 373 Dead, disposal of the bodies of the (Maori), 20 sqq.; buried in sitting posture, 20; spirits of, appear in dreams, 31, 91 sq.; spirits of the dead become gods, 31; taboo entailed by contact with the, 39,137 sq.; buried in morais, 117 sqq., 282 sqq., 311; worship of the, in Samoa, 204 sq.; blood offered to the, 209; buried with head to the east, 210; buried with the head to the rising sun, 232; songs sung in honour of the, 236; buried in sitting posture, 262; images of spirits of the, 287 sq., 313 sq., 324 sq.; blood of mourners offered to the, 303, 304, 311; fear of the spirits of the, 304 sq.; disposal of the, in the Society Islands, 308 sqq.; souls of the, in images, 313 sq.; worship of the, in the Society Islands, 322 sqq.; assimilated to deities, 327; disposal of the, among the Marquesans, 356 sqq.; in the Hawaiian Islands, 418 sqq.; evocation of the, 370 sq.; buried in crouching posture, 418. See Ghosts Dead men deified, 276 Death, Maori notion as to the cause of, 16; stories as to the origin of, 16 sqq., 392; Maori goddess of, 18; fate of the soul after, 24 sqq., 85 sqq., 213 sqq., 238 sqq., 313 sqq., 363 sqq., 427 sqq.; the second, 29; theories of the Society Islanders concerning, 299 sqq.; Marquesan contempt for, 352 sq.; Hawaiian beliefs and customs concerning,417 sqq. Deaths caused by the anger of the gods or by sorcery, 229; traced to the agency of gods or sorcerers, 405 Decadence of magic, 68 Deification of ancestors, 33, 35; of kings in their lifetime, 255; of dead men, 276; of men after death, 351 sq., 397; of animals, 402 Deified kings, priests, and warriors, 227 Deified men, 276, 349; the spirits of,resident in animals, 228 Deified spirits of chiefs, 204 Deities, primaeval, personifications of nature, 32, 34 Deity, Maori conception of, 35 sq. Democratic spirit of Samoans, 171, 175 Desgraz, C., 118, 358, 373 Despotism in Hawaii, 63 Dieffenbach, E., 6 n.², 8 n., 48 n.¹ Diet of the Samoans, 164 sq.; of the Hervey Islanders, 222; of the Society Islanders, 249; of the Marquesans, 333 sq.; of the Hawaiians, 378 sq. Dirges in the Hervey Islands, 235 sq. Disease, caused by souls of ancestors, 49; and death ascribed to agency of gods, spirits, or ghosts, 206 sq., 217; theories of the Society Islanders concerning, 299 sqq.; of the Marquesans concerning, 325. See Sickness Disorders, internal, supposed to be caused by entrance of a god into the patient, 351 District gods, 182, 185 Divination, in Samoa, 190 sq.; to detect thieves, 298, 406; to ascertain the cause of death, 301 Diviners consulted before battle, 397, 414; Hawaiian, 404 sq., 414, 417 Division of labour among the Samoans, 166 sqq. Dogs, sacred, 94; omens from, 190; eaten, 379; sacrificed, 405, 426 Doobludha, land of dead, 86 Dramatic performances of the Areois, 259 sq., 263, 266 n.⁴ Dreamers held in repute, 320 Dreams, Maori theories of, 12; souls of the dead appear in, 31, 91 sq.; Samoan theory of, 205; ideas of the Hervey Islanders concerning, 229; ideas of the Society Islanders concerning, 297 sq.; souls of the dead communicate with the living in, 320, 429; Marquesan ideas about, 352; revelations to priests in, 405, 429; Hawaiian ideas about, 417 Drums, special, beaten after the birth of twins, 271; accompanying dances, 342, 354 Du Petit-Thouars, 373 Duke of York Island, 212 Earth cleft with axes, as a mourning rite, 235 sq.; fished up from the sea by Maui, 275 Earthquakes, Tongan theory of, 72; caused by Maui, 275 Eatooas, gods, spirits of the dead, 277 n.⁴, 300, 322, 391, 392, 402. See Atua Eclipses, superstitions as to, 287 Eel-god, 227 Eels sacred, 95, 182, 184, 185 Eimeo or Moörea, one of the Society Islands, 246, 266 Ella, S., 206 n.¹, 212 Ellis, William, 117, 118 n.¹, 247, 249, 256 sq., 262, 265 n., 267 n.², 276, 277, 284, 286 n.⁵, 290 n.³, 292, 295, 298 n.², 308 n.¹, 311, 314 n.¹, 315, 319, 323, 327, 401, 409, 410, 411, 419, 424, 426, 430, 431 Embalmment of the dead, 117, 205; in Samoa, 210, 213; in the Society Islands, 309, 310 sqq.; in the Marquesas, 356 sq.; in Hawaii, 418 Erskine, J. E., 114 Ethical influence of the Tongan religion, 146 sq. Etua, a god, 348. Compare Atua Eua, one of Tonga Islands, 52, 123 Euhemerism, 69 Eve, the Hawaiian, 393 Evocation of the dead, 370 sq. Exogamy, Samoan religious system independent of, 201; in the Hervey Islands, 223 Exorcisers, 351 Exorcism practised for the healing of the sick, 206 sq., 417 sq. Expiation for sacrilege, 74 sqq.; for eating sacred animal, 184, 185 Eye, spirit or soul thought to reside in, 42, 417; of human victim presented to king, 292 Fafa, subterranean abode of the dead, 215 Fakaofo or Bowditch Island, 394 Family gods embodied in visible objects, 182 sqq.; analogous to totems, 200 Fan or Fang, of West Africa, their superstition about a twin, 269 Farmer, Sarah S., 57 n.¹, 61 n., 92, 97, 111 n. Fasting after a death, 210, 355 Fate of the soul after death, 213 sqq., 238 sqq., 313 sqq., 363 sqq., 427 sq.. Fear of the dead, its humanising influence, 300; of ghosts, 369 sq., 419. See Ghosts Feast of Calabashes, 354 Feasts, funeral, 144, 355, 362 sq., 366; annual, in honour of the gods, 187 sq. See Festivals Feathers, sacred red, 254; gods conjured into, 265; placed in images of the gods, 290 sq.; called gods, 291 Female line, nobility traced in, 75 Ferry-boat for souls of dead, 26 Fertilising virtue attributed to twins, 269 sqq. Festival, great annual, 289; called "the ripening of the year," 326 sq. Festivals, of the Samoans, 188; of the Marquesans, 341 sq.; Hawaiian, 414 sqq. See Feasts Fiatooka, place of burial and of worship, 103, 104, 105, 109, 116, 120, 132, 133 Fijian influence in Tonga, 59 Fingers mutilated in mourning, 19; sacrificed, 80 sq. Finow, king of Tonga, 79, 80, 81, 82, 91, 92, 103, 105, 120, 121, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140; obsequies of, 135 sqq. Finow the Second, king of Fiji, 135 Fire, Polynesian knowledge of, 56 sq.; kindled by friction of wood, 181; robbed by Ti'iti'i from Mafuie, 203; kept up in house after a death, 209, 212; first brought to men by Maui, 226, 239; hidden in wood by Mauike, 238; stick and groove method of kindling, invented by Maui, 275, 335; stolen by Maui, 350; first given to men by Maui, 396 Fires not kindled near house of death, 355; extinguished during periods of strict taboo, 389 First-born sons, sacrifice of, 89 First-fruits, offerings of, in Tonga, 122; in the Society Islands, 257; of taro presented to eel-god, 188 Fish, sacrifices of, 257, 291; human victims called fish, 292; worshipped, 402; offered to shark god, 402 Fish hooks made out of bones of dead, 21, 23, 311 sq. Fishing, modes of, 252, 337, 379 Flax cultivated by Maoris, 9 Flaying the dead, custom of, 367 sq. Flood, tradition of a great, 393, 394 Flying-foxes, gods in, 96; incarnations of war-god, omens from, 190 Fono, representative assembly, parliament, 159, 179 Food buried with the dead, 24, 232; not to be touched by tabooed person with his hands, 38, 44, 45, 137, 138, 209, 312; not eaten in a house so long as a corpse is in it, 209; offered at tomb, 362 Footprints in magic, 15 Forbes, Dr. Charles, 12 Forster, George, 262, 283, 287 n., 397, 314, 331 Forster, J. R., 117 n.¹, 278 n.¹, 287 n., 314, 323 n.¹ Foundation sacrifices, 292 Fowls bred and eaten, 379 Freycinet, L. de, 423, 427 Friendly Islands. See Tonga Funeral dances, 139, 353 sq.; feasts, 144, 355, 362 sq., 366 Funeral games in Tonga, 140, 144; in the Hervey Islands, 235 sq. Funeral rites in the Hervey Islands, 231 sqq. Futtafaihe or Fatafehi, family name of the Tuitongas, 108, 109 Fytoca, grave, burial-place, 67, 82, 102, 103, 137, 139, 141 G——, Father Mathias, 373 Games, funeral, in honour of the dead, 140, 144, 235; athletic, at religious festivals, 188 Garment, evil magic wrought through, 67 Gerland, G., 266 n.⁴ Ghost personated by priest or kinsman, 306 sqq. Ghosts, fear of, 27, 31, 304 sq., 320 sq., 369 sq., 419 sq.; their passage to nether world, 27 sq.; live on sweet potatoes, 30; slaying the, 234; journeying with the sun, 239 sqq.; caught in nets, 242, 244; eaten by Miru, 242; driven away by force of arms, 355; food offered to, 355, 356 Gill, W. W., 221 n.¹, 225 n.¹, 227, 228 n.¹, 237, 238 Girdle, sacred, of kings, 254 God, patron, determined at birth, 200 sq., 223 "God-boxes," inspired priests, 228 sq. Godless, the Samoans called, 181 sq. Gods, chiefs and priests descended from the, 29; confused with spirits of the dead, 31; the great Polynesian, 35 n.; of the Maoris, 36 sq.; of the Tongans, 64 sqq.; souls of dead men as, 64 sq., 66, 69, 70, 84, 91; men descended from, 66; omens sent by, 67; in form of animals, 66, 92 sqq., 182 sqq.; the primary or non-human, of Tonga, 68 sqq.; national and tribal, of Tonga, 93 sq.; temples of, in Tonga, 73 sqq., 99 sqq.; worship of, 79 sqq.; annual feasts in honour of, 187 sq.; tame, 191; vegetable, 192; totemic, 202; high gods, 202 sqq.; the life of the, 238; punished, 257; born of Night (Po), 258, 277; of the sea, 276 sq.; of the air, 277; worship of the gods in the Society Islands, 277 sqq.; the causes of disease and death, 299, 351; Hawaiian, two classes of, 397 Government, monarchical and aristocratic, of the Tongans, 62 sq.; democratic, of Samoans, 171 sqq.; of the Society Islands, 253; in the Marquesas, 344 sq.; in the Hawaiian Islands, 383 sq. Grandfather, soul of, reborn in grandchild, 368 sq. Grange, Jérôme, 60 n.⁵, 113 sq. Grasshoppers, souls of dead children in, 318 Graves, sacred, 99; in relation to temples, 99 sqq.; of Tongan kings, 103, 105; prayers at, 121, 217; of great chiefs religiously revered, 120; enclosed with stones, 211; in Society Islands, 309; in Hawaii, 418. See Tombs Guardian deity, how obtained, 398 Gudgeon, W. E., 41, 42 n.¹, 48 n.¹ Guillemard, F. H. H., 132 Haamonga, megalithic monument in Tonga, 125, 126 Haapai (Haabai), one of the Tonga Islands, 52, 95, 126 Haddon, A. C., 6 n.² Hahunga, Maori festival, 22 Hair cut in mourning, 19, 303 sq., 420sq.; ceremonies at cutting the, 44 sq.; used in evil magic, 300, 325, 405; offered by mourners to the dead, 303, 304; sacrificed to volcano, 400 Hale, Horatio, 6 n.², 63, 214 Hands tabooed, 38, 45, 137, 138, 209, 312, 404 Happahs (Happas), a tribe of Marquesans, 364, 365 Harepo, sacred recorder, 296, 298 Harris, J. Rendel, 267 n.¹ Havaiki, subterranean region of the dead, 363. Compare Avaiki Hawaii, 375, 376, 378, 394, 400, 406, 409, 410, 411, 413, 426, 429 Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, 375 sqq. Hawaiians or Sandwich Islanders, 377 sqq. Hawaiki, original home of Maoris, 5 sq., 29, 155 Head, sanctity of the, 44, 212, 388 Heads of dead dried and preserved, 23 sq.; of chiefs cut off and buried separately, 212; of children moulded, 224; of pigs attached to biers, 355; of slain enemies kept as trophies, 362 Heart the special seat of the soul, 85 Heaven, ascent of souls to, 24 sqq., 29 "Heavenly family," gods incarnate in animals, 228 Hebrew prophets, Renan on the, 147 Heiau, temple, 409, 410, 411, 412 n.¹, 418 Herero, of S.W. Africa, customs as to twins among the, 273 sq. Herons sacred, 95; omens from, 190; superstition about, 277 n.² Hervey, Philip, 123, 125 n.¹, 127 Hervey or Cook Islands, 219 sq. Hervey Islanders, 220 sqq. Heva, ceremony observed after a death, 306 Higgolayo, god of the dead, 86 Hikuleo, god of the dead, 88 sq., 90 Hina (O-Heena), a goddess, perhaps of the moon, 266, 267, 287 Hine-nui-te-po, the Maori goddess of death, 17 sq. Hiro, god of thieves, 326 Hivaoa (Dominica), one of the Marquesas Islands, 328, 337, 364 Hogs, sacrificed, 79; to volcano, 399. See Pigs Holiness and uncleanness blent in taboo, 173 Honolulu, 376 n.² Hos of Togo, customs as to twins among the, 271 sq. Hotooas (atuas), gods, 64 Houmis, a tribe of Marquesans, 347 House, dead buried in, 20, 27, 418; dying people removed from the, 39; abandoned after a death, 356 Houses, Maori, 8; Samoan, 163 sq.; in the Society Islands, 250; of the Marquesans, 335 sqq.; of the Hawaiians, 380 sq. Huahine, one of the Society Islands, 117, 246, 280, 283, 284, 289, 293, 326 Human sacrifices at burials, 24; to the sun, tradition of, 158; not offered by Samoans, 158; at making king's girdle, 254; offered to Oro, 258 sq.; in the Society Islands, 291 sq.; offered to living men, 349 sq.; at deification of men, 351 sq.; at the death of chiefs and priests, 365 sqq., 421 sq.; to sharks, 402 sq.; in Hawaii, 413 sq., 421 sq., 425 sq. Hunchbacks thought to be favourites of spirits, 153 Hurricanes in Samoa, 153 sq. Idols, Hawaiian, 412 sq. See Images Ifi tree, 74, 121, 133, 137 Image of basket-work, 275 sq.; wooden, of deified man, 398 Images of the gods, 290, 391 sq.; in which the souls of the dead were supposed to lodge, 287 sq., 313 sq., 324 sq.; carried to battle, 397; spirits conjured into, 398; of the gods, Hawaiian, 411 sqq. Immortality, belief in, its effect on the Maoris, 51; restricted to chiefs and their ministers, 85; of the human soul, 313. See Soul Incantations, Maori, 13 sqq.; of sorcerers, 325; Hawaiian, 405, 417 Incarnation of gods in animals, 182 sqq. Inconsistency of savage thought, 84, 90 sq. Indonesians, 3 Infanticide, in Polynesia, 157; among the Areois, 263 Infants, souls of dead, cause disease, 49, 299 Inspiration by drinking kava, 75, 77 sqq.; by souls of dead, 91; of Samoan priests, 194; of priests, in the Society Islands, 293 sqq.; of men by deities, 351 Inspired men, 350 sqq. Iron in Tonga, 61 n.² Iron tools among the Hawaiians, 382 Irrigation practised by Maoris, 9; artificial, in Hawaii, 378 sq. Jarves, J. J., 383 n.², 425 Jaw-bones of human victims hung in temple, 258 Jumping-off stone of souls of the dead, 214, 215. See Leaping-off place Jupiter, the planet, emblem of deified chiefs, 204; the shrine of a god, 228 Justice, administration of, in Samoa, 159 sq. Kahuna, priest, 417 Kaili. See Tairi Kamehameha (Tamehameha), king of Hawaii, 384, 388, 389, 400, 409, 415, 420, 422, 425, 427, 430, 431 Kanaloa, a great Hawaiian deity, 392, 393, 394, 395 Kane, a great Hawaiian deity, 392, 393, 394, 395, 398 Kaonohiokala, "eye-ball of the sun," a Hawaiian god, 431 Kapihe, a priest, 430, 431 Kapu, taboo, in Hawaiian dialect, 387 Karakakooa Bay in Hawaii, 391 Karakias, prayers or spells (Maori), 32, 39 Kauai, one of the Sandwich Islands, 375 Kava as source of inspiration, 75, 78, 229; offered to the gods, 79, 187; offered to whales, 93; offered at graves, 121, 205; drunk by the Marquesans, 334; by the Hawaiians, 380 Keolakuhonua, the first woman, 393 Kilauea, volcano in Hawaii, 375, 399, 401 King, Captain, 378, 379, 385 sq., 391, 402, 408, 410 King, of Samoa, 176 sq.; customs observed on the death of a king in Hawaii, 420 sqq. "King of Fiji," a Samoan family god, 192 Kingfisher sacred, 93; superstition about, 277 n.² Kingfishers, incarnations of war-god, omens from, 190; gods of families, villages, or districts, embodied in, 193; consulted oracularly, 196 Kings, two, in Tonga, one civil, the other religious, 62 sq.; the priests or mouthpieces of a god, 224; sacred, in the Hervey Islands, 224 sq.; primary and secondary, in Mangaia, 225; as gods or descended from gods in the Society Islands, 253 sq.; as high-priests, 253, 255; in Hawaii, 383 sq. Kingship, double, 63 Kitchen, dying chief carried into the, 82 Koreamoku, a deified man, 398 Kotzebue, O. von, 385 n.⁴, 388 sq., 416 Kpelle, of Liberia, their superstitions about twins, 269, 274 Krusenstern, A. J. von, 346, 348, 362, 371, 372 Ku, a great Hawaiian deity, 392, 393 Kuahairo, a Hawaiian god, 431 Kumuhonua, the first man, 393 La Pérouse, 149 Labillardière, 81 Langsdorff, G. H. von, 118, 341, 351 n.², 371, 372 Language, Polynesian, 2; special form of, used in speaking of chiefs, 173 sqq. Leaping-off place for souls of dead, 27, 241. See Jumping-off stone Leeward Islands, 246, 319 Lifuka (Lefooga), one of the Tonga Islands, 52, 73, 109 Lightning, omens from, 191 Lipolipo, king of Hawaii, 389 sq., 427 Lisiansky, U., 338, 366 sq., 368 sq., 371, 372, 411, 412, 414, 421, 422, 423 Litany chanted after a death, 355 Liturgies, in the Society Islands, 296 Liturgy, ancient Hawaiian, 394 Liver, the seat of courage, 85; a disease of, attributed to breach of taboo, 76 sq.; of pig a god, 98 Lizard, the tempter in the form of a, 393 Lizards feared as causes of disease, 50; gods in, 66, 92, 94, 96, 182, 227, 228; omens from, 190 Lono (Rono), a great Hawaiian deity, the equivalent of Rongo, 392, 393, 395; Captain Cook identified with, 396 Lord of Mangaia, 224 Lucifer, the Hawaiian, 393 Macahity, a Hawaiian festival, 414 sqq. Mafanga, burial-place of chiefs in Tongataboo, 120, 121 Mafuie, god of earthquakes, 203 Magic, among the Maoris, 13 sqq.; among the Tongans, 68; black, not practised in Samoa, 161; in the Society Islands, 300, 325 sq.; in Hawaii, 405 sq. See Sorcerers Magicians (Maori), 13 sqq. Mahoike, god of the infernal regions, original possessor of fire, 350 Mahoui, a god, apparently identical with Maui, 266 n.⁴, 286 n.⁵ Maitea, one of the Society Islands, 246 Malays, how related to the Polynesians, 2 sqq. Man, the creation of, 393 Mana, 42 Manaia, 13, 23 Mangaia, one of the Hervey Islands, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 228, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244 Manona, Samoan island, 149 Manua, group of Samoan islands, 149, 155, 158, 162, 215 Maoris, 5 sqq.; their culture, 8 sqq.; beliefs concerning the souls of the living, 10 sqq.; beliefs concerning the souls of the dead, 19 sqq.; their notion as to the cause of death, 16; their story of the origin of death, 16 sqq.; mourning, 19 sq.; disposal of the dead, 20 sqq.; their conception of deity, 35 sq.; taboo among the, 37 sqq., 432 Mapuhanui, a Marquesan god, 368 Marae. See Morai Marae, a sacred grove, 225 n.³, 240, 241 Marai. See Morai Marchand, Captain E., 358 n.⁶, 371 Marcuse, A., 393 Mariner, William, 62, 64, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78 sq., 80, 82, 83, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 98 n., 99, 102, 103, 110 n.¹, 127, 135, 136, 138, 141, 142, 143 Marquesan islanders, 331 sqq. Marquesas Islands, 328 sqq.; morais (marais) in the, 116 sqq. Marriage rites, 288 sq., 311 Martin, John, 64 Maruiwi, primitive inhabitants of New Zealand, 8 Mask worn by an actor personifying a ghost, 306 Masons in Tonga, 127 Matabooles, minister of Tongan nobles, 65, 66, 74, 85, 76, 77, 79, 85, 87, 121, 136, 139 Mateialona, Governor of Haapai, 126 Mats, fine Samoan, 168 sq.; Hawaiian, 381 sq. Maui, mythical Polynesian hero, 266 n.⁴; his contest with the goddess of death, 16 sqq.; said to have drawn up the Tongan Islands on a fish-hook, 72; puts god Hikuleo in durance, 88; said to have brought great stones from Uea, 125; a kind of Polynesian Hercules, 126; brought fire to men, 226, 239; his exploits, 275, 287 n., 396; his image, 275 sq.; steals fire from Mahoike, 350 Maui one of the Sandwich Islands, 375, 429 Maui Atalanga, mythical first owner of fire, 57 Maui Kijikiji, the Polynesian Prometheus, 57 Mauike, the fire-god, 226, 238, 239 Mauna Kea, mountain in Hawaii, 376 Mauna Loa, volcano in Hawaii, 375, 376 Mausoleum of the kings of Hawaii, 426 Medicine, the Hawaiian god of, 398 Megalithic monuments of the Tooitongas, 119; in the Pacific, Dr. Rivers's theory as to, 119; of the Tongans, 123; in Lefooga (Lifuka), 128 sq.; their supposed relation to sun-worship, 266 n.⁴; in the Marquesas, 360 sq. Megalithic tombs, 119, 123, 132 Meinicke, C. E., 118 n.² Melanesian blood, admixture of, in the Hervey Islands, 221 Melanesian type, 6; population of New Zealand, 6 sq. Melanesian totemism, 218 Melanesians, now related to Polynesians, 2 sq.; magic among the, 161; sham-fights at funerals among the, 212 Melville, Hermann, 330, 332, 333, 338, 354, 357 n.³, 360 sq., 361 sq., 373 Men deified in their lifetime, 349; deified after death, 351 sq., 397 Metals unknown to the Polynesians, 61, 222, 250, 335 Metempsychosis, theory that Melanesian totemism has been developed out of, 218 Milu (Miru), king of the nether world, 427, 428, 429, 430. See Miru Milu (Miru), a rebel spirit, 392 Minstrels, wandering, in the Marquesas, 342 Miru, king of the nether world, 427; goddess of hell or of the dead, 428 n.¹; the Hades of the Sandwich Islanders, 431. See Milu Miru, an infernal hag, devours ghosts, 242 Moerenhout, J. A., 118, 263 n.², 264 n.³, 266 n.⁴, 284, 286 n.⁵, 297, 308 n.¹ Monarchy, absolute, in Hawaii, 383 Mooa, old capital of Tongataboo, 106, 108, 111, 112 Mooas, middle-class in Tonga, 66, 85 Moomooe (Moomooi), king of Tonga, 83, 91, 108, 133, 141, 145 Moon, family god in, 192; tradition of sacrifice to the, 394; festival of the new, 414 Moon-goddess, 267, 287 n. Mo'ooi (Maui), Tongan god, 72 Morai (marai, marae), burial-place, temple, 103, 116, 117, 118, 119; dead buried in, 117 sqq., 282 sqq.; in the Society Islands, 278 sq.. Morais, bones of dead chiefs buried in, 311; burial-places, 357 sq., 361 sq.; mummies deposited in, 357; in Hawaii, 391, 406 sqq.; dead chiefs buried in, 407 sq. Morality reinforced by superstitious terrors, 83; not influenced by religion, 318 Mortality of souls of commoners, 66, 85 Motoro, a great god in the Hervey Islands, 241 Mourning for death of divine owl, 186 sq. Mourning customs of Maoris, 19 sq.; in Tonga, 132 sqq.; in Samoa, 208 sq.; in the Hervey Islands, 231; among the Society Islands, 301 sqq.; of the Marquesans, 353 sqq.; in Hawaii, 420 sqq. Mouth and nostrils of dying stopped to prevent the escape of the soul, 352 Mueu, a female demon of death, 235 Mukasa, great god of the Baganda, 270 Mullets sacred, 95, 184 Mummies kept in the house or deposited in a morai, 357 Muru, a god, spreads a net to catch ghosts, 244 Mythology of the Society Islanders, 257 sq., 277; of the Marquesans, 348 sqq. Nails, parings of, used in evil magic, 325, 405 Names of relatives changed after a death, 233; of kings sacred, 254; new, given at admission to the Society of the Areois, 261; exchange of, 339 Namuka, one of the Tonga Islands, 52 Nature, personifications of, 32, 34; worship of, 93 Necromancy among the Maoris, 30 sq. Negritoes, 3 Net to catch ghosts, 242, 244 New Zealand, the Maoris of, 5 sqq.; Melanesian population of, 6 sq. Neyra, Alvaro Mendana de, 328 Ngati-apa, a Maori tribe, 23 Nicholas, J. L., 16 n.³ Night, or the primaeval darkness (Po), 258, 276, 277, 298 n.¹, 305, 315, 323, 393, 397, 427; burials by, 419 Nightmare caused by a ghost, 419 Noa, common, 38, 39, 40; general, as opposed to taboo, sacred, 388 Noah, the Hawaiian, 393, 394 Nobility traced in female line in Tonga, 75 Nobles, souls of dead, as gods, 64, 66, 84, 91 North Cape of New Zealand, place of departure for souls of the dead, 27, 28, 30 Nukahiva, one of the Marquesas Islands, 328, 337, 350, 352, 360, 361, 364, 368, 371, 372 Nuu, the Hawaiian Noah, 393, 394 O-Heena, a goddess, 287 n. See Hina O-rongo, in Mangaia, 225 Oahu, one of the Sandwich Islands, 375, 376 n.², 385, 395, 411, 429 Obsequies of kings and chiefs in Tonga, 133 sqq.; of the Tooitongas, 140 sqq.; of Samoan chiefs, 211 sq.; of chiefs, in the Society Islands, 303 Octopus, god in, 95, 96, 183 Offerings to gods, 79; to Samoan deities, 187, 188, 189; to priests, 195; to the dead, 311; of food at tombs, 362; to volcanic goddess, 401. See Sacrifices Omens sent by gods, 67; from sacred birds, animals, or fish, 189 sq.; from sacrificial victims, clouds, and rainbow, 397, 414 Opoa, metropolis of idolatry in the Society Islands, 255, 258, 259, 289 Oracles delivered by priests, 295; given by priests in the name of gods, 404 Oramatuas or oromatuas, worshipful spirits of departed relatives, 277, 299, 323 sq.; sacred feathers called, 291 Origin of Samoan gods of families, villages, and districts, 200 sqq. Oro, war-god in the Society Islands, 255, 255 n.¹, 258, 259, 261, 263, 265, 266, 289, 295, 315, 326 Orono, head of a priestly order in Hawaii, 391 Orotetefa, patron deity of the Areoi Society, 263, 265, 267 Ovens, souls of dead in, 26 sq.; of hot stones, 222, 379 Owl god, festival of, 188; kept tame, 191 Owls sacred, 95, 182; mourning for dead, 186 sq.; omens from, 190 Pantheon recruited by dead men, 98 Papa, goddess of earth, 34 n.²; wife of Vatea, 226 Papatea, mythical island, 158 Papo, Samoan war-god, 186 Paradise of the Society Islanders, 319, 327 Parliamentary form of government in Samoa, 179 sq. Pas, Maori forts, 8 n.³ Pele, goddess of the volcano Kilauea in Hawaii, 399 sqq. Personifications of nature, 32, 34; of ghost by an actor, 306 Pied fantail in Maori story of origin of death, 18 sq. Pigeons, divine, 184; kept tame, 191 Pigs' liver a god, 96 Pigs offered to the dead, 231; sacrificed, 264, 265, 291; for recovery of sick, 351; to the dead, 368. See Hogs Planets, the shrine of a god, 228 Pleiades, emblems of deified chiefs, 204 Po, region of departed souls (Maori), 27 Po, Night or the primaeval darkness, the abode of the gods and of the dead, 258, 277, 298 n.¹, 305, 308, 315, 316, 317, 323, 393, 397, 427 Pollution caused by death, 312 sq., 427 Polack, J. S., 7 n.¹ Polyandry among the Marquesans, 337 sq. Polygamy in the Hervey Islands, 223 Polynesians, 1 sqq.; their origin and language, 2 sqq.; mode of life, 4; dispersal from Savaii (Hawaiki), 6, 154 sq.; or from Tonga, 56; their knowledge of fire, 56 sq.; ignorant of metals, 61, 250 Polytheism developed out of totemism, 94 Porpoises, gods in, 66, 92 Porter, Captain David, 330, 332, 344 n.¹, 350, 353, 357 n.³, 362, 364 sq., 372 Pottery unknown to the Samoans, 181 Prayers to the gods, 79; to the dead, 121; to animal gods, 182; for temporal benefits, 189; before going to war, 189; for the dying, 208; offered to souls of dead relatives at their graves, 217; rhythmical and ancient, 225; offered to kings, 255; of the Society Islanders, 257; for the recovery of the sick, 257, 398; to Oro, 261; liturgical, 295 sq.; over the dead, 310; for the dead, 318; at temples, 327; before battle, 397 "Praying people," sorcerers, 229 Presents brought to dying people, 207 sq. Priestess claiming to personify goddess, 401 Priests practise enchantments, 13 sq.; descended from the gods, 29; their souls immortal, 29; summon up spirits of dead, 31; Tongan, their inspiration, 77 sqq.; Samoan, 192 sq.; inspired, 194; consulted as to cause of sickness, 207; inspired, called "god-boxes," 228 sq.; speaking in name of gods, 258, 293 sqq.; of shark gods, 276; in the Society Islands, 292 sqq.; inspired by sharks, 403; Hawaiian, 404 Property buried with the dead, 20, 140 sq., 211, 232 sq.; private, in relation to taboo, 47 sq.; rights of, in Samoa, 169 sqq. Prostitution, general, of women at the death of a great chief, 423 Pukapuka, Danger Island, 230 Pulotu, Samoan name for abode of the dead and of the gods, 204, 205, 214, 216, 217. Compare Bolotoo Punishments in Samoa, 159 sq. Purification of king at installation, 255 n.¹; of land after defilement, 287 sq.; after contact with the dead, 210, 313; of the souls of the dead, 316 Pyramidal tombs, 115 Pyramidical temples of Tahiti and the Marquesas, 119 Pyramids, stepped or terraced, 116, 117, 278 sqq.; of stone, stepped or terraced, in Hawaii, 408 sqq. Quiros, Fernandez de, 246 Ra, the sun-god, caught by Maui in nooses, 226 Radiguet, M., 338, 341, 357 n.¹, 358, 373 Raiatea, one of the Society Islands, 246, 255, 258, 259, 266, 289, 315, 317, 318, 319 Rail-bird sacred, 95; omens from, 190 Rainbow worshipped, 93, 182; omens from, 191, 397; emblem of deified chiefs, 204 sq.; superstitions about, 267, 269 Rangatira, gentleman, 43, 44; landowners, 224 Rangi, god of sky, 34 n.² Rarotonga, one of the Hervey Islands, 219, 221, 222, 224, 226, 228, 232, 243, 244 Raupa, a burial cave, 237 Recorders, sacred, 295 sq., 298 Red, bones of dead painted, 21; tabooed, 227; feathers regarded as divine, 290 sq. Red Cave, 239, 240 Reincarnation of the dead, 368 sq. Reinga, leaping-off place of souls (Maori), 27 Religion of Maoris concentrated on worship of dead kinsfolk, 34; homogeneity of Polynesian, 35 n.; the Tongan, 64 sqq.; ethical influence of the Tongan, 146 sq.; of the Samoans, 181 sqq.; of the Hervey Islanders, 225 sqq.; early stage of, 226; of the Society Islanders, 256 sqq.; without influence on morality, 318; of the Marquesans, 348 sqq.; of the Hawaiians, 390 sqq. Remy, J., 412 n.¹, 415 n.¹ Renan, Ernest, on the Hebrew prophets, 147 Respect for chiefs in Samoa, 171 sqq. Resurrection of the dead, Hawaiian notions about the, 430 sq. Rewards, posthumous, no belief in, 67, 146 Rhodesia, Northern, belief as to mother of twins in, 269 Rib of the first man, the first woman created out of the, 393 sq. Rites, of burial and mourning in Tonga, 132 sqq.; funeral, in the Hervey Islands, 231 sqq.; religious, of the Society Islanders, 257; of purification, 288. See Ceremonies River of the Water of Life (Maori), 28; in the nether world, 216 Rivers, W. H. R., 4 n.¹, 119, 124 n.¹, 128, 202, 218, 266 n.⁴ Roberts, E., 371 Rohutu, the abode of the dead, 319 sq., 327 Rongo, god of peace and agriculture, 35 n.; a great Polynesian god, 224, 225, 226, 392, 395; his sacred stream and grove, 240, 241; god, inventor of circumcision, 224 Rono, a great Hawaiian god, 404, 416. See Lono Roscoe, J., 271 Routledge, S. and K., 279 n.¹ Ruahatu, a sea-god, 276 Sā-le-Fe'e, the Samoan Tartarus, 216 Sacredness of chiefs, 172 sqq. Sacrifice of children, 75 sq., 81 sq.; of hogs, 79; of fingers, 80; of first-born sons, 89; as magical, 83; of pigs to the dead, 368; of hogs to volcano, 399 Sacrifices in the Society Islands, 291 sq.; of pigs for the recovery of the sick, 351. See Human sacrifices Sacrilege, 67; its expiation, 74 sqq., 183 sqq. Samoa, general name for the group of islands, 148; original seat of Polynesian race, 154 Samoan Islands, 148 sqq.; volcanic activity in, 151 sq.; climate, 152 sqq. Samoan Islanders, their appearance and character, 156 sqq.; houses, agriculture, and industries, 163 sqq.; rights of property, 169 sqq.; government, 171 sqq.; religion, 181 sqq. Samoan worship of natural objects, 93, 96 sq.; of animals and other natural objects developed out of totemism, 200 sqq., 218 Sanctity of kings in the Society Islands, 253 sq.; of priest of Tani (Tane), 293 Sanctuaries for criminals, 282 Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands, 375 sqq. Sandwich Islanders, 377 sqq.; their four chief gods, 35 n. Saturnalia at the death of a king or high chief in Hawaii, 421 sqq. Savage thought inconsistent, 84, 90 sq. Savages not addicted to sun-worship, 131 Savaii, one of the Samoan islands, centre of Polynesian dispersion, 6, 148 sq., 150 sq., 154 sq., 192, 195, 202, 215 Saveasiuleo, the king of the lower regions, 216 sq. Scalps of slain foes taken, 162 Sea, gods of the, 276 sq. Sea eels sacred, 93, 94, 185 Sea gull sacred, 93 Sea-snake as god, 185 Sea-urchin, family god in, 183 Second death, 29 Secret burial, 21 Semites sacrifice first-born sons, 89 Serfdom, alleged, in Hawaii, 385 Shadow, soul associated with, 205 sq. Sham fights at obsequies of Samoan chiefs, 211, 212; at Melanesian funerals, 212; after a death, 234, 235, 236, 303 Shark-gods, 227, 276 Shark's teeth, omens from, 191 Sharks as ministers of justice, 77; gods in, 96, 182; sacred, 93; still-born children turned into, 398, 403; worshipped in Hawaii, 402 sqq. Shells (Murex namoces) in which the souls of the dead were supposed to lodge, 325 Shortland, E., 6 n.² Sick people carried to temple, 195 Sickness supposed to be caused by evil spirits, 417. See Disease Sinnet tenanted by a god, 228 Sins of the dead buried in a hole, 305 Sisters, curses of, specially dreaded, 207 Skins of the dead preserved as relics, 367 Skulls of dead kept in houses, 118; of ancestors kept in temple or house, 288, 311; of dead rulers worshipped, 324; of dead hidden in caves, 357 Sky raised by Maui, 226, 275 Slaves killed to accompany their dead lords, 24; in the Society Islands, 253 "Slaying the ghosts," 234 Smith, E. W. and Dale, A. M., 425 Smith, S. Percy, 155 Snakes, water, gods in, 66, 92 Sneezing, Hervey Islanders' theory of, 229 Social ranks in Samoa, 171 sqq.; in Rarotonga, 224; in the Society Islands, 253; among the Marquesans, 344; in Hawaii, 383 sqq. Society Islanders, 248 sqq. Society Islands, 246 sqq. Songs in honour of the dead, 236. See Dirges Sorcerers (Maori), 13 sqq.; disease and death ascribed to arts of, 300, 325 sq.; Hawaiian, 405. See Magic Soul, Maori ideas concerning the, 10 sqq.; as shadow, 11; as breath, 11; departure of soul from body, 12 sqq.; its fate after death, 24 sqq., 66, 86 sqq., 213 sqq., 238 sqq., 313 sq., 427 sqq.; survival of, 24; ascent to heaven, 24 sqq., 29; Tongan theory of, 66, 84 sqq.; Samoan belief concerning the, 205 sq.; associated with shadow, 205 sq.; of the same shape as body, 205; belief of the Society Islanders concerning the, 297 sqq.; beliefs of the Hervey Islanders concerning the, 229 sqq.; beliefs of the Marquesans concerning the, 352; Hawaiian beliefs concerning the, 417 Souls of commoners mortal, 29; souls of chiefs and priests immortal, 29; of the dead appear in dreams, 31, 91 sq.; of ancestors cause disease, 49; of dead infants cause disease, 49, 299; of dead nobles as gods, 64 sq., 66, 84, 91; of dead men as gods, 64, 66, 69, 85, 91, 351 sq., 397; of Tongan commoners mortal, 66, 85; caught in traps, 230 sq.; leaping-place of, 27, 241; ascribed to animals, trees, and stones, 297; of the dead eaten by the gods, 315, 427; of children supposed to transmigrate into sharks, 403 Spells (Maori), 13 sqq. Spencer, Herbert, his theory that temples are derived from tombs, 100 Spirit world, Maori ideas of, 29 sq. Spirits of the dead become gods, 31 sq.; threatened, 208. See Gods, Souls Spittle used in magic, 15, 300, 325, 405; collected to prevent its use in magic, 405 sq. Stair, J. B., 152, 173 n.¹, 203 n.², 206 n.¹ Star, shooting, worshipped, 93 Stars observed by the Samoans, 161 Sterndale, H. B., 197, 198, 199 Stewart, C. S., 157 n.⁷, 337 sq., 340 sq., 344 n.¹, 348 sq., 349 sq., 358, 372, 377, 424 Stick-and-groove mode of kindling fire, 181 Stilts, racing or combating on, 339 sq. Stinging ray fish, divine, 184, 185; taboo to some Marquesans, 347 Stone-cutting in Tonga, craft of, 127 Stone monuments in Samoa, 197 sqq. Stone temple, ruins of, in Samoa, 196 sq. Stone tools and weapons, 10, 61, 180, 250 sq., 335, 382; in Tonga, 61; in Samoa, 180 Stonehenge, trilithons at, 123, 129, 130 Stones worshipped, 182, 187; piled on graves to prevent the dead from rising, 232 Succession of eldest sons at their birth, 255 sq. Sugar-cane cultivated, 379 Suicides, their fate after death, 363 Sun, supposed secret worship of the, in the Pacific, 119; Stonehenge supposed by some to be a temple of the, 130; Tongans not worshippers of the, 131; tradition of human sacrifices to, 158; not worshipped in Samoa, 192; ghosts journeying with the, 239 sqq.; caught and stopped by Maui, 275, 287 n., 396; not worshipped by the Society Islanders, 286; souls of the dead gather in the, 320 Sun god caught by Maui, 226; supposed worship of, 266, 286 n.⁵ Sun worship, savages not addicted to, 131 "Sun-dried gods," title applied to embalmed bodies of chiefs, 205 Superstitious terrors reinforce morality, 83 Taaroa (Taroa), a great god, 255 n.¹, 258, 266, 267, 276, 287 n.; supreme god of Polynesia, 290. Compare Tanaroa, Tangaloa, Tangaroa Taboo (tapu) among the Maoris, 32, 34, 37 sqq., 432; contracted by contact with the dead, 39, 209; of sacred chiefs, 41 sqq.; its effect in confirming the rights of private property, 47 sq.; ultimate sanction of, 49; supposed effects of breaking a, 76 sq.; consequent on touching a dead body, 137 sq.; comprises ideas of holiness and uncleanness, 173; signified by white cloth, 344; in the Marquesas, 345 sqq.; a definition of, 348; in Hawaii, 387 sqq.; breaches of, punished with death, 389; abolished in Hawaii, 389 sq.; rigour of, 416; an aristocratic institution, 432 Tabooed priest, 404 Taboos imposed by chiefs, 175, 432 Tahaa, one of the Society Islands, 246, 258 Tahiti, 246, 247, 255, 266, 279, 282, 283, 314, 321; morais in, 116 sqq., 279 sqq. Tahowa, priest, 293 Tahuata (Santa Christina), one of the Marquesas, 349, 359, 360, 364, 367 Taipii (Typee), valley of, in Nukahiva, 360, 365 Taipiis or Typees, a tribe of Nukahiva, 330, 332, 365, 373 Tairi (Kaili), the national war-god of Hawaii, 396, 397, 404, 411 Takalaua, a Tooitonga, 108 Tali-y-Toobo, Tongan god of royal family, 70, 73, 77, 79, 121 Tame gods, 191 Tamehameha, king of Hawaii, 384, 423. See Kamehameha Tanaroa, Tangaroa, Tagaloa, Taaroa, dialectically different names of a great Polynesian god, 258, 392 Tane (Tani), a great Polynesian god, 35 n., 241, 258, 280, 284, 293, 392, 394, 397 Tane-kio, a god, enshrined in the planets Venus and Jupiter, 228 Tangaloa, god, drew up Tonga Islands on a fishing-hook, 65, 72 sq.; god of artificers, 72; puts god Hikuleo in durance, 88; ancestor of Tui-ta-tui, 127; temple of, 196; principal god of Samoans, the creator, 202 sq.; said to have fished up the islands, 202, 203 Tangaroa, god of ocean, 35 n.; a great god, brother of Rongo, 226 Tapu. See Taboo Taro the staple food of the Samoans, 165; of the Mangaians, 222; and of the Hawaiians, 378 Tattooing, not applied to the Tooitonga, 81; nor to the sacred kings of Mangaia, 224; as a punishment in Samoa, 160; of the Marquesan islanders, 331 sq.; marks of, removed from corpse, 368; of the Hawaiians, 378; of the tongue in mourning, 421 Tauas, inspired men, 350 sq. Tauata (Santa Christina), one of the Marquesas Islands, 337 Taylor, R., 7 n.¹, 32 n.¹, n.², 36, 42 Tee, teehee, tii, spirit of the dead, guardian spirit, 313, 322, 323 n.¹ Teeth, loss of, penalty for breach of taboo, 209 sq.; knocked out in mourning, 231, 420, 423, 424 Tekuraaki, a god, incarnate in the woodpecker, 228 Temple, dead Areois buried in, 261; bones of human victims buried in, 292; bones of dead chiefs buried in, 311 Temples of the gods in Tonga, 73 sqq., 99 sqq.; and graves, question of, 99 sqq.; and tombs, 99 sqq.; Samoan, 194 sqq.; in the Society Islands, 278 sqq.; dedicated to sharks, 402, 403; Hawaiian, 406 sqq. Theft, ordeal for detection of, 77 Thieves, Hiro the god of, 326; divination to detect, 406 Thunder and lightning, no Tongan god of, 71; Tongan idea concerning, 90 Thunder-god kept in captivity, 191 sq. Thomas, Rev. John, 57 n.¹, 111 n. Thomson, A. S., 6 n.² Thomson, Sir Basil, 87 n.¹, 106, 107, 115, 116, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129 Tiaio, a god of the Hervey Islanders, 227 Tiaraboo (Tiarroboo, Tairaboo), the southern peninsula of Tahiti, 257, 283 Tiburones, a mythical paradise, 352, 364 Ti'iti'i, hero, robs Mafuie of fire, 203 Tii, a worshipful spirit of the dead, 324. Compare Tee Tiki, the god of the dead, 231, 232 Tiki, a heroine, 239; warder of the land of the dead, 244 sq. Tiki, a Marquesan god, 343, 350 n.⁴ Timatekore, a god of the Hervey Islanders, 226 Tofua, Tongan island, 96 Togo, in West Africa, 271 Tohunga, Maori priest, 16 n.³ Tombs, megalithic, of the Tooitongas, 99 sqq., 105 sqq., 119, 123, 132; and temples, 99 sqq. Tonga or Friendly Islands, 52 sqq. Tonga Islanders, 57 sqq.; their religion, 64 sqq.; their national and tribal gods, 93 sq. Tongataboo, 52, 86, 94, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, 123 Tonga-iti, a god in the Hervey Islands, 227 Tooas (tuas), Tongan commoners, 66, 85, 86, 87 Toobo Toty, a Tongan god, 71 Toogoo Ahoo, king of Tonga, 81 Tooi fooa Bolotoo, a Tongan god, 70 sq. Tooitonga, sacred chief or king of Tonga, 62, 66, 73, 81, 82, 94, 106, 107, 108, 110, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127, 144, 145; tombs of the Tooitongas, 105 sqq.; obsequies of the, 140 sqq. Tooi-tonga-fafine, sister of the Tooitonga, 110 Totemic gods of Samoa, 202 Totemism, Tongan polytheism developed out of, 94; Samoan worship of animals developed out of, 200 sqq., 218; theory that it has been developed out of metempsychosis, 218; relics of, in the Hervey Islands, 227 sq.; traces of, among the Marquesans, 347; relics of, in Hawaii, 402 Trade guilds among the Samoans, 167 sq. Transmigration of souls not believed in by the Samoans, 218; of souls of children into sharks, 403 Traps set for souls, 230 Tree, family god in, 192; on which ghosts perch, 241 Trees, dead deposited on, 20 sq.; tenanted by gods, 228; sacred, 281 sq.; worshipped, 402 Tregear, E., 6 n.², 126 n.², 392 Tribes or clans among the Hervey Islanders, 223 Trilithon in Tongataboo, 123 sqq. Trilithons at Stonehenge, 123, 129, 130 Trinity, the Hawaiian, 392 Triton-shell, god in, 228 Tropic-bird sacred, 93 Tu, Maori war-god, 35 n.; a great Polynesian deity, 392 Tuaraatai, a sea god in the Society Islands, 276 Tufoa, volcanic island, 53 Tui-ta-tui, a Tooitonga, 127, 128 Tulafales, householders or gentry in Samoa, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180 Tuoro, in Rarotonga, the meeting-place of ghosts, 243, 244 Turnbull, J., 262 Turner, Dr. George, 183 n.¹, 203 n.², 206 n.¹, 212, 213 Turtles, family god in, 183 sq. Tutuila, Samoan island, 149, 175, 176, 180, 215 Twins, divine, 226; heavenly, 267; customs and superstitions concerning, 267 sqq.; thought able to influence the weather, 267 sq.; fertilising power ascribed to, 269 sqq.; divine Hawaiian, 394 Tyerman and Bennet, 260, 281, 283, 295, 315, 386 Tylor, E. B., 3 n.³ Typee. See Taipii Typees or Taipiis, a tribe of Nukahiva, 330, 332 365, 375 Uea (Wallis Island), 125 Uganda, human sacrifice in, 84 Uhane, soul, 417 Ui, a heroine, beloved by the sun, 158 Uli, a Hawaiian god, 405 Umi, king of Hawaii, 411, 413 Unburied dead, Samoan ceremonies for, 205 sq. Uncleanness, and holiness blent in taboo, 173; caused by contact with a corpse, 312 sq., 427 Underworld, home of the souls of the dead, 27 Upolu, Samoan island, 149, 152, 155, 162, 185, 196, 202, 214, 215 Upu, a Marquesan goddess of the dead, 367, 368 Uriwera, a Maori people, 15 Urutetefa, patron deity of the Areoi Society, 263, 265, 267 Utakea, a god incarnate in the woodpecker, 228 Vatea, a primary god, 226 Vavau, a Tongan island, 52, 53, 73 Veachi, sacred personage in Tonga, 66 Veeson, George, 86 Vegetable gods in Samoa, 192 Ventriloquism, 370 Venus, the planet, the shrine of a god, 228 Vergnes, P. E. Eyriaud des, 374 Village gods, 182, 185 Villages, Samoan, self-governing, 178 sq. Vincendon-Dumoulin, 118, 358, 373 Virtue, Tongan ideas of, 66 sq., 146 sq. Volcanic activity in Tonga Islands, 53 sqq.; in Samoa, 151; in Hawaii, 375 Volcano, goddess of, in Hawaii, 399 sqq.; offerings to, 399 sq. Wahi taboo, sacred place, temple, 387 sq. Wahine ariki, 40 Waimate Plains in New Zealand, 23 Wakea. See Akea Wallis Island (Uea), 125 Wallis rediscovers Society Islands, 246 War gods, Samoan, 186, 188, 189 sq. War-gods, images of, carried to battle, 397 Warriors tabooed, 40 sq. Warriors, fate of souls of dead, 242 sq., 244 sq. Water of Life, River of the, 28; in the nether world, 216 Weaving practised by Maoris, 9 West, Thomas, 114 Whale, soul of dead priest in a, 369 Whales worshipped, 93 Whattas, altars, 391, 392 White cloth as mark of taboo, 344; flags as marks of property, 386 Widowers tabooed, 39 Widows killed to accompany their dead husbands, 24; tabooed, 39; strangled and buried with their husbands, 145; dances of, 353, 354 Wilkes, Charles (Commodore), 57, 61 n., 87, 89 n.¹, 90, 155 n.¹, 384 sq., 411 Williams, John, 80, 157 n.⁷, 158, 181, 185, 221, 231 Wilson, James, 264 n.⁵ Winds imprisoned by two gods, 277 Windward Islands, 246 Wiro, evil spirit, 27 Woman, the first, created out of a rib of the first man, 393 sq. Women well treated by Tongans, 61 sq.; well treated by the Samoans, 157; excluded from temples, 288 sq.; forbidden to eat with men, 381; forbidden to partake of sacrifices, 388 Woodpecker, gods incarnate in the, 228 Worms, souls of the dead in the shape of, 29 Worship of ancestors among the Maoris, 32 sqq.; of the Tongan gods, 79 sqq.; of nature, 93; of the dead tends to encroach on the worship of the high gods, 97 sq.; of animals and other natural objects in Samoa, 182 sqq., 200 sqq.; of the dead in Samoa, 204 sq.; of the dead, elements of the, 205; of the sun, supposed, 266, 286 n.⁵; of the dead in the Society Islands, 322 sqq.; of animals in Hawaii, 401 sqq. See Religion Wrestling matches as funeral rite, 140, 144, 211; at obsequies of chiefs, 303 Wrestling and boxing matches at obsequies of Samoan chiefs, 211; in honour of Lono (Rono), 395, 416 Yam festival in Tonga, 71 sq. Yams, new, offered at grave, 122 Young, John, 422 sq. Zulu superstition as to twins, 270

THE END

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WORKS BY SIR J. G. FRAZER

THE BELIEF IN IMMORTALITY AND THE WORSHIP OF THE DEAD Vol. I.

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