Part 3 — Final Summary.

It is generally believed that the Arthropoda constitute a natural, monophyletic group. The data assembled in the preceding pages indicate that the other Arthropoda were derived directly or indirectly from the Trilobita because:

(1) the trilobites are the oldest known arthropods;

(2) the trilobites of all formations show great variation in the number of trunk segments, but with a tendency for the number to become fixed in each genus;

(3) the trilobites have a constant number of segments in the head;

(4) the position of the mouth is variable, so that either the Crustacea or the Arachnida could be derived from the trilobites;

(5) the trilobite type of appendage is found, in vestigial form at least, throughout the Arthropoda;

(6) the appendages of all other Arthropoda are of forms which could have been derived from those of trilobites;

(7) the appendages of trilobites are the simplest known among the Arthropoda;

(8) the trilobites show practically all known kinds of sessile arthropodan eyes, simple, compound, and aggregate;

(9) the apparent specializations of trilobites, large pleural lobes and pygidia, are primitive, and both suffer reduction within the group.

The ancestor of the trilobite is believed to have been a soft-bodied, free-swimming, flat, blind or nearly blind animal of few segments, because:

(a) the form of both adult and embryo is of a type more adapted for floating than crawling;

(b) the large pygidium is shown by ontogeny to be primitive, and the elongate worm-like form secondary;

(c) the history of the trilobites shows a considerable increase in the average number of segments in successive periods from the Cambrian to the Permian;

(d) the simplest trilobites are nearly or quite blind.