Acts of Parliament— Statute of Merton, 1235, 87, 180, 248, 371–372 15 Hen. VI. c. 2, sanctioning export of corn, 113,197 23 Hen. VI. c. 5, sanctioning export of corn, 113, 197 3 Ed. IV. c. 2, restricting import of corn, 113, 197 4 Hen. VII. c. 14, against depopulation, 11, 353 6 Hen. VIII. c. 5, against depopulation, 353 7 Hen. VIII. c. 1, against depopulation, 353 25 Hen. VIII. c. 13, against depopulation, 354 27 Hen. VIII. c. 25, for relieving impotent beggars, 269 1 Ed. VI. c. 2, legalising enslavement of vagabonds, 44, 269 2 and 3 Ed. VI. c. 12, giving good titles to Duke of Somerset’s tenants, 294, 365 3 and 4 Ed. VI. c. 3, re-enacting Statute of Merton with amendments, 371–372 5 and 6 Ed. VI. c. 5, against depopulation, 354 2 and 3 Phil, and M. c. 2, against depopulation, 354 5 Eliz. c. 2, Statute of Artificers, 23, 45, 100, 353 14 Eliz. c. 5, directing compulsory assessment for relief of poor, 269 18 Eliz. c. 3, directing provision of materials for setting unemployed to work, 269 31 Eliz. c. 7, requiring cottages to be let with 4 acres of land attached, 277, 354 35 Eliz. c. 7, against depopulation, but repeating clauses in previous Acts forbidding conversion to pasture, 354 39 Eliz. c. 1, against depopulation, 354–355 39 Eliz. c. 2, against depopulation, 354–355 4 Jac. I. c. 11, for enclosure of certain parishes in Herefordshire, 395 21 Jac. I. c. 28, continuing certain Acts and repealing others, 355

Action of trespass— copyholders' remedy by, 289 freeholders' remedy by, 248

Administration— of land by peasants, 102, 159–161, 244–246. See also Agriculture, Commons, Communism of Acts against Depopulation— of Acts against Depopulation— difficulty of, 377–386 irregularity of, 391–393 occasional effectiveness of, 386–387, 390–392 opposition of landlords to, 367–368, 370, 397–398 petition of rebels for, 335, 337

Administrative Courts, see Council, Courts

Administrative interference— with economic matters, 355–357 with enclosures— under Henry VII., 359–360 " Henry VIII., 360–362 " Edward VI., 362–372 " Elizabeth, 372–374 " James I., 374–375 " Charles I., 376–377 final cessation of, 397–400

Admission fines, see Fines

Agrarian changes, the— causes of, 6–7, 12–13, 185–200 contemporary accounts of, 6–8 general effect of, 403–404 localities most affected by, 153–154, 182, 262, 405 of fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 11–12, 11–12, 136–147, 161–162 of sixteenth century, 6–8, 147–173, 213–230, 301–310 of eighteenth century, 34, 183–184, 406 part played by capitalist farmers in, 200–202, 213–266 part played by peasants in, 136–173 reaction of on peasantry, 7–8, 231–280 resistance of peasants to, 302–304, 317–340 See also Agriculture, Enclosure, Land, Pasture

Agreements to enclose, 151–153, 156–158, 180–182

Agriculture— capitalist, 6–7, 200–204, 210–230 cattle, importance of to, 113–115, 239–242 changes in methods of, see Agrarian changes commercial development, effect of on, 185–188, 195–197 common rights, importance of to, 238–242 communal elements in, 128–131, 159–161, 205–207, 243–246 corn growing, part played by in, 105–112 corn laws, effect of on, 112–113, 197 custom, effect of on, 75–78, 124–131, 292–301 enclosure by peasants, effect of on, 152–153, 158, 169–173 enclosure by manorial authorities, effect of on, 216–223 farmer of demesne, part played by in, 201–204, 210–230 for market, 214–216 for subsistence, 111–112 improvements in, 110–111, 170–172 markets, effect of on, 196–197, 214–215 mediæval, not incompatible with change, 75–97, 172, 404–405 methods of— in Cornwall, 262, 405 " Devonshire, 167, 262, 405 " Essex, 167, 262, 405 " Kent, 167, 262, 405 " Lancashire, 63, 65 " Midlands, 65, 167, 192 " Norfolk, 63, 65, 405 " Northumberland, 63, 65, 189–192 " Suffolk, 63, 262 " Somerset, 110–111, 171, 262, 405 " Staffordshire, 63, 65 " Wiltshire, 63, 65, 212 on demesne farms, 200–230 " monastic estates, 382–383 " peasants' holdings, 105–115 open field system of, see Open field system pasture farming instead of, see Pasture rise in prices, effects of on, 197–200, 304–310 social importance of, 341–347 speculation, effects of on, 381–383 views as to, of Clarkson, 5, 189–190 " " Fitzherbert, 5, 109, 112, 117–118, 150, 151–152, 242 " " Norden, 5, 108, 110–111, 118, 150, 151, 171, 308 woollen industry, effects of on, 6, 195–197

Alien, see Immigration

Alienation of land, effect of free, 86, 138–139 fines on, 127 See also Speculation

Apprenticeship, effect of on marriage, 104–106

Arable land— backbone of peasants' livelihood, 105–108 common rights, necessary for cultivation of, 239–242 conversion of to pasture, 223–230, 232–233, 258 corn yielded by acre of, 110–111 enclosure of for better cultivation by large farmers, 10, 221–224 enclosure of for better cultivation by peasants, 151–153, 162–164 estimated number of persons maintained by holding of, 261 proportion of to pasture and meadow in Staffordshire, 392–393 proportion of to pasture and meadow on demesne farms, 225–228 proportion of to pasture and meadow on peasants' holdings, 107 reconversion of pasture to— Acts for, 353–355 by Royal Commissions, 359–360, 366–367, 374–375 " Council, 360–361 " Justices of Assize, 376 " Justices of Peace, 386, 418–420 " landlords, 390–391

Aristocracy— acquisition of monastic estates by some of the, 380–384 attack of on Somerset’s land policy, 367–368, 370–372 contrast between mediæval and that of sixteenth century, 191–194 growth of commerce, effect of, on the, 187–188, 191–194 Harrington’s account of social changes in the, 38, 191 landholding peasants not an, 100–102 part played by in Pilgrimage of Grace, 322–324 relations of to tenants in North and South contrasted, 188–191 Tudor policy, effect of on powers of the, 188–195 unpopularity of administrative Courts with the. 397–400 See also Index of Persons, Bath, Brudenell, Darcy, Derby, Englefield, Harrington, Herbert, St. John, Shrewsbury, Saye and Sele, Somerset, Warwick, Willoughby, Wolsey, Yorke, Leicester, Northumberland.

Assessment— of subsidies, 169, 344–347 " enclosed land, 169 " wages, 23, 100, 308

Assize— Justices of, disputes as to land referred to by Council, 373, 375–376 " " punishment of depopulating landlords by, 375–376, 419–420 rents of, 118

Assize of Novel Disseisin— establishment of by Henry II., 122 remedy of freeholders by, 248

Authorities— manorial, see Manorial authorities, the

Authority— part played by in organisation of manor, 92, 128–129 tendency of to stereotype manorial arrangements, 75–78, 92–93

Bailiffs, 82, 123, 209

Barton land, division of among peasants, 95

Beasts— importance of for plough, 240–242 number of kept by peasants, 113

Black Death, see Great Plague

Bodger, the, 349

Bondage, see Villeinage

Bondman, see Villeinage

Bord land, 95

Border— agrarian conservatism on, 63–66, 188–191 copyholders on, 188–191 military importance of numerous tenantry on, 188–191 substitution of leases for copies on, 301–304

Border tenure— Coke’s remarks upon, 299 Customs involved in, 299 decision of Courts as to, 299 discussion by Long Parliament as to, 191 effect of Union of Crowns on, 190–191 service with horse and harness, an incident of, 190

Boundaries— importance of to commoners, 241 uncertainty of, 235–236

Bovate, see Virgate

Canon Law, the, as to usury, 307

Capital— accumulation of by peasants, 82–83, 118 dealings in on money market, 186 investments of in farm stock, 6, 113–115, 170–172, 220 " " " joint-stock companies, 186 " " " land, 7

Capitalists— appearance of among peasants, 71, 81–84, 136–139 farming on a large scale by, 6–7, 200–204, 210–230 loans by, 108–110 purchase of land by small, 78–95 results of growth of small, 95–97, 136–139 signs of appearance of large, 215 See also Demesne land, Farmers, Enclosure, Pasture

Catholic— conspiracy, supposed complicity of peasants in, 329 " fear of, reason for popular agrarian policy, 340–341 landlords, special measures suggested for, 341 revolts, parties in, 318–319, 323–324

Cattle, see Agriculture, Beasts, Common Land

Chancery, see Court

Chevage, 53

Childwite, still paid in seventeenth century, 54

Classes of landholders, see Peasants

Collective bargain by peasants with lord, 130, 295

Combinations— among peasants, 131, 330–331 to reduce rents and prices, and to break down enclosures, illegal, 371

Commerce— attention given by Tudor governments to, 185–186, 197 backwardness of in North, 190 effect of in breaking down equality of peasants' holdings, 66, 84–85 engaged in by aristocracy, 187–188 expansion of in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 185–186, 196 influence of on social conditions and land tenure, 187–188, 196–197

Commission of sewers, 395

Commissions, Royal— activity of Hales in connection with, 167, 366–368, 371 " " Laud in connection with, 399, 420–421 " " Somerset in connection with, 362–370 anger of landlords at, 367–368, 370 appointment of on enclosure and depopulation in 1517, 261, 359 " " " " 1548, 261, 366 " " " " 1566, 261 " " " " 1607, 261, 375 " " " " 1632, 261, 376 " " " " 1635, 261, 376 " " " " 1636, 261, 376 causes of appointment of, 358 counties visited by, 366 disappointment of peasants with, 319, 366 effects of in checking depopulation, 391–393, 419–420 evidence before, how collected, 263, 366–367 " " interpretation of, 263–265 fines imposed by, 391, 419–420 fiscal motives for, under Charles I., 391 statistics derived from, as to average area of enclosures, 154–155 " " " " acreage enclosed, value of, 262–265 " " " " population displaced, value of, 262–265

Commons— grant made by Lords to the, 335 “information and petition against the oppressors of the poor commons,” 366 proclamation of the, 323–324 prosperous condition of, 132–135

Commons, House of, see Parliament

Common field system, see Open field system

Common Land— administration of, by Manorial Courts, 159–162, 244–246 " " at Burnham, 245 " " " Southampton, 245–246 " " " Wootton Basset, 251–252 beasts kept on by peasants, 113–114 colonising of by evicted tenants, 277–279 demands of Norfolk rebels as to, 335–336 division of by peasants, 157 enclosure of by peasants, 157, 169–170 " " manorial authorities, 219–221 " " Johnson on unimportance of, 9 importance of, reasons for, 239–242 " " Clarkson on, 189 " " Fitzherbert on, 242 " " Hales on, 4, 239–240 " " Hamberstone on, 240, 241 improvement of by capitalists, 394–395 monopolising of by large farmer, 220–221, 242–243 overstocking of, 170–172, 242–243 sale of at Burnham, 245 stinting of, 160, 241 view taken in seventeenth century as to, 394–396 See also Common, Bights of, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste

Common Law— complaints of landlords as to interference of government with, 397–398 complaints of Long Parliament as to interference of government with, 399 doctrine of as to Rights of Common, 246–250 ineffective remedy offered to customary tenants by, 358, 400 protection of copyholders by, 289, 291, 296 tenants at will at, 289

Common meadow, see Meadow land

Common pastures, see Pasture

Common waste, see Waste

Common, rights of— Bracton on, 247 Coke on, 248 communal element in, 244–246 compensation for loss of, 243 copyholders' remedy for loss of, 248–249, 287–301 cottagers' claim to, 247 difficulty of poor in enforcing, 252–253 dispute as to at Coventry, 250–251 " " " Wootton Basset, 251–253 Fitzherbert on, 249 freeholders' remedy for loss of, 248–249 legal theory as to common appendant, 247 " " " " appurtenant, 247 " " " " in gross, 247 " " " " par cause de vicinage, 247 Maitland on, 244 peasants' view of, 243–246 not conferred by residence, 247 tenements attached to, 247 sicut quantitatem tenuræ , 241 Vinogradoff on, 244 See Common Land, Copyholders, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste

Communism— denounced by landlords, 324, 384 elements of in manorial arrangements, 159–161, 206–207, 243–246 practical nature of in demands of rebels in sixteenth century, 338 theoretical nature of in demands of Diggers, 338 views as to, of Maitland, 244 " " " Vinogradoff, 244

Community, the village, see Manor

Commutation, see Labour services

Competitive rents, see Rents

Consolidation of holdings, see Holdings

Conversion to pasture, see Pasture

Copyholders— act to give security to, on Somerset’s demesne lands, 294, 365 attitude of, to State, 122–124 cases as to, 296 compelled to surrender copies for leases, 301–304 customs affecting, at Aldeburgh, 411–412 customs affecting, at Bushey, 126–127 dependence of on custom of manor, 124–131, 292–301 effect on of fall in value of money, 304–310 fines paid by, 305–307 labour services rendered by, 52–53 marks of personal villeinage among, 53–54 on new land, 289–290, 293–294 preponderance of over other classes shown by statistics, 25, 48 rights of common enjoyed by, 248–258 rents of fixed by custom, 115–121 surplus enjoyed by, 119–121 subletting of land by, 81 tenure of, changes in, in sixteenth century, 1–2, 310–311 " definition of, 47 " demands of rebels as to, 334–337 " duration of, statistics as to, 300 " fines incidental to, certain or uncertain, statistics as to, 300 " origin in villein tenure, 50 " definition of, 47 " demands of rebels as to, 334–337 " duration of, statistics as to, 300 " fines incidental to, certain or uncertain, statistics as to, 300 " origin in villein tenure, 50 " protected by custom of manor, 129–131, 292–297 " " " Court of Chancery, 289, 291–292, 294–295, 398 " " " Courts of Common Law, 289, 291, 294–295 " " " Court of Requests, 362, 367, 397 " " " Court of Star Chamber, 360 " " " Council, 296, 359, 373–374, 397 " theories as to, of Ashley, 290–292 " " " Coke, 289, 299 " " " Fitzherbert, 288–289 " " " Kitchin, 289 " " " Leadam, 289–290 " " " Norden, 47 " " " Savine, 287, 292, 297, 300 See also Customary tenants, Manor

Corn— consumed at home, 111–112 export of encouraged, 113 export of discouraged, 197 import of checked, 113 loans of, 109 output of per acre, 110–111 trade in, 111

Corn-growing— backbone of peasants' livelihood, 105–112 commercial policy towards, 112–113, 197 conditions making profitable, 110–113 in Norfolk, 111–112 pastures broken up for at Coventry, 20 proposals for encouragement of, 416–417 unemployment caused by abandonment of, 232–233 wastes to be reclaimed for, 394–395

Corn laws, see Corn

Cottagers— commons used by, 247 driven from enclosed into open field villages, 277–279 loss of commons by, 7 statistics as to among freeholders, 31–33 " " " customary tenants, 63–66

Cottages— Act requiring four acres to be attached to, 277, 354 erection of on waste, 277–278

Council— Agrarian policy of under Charles I., 391, 399 attack on Somerset by, 370, 380 grantees of monastic estates members of, 380 intervention of to protect peasants, 357–359, 361–362, 372–376, 391, 399 of the North, 355, 374, 398 of Wales, 355, 373 returns made by Justices to, 356, 375–376, 386, 419–420

Court of Chancery— cases heard in by Wolsey, 397–398 petitions to from peasants, 294 protection of customary tenants by in fifteenth century, 289, 291–292

Court of Manor— agricultural arrangements of village controlled by, 159–162, 244–246 cases of villeinage heard in, 292 customs enforced by, 125 enclosers fined by, 161–162 pastures stinted by, 170, 241 villein land transferred in, 78–79, 86

Court of Requests— cases before as to copyholds, 362 " " " fold-courses, 374, 397 " " " rack-renting, 285, 390 " " " villeinage, 42 constitution of, 357 Hall on, 357 popularity of with poorer classes, 357 powers of curtailed by prohibitions, 399 Somerset’s use of, 367 unpopularity of with landlords, 397–398

Court of Star Chamber— abolition of in 1641, 399 cases before, as to breach of peace, 374 " " " copyholds, 359, 360 " " " enclosure, 360, 391, 421 " " " villeinage, 43 constitution of, 357 denounced in Grand Remonstrance, 399 Sir Thomas Smith on, 358 unpopularity of with landlords, 397–398

Court Leet— of Coventry, 20, 162, 181, 249, 251 of Southampton, 162, 170, 241, 245–246

Court Rolls— evidence of, as to enclosure, 159 " " " encroachments on waste, 87–89 " " " land speculation, 75, 78–81 " " " tenure of copyholders, 362 " " " villeinage, 43

Courts of Common Law, see Common Law.

Cultivation, see Agriculture

Cultivators, see Peasants

Crown, the, see Council, Court, and Index of Persons

Crown tenants— at Wheatley 302, 413–415 in Wales, 298, 302 on Northumbrian border, 190–191, 299

Custom of the Manor, the, see Copyholders, Manor

Customary— of Aldeburgh, 411–412 " Bushey, 126–128 " High Furness, 101

Customary Court, see Court of Manor

Customary tenants— statistics of, 24–26, 48 see also Copyholders

Dairy farming, 215

Day work of copyholders, 52–53

Demesne land— absent from some northern manors, 203 acreage of farms on, 212–213 added to peasants' holdings, 93–95, 204–209 changes in use of after Great Plague, 93–95, 204–209 conversion to pasture of, 223–228 customary routine of agriculture on, 217, 228–229 difficulty of discriminating between peasants' land and, 95 effect of division of among peasants, 91–93 foundation of large farm in sixteenth century, 202–203 gradual consolidation of, 221–223, 254–256 insecurity of copyholders on, 289, 293–294 leased to capitalist farmer, 210–212 leased to smallholders, 94–95, 204–205 leased to village community, 205–207 lying in compact blocks, 221–223, 254–256 lying in scattered strips, 221–222 peasants' land merged in, 257–258 progress of enclosure on, 216–223 proportion of manorial area formed by, 259 rents paid for, 256 rights of common over, 234 statistics as to use of, 225–226 unemployment caused by enclosure of, 232–233

Depopulation— Commissions of Inquiry into, see Commissions counties most affected by, 8–9, 153–154, 262–263, 404–405 contemporary accounts of, 6–8 effect of on pauperism, see Poor Law individual instances of, 257, 260–261 proposals for checking, 416–417 statistics of Royal Commissions as to, 261–265 Statutes against, see Acts of Parliament views of Gay as to exaggerated accounts of, 10–11, 263–265

Diggers, 321, 337–338

Dissolution of monasteries, see Monasteries

Domesday Book— large extent of arable land in, 228 liberi homines and sochemanni in, 27

Domesday of Enclosures— classes entered in as enclosing, 154–155 enclosing by villata in, 156 size of enclosures in, 154–155 See also Enclosures

Economic rent, see Rent, Copyholders

Education obtained by some peasants, 134–135

Enclosure— by agreement, between individuals, 162–165 " " better cultivation produced by, 169–172 " " early progress of in East and South-West, 167–168, 405 " " Fitzherbert on, 150, 152–153, 171 " " Hales on, 151, 167, 171 " " Lee on, 151 " " Moore on, 167 " " Norden on, 150, 151, 171 " " no harm resulting from, 152–153, 172–173 " " of arable land, 157,162–165 " " of meadow and pasture, 157, 161–162 " " of whole village, 156–158 " " opposed by Court of Manor, 159–162 " " peasants' approval of, 168–170 by manorial authorities, attitude of Government to, see Acts, Council, Court " " " " counties most affected by, 8–9, 182, 262–263 " " " " in Middle Ages, 180–182 " " " " motives for, 185–200 " " " " of arable land, 221–223 " " " " of eighteenth century, 183–184 " " " " of meadow and pasture, 219–221 " " " " of peasants' holdings, 150–173 " " " " peasants' dislike of, 147–150 " " " " preceded by consolidation, 222–223 " " " " reaction of on peasants, 231–280

Encroachments— on lords' land, 235–236 on peasants' land, 234–235 on waste, 87–89, 285–287

Engrossing— of corn, 274 of holdings, 253–265

Equality— of holdings, disappearance of in South and East, 63–66 " " influence of trade on, 66, 84–85 " " maintained in dividing demesne, 206–207 " " survival of in North, 63–66, 189–190

Escheats of freehold land unascertainable, 30

Eviction— liability to of copyholders, 287–301 " " leaseholders, 282–287 " " tenants at will, 282–287 number displaced by, 260–265 See also Depopulation

Exchange, the, 186–187

Exchanging of strips, 164–165, 395–396

Exports of woollen piece goods, 196–197

" " corn, see Corn

Famines— fear of, 35 local, 112

Farm, see Demesne, Farmers

Farmers— acreage occupied by large, 212 advantage to lord of letting land to large, 213–216 agents through whom agrarian change took place, 201–202 capitalists among, 215–216 consolidation of strips by, 221–223, 254–256 conversion to pasture by, 225–228 demesnes leased to large, 209–211 disputes between peasants and, 234–237 economic conditions favouring, 214–216 enclosing practised by, of arable land, 221–223 " " " common meadow and pasture, 219–221 importance in sixteenth century of large, 204 manorial rights leased to, 211 peasant subtenants of, 211 soldiers recruited from, 343–344 subsidies collected from, 344–347, 415, 418

Feudal— conditions of land tenure, decay of in South, 191–195 " " " among freeholders, 29–30 " " " Harrington on decay of, 38, 191 conditions of land tenure, survival of in North, 190–191 lords, character of, 191–192

Final concords in Staffordshire, 392–393

Financial, see Fiscal

Fines— for depopulation, 391, 419–421 of copyholders, customs as to, 127, 295–301, 411–412, 413–415 " " declared unreasonable by courts, 296 " " demand for reasonable, 294, 307, 335–336 " " rise in prices, effect of on, 308–309 " " statistical analysis of, 300 " " upward movement in, 305–310 of freeholders, 127

Fiscal reasons for protecting peasants, 344–347

Fold-courses, cases as to, 374, 395

Forests— claim of Crown to under Charles I., 391 enclosures of to be spared, 335

Freedom, growth of personal, see Villeinage

Freeholds— interference of Council with, 399 See also Freeholders

Freeholders— enclosing by, 32–33, 157–158, 236 eviction of in fifteenth century, 37 holdings of, statistics as to, 32–33 independence of, 30, 35–38 large numbers of in Norfolk and Suffolk, 24–27 little affected by agrarian changes, 28–29, 134, 406 loss of rights of common by, 250–253 political interests of, 121–122 rents of, 29–30 rights of common of, how protected, 247–249 social importance of, 34–37 suits of Court due from, 29 statistics as to, 25 upward movement among in sixteenth century, 37–40 See also Yeomen

Gentlemen— complaints of by peasants, 193 copyholders among, 55–56 distrust of by rebels, 323–324 part played in rebellions by, 322–323 yeomen made into, 383

Geographical distribution of enclosures, see Enclosures

Germany— survival of serfdom in, 43–44 social distinctions in, 187 Reformation in, 339

German peasants— programme of, 339 revolt of, 368

Gilds— apprenticeship insisted on by, 105–106 exclusion of immigrants by, 275–276 loans by, 109 meadows belonging to, 369

Government, the, see Acts of Parliament, Council, Court

Grazier, see Pasture

Grazing, see Pasture

Great Plague— effect of on land tenure, 90–91, 208–209, 286 " " population, 138 remembered in reign of Elizabeth, 130

Half-virgate, see Virgates

Hallmote tenants, land sublet to, 81

Hedges, see Enclosure

Heriots, 43, 53, 126–131

Holdings— added to demesne farm, 257–258 addition to, of demesne land, 93–95 " " of waste, 87–89 enclosing of, see Enclosure equality of, in North, 63–66, 189 exchanging of, 164–165, 395–396 formation of compact, 162–165 growth in size of, 70 held by same family for many years, 189 inequality of in South and East, 63–66, 70–72 of customary tenants, statistics as to, 63–66 " " freeholders, 32–33 " " land, basis of economic life of village, 99–104 rents of, on customary land, 115–119, 141–147 " " on new encroachments, 141–147 services due from, 76–77 subdivision of, 79–80 subletting of, 80–81 use made of by peasants, 105–108 See also Agriculture, Farmers

Horse and harness, tenure by, see Border tenure

Hospitality, meaning of, 233

Households, equipment of with land, see Holdings

Husbandry, see Agriculture

Immigration— caused by enclosures, 3–4, 275 from enclosed to open field villages, 277–279 into towns, 275–277

Imports, see Commerce

Import duties, see Corn

Indenture, tenants by, see Leaseholders

Industry— backwardness of in North, 63–66, 189–190 growth of in sixteenth century, 185–188, 192 progress of in East and South, 63–66, 84–85 See also Commerce, Woollen industry

Inequality— of holdings, absence of in North, 63–66, 189 " " general in South and East, 63–66 " " effect of trade in producing, 84–85 " " transference of land, 78–79, 86

Inmates, statute of, 4, 277, 279

Intensive cultivation, 110–111, 171

Intimidation of tenants by landlords, 7, 251–253, 263, 302–304, 325

Judges— decisions of as to fines, 296, 299, 307 " " " foldcourses, 395–396 address of Lord Coventry to, 398 See also Court.

Juries— address of Hales to, 366–367 evidence as to depopulation before, 263, 366–367, 385 packed by landlords, 263, 385 service of 40s. freeholders on, 28, 36, 121

Justices— of Assize, cases referred to, 373–376 " " action taken by, 374–376 of the Peace, actions taken by against depopulation in Lincolnshire, 386, 419–420 of the Peace, actions taken by against depopulation in Nottinghamshire, 386, 418–419 of the Peace, assessment of enclosed land by in Warwickshire, 169 " " failure of to administer Acts against depopulation, 384–385, 390 of the Peace, letters of Council to, 358, 376 " " orders of as to relief of poor in Cornwall, 272 " " presentments before of enclosers in Yorkshire, 375 " " returns sent to Government by, 386 " " social prejudices of, 384–385 " " views of as to enclosing in Nottinghamshire, 418–449

Kind, rent paid in, 211–212

King, see Council, Court, and Index of Persons

Knight service, tenure by, 29

Labour, see Labourers

Labour services— Commutation of, 52, 58, 93, 98 of copyholders, 52–53

Labourers— assessment of wages of, 23, 100, 308 at Axholme, 104 commons used by, 247 effect of enclosing on habits of, 106 immobility of, 270–272 immigration to towns of, 275–277 in Norfolk, 21–22 " Worcestershire, 23 " Yorkshire, 22 King’s estimate of number of, 21 on monastic estates, 22 scarcity of, 100 social unimportance of, 342 unemployment of, 232–233

Land— speculation in, 78–86, 381–382 wide distribution of, 99–104 See also Agriculture, Arable land, Common land, Demesne, Holdings, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste

Landholders, see Peasants

Landless population, see Labourers

Landlords, see Manorial authorities

Land tenure, see Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders

Leasehold tenure— advantages of to lord, 213–214 competitive rents under, 141–147 early development of among peasants, 80–81 effect of plague on, 93–95. 208, 286 on demesne land, 93–95, 201–214 on waste, 87–89, 141–144 substitution of for copyhold tenure, 301–304

Leaseholders— division of demesne among small, 93–95, 204–209 eviction of, 283–287 letting of demesne to large, 210–211 manorial rights held by, 211 rack-renting of, 285 statistics as to, 25 rents paid by, 256 See also Leasehold tenure

Levellers, complaints by as to enclosing, 149, 320–321

Leyrwite, 53

Lords of manors, see Manorial authorities

Manor, the— agricultural routine of, 102 changes in, produced by Great Plague, 88–95, 207–209 classification of tenants on, 25, 48 communism in, 159–161, 243–246, 338 copyholders kernel of, 288 court of, 47, 78–79, 86, 125, 159–160, 244–246, 292 custom of, 47, 124–131, 292–301 customs of, at Aldeburgh, 411–412 " " Bushey, 126–128 " " High Furness, 101 fiscal interests of lord in, 76–77 interpretation of documents relating to, 75–78 leased in sixteenth century, 201–213 part played in by authority and communal arrangements, 92–93 rigidity of exaggerated, 76, 89–90, 172 views of held by Maitland, 244, 305, 433 " " " Seebohm, 163 " " " Vinogradoff, 77, 92, 244, 290 unprofitableness of to lord, 304

Manorial authorities, the— bargains made by with villagers, 205–207 bound by custom, 128–129 contemporary accounts of action of, 6–8 effect on of Tudor policy, 191, 197 " " rise in prices, 195–196 " " growth of woollen industry, 197–200 enclosing by, see Enclosures eviction by, see Eviction identity of interests of peasants with those of, 229, 257 large enclosures made by, 148–150, 154–155, 216–223 leasing of demesne by, see Demesne, Leasehold tenure opposition of to interference of Government, 397–399 " " " Somerset’s policy, 367–368, 370 pasture-farming by, see Pasture permission to enclose given by, 157 petitions of copyholders to, 302–304 rack-renting by, 141–147, 285 resumption of land by, 285–287 small control of over freeholders, 29–30 speculation in land by, 381–382 villeins claimed by, 42–43

Maps, consolidation of strips shown by, 163, 222–223, 254–255

Map— of Crendon, 221 " Edgeware, 172 " Maids' Moreton, 221 " Salford, 163 " Weedon Weston, 222 " Whadborough, 223

Markets— effect of growth of, 215 in Norfolk, 22, 111–112 small development of, 110–112

Marriage, age of, 104–106

Meadow land— belonging to a gild, 369–370 divided among peasants, 208 enclosed by manorial authorities, 219–221 " " peasants, 157

Mercantile system, the, 185, 313–315

Merchants, see Commerce

Merchet, immunity from claimed by peasants, 53–54

Middleman, the farmer a, 234

Midlands— chiefly affected by enclosure and conversion, 8–9, 167, 262–263, 405, 416–417 economic condition of, 63–66, 107 granary of country, 262 legal classification of tenants on manors in, 24–26

Military defence, importance of peasants for, 343–344, 415, 416, 418

Mobility of labour checked by law, 270–272

Monasteries— agriculture on estates of, 225 demesne lands of leased, 203 oppression of tenants by, 43, 382 pasture-farming on estates of, 225, 382 persons acquiring estates of, 380 political effects of dissolution of, 383–384 rebellions partly motived by, 318–319, 322–323 social effects of dissolution of, 380–384 views of Aske on dissolution of, 319, 383 " " Cobbett on dissolution of, 382 " " Hibbert on dissolution of, 383 " " Gasquet on dissolution of, 383

Money— increase in supply of in sixteenth century, 197–200 " " " effects of, 199–200, 304, 308–310 scarcity of, 198

Money rents— corn payments substituted for, 198 general in sixteenth century, 211–212

“Nativi,” see Villeinage

New allotments— distinction between customary holdings and, 95, 284–287, 289–290, 293–294 rents on, 141–147 resumption by lords of, 285–287

North of England— absence of demesne from some manors in, 203 administration of Acts against depopulation in, 374–375 copyhold tenure in, 190–191 customary of a manor in, 101 demands of rebels in, 335–336, see also Pilgrimage of Grace economic conservatism of, 63–66, 189–191 enclosing by peasants in, 157–158 equality of holdings in, 63–66, 189 eviction from a manor in, 257–258 importance of numerous tenantry in, 189–191 labour services on a manor in, 52–53 preponderance of customary tenants in, 25–26 rebellions in, see Pilgrimage of Grace relations between lords and tenants in, 189–191 size of enclosures in, 154 undermining of customary tenures in, 303–305

Open field system, the— advantage of, to peasants, 103–104 arrangement of demesne land under, 222–223, 254–256 early decay of in Kent, Essex, and Devonshire, 167, 202–263, 405 gradual modification of by peasants, 165–166, 172 ideas underlying, 169–170 inconvenience of, 171–172 picture of in maps, 163–164, 222–223 prevalence of in seventeenth century, 401–402 uncertainty of boundaries under, 235–236 See also Common Land, Enclosures, Maps, Strips

Pannage paid by copyholders in sixteenth century, 53

Parks— made by landlords, 148, 201 spared in Pilgrimage of Grace, 335

Parliament— Act of to fix fines demanded, 335 Acts of, ineffectiveness of, 352–353, 355 attitude of freeholders to, 36, 39, 121–122 debates in on Enclosures, 343, 387–388 " " Poor Law, 273–275 " " subsidies, 345–346 petition of peasants to, 251 request to return member to refused, 387 See also Acts of Parliament

Pasture— acreage of held by customary tenants, 107 " " " farmers of demesnes, 225–226 " " on monastic estates, 225 administration of by village, 102, 159–161, 243–246 apportionment of to arable holdings, 240–241, 247 conversion of arable to, 223–230 division of by peasants, 157 enclosure of by peasants, 157, 170 " " manorial authorities, 219–221 importance of to peasants, 235, 239–242 reconversion of to arable, 367, 391–393 See also Agriculture, Common Land, Farmers

Pasture-farming, see Agriculture, Common Land, Farmers, Pasture

Pauperism, see Poor Law

Peasants, the— agricultural methods of, 105–112 contemporary pictures of, 132–134 demands of, 334–337 education of, 134–135 effect of loss of common rights on, 240–241, 253 enclosure by, 151–173 encroachments on waste by, 87–89, 284–287 eviction of, 253–265 helplessness of, 302–304, 325 importance of, fiscal, 344–347 " " military, 343–344 independence of, 29–30, 34–39, 132–134, 325–328 leasing of demesne by, 94–95, 204–210 national pride in, 20–21,132–134 pauperism among, 270, 273–279 prosperity of, 132–134, 325 protection of by Government, 316–317, 351–400 rebellions of, 317–340 rents of, 115–121, 141–147 size of holdings of, 32–33, 64–65 upward movement among, 72, 75, 81–84, 96–98, 136 See also Agriculture, Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders, Tenants at will

Pilgrimage of Grace— agrarian demands put forward in, 322–324, 334–335 classes taking part in, 318–319, 322–324

Plague, see Great Plague, the

Plantations, emigration to suggested, 270

Ploughmen, military importance of, 343–344

Policy, agrarian, see Council, Court, Acts of Parliament

Poor Law, the— agrarian causes of, 272–275 debates in Parliament on, 273–275 expenditure on caused by depopulation, 278–279, 418 Mackay’s view as to origin of, 266–267 mobility discouraged by, 270–272 Orders of 1631, 279 slow development of, 269 vagrancy chief problem of, 268–269

Population, checks upon, 104–106

Population, the manorial, see Peasants, Copyholders, Leaseholders, Freeholders

Poverty, see Poor Law

Prices— effects of rise in, 199, 304, 308–310 regulation of, 308 Steffen’s statistics of, 198

Programme of peasants— in Pilgrimage of Grace, 334–335 " Norfolk, 335–337

Proletariat, peasants not a, 102

Protector, the— Act protecting tenants on demesne lands of, 294, 365 attack of colleagues on, 367–368, 370 Court of Requests used by, 367 difficulties of agrarian policy of, 362–364 fall of, 370 proclamation against enclosures issued by, 367 " pardoning rioters issued by, 367 Royal Commission appointed by, 366 See also Council, Court

Rackrents, see Rents, Fines

Reaction, under Warwick against Somerset’s agrarian policy, 367–368, 370, 372, 380

Reformation, the 339, 380–384

Rents— competitive, growth of, 139–147 fixed, demand for in Peasants' Revolt, 146 " effect of on landlords, 199–200, 304–310 " " " peasants, 117–121 " neutralised by exorbitant fines, 118, 120, 305–307 " statistics as to, 115–117 fixing of by commissioners, 354 " " council, 369 paid in kind, 211 per acre of demesne land, 256 racking of, complaints as to, 235, 414 reasonable, demand for, 336

Revolts, agrarian, the— conservative aims of, 333, 338–340 counties affected by, 318–320 directed against landlords, 323–324 in North of England, 318, 322–324 " Derbyshire, 329 " Norfolk, 324, 331–333 objects of, 333–337 organised character of, 325–326, 330–332 political importance of, 329, 340–341 sixteenth century, last age of, 318

Riots, agrarian, see Revolts

Royal Commissions, see Commissions

Salt silver, paid by copyholders, 53

Serf, see Villeins

Service, see Knight service

Services, labour, see Labour services

Servants— number of, employed in agriculture, 21–23 scarcity of, 21–23, 100 wages of, 100

Settlement laws— origin of, 269, 275–276 popularity of, 276

Sewers, the Commission of, 395

Shack, common of, 234

Sheep—

driving of, 326

number of kept by peasants, 113

slaughtering of, 331, 332

Sheep-farming— Acts restricting, 353–354, 360 by peasants, 113–115 by manorial authorities, 223–228

Slavery, legalisation of in 1547, 44, 269

Socage— freeholders holding by, 29 tenants, rent of, 29

Sochemanni, large number of in East Anglia, 26–27

South of England— contrast between conditions of North and of, 57, 63–66, 97, 103, 189 holdings of peasants in, 63–66

Speculation— in land by peasants, 78–81 in monastic estates, 380–382 on money market, 186

Statutes, see Acts of Parliament

Stinting of pastures, 160, 220, 241

Strikes, agrarian, 131, 330

Strips— advantage of scattered, 103–104 difficulty of enclosing, 162–163 exchanging of, 164–165 formed into compact blocks by peasants, 163–165 " " " " manorial authorities, 221–223 inconvenience of to manorial authorities, 254–255 merged in demesne farm, 256 picture of, in maps, 163, 222–223

Subletting of land by peasants, 80–81

Subsidiary income of peasants from woollen industry, 114–115

Subsidies— assessment of enclosed land to, 169 difficulty of collecting, 346 how assessed, 344–345 payment of by yeomen, 345–346

Subsistence, farming for, 111–112

Sub-tenants, taking of forbidden, 275–276

Surplus over rent retained by tenants, 118–121, 304–305

Surveyors— account of agrarian conditions by, 5 attitude of in Northumberland, 189–191 unpopularity of, 349

Tallages, 53–54

Taxation, see Subsidies

Tenants, see Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders, Tenants at will, Peasants

Tenants at will— insecurity of, 283 landlord compelled to grant leases to, 362 meanings of phrase, 47 statistics of number of, 48

Textile industries, the, see Woollen industry, the

Tillage, see Arable land

Trade, see Commerce

Trade unionism among peasants, 131, 330

Tramps, see Vagrancy

Transferring, the, of land— facilities offered by court of manor for, 86 importance of in building up a middle class, 78, 85, 97 instances of, 80–81

Tudors, the, see Index of Persons, Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI., Elizabeth

Unemployment— caused by enclosure, 232–233, 273, 278 methods of coping with, 269

Uses, Statute of, 323

Usury, 20, 109, 147, 307, 349

Vagrancy, chief feature of pauperism in sixteenth century, 268 effect of on towns, 275–277 " " open field/villages, 277–279 obstacles in the way of, 270–272 punishment of, 44, 269

Village community, the, see Manor, the

Villagers, see Peasants

Villeinage— attitude of State towards, 43, 359 compatible with considerable prosperity, 43 examples of in sixteenth century, 42–43 reference to in Somersett’s case, 44 traces of among copyholders, 52–54 views on of Fitzherbert, 46 " " Norden, 46 " " Savine, 41 " " Smith, 46

Virgates— aggregation of in fewer hands, 59–60, 66–70, 72–75 examples of arrangement of, 66–67, 73–74 use of as a measure, 67–68

Virgators, see Virgates

Wages, assessment of, 23, 100, 308

Wage labour, see Labourers

Waste land of manor— enclosure of by manorial authorities, 219–221 encroachments on, 87–89, 285–287 erection of cottages on, 277–278 great extent of, 88–89 improvement of under Statute of Merton, 87, 248 insecurity of tenants on, 285–287 overstocking of, 172, 242–243 reclamation of by capitalists, 394–395 rents of, 140–147 stinting of, 160, 220

Wool, see Woollen industry

Woollen industry— chief manufacture in sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, 3, 186 effect of on agrarian conditions, 195–197 encouraged by Government, 197 expansion of in fifteenth century, 113, 196 spread of in rural districts, 114 Schanz’s figures as to growth of, 196

Yeomen— accounts of by Bacon, 28 " " Coke, 133 " " Fuller, 36–37 " " Harrison, 132 " " Latimer, 134 " " Reyce, 40 " " Smith, 28 education of children of, 134–135 forcible disseisin of, 37 legal definition of, 27–28 importance of, fiscal, 344–347 " " military, 343–344 " " social, 34–40, 132 national pride in, 20–21 See also Freeholders, Peasants