INDEX

A. B. C. process of sewage treatment, 4

Abandonment of contract, 225

Access to work, 228, 229

Accident, contractor’s responsibility, 221, 224

Acetylene, explosive, 347

Acid precipitation. See Miles Acid Process. of sludge, 503

Acids as disinfectants, 489, 490

Activated sludge. Chapter XVIII, 465–479 advantages and disadvantages, 469, 470 aëration tank, 471, 472 air diffusion, 475, 477 air distribution, 473–478 air quantity, 475, 476 area of filtros plates, 478 colloid removal, 358 composition, 465–469 cost, 478, 479 definition, 466 dewatering, 468, 469, 497–505 fertilizing value, 469, 470 historical, 470, 471 how obtained, 478 nitrogen content, 468 patent, 471 process, 465 quantity, 469 reaëration tank, 473 results, 467, 468, 476 sedimentation tank, 472

Advertisement, 214

Aëration, effect on oxygen dissolved, 373–375 of sewage, 371, 376, 465–479

Aërobes, 363

Aërobic decomposition, 366, 367

Aftergrowths, 492

Aggregates, specifications, 172–174

Air, see also ventilation, activated sludge, compressed air, etc. ejectors, 150 lock dosing apparatus. Chap. XXI, 506–512 machinery for activated sludge, 473, 474

Algæ, 363

Alkalinity, 358

Alleys, sewers in, 80

Alum, 407, 408

Alvord tank, 427, 429

Ammonia, 366, 367, 374, 375, 410 explosives, 297

Analyses, bacteriological, 364 chemical, 354, 355 mechanical of sand, 182 physical, 352–354 sewage, 352–364

Anaërobes, 363, 365–367

Anaërobic, action, 410 bacteria, 363 conditions, 367 decomposition, 365–367

Ann Arbor, Michigan, Population, 14

Annual expense, method of financing, 157, 158

Ansonia air ejector, 150, 151

514Antibiosis, definition, 363

Appurtenances to sewers. Chap. VI, 99–115

Arch, analyses, 204–208 elastic method, 206–208 vouissoir analysis, 204–206 brick construction, 312, 313 centers for brick sewers, 313 concrete construction, 318–321

Ardern and Lockett, development of activated sludge, 467, 468, 471

Area of cities, 31

Asphyxiation in sewer gas, 336

Assessments, special, 15, 16

Augers, earth, 21

Automatic, regulators, 117–121 siphons, flush-tanks, 110 double alternating, 507 multiple alternating, 508–512 timed, 510 timed and multiple alternating, 510–512 triple alternating, 508

Bacillus, definition and morphology, 362, 363

Backfilling, 328–331

Backfill, puddling, 330 weight of, 199, 201

Backwater curve, 73

Bacteria, definition and morphology, 362, 363 good and bad, 363, 364 nature of, 362, 363 nitrifying, 431, 432 sanitary significance of, 364 in sewage, 362, 363 total count, 364

Bacterial analyses, results in sewage, 364

Baffles, scum, 404, 413, 414, 421 in sedimentation tanks, 404 in septic tanks, 413, 414 in Imhoff tanks, 421

Balls, for cleaning sewers, 338

Band screen, 384

Barring, definition, 263

Bars for screens, 390

Basins, sedimentation, baffling, 404 bottoms, 404 cleaning arrangements, 404 depth, 401 economical dimensions, 401–403 inlets and outlets, 404 scum boards, 404 types, 395

Basket handle sewer section, 67, 69

Bathing beaches, pollution, 381

Bazin’s formula, 54

Bearings, for centrifugal pumps, 131, 137, 138 thrust, 138

Bellmouth, 121, 122

Bends in pipe, loss of head in, 116

Berlin, sewage farm, 460, 461 sewers, date of, 3

Bids, proposal, 217–219

Bidder’s duties, 215–217

Bio-chemical oxygen demand, 359–361

Biolysis of sewage, 366, 367

Black and Phelps dilution formulas, 377–379

Blasting and explosives, 294–304 caps, 297, 299, 300 detonators, 294, 297–300 firing, 302–304 fuses and detonators, 297–300 fuses, delayed action, 291, 300 fuses, electric, 299, 300 splicing, 303 gelatine, 296 loading holes, 303 powder, 295 precautions, 300–302 priming and loading, 303 rock, 269 size of charge, 304, 305 tunneling, 290, 291

Bleach, characteristics of for disinfection, 491

Block sewer, construction, 311–314 hollow tile as underdrains, 126

Blocks, vitrified clay, 189, 190

Boilers, steam, 147–150

515Boilers, efficiencies, 149 horse-power, 149

Bond, contractor’s, 213, 214, 232 issues, 14

Bonds, definition and types, 14–16

Boring underground, 20

Bottom, activated sludge aëration tank, 472 Imhoff tanks, 423 sedimentation tanks, 404 trickling filter, 451, 452

Box sheeting, 272

Branch sewer, defined, 7

Breast boards, 288

Brick, arch construction, 312, 313 and block sewer construction, 311–315 invert construction, 311, 312 sewer construction, 311–315 arch centers, 313 invert, 311–312 organization, 314, 315 progress, 314 row lock bond, 312 specifications, 188, 189 sewers, life of, 351

Bricks for sewers, 316

British Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, 4

Broad irrigation. See under Irrigation.

Bucket excavators, 246, 255, 256

Building material, weight of, 201

Burkli-Ziegler formula, 47, 425

Butyrine, 366

Cableway excavators, 246, 250–252

Cage screen, 384, 385

Caisson excavation, 285, 286

Calcium carbide, explosive, 347

Calumet pumping station, 128, 142

Cameron septic patent, 411

Capacity of sewers, diagrams, 57–60

Capital, private invested in sewers, 17

Capitalization, method of financing, 157–160

Caps, blasting. See blasting.

Carbohydrate, 366, 367

Carbon, analysis for, 356 dioxide, 366, 367

Carson Trench machine, 250, 251

Cast-iron pipe, 122, 164, 190, 191 joints, 164 quality, 101, 102, 190

Castings, iron, 101, 102

Catch-basins, 99, 107–108, 217 cleaning, 343, 344 inspection, 337

Catenary sewer section, 69

Cellars, depth of, 88

Cellulose, 367

Cement. See also Concrete, pipe, specifications, manufacture and sizes, 171–179 vs. concrete, 164

Centrifugal pumps. See pumps, centrifugal.

Centrifuge for sludge drying, 501, 502

Cesspool, 411, 416, 417

Champaign, Illinois, septic tank, 415, 416

Changes in plan, 222, 223

Channeling, definition, 263

Character of surface, 44

Chemical analyses, 354–362

Chemical precipitation, 371, 405–409 chemicals used, 405–407 preparation of chemicals, 407, 408 results, 408, 409 at Worcester, 408

Chezy formula, 52, 53

Chicago. See also Sanitary District of Chicago. drainage canal, 374, 375 dilution requirement for sewage, 380 early sewers, 3 method of sewage disposal, 374 population and density, 29, 30 trench excavation in, 248

Chlorine. See also Disinfection. disinfectant, 489–493 in sewage, 358, 374, 375

Chlorine liquid, application, 491, 492

Cholera, transmittable disease, 364

516Chromatin, 365

Chutes for concrete, 187

Circular sewer section, hydraulic elements, 65, 66, 69 types, 70, 71

City, growth of area, 31 growth of population, 24–28 legal powers, 219

Clay, life of pipe, 349–351 manufacture of pipe, 165–167 specifications for pipe, 168–170 unglazed for pipe, 165 vitrified blocks, 167, 189, 190 vitrified pipe, 165–171

Cleaning, grit chambers, 398, 400 sedimentation basins, 404 sewers, cost, 341 in N. Y. City, 332 methods, 337–343 tools, 338–340 up after completion of work, 228

Coccus, 362

Coefficient of uniformity of sand, 456

Coffin sewer regulator, 117, 118

Colloid, nature of, 358 treatment for, 358

Color of sewage, 352, 353

Combined sewer system, 78, 79

Commercial districts, characteristics of and sewage from, 32, 34, 35

Compensators for pumps, 142

Compressed air. See also ventilation, tunneling, drilling, etc. activated sludge, 473–475 for drilling, 264–268 in tunnels, 292–294 transporting concrete, 320, 321

Concentration, time of flood flow, 41–43, 96, 97

Concrete, aggregates, 172–174 mixing and placing, 184–188 pipe, details, 175–179 manufacture, 171–179 reinforcement, 177, 178, 209, 210 pipe, steam process, 176 sizes, 175 pressure against forms, 232, 323

Concrete, proportioning, 179–183 qualities, 179, 180 reinforcement, placing, 178, 326, 327 reinforcing steel, quality, 191 sewer construction, 314–328 arch, 318–321 form length, 319 labor costs, 327, 328 in open cut, 314–320 in tunnel, 320, 321 invert, 315–320 organization for, 328 working joints, 319 sewer costs, 327–329 strength, 181 waterproofing, 184

Conduits, special sections, 67, 70, 71

Connections to sewers, ordinances, 344, 345 record of 92, 238

Construction of sewers, Chap. XI, 233–331

Construction, elements of, 233 organizations, 315, 328

Contact bed, 432–437, 506 advantages and disadvantages, 432–434 automatic control, 437, 506 cleaning, 435 clogging, 435 construction, 434–436 control, 437, 506 cycle, 436, 437 depth, 434 description, 432, 433 design, 434–436 dimensions, 434, 435 loss of capacity, 435 material, 435, 436 multiple, 433, 435 operating conditions, 432–437 rate, 435 results, 433, 434 ripening, 432

Continuous bucket excavators, 246–250

Contour interval on maps, 79, 80

517Contracts, Chap. X, 211–232 abandonment of, 225 assignment, 228 completion of, 222, 228 bond, 213, 222 content, 213, 230, 231 cost-plus, 212, 213 disputes, 220 divisions of, 213 drawings, 213 engineer as an arbitrator, 220 the instrument, 230, 231 interpretation of, 220, 234, 235 lump sum, 212 nature of, 211, 212 sample, 230, 231 time allowed, 222 types, 212, 213 unit-price, 213

Contractor, absence of, 222 bond, 232 claims against, 228 duties, 221 liability, 224 relations with other contractors, 228, 229

Contractor’s powder, 294

Control devices, automatic, for sewers, 117–121 for filters, 500–512 inspection of, 336, 337

Copper sulphate, disinfectant, 490

Copperas, precipitant, 406–408

Cordeau Bickford, 298, 303

Corrugated iron pipe, 165

Cost. See under item wanted.

Cost, annual. Method of financing, 157–160 capitalized. Method of financing, 157–160 classification of, 235–238 comparisons of. Methods for making, 157–160 collection of data, 10–14, 235–238 estimate. Method of making, 10–14 overhead, 237, 238

Couplings, flexible for shafts, 138

Covers, Imhoff tanks, 424 septic tanks, 415 trickling filters, 451

Crops on sewage farms, 463, 464

Cunette, 67, 70

Cut, depth of excavation, 88, 92

Cycle, contact bed, 436 life and death, 367, 431 nitrogen, 367, 368 trickling filter, 441

Cylinders, stresses in, 194, 202–204

Cytoplasm, 365

Damages, liquidated, 222 material, 221, 224

Darcy’s formula, 52

Day labor, 211

Decomposition of sewage, 365–367

Definitions. See word defined.

Deflagration, definition, 294

Delays in contract work, 228

Delayed action fuses, 291, 300

Densities. See population.

Depreciation, of sewers, 348–351 rate of, financial, 158

Depth of sewers, 88

Design conditions, 88–92 economical, mathematics of, 401–403 preparations for, 17–23

Detention period, grit chamber, 397 Imhoff tank, 419 plain sedimentation, 392–395, 401 septic tank, 415

Detonation, definition, 294

Detonator. See blasting cap.

Diameter of sewers, 57–60, 72, 88–92

Diaphragm pump, 257, 258

Diesel engine, 152, 154

Digestion chamber, Imhoff tank, 422, 423

Digestion of sludge in separate tank, 427–430, 497

Dilution, amount needed, 377–380 conditions for success, 372, 373

518Dilution, definition, 372 formulas for quantity, 378–380 governmental control, 380, 381 preliminary studies, 381, 382 in salt water, 376, 377 in streams, 372–376 of sewage, 370 and Chap. XIV, 372–382

Diseases, water-borne, 364

Disinfection, 489–493 action of, 489–491 bleaching powder, 491 chlorine, liquid, 491 amount of, 492 disinfectants, 489, 490 purpose, 489 selective action of disinfectants, 492, 493

Disk screen, 384

Disposal of sewage, See sewage treatment.

Disputes, engineer to settle, 220

Dissolved oxygen. See Oxygen dissolved.

Distribution of sewage, contact beds, 436 irrigation, 461, 462 nozzles, 442–449 sand filter, 450–458 traveling distributor, 442 trickling filters, 441–451

Districts, character of, 29, 30, 32–37 classification of, 34, 35

Domestic sewage, defined, 6, 7, 352

Dorr Thickeners, 472, 504

Dortmund tank, 404

Dosing devices, 506–512 alternating and timed siphons, 500–512 Alvord device at Lake Forest, 506 four or more alternating siphons, 509 operation of automatic siphon, 110 three alternating siphons, 508 timed siphons, 510 two alternating siphons, 507 types, 506

Dosing tank design, for trickling filter, 446–450

Doten tank, 429, 430

Drag line excavators, 255, 256

Drainage areas, 81, 84, 94

Drills, electric, 267 jack hammer, 264, 265 punch, 20 size of cylinder for, 266 tripod, 264, 265

Drilling, methods, 20–23, 264–270 depth, diameter and spacing of holes, 268–270 power for, 267, 268 rate of, in rock, 267 steam and air, 267, 268

Drop manhole, 100, 101

Drop-down curve, 73, 77

Drum screen, 384

Dry weather flow, 24, 38

Drying sludge. See sludge drying.

Dualin, 296

Duty of contractor. See Contractor, duties

Duty of engineer. See Engineer, duties.

Duty of inspector. See Inspector, duties.

Duty of a pump, defined, 135

Dynamite, 296–298, 300–302, 304, 305 cartridge, 268, 296, 302 thawing, 301, 302

Dysentery, 365

Earth pressures, theories, 274, 275

Economical dimensions, mathematics of, 401–403

Effective size of sand, defined, 456

Efficiency of a pump, defined, 135

Effluents, character of activated sludge, 467, 468 chemical precipitation, 408 contact bed, 434 Imhoff tank, 414, 424, 425, 432 lime and electricity, 489 Miles acid process, 484, 485 sand filter, 453

519Effluents, sedimentation tank, 401 septic tank, 412–414

Egg-shaped section, 67, 68, 70

Ejectors, air, 150, 151

Elastic arch analysis, 206–208

Electric motors, 150–152

Electrolytic treatment, 487–489

Elevations, method of recording, 92

Emergencies, duties of engineer, 235

Emerson pump, 261

Engines, internal combustion, 152–154 steam, types, 142–144.

Engineer, absence of, 221 defined, 220 disputes settled by, 220, 234 duties of, 9, 10, 220, 233, 234, 238 individuality and personality, 9, 234 qualifications, 9 sanitary, definition, 2

Engineering News pile formula, 125, 126

Entering sewers, precautions, 335, 336

Enzymes, 365

Equipment for construction, 237

Equivalent sections, defined, 72 solution of problems in, 67–72

Estimates, cost and work done, 10–14 when made, 226 data for, 235

Excavation, depth of open cut, 284 drainage, 252, 262 hand, 242–245, 249 economy, 245 laborer’s ability, 243 lay out of tasks, 243

Excavation, hand, opening trench, 243 vs. machine, 245, 249 tools, 242 machine, 244–246 economy, 245 limitations, 246 vs. hand, 245, 249 specifications, 240, 241

Excavating machines, bucket, 246, 255 cableway and trestle, 246, 250–252 Carson machine, 250, 251 continuous belt, 246 bucket, 246, 247 drag line, 255 Potter machine, 251 steam shovel, 252–254 tower cableway, 252 wheel excavators, 246–250

Excavation, machine, organization, 249 pumping and drainage, 256, 257 quicksand, 256 rock, 263, 264 payment for, 230 specifications, 240, 241 trench bottom, 241, 304, 311

Explosions in sewers, 108, 336, 346–348 causes of, 346 historical, 346 prevention, 108, 348

Explosives. See also Blasting.

Explosives, and blasting, 294–304 ammonia compounds, 297 blasting gelatine, 296 contractor’s powder, 294 deflagrating, 294 detonating, 294 detonators, 294, 297–300 “Don’ts,” 300, 301 dynamite, 296–298, 300–302, 304, 305 fuses and detonators, 297–300 gelatine dynamite, 296 gunpowder, 295 handling, 300–302 nitro-glycerine, 295 nitro-substitution compounds, 295 permissible, 297 quantity, 304, 305 requirements, 294 strength of, 297, 298 T.N.T., 295 types, 294–297

520Exponential formulas for flow of water, 54, 55

Extra work, compensation, 227

Facultative bacteria, 363

Fanning’s run-off formula, 49

Farms, septic tanks for, 416, 417

Farming with sewage. See irrigation.

Fats in sewage, 357–359, 366, 367 from Miles acid process, 485–487

Feathers, for splitting rock, 264

Ferrous sulphate, precipitant, 406–408

Fertilizer from sludge, 470, 495, 497

Fertilizing value of, activated sludge, 470 sewage, 459, 460

Filter press for sludge, 500, 501

Filters. See under name of filter.

Filtration, of sewage, 370, 371, 431–459 action in, theory of, 431 cost, 458, 459

Filtros plates, 477, 478

Finances, mathematics of, 157–160

Financing, methods of, 14–17

Flamant’s formula, 54, 56

Flies on trickling filters, 438

Flight sewer, 101, 102

Flood, crest velocities, 42, 43 flow computations, 94–98 McMath formula, 94, 96, 97 Rational method, 95–98

Flow, laws of, 52 velocity of, 52, 90, 91

Fluctuations, in rate of sewage flow, 33–38 in quality of sewage, 368–370

Flush-tanks, automatic, 109–113 capacity, 111 details, 110, 112 inspection of, 336, 337 payment for, 217 siphon sizes, 111

Flushing, 109–113, 341–343 amount of water needed, 112 methods, 341–343 manhole, 109 sewer, defined, 8

Foaming of Imhoff tanks, 425, 426

Foot valves, 141

Force main, defined, 8

Forms, design of, 322, 323 length of, 319 materials, 321, 322 oiling, 174, 186, 322 specifications, 322 steel, 325, 326 steel-lined, 325 support for, 316, 318 time in place, 319 wooden, 323, 324

Formulas, hydraulic, methods for solution, 55–61 for flow of water, 52–55 for rainfall. See Rainfall, for run-off. See Run-off.

Foundations, 99, 124–126

Franchises for sewers, 17

Free ammonia, 366, 367, 374, 375, 410

Freezing, catch-basins, 108 concrete, 186, 187 dynamite, 301, 302

Fresh sewage, characteristics, 352–354

Friction losses. See Head losses. flow in pipe, 51, 52

Fuel, consumption by prime movers, 153 costs, 153 heat value, 150

Fungus growth in sewers, 333

Fuses. See blasting fuses.

Ganguillet and Kutter’s formula, 52–65

Gas, chamber in Imhoff tank. See Scum chamber. engines, 152–154 illuminating, explosive, 347 sewer, 335, 336

Gasoline, explosive, 108, 109, 335, 346, 347 engines, 152–154 and oil separator, 109 odors, significance, 335, 353

521Gearing, reduction for turbines, 140, 146

Gelatine dynamite, 296

Glycerol, 366

Gothic section, 67

Governmental control, stream pollution, 380, 381

Grade, of sewers. See also Slope. how given, 281–284 selection of, 90 stakes, 221, 281–283

Gravel, specifications, 172

Grease, in sewers, 99, 108, 333, 345 cutter, 340 ordinance concerning, 345 traps, 99, 108

Gregory’s imperviousness formulas, 44, 46

Grit, clogs sewers, 333 chambers, 127, 397–401 description, 395, 398 design, 397, 398 dimensions, 397, 398 existing, 398–400 outlet arrangements, 400 results, 397 retention period, 397 sludge analyses, 397 units, number of, 400, 401 velocity of flow in, 396–398 quantity and character of, 397

Grooves in concrete, working joints, 319

Ground water in sewers, 38, 39, 85, 87, 256, 352

Gun cotton, 296

Gunpowder, 295

Hazen, theory of sedimentation, 392–395 dilution formula, 380

Hazen and William’s formula, 55, 57

Head loss, in bends, 116 entrance, 115 friction in straight pipe, 51, 52, 115

Hercules powder, 296

Hering, Rudolph, dilution recommendations, 380

Hering, Rudolph, introduction of Imhoff tank and hydraulic formulas, 425

Historical résumé of sewerage and sewage treatment, 2–5

Hitch, tunnel frame, 286, 287

Holes, drill. See Drill holes.

Holidays, work on, 221

Hook for lifting pipe, 304, 306

Horse-power, boiler, 149, 150 of pumps, 144–146

Horseshoe sewer section, 71

House, connections, record of, 92, 234 drains, 7, 88, 90 sewer, defined, 7

Hydraulic, elements, 65, 69 formulas, 52–55 jump, 73–74 principles, 51, 52, 72, 73 value of settling particles, 393

Hydraulics of, sewers, Chap. IV, 51–77 circular pipes partly full, 65, 66 equivalent sections, 72 non-uniform flow, 72–77 sections other than circular, 67–72 use of diagrams, 61–65

Hydrocarbon, 367

Hydrogen sulphide, 353, 366, 410

Hydrolytic tank, 427, 428

“Hypo” as a disinfectant, 491

Hytor Turbo blower, 473, 474

Illinois River, self-purification, 374–376

Imhoff tank, and chlorination, costs, 487 cover, 424 description, 417–419 design, 419–424 digestion chamber, 422 inlet and outlet, 421 operation, 426–427 patent, 418 results, 414, 424, 425, 439, 467 sedimentation chamber, 419–422 scum chamber, 424 slot, 422 522sludge, 414, 467 sludge pipe, 423, 424 status, 425, 426 and trickling filter, cost, 479

Impeller, for centrifugal pump, 131, 136

Imperviousness, relative, 40, 42, 44–46, 95–97

Industrial, districts, 32–37 wastes, defined, 7, 352 tannery, 491

Information and instructions for bidders, 213, 215–217

Inlets, street, 93, 94, 99, 104–107

Inspection, contract stipulations, 221–224 during construction, 233, 234 for maintenance, 104, 333–337, 348, 349

Inspector, absence of, 221, 222 duties, 233–234 qualifications, 234

Institutional sewage treatment plants, 416, 417

Intercepting sewer, defined, 7

Intermittentsand filter. See Sand filter.

Internal combustion engines, 152–154

Inverted siphon, 113–116

Iron, ferrous sulphate, precipitant, 406–408 cast. See cast iron.

Irrigation. See also Farming and Sewage farming. area required, 463 Berlin sewage farm, 460, 461 crops, 463, 464 description, 459 fertilizing value of sewage, 460, 470, 495, 498 vs. farming, 459 operation, 461–463 preliminary treatment, 462, 463 preparation for, 461–463 process, 459, 460 sanitary aspects 463 status, 460, 461 theory, 432 in the United States, 461

Jack hammer drill, 264, 265

Jetting method, 21–23

Jet pump, 259, 341, 343

Joints, bituminous, 309–311 in cast-iron pipe, 164 cement, 307, 308 inspection of, 234 lead, 164 mortar, 307 open, 307 poured, 309–311 cement, 309, 311 riveted steel, 195, 196 sulphur and sand, 309 types, for pipe, 307 working, in concrete, 319

Junctions, 99

Kuichling, run-off rules, 46, 47, 49 storm intensity formulas, 50

Kutter’s formula, 52–65

Labor, day vs. contract, 211 costs on concrete sewer, 328, 329

Labyrinth packing rings, 136, 137

Lagging, tunnel frames, 287 for forms, 322

Lagooning sludge, 495–497

Laitance, 186, 188

Lakes, self-purification of, 376

Lampé’s formula, 54

Lampholes, 99, 104

Lateral sewer, defined, 7

Lawrence Experiment Station, 4

Leaping weir, 118–121, 337

Legal requirements, construction, 224 dilution, 380, 381 in design, 9

Liernur system, 5

Life, organic in sewage, 363, 364 of sewers, 348–351

Lime as a precipitant, 405–408 with electricity, 488, 489 with iron, 406, 407

Line and grade, 281–284 how given, 281–283

Liquefaction of sludge, 411–413, 496, 497

523Liquid chlorine. See also Chlorine, 491

Liquidated damages, 222

Loads on, pipe, 198–202 Marston’s method, 198–202 trench, 199–202

Lock bar pipe, 197

Lock-joint pipe, 177

Long loads, 201

Machine excavation. See Excavation.

Macroscopic organisms, 363, 368

Main sewer, defined, 7

Maintenance of sewers, Chap. XII, 332–351 catch-basin cleaning, 343, 344 cleaning sewers, 337–343 complaints, 333 cost, 341 entering sewers, 335, 336 flushing, 109–113, 341–343 hand cleaning, 341 inspection, 333–337 organization, 332 protection of sewers, 344, 345 repairs, 337 tools, 338–341 troubles, 333 work involved, 332

Man, shoveling ability, 243

Manholes, 81, 99–104 bottom, 100 cover, 102–103 drop, 101 flushing, 109, 342 location and numbering, 81 payment methods, 217, 218 steps, 100, 103, 104

Manning’s formula, 55

Map, preliminary, 17, 79, 80, 82, 83

Marsh gas, 347, 366, 367, 410, 415

Marston’s methods for external loads on buried pipe, 198–202

Materials, for sewers, Chap. VIII, 164–193 measurement of, 236, 237 record of, 237 unit weights, 201, 202

McMath’s formula, 47, 48, 94, 95

Meem’s theory of earth pressure, 274, 275

Mercaptan, 367

Metabolism, 365

Methane, 347, 366, 367, 410, 415

Methylene blue, 360

Microscopic organisms, 363, 364, 368

Miles acid process, costs, 487 amount of acid, 483 analyses of sludge, 485 description, 482 results, 483–487 sludge, 485

Mineral matter in sewage, 357

Mirror, inspecting device, 334

Money retained by city, 227

Mosquitoes in catch-basins, 108

Motors, electric, 150–152

Municipal, bond, 14, 15 corporations, 15

n, value of in Kutter’s formula, 53

New York City, density of population, 29, 31 siphons under subway, 114 grease and gasoline trap, 108, 109 aëration of sewage, 377, 470 cleaning sewers, 332 depreciation of sewers, 348–351

Needle beam, 286, 287

Night, soil, 5 work, 221

Nitrates, 355, 356

Nitrites, 355, 356

Nitrifying organisms, 431, 432

Nitrobacter, 431, 432

Nitro explosives, 295, 296

Nitrogen, cycle, 367, 368

organic, 355, 356

Nitro-glycerine, 295

Nitrosomonas, 431, 432

Nomograph, 55, 56

Non-uniform flow, 72–77

Nozzles. See also Trickling filters. coefficients of discharge, 446 types, 445

524Numbering, drainage areas, 81, 94 manholes, 81

Nye steam pump, 260, 263

Obstructions to construction, 235

Odor of sewage, 353

Oil in sewage, 108, 344–348

Oiling forms, 174, 186, 322

Olein, 366

Ordinances, for protection of sewers, 344, 345

Organisms in sewage, 363, 364, 368

Organic matter, composition, 366

Organizations for construction, 315, 317, 328

Orders, to whom given, 222

Outfall sewer, defined, 8

Outlets, 99, 122–124, 373

Overflow weir, 118–121 inspection of, 337

Overhead, costs, division of, 10, 237, 238 -track excavators, 246, 250, 251

Oxidation in streams, 373–376

Oxygen, absorption of, 374–377 consumed, 355, 356 demand, 359–361 computation of, 360 bio-chemical, 359–361

Oxygen dissolved exhaustion of, 366 in dilution, 381 solubility, 362 supersaturation, 361 concentration for successful dilution, 377–380 formulas for concentration, 378–380 significance of in sewage, 359–362

Oysters, contamination of, 372, 489

Packing rings, labyrinth type, 136, 137

Palmatin, 366

Parasites, 365

Paris sewage farm, 460

Patents. Protection of City by contractor, 224, 225

Pathogenic bacteria, 364

Pavement, replacing, 329

Payment, final on contract, 228

Payments, methods of making, 217, 218

Periscope inspecting device, 334, 335

Permissible explosives, 297

Phenolphthalein indicator, 408

Photographic records, 238

Piles for foundations, 123–126

Pills for cleaning sewers, 338

Pipe, bedding, 230, 304, 328 cast-iron. See under cast-iron pipe. design of ring, Chap. IX, 194–210 external loads on, 198–202 joints. See Joints. sewer construction, 304–311 laying, line and grade, 282–284 organization, 311 method of laying, 304, 306, 307 steel, design, 195–197 stresses in, external forces, 194, 202–204 stresses due to internal pressure, 194 stresses in buried pipe, 198–204 stresses in circular ring, 202–204 wood design, 197, 198

Plankton, defined, 363 in sewage, 368

Plans, changes in contract, 222, 223

Plug and feathers for splitting rock, 264

Pneumatic, collection system, 5 concreting, 320, 321

Poling boards, in open cut, 271, 272 in tunnel, 287

Pollution, legal features, 380, 381

Population, density, 28–31 predictions, 24–27 served by sewers in the U. S., 3 sources of information, 27, 28 and quantity of sewage, 31, 32

Potter trench machine, 251

Powder. See Blasting.

525Power pump, 132, 133

Precautions in entering sewers, 335, 336

Precipitants, chemical, 405–407

Preliminary, map, 17, 79, 80, 82, 83 work, 9, 17–23

Present worth, 158, 160

Pressing sludge, 500, 501

Priming explosives, 302–304

Private, capital, 17 sewers, 17

Privy, 5

Profile, for brick sewers, 312 sewer, 92 surface, 88

Progress, rate of, 222 reports, 238

Promotion (inception of sewers), 9

Proportioning concrete. See Concrete proportioning.

Proposal (contract), 213, 217–219

Protection of sewers (ordinances), 344, 345

Protein, 366

Puddling, backfill, 330

Pulsometer pump, 260, 261

Pumping, in excavations, 256–263 selection of machinery, 154–156 equipment, cost comparison, 162 station, 128, 142 costs, 156–163 equipment, 127, 128

Pumps, air ejector, 150, 151 capacity, 129, 160–163 capacity of units, 160–163 centrifugal, details, 130, 131, 136–138 automatic control, 141, 142 characteristics, 138–140 efficiency, 140 for excavation, 262 motors for driving, 150–152 performance, 138–140 protection of, by screens, 386 selection of, 154–156 setting, 140–142 turbine, 130–132, 154 types, 130, 131

Pumps, centrifugal, volute, 130–132, 154 character of load, 129 costs, 156, 157 description of types, 130–134 for construction work, 256–263 diaphragm, 257, 258 direct-acting, 133 duty of, 135, 136 efficiencies, 135, 136 ejector, 134, 150, 151, 259, 341, 343 jet, 259 need for, 127 number of units, 160–163 packing of, 133, 134 piston, 133 speed, 133, 134 plunger, 133 power, 132, 133 reciprocating, 130, 132–135, 154–156 for excavation, 262 reliability, 127 sizes, 135 steam, 134, 135, 142–146 consumption, 144, 145 vacuum, 259, 262 improvised for trench work, 257 turbine, 130–132, 154 volute, 130–132, 154

Putrescibility, 359, 360

Quantity, of sewage, 24–50, 84–87 variations, 33–38 storm water, 40–50, 94–98

Quicksand, definition, 256 excavation in, 256 safeguards, 235

Quiescent water, self-purification, 374

Racks. See Screens.

Rainfall, 17, 40, 41, 50, 96, 97 data, 17 rate, 96, 97

Rangers, 270–274, 276–279

Rankine’s theory of earth pressure, 275

526Rapid sand filtration of sewage, 458

Rational method of run-off determination, 40, 95–98

Reaëration tank in activated sludge, 473

Receiving well, capacity, 129, 130

Reciprocating pumps. See Pumps, reciprocating.

Records, character of, on construction, 238–240

Rectangular sewer section, 67–69

Regulators, 99, 117–121, 337 inspection of, 337

Reinforced concrete sewer design, 209, 210

Reinforcing steel, specifications, 191 placing, 326, 327

Reinsch Wurl screen, 384

Relative stability numbers, 359

Relief sewer, defined, 7

Repairs to sewers, 337

Report, engineer’s preliminary, 10

Reservoir, collecting capacity, 129, 130

Residences, septic tanks for, 416, 417

Residential districts, characteristics, 32–37

Residue on evaporation, 356, 357

Rideal’s dilution formula, 379

Ring, design. Chap. IX, 194–210 stresses in circular, 202–204

River pollution, legal features, 380, 381

Rivers, self-purification of, 373–376

Riveted joints, properties, 196

Rock, blasting, 268, 290, 291 definition, 263 drill, data on, 266, 267 drilling. See also Drilling. by hand, 264 by power, 264–268 rates, 267 excavation. See also Excavation. payment for, 230 measurement of, in place, 235 tunnels, 290, 291

Rods, sewer, 338

Roman ordinance relative to sewers, 2

Roofs. See Covers.

Root cutters, 340

Roots, 333, 340

Row lock bond for bricks, 312

Running water, self-purification, 373–376

Run-off, computations, 17, 40, 46–50, 94–98

Safeguards during construction, 221, 241

Salt water, dilution in, 376, 377

Sand, effective size, 456 uniformity coefficient, 456 filters, 452–459 action in, 431, 432, 452–454 control, 458, 506–510 description, 452 dimensions, 456 distribution systems, 433, 456–458 dosing, 454–456 dosing devices, 506–510 materials, 456 operation, 454, 455 preliminary treatment, 455 rate, 455 results, 452, 453 size of sand for, 456 thickness, 456 in winter, 455

Sanitary District of Chicago, dilution factor, 380 specifications, for manhole covers, 101, 102 tunnel cover, 284 tunnel ventilation, 291

Sanitary engineering, 1, 2

Sanitary sewage, defined, 7, 352

Saph and Schoder’s formula, 54

Saprophytes, 365

Screed, 316

Screens, 383–391 chlorination and fine screens, costs, 487 coarse, 386, 391 data on fine, 388, 389 design of, 389–391 527fine, 381, 382, 387–389 fixed, 385, 390 medium, 386 movable, 385, 386, 389–391 moving, 384–386 openings, 386–389 protection to pumps, 127, 141 purpose, 383 results, 386–389 sewage treatment by, 371, 381 size and performance, 386–389 sizes, 386–391 types, 384–386

Screening, vs. sedimentation, 383 purpose, object, 383

Screenings, character of, 386–389

Scum, boards for, septic tanks, 413, 414 Imhoff tanks, 421 chamber in an Imhoff tank, 424 definition, 495

Sediment, velocity of transportation, 396, 397

Sedimentation, 383–405 definition, 383 Hazen’s analysis, 392–395 hydraulic values, 393 a method of treatment, 370 object, 383 Peoria Lakes, 376 protection of siphons, 113, 114 results from plain sedimentation, 401 theory of, 391–395 transportation of debris, 396 velocity of, 392, 393 vs. screening, 383 velocities, limiting, 396, 397

Sedimentation, basins, arrangement, 394 baffling, 404 cleaning, 404 dimensions, 401–403 inlet and outlet, 404 operation, 411 types, 395 chamber, Imhoff tank, 419–422

Self-purification of lakes, 376

Self-purification of streams, 373–376

Separate sewer systems, 78–80

Septic action, 353, 365–368, 371, 410, 411, 496, 497 results, 412, 413 vs. sedimentation, 411

Septic tank, 411 baffling, 413, 414 capacities of small tanks, 417 for country homes, 416, 417 covers for, 415 definition, 411 design, 413–417 explosions in, 415 results, 412, 413 seeding, 413 sludge storage, 414 small, 416, 417 units, 415

Septic sludge analysis, 414

Septicization. Chap. XVI, 410–430 a method of treatment, 371 the process, 410, 411 results, 412, 413

Settling solids, 357

Sewage and water supply, 32 aëration, 371, 376, 465–479 alkalinity of, 358 analyses, chemical, 355, 369, 467 interpretation of, 356–362 physical, 352–354 average, 352–355 bacteria, 362–365 biolysis of, 366, 367 changes in, rate of discharge of, 33–38 characteristics, 368–370 characteristics of, 352–354 chemical constituents, 354–356 classification of, 6, 7, 352 collection, 5 color, 352, 353 components and properties, 352–356 decomposition of, 365–367 definition, 6, 7, 352 disposal. See also Sewage treatment. 528methods, 6, 370, 371 purposes, 370, 371 domestic, 7, 352 farming. See Irrigation. fertilizing value, 459, 460 flow fluctuations, 33–38 ratio of maximum to average, 36, 37, 85 fresh, 352–354 gas, 335, 336, 353 industrial, defined, 7, 352 life in, 363–365, 368 odor, 353 physical, analyses, 352–354 characteristics, 352–354 quality variations, 368–370 quantity. Chap. III, 24–50, and 84, 87 and population, 31, 32 of sanitary, 24–40 variations, 33–38 sanitary, defined, 7, 352 septic, 353, 365–368, 371, 410, 411, 496, 497 stability, 359, 360 stale, 353 storm, defined, 7, 352 strong, 355 temperature, 353 turbidity, 353 treatment processes, 370, 371 A. B. C., 4 activated sludge, Chap. XVIII, 465–479 biological, 371 chemical, 371 contact bed, 432–437, 506 costs, 459 dilution. Chap. XIV, 372–382 disinfection, 489–493 electrolytic, 487–489 filtration, 431–459 increase of, 3 irrigation, 431, 459–464 mechanical, 471 Miles acid process, 482–487 purpose of, 6, 370 résumé, 6, 370, 371 sand filter, 452–458 screening, 383–391 sedimentation, 391–409, 411 septicization. Chap. XVI, 410–430 trickling filters, 437–452 weak, 355 and water supplies, 31, 32

Sewerage, definition, 7 demand for, 2 design, 78–98 growth of, 2–4 historical, 2–4

Sewers, ancient, 2, 3 capacity, diagrams, 56–60 cost, 10–14 definitions of various types, 7, 8 depth of, 88 diameter, 58–60, 88–92 flat grades, 73, 109 flight, 101, 102 inspection of, 333–337 life of, 348–351 location of, 80, 81, 94 materials. Chap. VIII, 164–193 medieval, 3 pipe, properties of concrete, 175 design. Chap. IX, 194–210 vitrified clay, properties, 169–171 profile, 89, 92 section of different types, 67–72 separate system, 78, 79, 82, 86, 87 slope, 88–92 storm-water system, 78, 79, 83, 93, 94 stresses in, 194, 198–204

Shafts, for tunnels, 284–287

Sheeting, 270–280 alignment, 240, 241 backfilling, 330 box, 272 design, 275–280 driving, 273 length, 273 lumber, 277 moving, 248 poling boards, 271, 272, 287 pulling, 274 529skeleton, 270, 271 stay bracing, 270 steel, 252, 280, 281 thickness, 276–278 types, 270 vertical, 270, 272–274 Wakefield piling, 273

Shellfish contamination, 372, 489

Shields, tunnel, 288–290

Short loads on trenches, 202

Shovels, for hand excavation, 242 steam. See Steam shovels.

Shovel vane screen, 384

Shoveling by hand, height raised, 244 performance by one man, 243

Symbiosis, definition, 363 example, 432

Sinking fund, 158

Siphons, automatic. Chap. XXI, 506–512. See also under Dosing devices. in flush-tanks, 109–110 inspection, 337 operation, 109–110, 506–512 for trickling filter, 448–451 true and inverted, 113–117

Skeleton sheeting, 270, 271

Slope, of sewers, 88–92 of tank bottoms, Imhoff, 419, 423 sedimentation tank, 404

Skewback, 204

Sludge. Chap. XX, 495–505 activated. Chap. XVIII, 465–479. See also under Activated sludge. analyses, 414, 467, 468, 485, 496 characteristics, 495 definition, 495 digestion tanks, 427–430, 497 disposal methods, 495 drying, 497–505 acid flotation, 503 beds, 498, 500 centrifuge, 501–502 heat, 502, 503 press, 500–501 thickeners, 504, 505 fertilizing value, 470, 495, 497

Sludge, filters, 498–500 lagooning, 495, 496 measurement, 427 press, 500, 501 sedimentation, 401 septic analysis, 434 treatment methods, 495

Soaps, 357

Soil, bearing value, 125 stack, definition, 7

Solids in sewage, 356–368

Special assessment, 15, 16

Specifications. Chap. X, 211–232 general, 219–229 special, 230 technical, 229, 230

Spiling. See Piles.

Spirillum, 362

Spores, 363

Springing line, 204

Sprinkling filter. See Trickling filter

Square sewer section, 68, 69

Stability, relative, 359–361

Stagnant water, 374

Stakes, contractor to provide, 221 where driven, 281, 282

Stationing, 92

Stay bracing, 270

Steam boilers, 147–150

Steam, consumption by, pumps, 144, 145 turbines, 144, 147 engines, 144, 145 pumping engines, 142–146 pumps. See Pumps, steam. shovels, 246, 252–254 turbines, 146, 147

Stearin, 366

Steel, forms. See Forms, steel. pipe, 164, 191, 192 design, 195–197 specifications, 191 reinforcement for concrete, 191, 326–327 sheet piling, 252, 280, 281

Stench, historic in London, 4

Sterilization. See Disinfection.

Storm, sewage, definition, 7, 352

530Storm, sewer system design, 93–98 water, quantity, 40–50

Storms, extent and intensity, 50

Stream pollution, regulation, 380, 381

Streams, self-purification, 373–376

Street, inlet. See Inlets. wash, definition, 352

Stresses, in buried pipe, 198–204 in circular ring, 194, 202–204

Sub-main, defined, 7

Subsurface surveys, 18–20

Suction for centrifugal pump, 141

Sulphur and sand joint compound, 309

Sunday work, 221

Surface, elevation, 92 of ground, character, 44–46 profile, 88 water, 7, 352

Surveys, underground, 18–20

Suspended matter, 357

Talbot’s run-off formula, 49

Tamping, backfilling, 328–331

Tannery wastes, disinfection, 491

Taxation, general, 16, 17

Taylor nozzles, 444, 445

Temperature of sewage, 353

Templates, brick sewers, 312

Thawing dynamite, 301, 302

Tide gate, 122

Timbering tunnels, 286–288

Timber, strength of, 277

Time of concentration, 41–43, 95–97

Tools, for cleaning sewers, 337–341 excavating, 242, 246

Tower cableways, 252

Trade wastes. See Industrial wastes.

Traps, in catch-basins, 107 grease, gasoline, and oil, 108, 109 in street inlets, 104, 105

Travis tank, 427, 428

Tree roots, 333, 340

Tremie, 187, 188

Trench, backfilling, 328–331 blasting in, 244, 269 bottom, shape of, 241, 304, 311 breaking surface, 243, 244 drainage, 256–263 excavating, by hand, 242–245 machine, 244–256 guarding and lighting, 221 layout of tasks, 243 length of open, 241, 248 line and grade, 281–284 location, 243, 281 opening, 243, 244 pumps, 256–263 sheeting, 270–280 width, 240, 241, 246

Trestle excavators, 250, 251

Trickling filter, 437–452 advantages, 438, 439 covers for, 451 depth, 441, 442 description, 437, 438 dimensions, 442 distribution of sewage, 442–451 dosing siphon, 446–451 dosing tank, 446–451 head lost, 438 insects, 438 material, 441 nozzles, 442–451 layout, 447–451 odors, 438, 439 operation, 441 rate, 441 results, 439, 440 siphon size, 449–451 underdrainage, 451, 452 unloading, 431, 437

Tripod drill, 265

Triton, 295

Troubles with sewers, causes, 333

Trumpet arch, 121

Trunk sewer, defined, 7

Tunnels, 283–294 backfilling, 331 breast boards, 288 brick invert, 313 compressed air in, 292–294 concrete construction, 320, 321 depth of cover, 284 531line and grade in, 283 machines, 290 rock, 290–292 shafts, 284–286 shield, 288–290 timbering, 284–288 ventilation, 291, 292

Turbidity of sewage, 353

Turbine, for cleaning sewers, 340 pumps, 130, 132 steam, 146, 147

Typhoid fever, 364

U-shaped sewer section, 67, 69, 71

Underdrains for, sewers, 126 trickling filters, 451, 452

Underground surveys, 18–20

Unexpected situations, 235

Uniformity coefficient of sand, 456

Unloading of filters, 431, 437

Urea, 367

Valuation of sewers, 332, 348–351

Velocities, depositing, 395–397 distribution of, 51 flow in sewers, 90 over surface of ground, 42 limiting for sedimentation, 396, 397 limiting in sewers, 396, 397 principles of flow in sewers, 51 transporting, 396

Ventilation, air pressures, 291 compressed air, 292–294 pipes, 291

Ventilation, of sewers, 102, 103, 335 tunnel, 291

Vertical sheeting, 270–274

Vitrified clay. See Clay vitrified.

Volatile matter in sewage, 357

Volute pumps, 130, 132, 154

Vouissoir arch analysis, 204

Wakefield piling, 273

Wales, 288

Waste pipe, defined, 7

Wastes. See Industrial wastes.

Water consumption, 31–33 flow of, 51–77 rate of steam engines, 144, 145 supply and sewage flow, 31–33

Watershed. See Drainage area.

Weight, of backfill, 199 of building material, 201 of moving loads, 200, 202

Well, hole, 101 points, 262, 263

Wheel excavator, 246–250

Wing screen, 384

Wood, forms. See Forms. pipe, materials, 164, 165, 190, 192, 193 design, 197, 198 working strength of, 277

Work, extra, 227 preliminary to design, 9 Sunday, night, and holiday, 221

Workmen, competent, 227 dishonesty, 233, 234

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.

Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.