TABLE OF CONTENTS
Reading edition
CHAPTER I
Introduction
PAGES
1. Sewerage and the Sanitary Engineer. 2. Historical. 3. Methods of Collection. 4. Methods of Disposal. 5. Methods of Treatment. 6. Definitions. 1–8
CHAPTER II
Work Preliminary to Design
7. Division of Work. 8. Preliminary. 9. Estimate of cost. Methods of Financing. 10. Bond Issues. 11. Special Assessment. 12. General Taxation. 13. Private Capital. Preliminary Work. 14. Preparing for Design. 15. Underground Surveys. 16. Borings. 9–23
CHAPTER III
Quantity of Sewage
17. Dry Weather Flow. 18. Methods for Predicting Population. 19. Extent of Prediction. 20. Sources of Information on Population. 21. Density of Population. 22. Changes in Area. 23. Relation between Population and Sewage Flow. 24. Character of District. 25. Fluctuations in Rate of Sewage Flow. 26. Effect of Ground Water. 27. Résumé of Method for Determination of Quantity of Dry weather Sewage. Quantity of Storm Water. 28. The Rational Method. 29. Rate of Rainfall. 30. Time of Concentration. 31. Character of Surface. 32. Empirical Formulas. 33. Extent and Intensity of Storms. 24–50
viiiCHAPTER IV
Hydraulics of Sewers
34. Principles. 35. Formulas. 36. Solution of Formulas. 37. Use of Diagrams. 38. Flow in Circular Pipes Partly Full. 39. Sections Other than Circular. 40. Non-Uniform Flow. 51–77
CHAPTER V
Design of Sewerage Systems
41. The Plan. 42. Preliminary Map. 43. Layout of the Separate System. 44. Location and Numbering of Manholes. 45. Drainage Areas. 46. Quantity of Sewage. 47. Surface Profile. 48. Slope and Diameter of Sewers. 49. The Sewer Profile. Design of a Storm-water Sewer System. 50. Planning the System. 51. Location of Street Inlets. 52. Drainage Areas. 53. Computation of Flood Flow by McMath Formula. 54. Computation of Flood Flow by Rational Method. 78–98
CHAPTER VI
Appurtenances
55. General. 56. Manholes. 57. Lampholes. 58. Street Inlets. 59. Catch-basins. 60. Grease Traps. 61. Flush-tanks. 62. Siphons. 63. Regulators. 64. Junctions. 65. Outlets. 66. Foundations. 67. Underdrains. 99–126
CHAPTER VII
Pumps and Pumping Stations
ix68. Need. 69. Reliability. 70. Equipment. 71. The Building. 72. Capacity of Pumps. 73. Capacity of Receiving Well. 74. Types of Pumping Machinery. 75. Sizes and Descriptions of Pumps. 76. Definitions of Duties and Efficiency. 77. Details of Centrifugal Pumps. 78. Centrifugal Pump Characteristics. 79. Setting of Centrifugal Pumps. 80. Steam Pumps and Pumping Engines. 81. Steam Turbines. 82. Steam Boilers. 83. Air Ejectors. 84. Electric Motors. 85. Internal Combustion Engines. 86. Selection of Pumping Machinery. 87. Costs of Pumping Machinery. 88. Cost Comparisons of Different Designs. 89. Number and Capacity of Pumping Units. 127–163
CHAPTER VIII
Materials for Sewers
90. Materials. 91. Vitrified Clay Pipe. 92. Cement and Concrete Pipe. 93. Proportioning of Concrete. 94. Waterproofing of Concrete. 95. Mixing and Placing Concrete. 96. Sewer Brick. 97. Vitrified Clay Sewer Block. 98. Cast Iron, Steel, and Wood. 164–193
CHAPTER IX
Design of the Sewer Ring
99. Stresses in Buried Pipe. 100. Design of Steel Pipe. 101. Design of Wood Stave Pipe. 102. External Loads on Buried Pipe. 103. Stresses in Circular Ring. 104. Analysis of Sewer Arches. 105. Reinforced Concrete Sewer Design. 194–210
CHAPTER X
Contracts and Specifications
106. Importance of the Subject. 107. Scope of the Subject. 108. Types of Contracts. 109. The Agreement. 110. The Advertisement. 111. Information and Instructions for Bidders. 112. Proposal. 113. General Specifications. 114. Technical Specifications. 115. Special Specifications. 116. The Contract. 117. The Bond. 211–232
CHAPTER XI
Construction
x118. Elements. Work of the Engineer. 119. Duties. 120. Inspection. 121. Interpretation of Contract. 122. Unexpected Situations. 123. Cost Data and Estimates. 124. Progress Reports. 125. Records. Excavation. 126. Specifications. 127. Hand Excavation. 128. Machine Excavation. 129. Types of Machines. 130. Continuous Bucket Excavators. 131. Cableway and Trestle Excavators. 132. Tower Cableways. 133. Steam Shovels. 134. Drag Line and Bucket Excavators. 135. Excavation in Quicksand. 136. Pumping and Drainage. 137. Trench Pump. 138. Diaphragm Pump. 139. Jet Pump. 140. Steam Vacuum Pumps. 141. Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pumps. 142. Well Points. 143. Rock Excavation. 144. Power Drilling. 145. Steam or Air for Power. 146. Depth of Drill Hole. 147. Diameter of Drill Hole. 148. Spacing of Drill Holes. Sheeting and Bracing. 149. Purposes and Types. 150. Stay Bracing. 151. Skeleton Sheeting. 152. Poling Boards. 153. Box Sheeting. 154. Vertical Sheeting. 155. Pulling Wood Sheeting. 156. Earth Pressures. 157. Design of Sheeting and Bracing. 158. Steel Sheet Piling. Line and Grade. 159. Locating the Trench. 160. Final Line and Grade. 161. Transferring Grade and Line to the Pipe. 162. Line and Grade in Tunnel. Tunnelling. 163. Depth. 164. Shafts. 165. Timbering. 166. Shields. 167. Tunnel Machines. 168. Rock Tunnels. 169. Ventilation. 170. Compressed Air. Explosives and Blasting. 171. Requirements. 172. Types of Explosives. 173. Permissible Explosives. 174. Strength. 175. Fuses and Detonators. 176. Care in Handling. 177. Priming, Loading, and Firing. 178. Quantity of Explosive. Pipe Sewers. 179. The Trench Bottom. 180. Laying Pipe. 181. Joints. 182. Labor and Progress. Brick and Block Sewers. 183. The Invert. 184. The Arch. 185. Block Sewers. 186. Organization. 187. Rate of Progress. Concrete Sewers. 188. Construction in Open Cut. 189. Construction in Tunnels. 190. Materials for Forms. 191. Design of Forms. 192. Wooden Forms. 193. Steel-lined Wooden Forms. 194. Steel Forms. 195. Reinforcement. 196. Cost of Concrete Sewers. Backfilling. 197. Method. 233–331
CHAPTER XII
Maintenance of Sewers
198. Work Involved. 199. Causes of Troubles. 200. Inspection. 201. Repairs. 202. Cleaning of Sewers. 203. Flushing Sewers. 204. Cleaning Catch-basins. 205. Protection of Sewers. 206. Explosions in Sewers. 207. Valuation of Sewers. 332–351
CHAPTER XIII
Composition and Properties of Sewage
xi208. Physical Characteristics. 209. Chemical Composition. 210. Significance of Chemical Constituents. 211. Sewage Bacteria. 212. Organic Life in Sewage. 213. Decomposition of Sewage. 214. The Nitrogen Cycle. 215. Plankton and Macroscopic Organisms. 216. Variations in the Quality of Sewage. 217. Sewage Disposal. 218. Methods of Sewage Treatment. 352–371
CHAPTER XIV
Disposal by Dilution
219. Definition. 220. Conditions Required for Success. 221. Self-purification of Running Streams. 222. Self-purification of Lakes. 223. Dilution in Salt Water. 224. Quantity of Diluting Water Needed. 225. Governmental Control. 226. Preliminary Treatment. 227. Preliminary Investigations. 372–382
CHAPTER XV
Screening and Sedimentation
228. Purpose. 229. Types of Screens. 230. Sizes of Openings. 231. Design of Fixed and Movable Screens. Plain Sedimentation. 232. Theory of Sedimentation. 233. Types of Sedimentation Basins. 234. Limiting Velocities. 235. Quantity and Character of Grit. 236. Dimensions of Grit Chambers. 237. Existing Grit Chambers. 238. Number of Grit Chambers. 239. Quantity and Characteristics of Sludge from Plain Sedimentation. 240. Dimensions of Sedimentation Basins. Chemical Precipitation. 241. The Process. 242. Chemicals. 243. Preparation and Addition of Chemicals. 244. Results. 383–409
CHAPTER XVI
Septicization
245. The Process. 246. The Septic Tank. 247. Results of Septic Action. 248. Design of Septic Tanks. 249. Imhoff Tanks. 250. Design of Imhoff Tanks. 251. Imhoff Tank Results. 252. Status of Imhoff Tanks. 253. Operation of Imhoff Tanks. 254. Other Tanks. 410–430
CHAPTER XVII
Filtration and Irrigation
xii255. Theory. 256. The Contact Bed. 257. The Trickling Filter. 258. Intermittent Sand Filter. 259. Cost of Filtration. Irrigation. 260. The Process. 261. Status. 262. Preparation and Operation. 263. Sanitary Aspects. 264. The Crop. 431–464
CHAPTER XVIII
Activated Sludge
265. The Process. 266. Composition. 267. Advantages and Disadvantages. 268. Historical. 269. Aëration Tank. 270. Sedimentation Tank. 271. Reaëration Tank. 272. Air Distribution. 273. Obtaining Activated Sludge. 274. Cost. 465–479
CHAPTER XIX
Acid Precipitation, Lime and Electricity, and Disinfection
275. The Miles Acid Process. Electrolytic Treatment. 276. The Process. Disinfection. 277. Disinfection of Sewage. 482–493
CHAPTER XX
Sludge
278. Methods of Disposal. 279. Lagooning. 280. Dilution. 281. Burial. 282. Drying. 495–505
CHAPTER XXI
Automatic Dosing Devices
283. Types. 284. Operation. 285. Three Alternating Siphons. 286. Four or More Alternating Siphons. 287. Timed Siphons. 288. Multiple Alternating and Timed Siphons. 506–512
SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT
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