Part 2 — CHAPTER XI. FLUIDS.
Reading edition
Apple Barley Water, 133
Albumen Water, 133
Almond Milk, 134
Bean Tea, 136
Coffee, 135
Cocoa, 135
Cocoa Shells, 136
Egg Wine, 135
Fruit Lemonade, 134
Flaxseed Tea, 133
Irish Moss, 133
Lemon Whey, 133
Lemonade with Egg, 134
Milk Eggnog, 134
Pea and Lentil Tea, 136
Raw Green Pea Juice, 133
Strawberry Milk, 134
Tea, 135
Water Eggnog, 133
Quoted from Farmers’ Bulletin No. 142, by W. O. Atwater, Ph. D. U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Table I.—Average composition of common American food products.
Food Materials (As Purchased) Refuse %Water % Protein %Fat % Carbohydrates % Ash %Fuel Value per lb. Calories
Animal Food.
Beef, fresh:
Chuck ribs 16.3 52.6 15.5 15.0 — 0.8 910
Flank 10.2 54.0 17.0 19.0 — .7 1,105
Loin 13.3 52.5 16.1 17.5 — .9 1,025
Porterhouse steak 12.7 52.4 19.1 17.9 — .8 1,100
Sirloin steak 12.8 54.0 16.5 16.1 — .9 975
Neck 27.6 45.9 14.5 11.9 — .7 1,165
Ribs 20.8 43.8 13.9 21.2 — .7 1,135
Rib rolls — 63.9 19.8 16.7 — .9 1,055
Round 7.2 60.7 19.0 12.8 — 1.0 890
Rump 20.7 45.0 13.8 20.2 — .7 1,090
Shank, fore 36.9 42.9 12.8 7.3 — .6 545
Shoulder and clod 16.4 56.8 16.4 9.8 — .9 715
Fore quarter 18.7 49.1 14.5 17.5 — .7 995
Hind quarter 15.7 50.4 15.4 18.3 — .7 1,045
Beef, corned, canned, pickled, and dried:
Corned beef 8.4 49.2 14.3 23.8 — 4.6 1,245
Tongue, pickled 6.0 58.9 11.9 19.2 — 4.3 1,010
Dried, salted, and smoked 4.7 53.7 26.4 6.9 — 8.9 790
Canned boiled beef — 51.8 25.5 22.5 — 1.3 1,410
Canned corned beef — 51.8 26.3 18.7 — 4.0 1,270
Veal:
Breast 21.3 52.0 15.4 11.0 — .8 745
Leg 14.2 60.1 15.5 7.9 — .9 625
Leg cutlets 3.4 68.3 20.1 7.5 — 1.0 695
Fore quarter 24.5 54.2 15.1 6.0 — .7 535
Hind quarter 20.7 56.2 16.2 6.6 — .8 580
Mutton:
Flank 9.9 39.0 13.8 36.9 — .6 1,770
Leg, hind 18.4 51.2 15.1 14.7 — .8 890
Loin chops 16.0 42.0 13.5 28.3 — .7 1,415
Fore quarter 21.2 41.6 12.3 24.5 — .7 1,235
Hind quarter, without tallow 17.2 45.4 13.8 23.2 — .7 1,210
Lamb:
Breast 19.1 45.5 15.4 19.1 — .8 1,075
Leg, hind 17.4 52.9 15.9 13.6 — .9 860
Pork, fresh:
Ham 10.7 48.0 13.5 25.9 — .8 1,320
Loin chops 19.7 41.8 13.4 24.2 — .8 1,245
Shoulder 12.4 44.9 12.0 29.8 — .7 1,450
Tenderloin — 66.5 18.9 13.0 — 1.0 895
Pork, salted, cured, and pickled:
Ham, smoked 13.6 34.8 14.2 33.4 — 4.2 1,635
Shoulder, smoked 18.2 36.8 13.0 26.6 — 5.5 1,335
Salt pork — 7.9 1.9 86.2 — 3.9 3,555
Bacon, smoked 7.7 17.4 9.1 62.2 — 4.1 2,715
Sausage:
Bologna 3.3 55.2 18.2 19.7 — 3.8 1,155
Pork — 39.8 13.0 44.2 1.1 2.2 2,075
Frankfort — 57.2 19.6 18.6 1.1 3.4 1,155
Soups:
Celery, cream of — 88.6 2.1 2.8 5.0 1.5 235
Beef — 92.9 4.4 .4 1.1 1.2 120
Meat stew — 84.5 4.6 4.3 5.5 1.1 365
Tomato — 90.0 1.8 1.1 5.6 1.5 185
Poultry:
Chicken, broilers 41.6 43.7 12.8 1.4 — .7 305
Fowls 25.9 47.1 13.7 12.3 — .7 765
Goose 17.6 38.5 13.4 29.8 — .7 1,475
Turkey 22.7 42.4 16.1 18.4 — .8 1,060
Fish:
Cod, dressed 29.9 58.5 11.1 .2 — .8 220
Halibut, steaks or sections 17.7 61.9 15.3 4.4 — .9 475
Mackerel, whole 44.7 40.4 10.2 4.2 — .7 370
Perch, yellow, dressed 35.1 50.7 12.8 .7 — .9 275
Shad, whole 50.1 35.2 9.4 4.8 — .7 880
Shad, roe — 71.2 20.9 3.8 2.6 1.5 600
Fish, preserved:
Cod, salt 24.9 40.2 16.0 .4 — 18.5 325
Herring, smoked 44.4 19.2 20.5 8.8 — 7.4 755
Fish, canned:
Salmon — 68.5 21.8 12.1 — 2.6 915
Sardines [1]5.0 53.6 23.7 12.1 — 5.3 950
Shellfish:
Oysters, “solids” — 88.3 6.0 1.3 3.3 1.1 225
Clams — 80.8 10.6 1.1 5.2 2.3 340
Crabs 52.4 36.7 7.9 .9 .6 1.5 200
Lobsters 61.7 30.7 5.9 .7 .2 .8 145
Eggs:
Hens’ eggs [2]11.2 65.5 13.1 9.3 — 0.9 685
Dairy products, etc.:
Butter — 11.0 1.0 85.0 — 3.0 3,410
Whole milk — 87.0 3.3 4.0 5.0 .7 310
Skim milk — 90.5 3.4 .3 5.1 .7 165
Buttermilk — 91.0 3.0 .5 4.8 .7 160
Condensed milk — 26.9 8.8 8.3 54.1 1.9 1,480
Cream — 74.0 2.5 18.5 4.5 .5 865
Cheese, Cheddar — 27.4 27.7 36.8 4.1 4.0 2,075
Cheese, full cream — 34.2 25.9 33.7 2.7 3.8 1,885
Vegetable Food.
Flour, meal, etc.:
Entire-wheat flour — 11.4 13.8 1.9 71.9 1.0 1,650
Graham flour — 11.3 13.3 2.2 71.4 1.8 1,645
Wheat flour, patent roller process
High-grade and medium — 12.0 11.4 1.0 75.1 .5 1,635
Low grade — 12.0 14.0 1.9 71.2 .9 1,640
Macaroni, vermicelli, etc.: — 10.3 13.4 .9 74.1 1.3 1,645
Wheat breakfast food — 9.6 12.1 1.8 75.2 1.3 1,680
Buckwheat flour — 13.6 6.4 1.2 77.9 .9 1,605
Rye flour — 12.9 6.8 .9 78.7 .7 1,620
Corn meal — 12.5 9.2 1.9 75.4 1.0 1,685
Oat breakfast food — 7.7 16.7 7.3 66.2 2.1 1,800
Rice — 12.3 8.0 .3 79.0 .4 1,620
Tapioca — 11.4 .4 .1 88.0 .1 1,650
Starch — — — — 90.0 — 1,675
Bread, pastry, etc.:
White bread — 35.3 9.2 1.3 53.1 1.1 1,200
Brown bread — 43.6 5.4 1.8 47.1 2.1 1,040
Graham bread — 35.7 8.9 1.8 52.1 1.5 1,195
Whole-wheat bread — 38.4 9.7 .9 49.7 1.3 1,130
Rye bread — 35.7 9.0 .6 53.2 1.5 1,170
Cake — 19.9 6.3 9.0 63.3 1.5 1,630
Cream crackers — 6.8 9.7 12.1 69.7 1.7 1,925
Oyster crackers — 4.8 11.3 10.5 70.5 2.9 1,910
Soda crackers — 5.9 9.8 9.1 73.1 2.1 1,875
Sugars, etc.:
Molasses — — — — 70.0 — 1,225
Candy[3] — — — — 96.0 — 1,680
Honey — — — — 81.0 — 1,420
Sugar, granulated — — — — 100.0 — 1,750
Maple sirup — — — — 71.4 — 1,250
Vegetable:[4]
Beans, dried — 12.6 22.5 1.8 59.6 3.5 1,520
Beans, Lima, shelled — 68.5 7.1 .7 22.0 1.7 540
Beans, string 7.0 83.0 2.1 .3 6.9 .7 170
Beets 20.0 70.0 1.3 .1 7.7 .9 160
Cabbage 15.0 77.7 1.4 .2 4.8 .9 115
Celery 20.0 75.6 .9 .1 2.6 .8 65
Corn, green (sweet) edible portion — 75.4 3.1 1.1 19.7 .7 440
Cucumbers 15.0 81.1 .7 .2 2.6 .4 65
Lettuce 15.0 80.5 1.0 .2 2.5 .8 65
Mushrooms — 88.1 3.5 .4 6.8 1.2 185
Onions 10.0 79.8 1.4 .3 8.9 .5 190
Parsnips 20.0 66.4 1.3 .4 10.8 1.1 230
Peas (Pisum sativum), dried — 9.5 24.6 1.0 62.0 2.9 1,565
Peas (Pisum sativum), shelled — 74.6 7.0 .5 16.9 1.0 440
Cowpeas, dried — 13.0 21.4 1.4 60.8 3.4 1,505
Potatoes 20.0 62.6 1.8 .1 14.7 .8 295
Rhubarb 40.0 56.6 .4 .4 2.2 .4 60
Sweet potatoes 20.0 55.2 1.4 .6 21.9 .9 440
Spinach — 92.3 2.1 .3 3.2 2.1 95
Squash 50.0 44.2 .7 .2 4.5 .4 100
Tomatoes — 94.3 .9 .4 3.9 .5 100
Turnips 30.0 62.7 .9 .1 5.7 .6 120
Vegetables, canned:
Baked beans — 68.9 6.9 2.5 19.6 2.1 555
Peas (Pisum sativum), green — 85.3 3.6 .2 9.8 1.1 235
Corn, green — 76.1 2.8 1.2 19.0 .9 430
Succotash — 75.9 3.6 1.0 18.6 .9 425
Tomatoes — 94.0 1.2 .2 4.0 .6 95
Fruits, berries, etc., fresh:[5]
Apples 25.0 63.3 0.3 0.3 10.8 0.3 190
Bananas 35.0 48.9 .8 .4 14.3 .6 260
Grapes 25.0 58.0 1.0 1.2 14.4 .4 295
Lemons 30.0 62.5 .7 .5 5.9 .4 125
Muskmelons 50.0 44.8 .3 — 4.6 .3 80
Oranges 27.0 63.4 .6 .1 8.5 .4 150
Pears 10.0 76.0 .5 .4 12.7 .4 230
Persimmons, edible portion — 66.1 .8 .7 31.5 .9 550
Raspberries — 85.8 1.0 — 12.6 .6 220
Strawberries 5.0 85.9 .9 .6 7.0 .6 150
Watermelons 59.4 37.5 .2 .1 2.7 .1 50
Fruits, dried:
Apples — 28.1 1.6 2.2 66.1 2.0 1,185
Apricots — 29.4 4.7 1.0 62.5 2.4 1,125
Dates 10.0 13.8 1.9 2.5 70.6 1.2 1,275
Figs — 18.8 4.3 .3 74.2 2.4 1,280
Raisins 10.0 13.1 2.3 3.0 68.5 3.1 1,265
Nuts:
Almonds 45.0 2.7 11.5 30.2 9.5 1.1 1,515
Brazil nuts 49.6 2.6 8.6 33.7 3.5 2.0 1,485
Butternuts 86.4 .6 3.8 8.3 .5 .4 385
Chestnuts, fresh 16.0 37.8 5.2 4.5 35.4 1.1 915
Chestnuts, dried 24.0 4.5 8.1 5.3 56.4 1.7 1,385
Cocoanuts [6]148.8 7.2 2.9 25.9 14.3 .9 1,295
Cocoanuts, prepared — 3.5 6.3 57.4 31.5 1.3 2,865
Filberts 52.1 1.8 7.5 31.3 6.2 1.1 1,430
Hickory nuts 62.2 1.4 5.8 25.5 4.3 .8 1,145
Pecans, polished 53.2 1.4 5.2 33.3 6.2 .7 1,465
Peanuts 24.5 6.9 19.5 29.1 18.5 1.5 1,775
Pinon (Pinus edulis) 40.6 2.0 8.7 36.8 10.2 1.7 1,730
Walnuts, black 74.1 .6 7.2 14.6 3.0 .5 730
Walnuts, English 58.1 1.0 6.9 26.6 6.8 .6 1,250
Miscellaneous:
Chocolate — 5.9 12.9 48.7 30.3 2.2 2,625
Cocoa, powdered — 4.6 21.6 28.9 37.7 7.2 2,160
Cereal coffee infusion (1 part boiled in 20 parts water)[7] — 98.2 .2 — 1.4 .2 30
Table II.—Food consumption of persons in different circumstances, and proposed dietary standards.
(Quantities per man per day.)
No. of Studies Incl. in Av’ge Actually EatenDigestible Fuel Value CaloriesNutritive Ratio I:
Protein gms Fat gmsCarbohydrates gmsProtein gms Fat gms Carbohydrates gms
Persons with Active Work.
Rowing clubs in New England 7 155 177 440 143 168 427 3,955 5.6
Bicyclists in New York 3 186 186 651 171 177 631 5,005 6
Football teams in Connecticut and California 2 226 354 634 208 336 615 6,590 6.6
Prussian machinists 1 139 113 677 128 107 657 4,270 7
Swedish mechanics 5 189 110 714 174 104 693 4,590 5.3
Persons with Ordinary Work.
Farmers’ families in Eastern United States 10 97 130 467 89 124 453 3,415 8.2
Mechanics’ families in United States 14 103 150 402 95 143 390 3,355 7.5
Laborers’ families in large cities of United States 12 101 116 344 93 110 834 2,810 6.3
Laborers’ families in United States (more comfortable circumstances) 2 120 147 534 110 140 518 8,925 7.6
Russian peasants — 129 33 589 119 31 571 3,165 5.4
Swedish mechanics 6 134 79 523 123 75 507 3,380 5.5
Professional Men.
Lawyers, teachers, etc., in United States 14 104 125 423 96 119 410 3,220 7.1
College clubs in United States 15 107 148 459 98 141 445 3,580 7.8
German physicians 2 131 95 327 121 90 317 2,680 4.3
Japanese professor 1 123 21 416 113 19 403 2,345 4
Men with Little or no Exercise.
Men (American) in respiration calorimeter 11 112 80 305 103 76 296 2,380 4.5
Men (German) in respiration apparatus 5 127 80 302 117 76 293 2,430 4
Persons in Destitute Circumstances.
Poor families in New York City 11 93 95 407 86 90 895 2,845 6.9
Laborers’ families in Pittsburg, Pa. 2 80 95 308 74 90 299 2,400 6.8
German Laborer’s family 1 52 32 287 48 30 278 1,640 7.2
Italian mechanics 5 76 38 396 70 36 384 2,225 6.6
Miscellaneous.
Negro families in Alabama and Virginia 39 86 145 440 79 188 427 3,895 9.3
Italian families in Chicago 4 103 111 391 95 105 379 2,965 6.5
French Canadians in Chicago 5 118 158 345 109 150 335 3,260 6.2
Bohemian families in Chicago 8 115 101 360 106 96 3499 2,800 5.3
Inhabitants Java village, Columbian Exposition, 1893 1 66 19 254 61 18 246 1,450 4.7
Russian Jews in Chicago 10 137 103 418 126 98 405 3,135 5
Mexican families in New Mexico 4 94 71 613 86 67 595 3,460 8.7
Chinese dentist in California 1 115 113 289 106 107 280 2,620 4.9
Chinese laundryman in California 1 135 76 566 124 72 549 3,480 5.7
Chinese farm laborer in California 1 144 95 640 132 90 621 3,980 6.2
United States Army ration, peace — 120 161 454 110 153 440 3,730 7.1
German Army ration, peace — 114 39 480 105 37 466 2,275 5.2
Dietary Standards.
Man at hard work (Voit) — 145 100 450 133 95 437 3,270 4.9
Man at moderate work (Voit) — 118 56 500 109 53 485 2,965 5.5