NECESSARY RVLES AND SHORT OBSERVATIONS FOR THE Trve Pronovncing And speedie learning of The Italian Tongue.

COLLECTED FOR THE IMPERIALL MAIESTIE OF Anna, Crowned Queene of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, &c.

By Iohn Florio Reader of the Italian tongue vnto her Maiestie, and one of the Gentlemen of her Royall Priuie Chamber.

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LONDON Printed by W. Stansby for Edward Blunt and William Barret. 1611.

NECESSARIE RVLES AND SHORT OBSERVATIONS FOR The Trve Pronovncing and Speedy LEARNING OF THE ITALIAN TONGVE, Collected for the Imperiall Maiestie of Anna, Crowned Queene of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, &c.

By Iohn Florio Reader of the Italian tongue vnto her Maiestie, and one of the Gentlemen of her Royall Priuie Chamber.

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Of Pronounciation.

The Italian tongue is pronounced as it is written, and written as it is pronounced: No letter of it is lost or altered but G. & that chiefly when N. followeth the same, as in these wordes. Ingégno, Mágno, Pégno, Ségno, Sdégno, &c. which then is pronounced much like the English word Onion, as if an I. were included between the N. and the vowell following: It is likewise somwhat lost when Li. followes it, as in these, and infinite other wordes, Fíglio, Móglie, Quégli, Tógliere, and then it is pronounced as the Welchmen and Spaniards pronounce their double Ll. in Lloid, and Quéllo, or as the French men doe their double Ll. after an I. as in their words Fille, Estrille, Merueille, &c. except in the word Negligénza, where it is pronounced as in the Latine, or in this English word Gleeke.

Note that C. before A. O. and V. is euer pronounced as K. in English: which the Italians neuer vse, as in these wordes. Cása, Cásta, Cóllo, Cósa, Cúlla, Custóde, &c. Whereas before E. and I. it is euer pronounced as Ch in English, as in these wordes, Celẻste, Cẻlebre, Cíbo, Cínto, as you doe in these English wordes, Cheape, Cheries, Children, Cheese, and such.

Note that whensoeuer C. is double before A. O. and V. it is euer pronounced as double K. in English, as Accasáre, Accadére, Accomodáre, Accostáre, Accumuláre, Accusáre, &c. whereas if it come double before E. and I. as in these wordes Eccẻdere, Eccellẻnte, Accióche, Vccídere, Vccisióne, you must pronounce the first C. as a T. as if they were written, Etcẻdere, Etcellẻnte, Atcióche, Vtcídere, Vtcisióne, &c.

Note that Ch. is at all times, and in all Italian wordes pronounced as the letter K. in English, as in these wordes, Chè, Chénte, Chì, Chiúnque, euen as you doe in these English wordes, Kettle, Kent, Keeper, Kindred, &c.

Note that the rule giuen for C. may also serue for the letter G. for before A. O. and V. it is pronounced as in English, as Gámba, Góndola, Gúglia, &c. as Gad, God, Good: whereas before E. and I. it is pronounced as the I. being a consonant in English wordes, as Gentíle, Ginócchio, &c. and Ghe. in Italian is pronounced as Gue. or Gui. in English, as Ghermíre, Ghirlánda, as in these wordes, Gealding, Guilt, &c. and if G. be double before A. O. and V. pronounce it as you doe in English, but being double before E. or I. as in these wordes, Lẻggere, Leggiéro, Lóggia, Loggiáre. You must pronounce the first G. as it were a D. euen as you doe in these English wordes, Hedge, Pledge, Dredge, Madge, Lodge, Drudge, &c.

For so much as the Italians haue two very different sounds for the two vowels, E. and O. which for distinctions sake, they name the one close and the other open, and that I neuer yet saw booke printed with their differences but one, which was the Familiar letters of that learned man Claudio Tolomẻi, and that no rule hath yet beene giuen in so many of their tedious Grammars for the helpe of the learner, or for the right vse of them; to ease him, and teach him to avoide the many errors that diuers commit (namely my countrey men the English) in not giuing them their right sounds, I haue thought it most convenient to say something of them.

Note then that throughout all my Dictionarie I haue caused two seuerall E. and two different O. to be cast and vsed, whereby the reader and learner may assuredly know how to pronounce them right, and giue them their proper and due sounds.

The close E. hath euer this forme, e. and is pronouced as the English E. or Ea. as in these wordes, Bell, Beane, Den, Deane, Fell, Flea, Meade, Quell, Sell, Tell, &c. and the open E. hath this forme ẻ which is euer pronounced as Ai. in English, as in these words Baile, Baine, Daine, Faile, Flaile, Maide, Quaile, Saile, Taile, &c.

The close E. is seene in these Italian wordes, Béne, Béuere, Sedére, Tenére, Vedére, and infinite others, and the open E. in these, Bẻllo, Bẻstia, Sẻlla, Sẻdia, Tẻsta, Tẻrra, Vẻrro, Vẻste, &c.

So likewise to the close O. I haue throughout my booke giuen this oualle forme O. and to the open this round forme O. The first, close or oualle is euer pronounced as the English single V. in these wordes, Bun, Dug, Flud, Gud, Rud, Stun, Tun, &c. whereas the other round or open is euer pronounced as our O. in these wordes, Bone, Dog, Flow, God, Rod, Stone, Tone, &c. as for example in these Italian wordes, Io honóro il mío Dío cón ógni diuotióne, where euery O. is close and oualle. And in these, lúi mi vuóle tórre la mia tórre; or else, lúi mi hà rósa la mia rósa: where Tórre with an open or round O. is a verbe and signifieth to take, and tórre with a close or oualle O. is a noune substantiue, and signifieth a tower; and Rósa with an oualle and close O. is a participle of the verbe Ródere, and signifieth Gnawne or Nibled, and Rósa with a round or open O. is a noune substantiue, and signifieth the floure that we call a Rose.

I could with many amplifications insist vpon these two letters, but because I desire to shunne prolixity, and addresse mine endeauours to reasonable creatures, and no Critikes, I thinke this sufficient, & for a triall referre them to my Dictionarie, where they may perceiue euery word truly accented, which was yet neuer seen in any printed booke of what language soeuer, and which was only done for her sacred Maiestie, whom alone next to God I desire to serue and satisfie, which if shee be, I haue my desire, I aime no further, and care not for the vulgar.

Note that I. is neuer consonant in the Italian tongue, but euer a vowell, and is commonly pronounced as double Ee. in English, as in these words, Biánco, Gridáre, Gíro, Líbro, Mirácolo, Nído, Siréna, Tíro, Vilúppo, &c. as you doe in these English words, Bee, Creeke, Greene, Lee, Neede, Meede, Queene, Seene, Speede, Reede, Seede, Tree, Weede, &c.

Note that Sce, and Sci, as in these Italian wordes Scẻmpio, Sceleráto, Scilinguáto, Scimoníto, &c. are euer pronounced as you doe Sh. in these English words, Shame, Shent, Sheepe, Ship, &c.

Note that V. in the beginning, and sometimes in the middle of words, namely another vowell following the same, is euen a consonant, as in Vário, Vedére, Veníre, Antiuedére, Preueníre, &c. but being a vowell, as in these words, Cúra, Furóre, Manducáre, Natúra, Púto, Rúta, &c. it is commonly pronounced as double Oo. in English, as in these words, Foode, Moode, Good, Moote, Roode, Stoode, Wood, &c.

Note that the coniunction copulatiue Et. Ed. or E. comming before a vowell it ought to be pronounced Et. or Ed. as for example, António, ẻt Andrẻa, ẻt ío siámo trè, or else, António, ẻd Andrẻa ẻd io siámo trè. whereof the latter is the most elegant. Whereas before consonants it ought to be pronounced but as single open E. as for example, Io, ẻ tù, ẻ lui, ẻ tútti gli áltri nón facciámo chè vn córpo, except sometimes in verse by Poẻtica Licẻnza, which among Italians is very great.

Note that when two Zz. come together betweene two vowels, as in these words, Bẻllézza, Cẻrtézza, Grandézza, Fortézza, &c. you ought to pronounce the first Z. as a T. as if they were written Bẻllétza, Cẻrtétza, Fortétza, Grandétza, &c. except in these words, Mẻzzáno, Mẻzzo, Lẻzzo, Rẻzzo, Rózzo, and some few others, where the first Z. is pronounced as a D. as if they were written, Mẻdzáno, Mẻdzo, Lẻdzo, Rẻdzo, Ródzo, &c. all which words were better written and printed with a single Z. then with a double.

Note also that when Z. commeth betweene a vowell and a consonant, as in these words, Ammorzáre, Fórza, Scórza, Sénza, &c. you ought to pronounce the same Z. as if a T. did goe before it, as if they were written, Ammortzáre, Fórtza, Scórtza, Séntza, &c.

Thus much I thinke sufficient for the pronunciation.

Of the Articles of the Italian tongue, and of the frequent vse of them.

Note that there is no part of speech more necessary to be truly knowen of him that learneth Italian, then the Articles, forsomuch as without them no man can perfectly distinguish of genders, which are two, Masculine and Feminine; of numbers, which are also two, Singular and Plurall; and of Cases, which are sixe; Nominatiue, Genitiue, Datiue, Accusatiue, Vocatiue, and Ablatiue; and no language hath so frequent vse of them, as the Italian, I haue therefore set them downe, and how they are to be declined and vsed. The Articles are in number seuen: fiue of the Masculine, and two of the Feminine genders. Of the fiue Masculine, two are of the Singular, and three of the Plurall number. Of the two Feminine, one is of the Singular, and one of the Plurall number.

The fiue articles of the Masculine gender are.

Mas. Sing. Mas. Plu. Mas. Sing. Mas. Plu. Mas. Plu.

No. il. i. ló. gli. li.

Ge. dél. déi, de'. déllo. dégli. délli.

Da. al. ai, a'. állo. ágli. álli.

Accu. il. i. ló. gli. li.

Voca. ô. ó. ó. ó. ô.

Abla. dal. dái, da'. dállo. dágli. dálli.

All which haue but one in English, and that is, The; which serueth for both genders and numbers; for you say, the man, the men, the woman, and the women.

Fem. Sing. Fem. Plu. In English.

Nom. la. le. the.

Gen. délla. délle. of the.

Dat. álla. álle. to the.

Accu. la. le. the.

Vo. ó. ó. oh the.

Abla. dálla. dálle. from, of, or by the.

Of the true vse of these Articles.

Note that Il and I, are commonly and ought to be vsed before nounes or words that begin with consonants, as Il béne, Il dólce, Il Mále, Il líbro, Il Préncipe, Il Rẻ, &c. I béni, I dólci, I máli, I líbri, I Préncipi, I Rẻ, &c.

Note that L'ó, and Gli, are or els ought euer to be vsed before nounes or words beginning with vowels, and are commonly by the best Speakers or Writers apostrophed, and pronounced together as they were but one word, as L'abbáte, L'altáre, L'Angelo, L'amóre, L'ódio, &c. gl'abbáti, gl'altári, gl'Angeli, gl'amóri, gl'ódij, &c.

Note that forsmuch as good Italians shun as a thing most harsh among them, to haue or vse many consonants together, namely aboue two, seldome three, and never foure; and that there be diuers words of the Masculine gender that begin with S. and one or more consonants follow the same, as Spirito, Strále, Stráccio, Stromẻnto, &c. Before such words they will not, according to the foresaid rule, vse the Articles Il, and I, but will say and write, as being more pleasing in pronouncing, and to the eare, lo Spírito, lo Stráccio, lo Strále, lo Stromẻnto, gli Spíriti, gli Stráccij, gli Stráli, gli Stromẻnti, &c.

Note that the Article Li, is and may indifferently be vsed before consonants or vowels, as Li árbori, li cittadíni, li quáli, &c. and I am of opinion that were it not that some ancient Writers haue vsed the same, moderne Writers would not much vse it.

Note that La, and Le, before vowels are vsually apostrophed and pronounced as one word, whereas before consonants they are written and pronounced seuerally: as for example, L'ácqua, l'ánima, l'altézza, l'acque, l'ánime, l'altézze, &c. La bálla, la Cárne, la fáccia, la ménte, la tẻrra, &c. Le bálle, le Carni, le fáccie, le ménti, le tẻrre, &c.

Note that the foresaid particles are not euer or properly articles, except they be ioyned vnto absolute nounes, whether substantiues, adiectiues, or proper: for if they be affixed vnto verbes (as they are very often) they change their property, and become pronounes deriuatiues from the primitiues, or else demonstratiues of the Datiue and Accusatiue cases, as for example; Io gli diédi, I gaue him: Io il víddi, I saw him: Tù lo conósci, thou knowest him: Tù i Sénti, thou hearest them, Tù la tócchi, thou touchest her: Tù le fai mále, thou dost her hurt: and with verbes of priuation, as hereafter shall be better declared, Gli, and li, and le become of the Ablatiue case: as for example; Tù gli rubásti, thou stolest from him, or them. Tu li tollésti, thou tookest from him or them: Tu la furásti, thou stolest from her.

Note also that these two Articles La and Li are sometimes aduerbes of place, signifying There, or in that place, and then they are commonly accented, as Là and Lì.

Note that to the Articles are diuers times affixed these prepositions, as Di of the Genitiue case, A of the Datiue, and Da of the Ablatiue; which so ioyned, make of the Genitiue Del, Dell', Déi, De', Déllo, Dégli, Délli, Délla, Delle, and of the Datiue Al, All', Ai, A', Allo, Agli, Alli, Alla, Alle, and of the Ablatiue Dál, Dáll', Dái, Da', Dállo, Dágli, Dálli, Dálla, Dálle; which sometimes are in the Italian tongue diuersly vsed, and lose their ordinary significations: as for example; those of the Genitiue case become somtimes the signe of a comparison, in English, Then, or Then the, namely, after the Aduerbs of quantity, Più, or Méno, as thus: Tù Sẻi più dótto di mè, mà nón già déll'amíco nóstro. Other times following a verbe and being before a noune substantiue, whose quality may be diuisible, they become Aduerbs of quantity, and signifie Some, or part of, as thus, Dámmi dél páne ẻ dél vino, ẻt io tì darò délla cárne, dégl'óssi, ẻ dél pésce.

Note that Alla, being placed before any noune adiectiue, it makes the same an aduerbe of similitude; like vnto, or after the fashion of, as thus, Io procédo álla reále, I proceed like vnto an honest man, or honest-man-like. Or thus, Lui párla all'Italiána, vẻste álla Francése, béue álla Todésca, &c. He speaketh after the Italian fashion, clotheth after the French, and drinkes after the Dutch manner, &c.

And euen so doth Da, being placed before a noune substantiue, as thus, Io procédo da huómo da béne, tù vẻsti da capitáno, párli da Dottóre, ẻ fái da poltróne.

Note that all the Datiue cases A, Al, All', Allo, Alla, Ai, A', Agli, Alli, Alle, as also all these Articles, Affixes, or Pronounes deriuatiues, Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi, Me, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, Ne, which are of the Datiue case, if any of them be affixed to any verbes of priuation, as Ascóndere, Furáre, Rubbáre, Tógliere, &c. contrary to all rules (and which was yet neuer noted in any Grammar that I haue seene) they all become of the Ablatiue case, and with no other verbes, as thus, Io hò leuáte le fórze a', or, alli miéi amici, Tù mi t'ascóndi, Tù ci hai furáti i nostri líbri; Dio vi torrà i vóstri piacéri, vói ne hauéte tólto il nóstro ripóso. I peccatóri non si póssono nascóndere á Dío, &c. which be meere Italianismes.

Note also that the Preposition of the Ablatiue case Da. whether alone or ioyned to any Article, as Dál, Dai, Dállo, Dágli, Dálli, Dálla, Dálle, comming after any of these verbes of motion, Andáre, Córrere, Fuggíre, Veníre, &c. so that the party or persons to whom you goe, runne, flie, or come, be named or mentioned, contrary to all rules giuen in Grammars, they become of the Datiue case. As for example, Andándo dal Signór Páolo, Córsi dálla Signóra María, volẻndo fuggíre dalli Signóri Thomaso ẻd Andrẻa, vénni dal Signór Henrico, &c.

Note also that the preposition of the Ablatiue case Da. comming before any Noune numerall or number, it serueth for the Preposition, Círca or Intórno, in English, About, as thus. Érano da venti soldáti. They were about twenty souldiers. Io vi trouái da diẻci huómini da béne. There I found about ten honest men, &c.

Note also that Da, or Da' are likewise often vsed for an Aduerbe of exception, sauing or except: but then the thing excepted must immediately follow Da, and Infuóri or in pói, must succeede the same, as Io truóuo mólte cóse da denári in fuóri. Tútti sóno huómini da béne da' furbi in pói. &c.

Note that these prepositions, Con, Pẻr, In, Nón, are often ioyned vnto Articles, and made as one word or sillable, as for Con il. Con i. Con lo. Con gli. Con la. Con le. the Italians will say and write. Col tẻmpo. Coi líbri. Co' fratẻlli. Coll'amóre. Cogl'ódij. Cólla mádre. Cólle sorẻlle, &c. in English, with or with the.

In steede of, Pẻr il. Pẻr i. Pẻr lo. Pẻr gli. Pẻr li. Pẻr la. Pẻr le. They say and write. Pẻl. Pẻi. Pẻ', Pẻllo. Pẻgli. Pẻlli. Pẻlla. Pẻlle. For, Through, or by the.

In steede of, In il. In i. In lo. In gli. In li. In la. In le. They say and write, Nél. Nei. Ne'. Néllo. Négli, Nélli. Nélla. Nélle. In English, In, Into, or in the.

In steede of, Non il. Non i. Non lo. Non gli. Non li. Non la. Non le. They say and write, Nol. Noi. No'. Nóllo. Nógli. Nólli. Nólla. Nólle. In English, Not the, not him, not her, or not them, &c. Let this suffice for the Articles and the vse of them.

Of Nounes in generall, namely of Substantiues, and of the vse of them.

A Noune is properly any thing of Essence or Substance, which may either be touched, seene, or imagined, as Árbore, Córno, Fióre, Sásso, &c. Sóle, Lúna, Ciẻlo, Stélla, &c. Dío, Ánima, Speránza, Paradíso, &c.

Note that all Italian Nounes, both Substantiues, Adiectiues, and Proper, be either of the Masculine or Feminine genders, and that most of them be either meerely Latine, or deriued of the Latine. Those that be Latine, haue only the Ablatiue case singular of the same, which serueth for all cases singular of the Italian, and only the Articles distinguish both genders and numbers; so that whosoeuer knowes the Articles perfectly, and learneth to decline but one Noune, shall thereby know how to decline all. I will not therfore be tedious.

Note that all Masculine Nounes in the singular number, end and terminate either in O. or in E. or in A. and all in I. in the Plurall, except some few heteroclites, whereof shall be spoken hereafter, as for example. Il Castẻllo, Il Ciẻlo, Il líbro, Il tẻmpo, L'ódio, L'orgóglio, &c. I castẻlli, I ciẻli, I líbri, I tẻmpi, Gl'ódij, gl'orgógli, &c. Il fiúme, Il nóme, Il pádre, Il sángue, Il túrbine, &c. I fiúmi, I nómi, I pádri, I sángui, I túrbini, &c. Il Dúca, Il Poẻta, Il Profẻta, l'Euangelísta, &c. I Dúchi, I Poẻti, I Prophẻti, Gl'Euangelisti, &c.

Note that most of Italian Feminine nounes end in the singular either in A. or in E. if in A. then in E. in the plurall. As for example, La bálla. la cárta. la tẻrra. la táuola, &c. Le bálle. le cárte. le tẻrre. le táuole. &c. L'ácqua. L'ánima. L'ácque. L'ánime. &c. And if in E. in the singular, then in I. in the plurall, as for example, La consuetúdine. La mádre. La ménte. La salúte. &c. Le consuetúdini. Le mádri. Le ménti. Le salúti, &c. L'occasióne. L'occasióni. One only Feminine noune endeth in O. that is, La máno, which in the plurall endeth in I. as Le máni.

Note that all Feminine nounes that in their Ablatiue case singular of the Latin end in Áte, or V´te. The Italians (namely in prose) reiect and loose the last sillable Té, and take the rest, euer placing an accent ouer the last A. or V. making Singular and Plurall all one, which they distinguish by the Articles, or by the Adiectiues, or by the Pronounes ioyned vnto them, as for example, La Città. La qualità. La quantità. La realità. &c. Le città. Le qualità. Le quantità. Le realità. &c. La giouentù. La seruitù. La vertù. &c. Le giouentù. Le seruitù. Le vertù. &c. Yet obserue that Poets may, and doe often dispence with this rule: for at their pleasure they may vse both, yea and often change Te into De, as for example. La città. la cittáte. la cittáde. La qualità. la qualitáte. la qualitáde. La vertù. la vertúte. la vertúde. &c. Le città. le cittáti. le cittádi. Le qualitá. le qualitáti. le qualitádi. Le vertù. le vertúti. le vertúdi. &c.

Note that all Italian Feminine nounes that end in Ántia or Éntia, may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer, end in Anza or Enza, and Tuscans count the latter the best, as thus Abondántia, Abondánza. Vigilántia, Vigilánza, &c. Diligẻntia, Diligẻnza, Patiẻntia, Patiẻnza, &c.

Note that all Italian Masculine Nounes, that in the singular end in Io. whereof there are many, should in the plurall end in ij. as for example. Essẻrcítio, Ódio, Ótio, Vítio, Essẻrcítij, Ódij, Ótij, Tẻmpij, Vitij, &c.

Note that most of those Latine Nounes that in their Ablatiue case singular end in Ine. as Flúmine, Nómine, Sánguine, the Italians loose and reiect that sillable Ne, and changing the I. into E. they say. Fiúme, Nóme, Sángue, excepting Hómine, whereof they frame Huómo in the singular, and Huómini in the plurall, yet vse they to say, Fúlmine, Túrbine, Fúlmini, Túrbini.

Note that adding an Article of the Masculine gender to any Infinitiue moode, the same becommeth a Noune substantiue, a thing much vsed among the Italians, as also by putting a Pronoune demonstratiue before them, as thus. Il mio descináre non mi cósta núlla. Il dormíre di giórno non ẻ sáno. L'amáre il móndo non piáce a Dio. Quésto tánto studiáre non vi gióua. Quésto vóstro lẻggere vi darà nóia. Quéllo Córrere in frétta fà cadére, &c.

Note that the Italians haue a certaine liberty in framing Substantiues or rather Nicknames, according to their diuers humours or capriccios, a thing much vsed among them: and that is, by taking the third person singular of the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode of any verbe of the first Coniugation, or else the scond person singular of the same Tence and Moode of all Verbs of the second, third, and fourth Coniugations, and putting any substantiue noune to the same, as for example. Vn Caua-dẻnti, a Tooth-drawer. Vn Spázza-camíno, a Chimney-sweeper. Vn Vendi-légna, a Wood-seller, Vn Sórbi-bródo, a Broth-supper, &c.

Note that in Nounes of Trees and Fruits in the Italian tongue, the trees should euer be of the Masculine gender, and the fruits of the Feminine. As for example, Castágno, a Chesse-nut-tree, Castágna, a Chesse-nut, Mándorlo, an Almond-tree, Mándorla, an Almond, Péro, a Peare-tree, Péra, a Peare, Póomo, an Apple-tree, Póma, an Apple, Pẻrsico, a Peach-tree, Pẻrsica, a Peach, Prúno, a Plum-tree, Prúna, a Plum, &c.

Note that taking the name of any manuall thing or wrought by hand, so it be euer made to end in A. as Bottóne, Bótte, Capẻllo, Guánto, Líbro, Candéla, Cárta, Sẻlla, Spáda, &c. and ioyning Ro. or Io. vnto it, you make substantiuely the professor or workeman of that trade, as thus. Bottonáro, Bottonáio, Bottáro, Bottáio, Capẻlláro, Capẻlláio, Guantáro, Guantáio, Libráro, Libráio, Candeláro, Candeláio, Cartáro, Cartáio, Sẻlláro, Sẻlláio, Spadáro, Spadáio.

Note that taking the Participle of any verbe actiue, and putting Re. vnto the same, you make a substantiue that expresseth the actor of that verbe, as thus. Balláto, Danced, Ballatóre, a Dancer, Amáto, Loued, Amatóre, a Louer, Cantáto, Sung, Cantatóre, a Singer, Gouernáto, Gouerned, Gouernatóre, a Gouernour, Lẻtto, Read, Lẻttóre, a Reader, Scrítto, Written, Scrittóre, a Writer, Vdíto, Heard, Vditóre, a Hearer, &c. All which you may make of the Feminine gender by changing, Tóre into Tríce. as thus. Amatríce, Ballatríce, Cantatríce, Gouernatríce, Lẻttríce, Scrittríce, Vditríce. &c.

Note that some late good writers haue quaintly vsed to conuert Adiectiues into Substantiues, which being discreetly placed some deeme it a very elegant Italianisme, and that is by adding an Article to any Adiectiue, namely the Mas. gender, and Sing. number. As for example, Cól púro dél cuóre, con il cándido dèll ánimo, ẻt con il víuo déll'affẻtto, Io ámo il sincẻro délle vóstre vertù, il dólce del vóstro procédere, mà non il dúro délla vóstra rigidézza, &c.

Note that the Italians haue foure Sustantiues of one sillable, that is to say Piè, Rè, Fè, and Grù, deriued of Piẻde, a Foote; of Rége, a king; of Féde, Faith, and of Grúe, a Crane. The first two are of the Mas. and the other two of the Fem. gender, and serue for both numbers and are euer accented.

Note that taking the name of manageable thing, so you make it of the Feminine gender ending in A. and ioyning Ta. vnto it, you may elegantly expresse substantiuely the power, effect, or blow of the same, as this, Arco, a Bow; Arcáta, a Blow or effect of a bow. Bastóne, Bastonáta, Coltẻllo, Coltẻlláta, Palétta, Palettáta, Pugnále, Pugnaláta, Sásso, Sassáta, &c.

Note that for as much as the Italians vnto certaine Nounes substantiues of the Masculine gender, besides their owne and proper plurall, they giue them another, which in sound and writing seemeth to be of the Feminine gender and singular number ending in A. and yet hath the Article, the Pronoune, or Adiectiue, that must gouerne the same of the Feminine gender and Plurall number, which they call heteroclites: and because this Feminine plurall is deemed to be the most elegant, and that there be but some few of them, I have therefore set downe here as many as I could remember, as followeth alphabetically.

Il Bráccio. I Bráccij. Le Bráccia.

Il Budẻllo. I Budẻlli. Le Budẻlla.

Il Calcágno. I Calcágni. Le Calcágna.

Il Cárro. I Cárri. Le Cárra.

Il Castẻllo. I Castẻlli. Le Castẻlla.

Il Ceruẻllo. I Ceruẻlli. Le Ceruẻlla.

Il Cíglio. I Cíglij. Le Cíglia.

Il Córno. I Córni. Le Córna.

Il Díto. I Díti. Le Díta.

Il Fíco. I Fíchi. Le Fíca.

Il Fílo. I Fíli. Le Fila.

Il Fondaménto. I Fondaménti. Le Fondaménta.

Il Frútto. I Frútti. Le Frútta.

Il Ginócchio. I Ginócchij. Le Ginócchia.

Il Lábbro. I Lábbri. Le Lábbra.

Il Légno. I Légni. Le Légna.

Il Múro. I Múri. Le Múra.

Il Mẻmbro. I Mẻmbri. Le Mẻmbra.

L'Orécchio. Gl'Orécchij. Le Orécchia.

L'Ósso. Gl'Óssi. Le Óssa.

Il Páio. I Páij. Le Páia.

Il Páro. I Pári. Le Pára.

Il Peccáto. I Peccáti. Le Peccáta.

Il Púgno. I Púgni. Le Púgna.

Il Quadrẻllo. I Quadrẻlli. Le Quadrẻlla.

Il Rastello. I Rastẻlli. Le Rastẻlla.

Il Ríso. I Rísi. Le Rísa.

Il Stáio. I Stáij. Le Stáia.

Il Stáro. I Stári. Le Stára.

Il Strído. I Strídi. Le Strída.

Il Vestígio. I Vestígij. Le Vestígia.

Il Vestiménto. I Vestiménti. Le Vestiménta, &c.

There be some others that I remember not. Yet note that there be ancient Poets that make some of them end in Óra, as these, Láto, Cámpo, Luógo, Órto, Córpo, Práto, Rámo, &c. and in the Plurall say, Campóra, Corpóra, Latóra, Luogóra, Pratóra, Ortóra, &c. In steede of Cámpi, Córpi, Láti, Luóghi, Órti, Práti, &c. but are not generally allowed.

Note that the Italians haue a peculiar priuiledge more liuely to declare, and more succinctly to expresse the proper forme and quality of any primitiue, positiue, or radicall Noune, then all other nation or languages, and which among them is very much vsed, both in speaking and writing, and is counted very quaint and elegant; and because it was neuer yet noted of any, and is so frequently vsed, I deeme the knowledge thereof to be most necessary, and thinke it behoofefull to be declared vnto your soueraigne Maiesty; which is, by adding certaine terminations or sillables vnto any primitiue or positiue nounes, as for example, Íno, Étto, V´ccio, Ótto, Óne, Áccio; for these are most used. What noune soeuer endeth in Íno, sheweth the same to be very little, small, and the least that may be. What noune soeuer endeth in Étto, declares the same to be both very little, and therewithall quaint and pretty. What noune soeuer endeth in V´ccio, importeth the same to be poore, miserable, wretched, and deseruing compassion. Whatsoeuer noune endeth in Ótto, implieth the same to be handsomly big, well compact, and indifferently goodly. What noune soeuer endeth in Óne, doth manifest the same to be great beyond reason, bigge and ouer great, farre exceeding due proportion, huge aboue measure. What noune soeuer endeth in Áccio, argueth the same to be ugly, lothsome, contemptible, filthy, and odious. Let these few examples serue for all the rest.

Anẻllo, any kinde of ordinary Ring.

Anẻllíno, a very little or small Ring.

Anẻllétto, a little, and therewith pretty and quaint Ring.

Anẻllúccio, a silly, poore, abiect, and base Ring.

Anẻllótto, a handsome, well fashioned, and not despisable Ring.

Anẻllóne, a huge, bigge, great, exceeding due proportion Ring.

Anẻlláccio, a filthy, contemptible, lothsome, and to be reiected Ring.

Cauállo, Cauallíno, Cauallétto, Cauallúccio, Cauallótto, Cauallóne, Caualláccio.

Dónna, Donnína, Donnétta, Donnúccia, Donnótta, Donnóne, Donnáccia.

Spáda, Spadína, Spadétta, Spadúccia, Spadótta, Spadóne, Spadáccia.

And so of all the rest: but remember, that if you will haue them end in Ótto, or Óne, you must make the Feminin positiue to end in O. as Donnóne, Casóne, Spadóne, Tauolóne, of Dónna, Spáda, Cása, Táuola, &c.

Note also that if the primitiue noune end in No, or Re, as Ásino, Pastóre, to expresse a kind of diminution or prettinesse and littlenesse, you may make them end in Ello, as Asinẻllo, Bastoncẻllo, Pastorẻllo, &c.

Note that all Nounes ending in Lo. Le. Ro. Re. or Ne. except the last vowell require an accent, the said vowell may be left out, and at pleasure both in speaking and writing, in steed of Búffalo. Cauállo. Mále. Quále. Tále. Amáro. Cáro. Colóre. Honóre. Buóno. Sáno. Máno. Cáne. Páne. as also all Infinitiue moods, as Amáre. Cantáre. Tenére. Vedére. Córrere. Tẻssere. Dormíre. Vdíre. you may very well say, Buffal'. Cauál'. Mál'. Quál'. Tal'. Amár'. Cár'. Colór'. Honór'. Buón. Sán'. Mán'. Cán'. Pán'. Amár'. Cantár'. Tenér'. Vedér'. Córrer'. Tẻsser'. Dormír'. Vdír'. &c. For L. N. and R. are among the Italians counted the principall liquids in which words may end, though some count M. and T. liquids also. For some make the first persons plurall of Verbes end in M. leauing out the O. as you shall see better in Verbes, as also because the Coniunction copulatiue ended in T. namely before consonants, as hath alreadie beene said.

Note also that all plurals of most masculine words, whose singulars end in Llo, or Le, may at the pleasure of the Speaker or Writer end in Gli. Li. or I. as Cauállo. Cauágli. Cauálli. Cauái. or Cauá'. Capẻllo. Capẻgli. Capẻlli. Capẻi. or Capẻ'. Quéllo. Quégli. Quélli. Quéi. or Que'. Tále. Táli. Tái. Ta'. &c.

Note that where the Latins vse in diuers of their words the letter E. after the first consonant of the first sillable, as Melle. Felle. Feno. Leto. Pede. Sedet. Tenet. the Italians for elegancy sake put an I. betweene the said consonant and the E. and say and write, Miẻle. Fiẻle. Fiẻno. Liẻto. Piẻde. Siẻde. Tiẻne. &c.

Note also that where the Latines haue the open or round O. for the second letter after a consonant, as in these wordes: Bono. Corde. Foco. Homo. Mouére. Sono. Tono. Nocére. &c. the Italians commonly put an V. before the O. and say and write, Buóno, Cuóre, Fuóco, Huómo, Muóuere, Nuócere, Suóno, Tuóno, &c.

Note that where the Latins vse in diuers words the letter L. after C. F. and P. the Italians change the L. into I. and in steede of Cláro, Claritáte, Clamáre, Claue, Conclusione, Flamma, Flóre, Flumen, Plano, Planta, Plombo, Templo, &c. they say, Chiáro, Chiarità, Chiamáre, Chiáue, Conchiusióne, Fiámma, Fióre, Fiúme, Piáno, Piánta, Piómbo, Tẻmpio, &c.

Note that when an Italian word beginneth with S. and that any other consonant followes the same, as in these examples, Sbandáre, Scacciáre, Sconsoláto, Sfacẻndáto, Sfórzo, Smenticáto, Spauẻnto, Stẻrmináto, Stroménto, Sueniménto, &c. the best Italians for Elegancies sake, place and pronounce an I. before the S. and say, Isbandáre, Iscacciáre, Isconsoláto, Isfacẻndáto, Isfórzo, Ismenticáto, Ispauẻnto, Istermináto, Istromẻnto, Isueniménto, &c.

Note that where the Latins vse in many words these two consonants together, Bf. Bn. Bs. Bt. Ct. Dm. Mn. Pt. which the Italians call Aspre consonánti, of most of their Latin wordes following, they make Italian wordes by losing the first of them, and euer doubling the latter consonants, as for example.

Obfuscáre. Offuscáre.

Abnuntiáre. Annontiáre.

Obsẻruáre. Ossẻruáre.

Obtẻstáre. Ottẻstáre.

Obtúso. Ottúso.

Doctrína. Dottrína.

Admonitione. Ammonitióne.

Aduẻrsitate. Auuẻrsità.

Omnipotẻnte. Onnipotẻnte.

Optatiuo. Ottatíuo.

Optimo. Óttimo.

and infinite others: yet remember that in these two Latine wordes, Omnis, and Somnium, the Italians change Mn. into Gn. and say, Ogni, Sógno, Sognáre, &c.

Note also that where the Latines vse the letter X. betweene two vowels, as Alexandro, Exemplo, Dixi, Prolixitate, Sáxo, Taxatio, &c. the Italians change the X. into double SS. and say, Alessándro, Essẻmpio, Díssi, Prolissità, Sásso, Tassatióne, &c.

Note that adding Dis. In. Is. or S. vnto any actiue or possessiue word or verbe, the same becommeth of the priuatiue sense, as appeareth by these examples.

Fáre. Disfáre.

Proportióne. Disproportióne.

Felíce. Infelíce.

Costánte. Incostánte.

Memoráto. Ismemoráto.

Consoláto. Isconsoláto.

Conoscẻnte. Isconoscẻnte.

Vólgere. Suólgere.

And infinite others.

Of Nounes Adiectiues, and of the vse of them.

I will not stand vpon the definition of an Adiectiue, but in briefe, An Adiectiue is but a part of speech, to signifie and set forth the true quality, nature, state, or condition of any substantiue.

Note that the Italians haue two sorts of Adiectiues, one ending in O, in the singular number, the other in E. the first doth euer varie according to the substantiue whereunto it is ioyned, as thus, Buóno amíco. Buoni amíci. Buóna amíca. Buóne amíche, and so of all the rest. The second ending in E. as it were neutrally serueth both genders, and varieth only in number, as thus, Gentíle Spírito. Gentíli Spíriti. Gentíle ánima. Gentíli ánime. Felíce huómo. Felíci huómini. Felíce dónna. Felíci dónne, &c.

Note that these two Adiectiues, Sánto and Gránde, are diuersly used in the Italian tongue; for, before consonants they loose the last sillable To and De, and say and write Grán and Sán, both in the singular and plurall number, as this, Grán fuóco. Grán fuóchi. Grán calóre. Grán calóri. Sán Páolo. Sán Francésco. whereas before vowels they are written at large, and sometimes apostrophed, as thus, Gránde amóre. Grándi amóri. Sánto Andrẻa. Sant'Andrẻa.

Note that taking any Adiectiue of the Feminine gender, and adding Ménte vnto it. You may frame any Aduerbe of quality or order, as Amára. Amaraménte. Furiósa. Furiosaménte. Cortése. Corteseménte. Dólce. Dolceménte. &c. and if you will frame or expresse any superlatiue degree, as we doe in English by adding Very or Most vnto any Adiectiue, so loosing the last vowell of any Italian Adiectiue, and putting Issimo vnto the same, you make the superlatiue as Amaríssimo. Furiosíssimo. Cortesíssimo. Dolcíssimo. &c. and so consequently if you will expresse any Aduerbe of quality superlatiuely, change Issimo into Issimaménte, as thus, Amarissimaménte. Furiosissimaménte. Cortesissimaménte. Dolcissimaménte. And so of all the rest.

Note that taking of any Noune substantiue, whether Latin or Italian, you may thereof at your pleasure frame his Adiectiue either Active or Passiue (be it lawfull for me to use these words:) to frame the first make your substantiue to end in O. and put So vnto it, as Amóre, Amoróso, Bisógno, Bisognóso, Gústo, Gustóso, Fórza, Forzóso, Paúra, Pauróso, Tẻrra, Tẻrróso, &c. which termination implyeth euer the quality or fulnesse of the substantiue. To frame the second, make your substantiue to end in E. and put Vole vnto it, as Amoréuole, Bisognéuole, Gustéuole, Honoréuole, Lodéuole, Pauréuole, &c. You may also in steede of Vole vse Bile; but then the substantiue must end in A. and say, Amicábile, Biasimábile, Gustábile, Laudábile, Tolerábile, &c. From all which taking away the last vowell, and adding Ménte vnto the rest, you frame of them Aduerbs of quality, as is before said, as thus, Amicheuolménte. Biasimabilménte, Laudabilménte, Gusteuolménte, Honoreuolménte, Tolerabilménte, &c. Amorosaménte, Gustosaménte, &c.

Of Nounes proper or appellatiues.

Of Nounes Appellatiues or Proper, I will say little, for being but proper names of Persons or of Places, they are soone learned.

Of Comparatiues and how to frame them.

Note that the Italians haue but sixe comparatiues that may be expressed in one word, that is to say, Maggióre, Minóre. Meglióre. Peggióre. Superióre. Inferióre. which may as well be counted Latine as Italian. All the rest may be framed by placing any of these two Aduerbs of quantity, Più or Méno, before any Adiective, as thus, Amáro. Più amáro. Méno amáro. Bẻllo. Più bẻllo. Men bẻllo. Cáro. Più cáro. Mén cáro. Dótto. Più dótto. Mén dótto. Gránde. Più gránde. Mén gránde. And so of all the rest.

Of Superlatiues.

Note that the Italians haue two sorts of Superlatiues, which I distinguish thus, that one may admit a comparison, and the other not. That which admitteth no comparison, is euer framed by adding the Article that the positiue adiectiue requireth, unto your already framed Comparatiue, as thus. Amáro, Più amáro, Méno amáro. Il più amáro. Il mén' amáro. Cára. Più cára. Mén cára. La più cára. La mén cára. Dótto. Più dótto. Mén dótto. Il più dótto. Il mén dótto. Gránde. Più gránde. Mén gránde. La più gránde. La Mén gránde. The other Superlatiue that doth admit a comparison, which the English expresse with the addition of Most, Right, Thrice, or Very, vnto their positiues, is framed among the Italians thus by adding Issimo or Issima, vnto any positiue, which must euer loose his last vowell, as, Amaríssimo, Bẻllíssimo, Caríssimo, Dottíssimo, Grandíssima, Illustríssima, &c.

Note that the Italians haue also an other manner of speech very ordinary among them to expresse any comparison, and that is with the helpe of Di, Del, Chè, and Che nón. which must euer haue reference vnto Più, Méno, Mẻglio, or Pẻggio, as thus. Tu sẻi più dotto di mè, ma io sóno più dabbéne di tè. Io ti ámo più del douére. Tu mi dái méno del mẻrito. Chi áma Dio più che'l móndo sarà felíce. Lui cérca méno la vertù che tútti i vitij, &c. But note that all these comparatiue phrases must haue but one verbe in them: For, if they haue two or more, you must then vse Che non, and neuer else, and it must euer be placed before the second verbe of the sentence, as thus, Tù sẻi più dótto, che non sóno io, ma io fáccio mẻglio che non fái tù. Io ámo Dío mẻglio che non fái tù, ẻ l'offẻndo méno che non fánno mólti. Lui fa pẻggio che non díce. Lui ẻ più ricco che non siámo nói. And infinite others.

Note that the Italians speaking or writing to any person, whom they will seeme to respect or honour, and whom they would seeme to acknowledge their superior, they vse not to speake or write vnto him in the second person singular. Tu, or Túa, as the Latines, nor in the second person plurall Vói, or Vóstra, as most nations doe, but in the third person singular, to one, as Lẻi or Súa, and in the third person plurall to many, as Lóro, And accordingly frame all the verbs to be vsed in the sentence, as for example. Súa Signoría mi tẻrrà pẻr iscusáto, se príma nón sóno venúto a basciárle le máni, ẻ fárle riuerẻnza. Io mi reputerò felíce che éssa mi tẻnga nélla súa buóna grátia, cóme súo minimo sẻruitóre, pẻrchè tále le farò sẻmpre. &c. Or else speaking to many. Le lóro Signoríe mi tẻrránno pẻr iscusáto se príma non sóno venúto a basciár lóro le máni, & fár loro riuerẻnza. Io mi reputerò felice che ésse mi tẻngano nélla lóro buóna grátia, cóme lóro mínimo sẻruitóre, perchè tále vóglio ẻsser lóro. In steede of, Vóstra Signoría mi tẻrrà pẻr iscusáto se príma non sóno venúto a basciárui le máni, ẻ fárui riuerẻnza. Io mi reputerò felice che voi mi teniáte nélla vóstra buóna grátia, cóme vóstro mínimo sẻruitóre che vi sóno, &c.

Of the declining of Nounes.

Note that whosoeuer can perfectly decline the Articles, and fitly appropriate them to the Nounes, may (as I haue said before, speaking of the articles) with great facility learne how to decline all Italian Nounes both Substantiues and Adiectiues: and therefore for breuity sake I haue declined and set downe but one of euery kinde and gender, which shall serue for all the rest; for, whosoeuer can decline one may also decline all.

Mas. Sing. Number.

No. Il Ciẻlo. Il pádre. Il dúca.

Ge. dél ciẻlo. del pádre. dél dúca.

Da. al ciẻlo. al pádre. al dúca.

Accu. il ciẻlo. il padre. il dúca.

Vo. ó ciẻlo. ó pádre. ó dúca.

Abl. dál ciẻlo. dál padre. dal dúca.

Mas. Plu. Number.

No. I ciẻli. I pádri. I dúchi.

Ge. dei ciẻli. dei pádri. dei dúchi.

Da. ai ciẻli. ai pádri. ái dúchi.

Accu. i ciẻli. i pádri. i dúchi.

Vo. ó ciẻli. ó pádri. ó dúchi.

Abl. dái ciẻli. dai pádri. dái dúchi.

Mas. Sing. Number.

No. l'amóre. lo Spírito.

Ge. dell'amóre. déllo Spirito.

Da. all'amóre. állo Spírito.

Acc. l'amóre. lo Spírito.

Voc. ó amóre. ó Spírito.

Abl. dall'amóre. dállo Spírito.

Mas. Plu. Number.

No. gl'amóri. gli Spíriti.

Ge. dégl'amóri. dégli Spíriti.

Da. agl'amóri. agli Spíriti.

Accu. gl'amóri. gli Spíriti.

Voc. ó amóri. ó Spíriti.

Abl. dagl'amóri. dágli Spíriti.

Fem. Sing. Num.

No. la tẻrra. l'ánima.

Ge. délla tẻrra. déll'ánima.

Da. alla tẻrra. all'ánima.

Accu. la tẻrra l'ánima.

Vo. ó tẻrra. ó ánima.

Abl. dálla tẻrra dáll'ánima.

Fem. Plur. Num.

No. le tẻrre. l'ánime.

Ge. délle tẻrre. dell'ánime.

Da. álle tẻrre. áll ánime.

Accu. le tẻrre. l'anime.

Vo. ó tẻrre. ó ánime.

Abl. dálle tẻrre. dáll'ánime.

Of Pronounes in generall.

By Pronounes haue been vnderstood certaine determinate words that imply or represent a Noune, eyther of person or thing; and Grammarians haue diuided them into diuers sorts or rankes, calling some Primitiues, some Possessiues, some Deriuatiues, some Demonstratiues, some Relatiues, some Interogatiues, and some Indefinitiues.

The Primiues are, Io, Tú, Lúi, Egli, Ei, Esso, Essa, of the Sing. Nói, Vói, Lóro, Eglino, Elleno, of the Plur.

The Possessiues are, Mío, Mía, Túo, Túa, Súo, Súa, of the Sing. Miẻi, Tuói, Suói, Míe, Túe, Súe, Nóstro, Nóstri, Nóstra, Nóstre, Vóstro, Vóstri, Vóstra, Vóstre, Lóro, Altrúi, of the Plu. from which are deriued cartaine bastards, and seldome vsed except in compositions, as Mò, Mon, Ma, Tò, Tà, Sò, as Fratẻlmò, Monsignóre, Madáma, Fratẻltò, &c.

The Deriuatiues are, Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi; Me, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, as also, Mò, Ma, Tò, Ta, Sò, whereof more shall be said.

The Demonstratiues are, Colúi, Colẻi, Colóro, Quello, Quégli, Quélli, Quél, Quéi, Qué', Quélla, Quélle, Quésta, Quéste, Quésto, Quésti. Esto, Stó, Sta, Sti, Ste. Costúi, Costẻi, Cotésto, Cotestúi, Cotestóro, Ciò, Ciochè, Esso, Désso, Stésso.

The Relatiues are, Quále, Chè, Cui.

The Interogatiues are, Che?, Chi?, Quále?

The Indefinitiues are, Alcúno, Altrúi, Altri, Altro, Cadaúno, Ciaschedúno, Ciascúno, Medésimo, Nessúno, Niúno, Ogniúno, Qualcúno, Qualún[que], Chiúnque, Tále, Talúno, Cotále, Verúno, Stésso, Istésso.

Note that no Pronounes haue Articles ioyned vnto them, except Altrúi. Chè. Cúi. Cotále. Medésimo. Quále. Tále. and the possessiues, Mío. Túo. Súo. Mía. Túa. Súa. Nóstro. Nóstra. Vóstra. Vóstro. and Lóro. and yet all may haue the signes of the cases, Di. A. or Da. or else they could not be declined; as thus, Il medésimo giórno che io ti conóbbi, l'istésso ti amái. Il tále m'hà fátto mále. Il cotále m'hà feríto. L'amíco il quále io ámo. Il che io ti mostrerò sẻmpre. Io desídero l'altrúi bene, Il cúi dánno non mi piáce. I cúi denári io hò spesi, &c. and so all their plurals.

Note that to all the Possesiues, contrary to other Idiomes, the Italians ioyne such Articles, as the Substantiue requireth to which they are ioyned, as thus, Il mío líbro. I tuói fastídij sóno i miẻi. La mía máno. Le mie bráccia. Il túo pádre. Le túe disgrátie. La súa sórte. Il súo giudítio. Il nóstro Dío punísce i nóstri peccati, La vóstra lẻttera. Le vóstre fórze. Il vóstro signóre. I vóstri guanti. La lóro fortúna. Il lóro fratẻllo. Le lóro sciagùre. I lóro maríti, &c.

Of the Pronounes deriuatiues, or as some cal them Affixes, Adiuncts, or Particles, Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi, Ne, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, Ne, Mo, Ma, To, Ta, So, which are so frequent in vse, and such an ornament or grace in the Italian tongue, which because they are some what difficile, I will say something of them.

The aboue written Deriuatiues, Affixes, Adiuncts, or Particles are very worthy of great consideration for the true vse of them, which few English attaine vnto, though they haue beene in Italy, and because none that euer I saw hath yet truely written of them; therefore pardon me, I beseech your Royal Maiestie, if I seeme somewhat tedious or curious in them. They are commonly ioyned vnto Verbes, and are euer of the Datiue or Accusatiue cases, except verbs of Priuation, when they are of the Ablatiue, as before hath beene touched: as for example, Lui mi diẻde. Egli mi dísse. Ei mi conóbbe ẻt súbito mi prése. Io ti díco ẻ ti móstro, ẻ ti véggo, ẻ ti conósco. Egli si dà ad intẻndere di scusársi, ẻ s'accúsa da se stésso. Lóro si dánno a crédere di non monstrársi pázzi (Of Si, more shall be said in this present Discourse.) Lui ci diẻde denári vedẻndone giuocáre. Dio vi hà dáta la súa gratia acciò vi pentiáte, &c. Here remember that Ci, and Vi, are often Aduerbes of place or locall signifying Here and There, as thus, Se io ci sóno, non ci voglio ẻssere. Io non vi andái pẻr non trouárui l'amíco che promíse di ẻsserui, &c.

Note that Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi, may often be changed into Me, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, and yet are euer of one same signification, the I. of which is neuer changed into E. but when any of them are ioyned or affixed vnto some one of these Articles, Il. I. Lo. Gli. La. Le. or Ne. being an Aduerbe, and then are the Affixes of the Datiue case, and the Articles of the Accusatiue cases, as this, Lúi me lo mostrò. Io te lo diẻdi. Io te ne parlái. Egli se la béue. Essi se le mangiórono sénza pentírsene. Lóro ce ne hánno parláto, ẻt ce lo significórono. Io ce lo víddi. Lui ce ne diẻde, ẻt ce ne féce párte. Io ve lo trouái. Di grátia non ve ne Scordáte. Non vogliáte cercárveli se non ve ne voléte pentíre, &c.

Note also that all these aboue written Particles Mi. Ti. Si. Ci. Vi. Me. Te. Se. Ve. Ne. Lo. La. and Le. may indifferently be vsed and placed eyther before or after Verbes, at the pleasure of the speaker or writer, as for example in the Datiue case, Mi piáce. Piácemi. Ti gióua. Gióuati. Si compiáce. Compiácesi. Ci dilẻtta. Dilẻttaci. Vi piáce. Piáceui. Si compiáciono. Compiácionsi. And Accusitiuely, Mi vidde. Viddemi. Tí accúsa. Accúsati. Si móstra. Móstrasi. Ci áma. Ámaci. Vi truóua. Truóuaui.

But remember that if the Verbe haue an accent ouer the last vowell, as Mostrerò, Donò, Dirà, Farà, Starà, Dà, È, and that you will place the Particle after the verbe (as you may at your pleasure) the consonant of them ought euer to bee doubled, whereas before the Verbe it ought to be single, as for example, Ti mostrerò, Mostrerótti, Mi donò, Donómmi, Si dirà, Dirássi, Si farà, Farássi, Ci dà, Dácci, Ci ẻ del béne? Ecci del béne, Vi farò vedére, Faróuui vedére. Ve ne ẻ dauánzo, Éuuene pur tróppo. Le donò il cuóre, Donólle il cuóre, Se ne andò. Andóssene vía. Si trouò fuóri. Trouóssi fuóri. Le trouò che dormíuano. Trouólle che dormíuano. Ne dà. Dánne. Ne fà. Fánne, &c. Note withall that none of these Particles should be vsed before any Infinitiue mood, Gerond or Participle (an error wherein many Englishmen fall very often) as Mi fáre, Ti díre, Si monstrando, Si dicẻndo, Si pentíto, Si trouáto, Ci fáre, Ci trouáre, Vi facẻndo, Vi parlando, Ne vedẻndo, Ne trouándo, &c. but you must euer say Fármi, Dírti, Fárci, Trouárci, euer losing the last vowell of the Infinitue. Dicẻndosi, Facẻndosi, Pentítosi, Trouátosi, Facẻndoui, Parlándovi, Vedẻndone, Trouándone, &c.

It is not amisse if you note that Se, is sometimes an Aduerbe of doubt, as thus, Se if, Se púre if so be that, Se però if yet as, Se tu ámi Dio if thou loue God, &c.

Note also that these Affixes, or Participles are sometimes vsed among good Italians for an ornament or grace of speech rather then for necessity, and ioyning many times two or three together, as for example, Egli si créde, He belieueth himselfe, or to himselfe. Tù ti pénsi, Thou thinkest thy selfe, or to thy selfe. Io mi ti raccomándo, I recommend my selfe vnto thee. Tù mi ti mostrásti amoréuole, Thou didst show thy selfe kinde vnto me. Egli mi si proferì da sè, He of himselfe offered himselfe to me. Io mi ci fermái, I my selfe staide there. Tù ti ci facésti incóntro, Thou madest thy selfe against vs. In which gracefull, elegant, and ornamentall speeches, they ought euer to end in I. and not in E. yet may they end in both after L. or R. as for example: Cálmi. Cálme. Válmi. Válme. Dármi. Dárme. Pármi. Párme. &c.

Of Si.

Be your Maiestie pleased, I humbly entreate you, if I be somewhat tedious about this Particle Si. which to all strangers seemeth a Particle so doubtfull and vncertaine, that most are therewith puzled, yea and Italians themselues are to seeke how to expresse it, or how to giue rules for it. For I could neuer yet see the Grammar that did giue me satisfaction, or that did in any sort show the true vse of it, or the diuers significations it hath, as your Highnesse may perceiue, if you compare their rules vnto mine. For if you duely consider it, eyther in writing or speaking, and withall examine the thing written or spoken of, there is no part of speech more certain, more regular, and more ornamentall, although it sometimes seeme to contrary it selfe, especially if it be ioyned vnto Verbes (as it is very often) and makes the Verbe to which it is affixed to be sometimes directly Actiue or Transitiue, and other times Passiue or Reciprocall, as indeed it is: and fauour me I beseech you, with the patience to consider these few rules, you shall finde is very easie and certaine, both how to be vnderstood, and how to be vsed.

Sì. is often an Aduerbe of swearing or affirmation, yea, yes, yea marry as thus, Sì in verità, yes in truth. Signor sì, yes, Sir. Sì veraménte, yes forsooth. &c. and then is it euer accented.

Sì. serueth often for an Aduerbe of similitude or comparison in stead of Così, in English So, As, or Thus, as for example, Huómo sì cortése, sì nóbile, ẻ sì gentíle non víddi mái, A man so courteous, so noble, and thus gentle, did I neuer see, &c. and should euer be accented.

Sì. is sometimes an Aduerbe of quantity, comparatiuely, or relatiuely spoken, in liew of Tánto, or Quánto, in English As much, As well, So well, So much, hauing euer relation vnto Cóme or Quánto, as thus, Sì lui cóme vn'altro, As much or as well he as another. Sì bene pẻr il mio interẻsse quánto pẻr il vóstro, As well, or as much for mine interesse as for yours. Or else it may be placed before Pẻr, or Pẻrchè, or Pẻr tánto, or, Pẻr quánto, as thus, Sì pẻr amór vóstro, cóme pẻr súo, As much or as well for your sake as for his. Sì pẻrchè ti ámo, quánto pẻrchè tù sẻi vertuóso, As well because I loue thee, as because thou art vertuous, &c. and should euer be accented.

Sì. hath beene vsed for a Coniunction of continuing sense or yeelding reason, in place of Nondiméno, yet or neuerthelesse, as thus, Se áltro non mi vì facésse volér béne, Sì vi vóglio béne, pẻrchè lo meritáte, If nothing else should make me to wish you well, yes or neuerthelesse I will loue you because you deserue it, &c.

Sì. hath beene vsed for the Preposition Insíno, vntill, as thus, Nón si riténne di córrere sì fù a cása di lui, he staide not his running vntill he came to his house, &c.

Si. hath beene vsed sometimes for an ornament, as thus, Andò et si gli apẻrse, et si gli disse, &c.

Si. being ioyned or affixed vnto the third person of any verbe, be it singular or plurall, or to any Infinitiue moode, or to any Gerond, or to any Participle, as it is most often, and that both before and after them, your Maiesty ought diligently to consider and obserue whether, Si, hath reference and relation vnto persons animated, or creatures hauing life, namely men or women, or otherwise vnto creatures or things dead, and hauing no life, as also vnto actions of men or women, or as a man may say, whether in speech or writing the partie be ment and vnderstood himselfe, or whether but his action, and any dead thing else; for to some one of those two must euery verbe spoken, read or written necessarily haue relation, and of one of the two al meane and vnderstand. If Si. haue relation and reference vnto persons animated and hauing or hauing had life, you shall assuredly finde the Verbe to which Si. is affixed, to be of the Actiue or Transitiue signification, and Si. to be a Pronoune Primitiue, or as some say, deriuatiue, both of the singular and plurall number, both of the Masculine and Feminine gender, and but of the Datiue or of the Accusatiue cases, signifying To him, to herselfe, to themselues, Him, her, themselues, as also sometimes, one another, as for example, Lui si dà a crédere d'ẻsser sáuio, ẻ si stíma ẻsser' huómo da béne, ẻt non si rauéde dẻ suói erróri, di che si douerẻbbe vergognáre conoscẻndosi. That is in English, He giueth himselfe to beleeue that he is wise, and thinketh himselfe to be an honest man, and himselfe perceiueth not his owne faults, whereof he should be ashamed himself, knowing himselfe. Or thus: Lóro si pénsano ẻsser sauij, mà si ingánnano, They thinke themselues wise men, but they deceiue themselues. Or thus: Lui si ẻ fátto mále, pensándosi di fársi béne, He hath done hurt to himselfe, thinking to doe himselfe good. Or thus: Lóro si dánno a crédere d'ẻssersi feriti, They perswade themselues that they haue hurt themselues, or to haue hurt one another; for in the sense of One another it is often found. Here remember also (as I haue before touched) that Si. being affixed vnto verbs of priuation, and speaking of persons animated, it may be of some Ablatiue case, as thus, Lui si ẻ cauáto la máschera, He hath pulled the maske or vizard from himselfe. Or thus: Lóro si sóno leuáta la libertà, They haue taken liberty from themselues, &c.

Secondly, if Si, be ioyned or affixed to any verbe, hauing relation to any dead or liuelesse thing, or to any action performed, be sure that it is a signe or inference of a passiue signification, which in English is expressed with these signes, It is, Men, Are, They, The world, Be it, or To be, namely with Infinitiues, as for example, Si díce chè le cattíue cóse non si stímano, It is said that euill things are not esteemed. Or thus: Mólte cóse si fánno, che non si conuẻngono, Many things are done that are not conuenient, &c. And so you may vnderstand it being ioyned vnto the third persons, eyther singular or plurall, of all the tences throughout the Verbe, as also with an Infinitiue mood, as thus, Quésto dẻbbe fársi, this thing is to be done, &c. Or with a Participle, as thus, Fáttosi nótte si féce ánco oscúro, Night being made, darkenesse was also made, &c.

Note also as a speciall thing, that if there be two or more verbes in a sentence, and that one of them be an Infinitiue, although they be farre asunder, and that Si. be ioyned to any one, yet must it still gouerne the Infinitiue passiuely, as this, Si può manifestaménte vedére, che gli huómini si póssono ingannáre, It may manifestly be seene, that men may easily be deceiued, &c.

Of Ne.

The reason why so few can directly vnderstand, or truely make vse in speaking or writing of this Particle Ne, which in the Italian tongue is so often and so gracefully vsed, proceedeth of this, that as yet (as farre as I haue seene) none did euer shew directly, or rightly set down the essentiall proprietie, the certaine and distinct significations, and the vndoubted vse thereof, amusing the learner and stranger, with saying that it is but an ornament and affected grace of the tongue, and that it might well, or for the most part be spared; when if your Maiesty rightly examine the same, you shall finde it to be a most necessary, a most gracefull, and most significant part of speech: yea, and so significant, so gracefull, and so necessary, as the Italian tongue is lame, harsh, imperfect and gracelesse without it. I haue therefore as briefly as I could set downe the seuerall significations, and direct vses therof, and what it doth import, or may signifie, and without the compasse of which I would yet neuer heare, reade, or finde it. Remember therefore that Ne hath onely fiue seuerall significations, and more it cannot haue.

First Nè, is sometimes an Aduerbe of distinction, or as some count it, of deniall or refusall, and is commonly accented, and without a verb, and in the beginning of a sentence, or immediately after a Comma, signifying in English, Nor, or Neither, or thus, Nè ti sóno amíco, nè ánco lo vóglio ẻssere, per chè, nè tù lo mẻriti, nè se ne contẻnterẻbboro i miẻi amíci. I neither am thy friend, nor will I be, because neither dost thou deserue it, nor would my friends be therewith contented. Or thus, Nè quésto, nè quéllo ti concẻdo, imperochè, nè mi ámi, nè mi puói vedére. Nor this, nor that doe I graunt to thee, for thou dost neither loue me, nor canst abide to see me, &c.

Secondly, Ne is somtimes an Aduerb local or of place, or as some cal it, a Preposition, importing In, In the, or Into, but then is the Article I. included, and somtimes apostrophed, and somtimes not, as thus, Spasseggiándo ne' cámpi, m'imbattéi ne' miẻi nemíci, walking in the fields, I chanced to fal into mine enemies. Or thus, Trouándomi ne' cámpi, finding my selfe in the fieldes. Or thus, Leggẻndo ne' libri, reading in the bookes, Or thus, Ne' sáuij si truóuano buóni consíglij, in wise men are good counsels found, &c.

Thirdly, Ne. being ioyned to a verbe of motion, as Andáre, Fuggíre, Voláre, Veníre, &c. is sometimes an Aduerbe locall or of place, signifying in English Thence, Hence, or Away, as Lui se ne ẻ andáto; He is gone away. Io me ne vádo, I goe hence. Io me ne vóglio fuggíre, I will runne away or flie hence, Lui se ne ẻ fuggito, He is fled away thence or hence. Volándosene via, Flying thence away. Venitéuene, Come away thence, &c.

Fourthly, Ne. serueth sometimes for the Pronoune primitiue, Noi, Vs, being euer of the Datiue or Accusatiue cases, except with verbes of priuation, with which it is of the Ablatiue. As for example, Vedẻndone giuocáre lui ne diẻde denári, Seeing vs play he gaue vs money. Incontrándone lui ne diẻde il buón giórno, Meeting vs, he bade vs good morrow, with priuatiue verbes, let this example serue. Lui ne hà tólto il nóstro ripóso, furátone i nóstri denári, ẻd ascóstone i nóstri béni, He hath taken from vs our rest, stolne our money from vs, and hidden our goods from vs.

Fifthly and lastly, Ne. being ioyned with a verbe doth most often and most commonly serue for an Aduerbe of quantity, or relation, signifying in English, Some, Of it, Any, Part of, There of, Of them, and sometimes, Therewith, hauing euer relation vnto the chief substantiue, mentioned, spoken of, or glanced at in the sentence, at being reciprocall vnto it, and is most elegantly and gracefully so often vsed of all the best Italians, to auoide that harshnesse or trouble of often iterating the same vpon euery occasion, and in continuance of the sense, as for example, Di grátia Signór mio se hauéte denári fátemene párte, Signóre Io non ne hò, se ne hauéssi, ve ne farẻi párte, quándo ne hauerò, ne potréte dispórre, mi dispiáce non hauérne, vísto chè tánti ne hánno, chè non ne sóno degni, &c. which in English is thus. Of courtesie Sir if you haue any money, lend me some. Sir I haue none, if I had any you should haue part thereof, when I shall haue some, you may dispose of it. I am sorry I haue not any, seeing so many haue some that are not worthy of it, &c. much more might be said of the vse thereof, but I thinke this sufficient. Now let vs come vnto the verbes.

Of verbes in generall.

A Verbe is a part of speech which varieth in times; for Verbe is that which signifieth time, or sheweth variation of time, implying euer an action or working either of body or minde. Amongst all the Verbs some are vnder certaine orders, and are called Regular, some are not, and they are called Irregular. All Uerbs that maybe reduced vnder certaine orders and infallible rules, haue heretofore by the Fathers and best writers of the Italian tongue (in imitation of the Latin) beene deuided and ranged into foure squadrons by them named Coniugations.

All those of the first Squadron or Coniugation are such as in their Infinitiue moodes end in Áre. with the accent ouer the last A. as Amáre, Balláre, Cantáre, Mangiáre, Saltáre, Tagliáre, and infinite others.

All those of the second Squadron or Coniugation are those that in the Infinitiue moode end in Ére, with the accent ouer the last E. sauing one, as Hauére, Godére, Possedére, Temére, Vedére, and infinite others.

All those of the third Squadron or Coniugation are those that in their Infinitiue moodes doe likewise end in Ére. with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing two, as Córrere, Frémere, Lẻggere, Nuócere, Rídere, Strídere, Tẻssere, and infinite others.

All those of the fourth Squadron or Coniugation are those that in their Infinitiue moodes end in Íre. with the accent ouer the first vowell sauing one, as Dormíre, Moríre, Nutríre, Obedíre, Patíre, Sentíre, Vdíre, &c.

All those Uerbes that may be reduced vnder certaine orders are called Regular, the number of which is infinite of euery Coniugation; where as those that more or lesse doe varie and estrange themselues from rules or order are called Irregular, whereof the number is but few, as shall appeare hereafter.

All Verbs be either Actiue and Transitiue, or Passiue & Reciprocall, or else Personall or Impersonall, of which we will say somewhat and of their seuerall vses: and because some tences of all verbes are coniugated either with the Participle and helpe of the Auxiliar, or as I may call it Mother-verbe, Hauére, or else with the Participle and helpe of the other Auxiliar and helping verbe Éssere. Know therefore that all Actiue or Transitiue verbs, that is to say, that passe into the subiect treated, meant, or spoken of, vse the helpe of the Auxiliar verbe Hauére, as Io hò veduti ẻt lẻtti mólti libri. Io hó trouáti póchi amíci. Io me l'hauéuo guadagnáto con l'árme in máno, &c. And the Passiue or Reciprocall verbs, that is to say, that returne vnto themselues with Mi. Ti. Si. Ci. Vi. which answere vnto Io. Tù. Lúi. Nói. Lóro. vse euer the helpe of the other Auxiliar verbe Éssere, as for example, Io mi sóno rallegráto del túo béne, ẻ tù ti sẻi dolúto del mío. Noi ci siámo accostáti a lui, ẻ vói vi siéte vergognáti di fárlo. Quándo loro si saránno partíti dál mál fáre, noi ci consolerémo, &c.

Note here that these two verbs, Pósso and Vóglio, may be vsed and ioyned with both the Auxiliar verbs, Hauére and Éssere. The reason why I call them Auxiliar, is, because they are as helps to coniugate all other verbs both Actiue and Passiue, and I deeme them most necessary to be perfectly learned of him that is curious truly to vnderstand, rightly to speake, or exactly to write the Italian tongue, forsomuch as whosoeuer can readily coniugate Hauére, may without any doubt or difficulty (knowing but the Infinitiue moode, which is as the roote and ground of all) coniugate and frame all the rest of the verbs, both regular and irregular of the Italian tongue, except three tences, and of those three tences but one person of each: that is to say, the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode; Secondly, the first distant or vndetermined Preterperfectence of the same moode; Thirdly, the Present tence of the Optatiue moode: as by coniugating of this verbe Hauére, shall manifestly appeare, which I humbly entreate your Maiestie to learne carefully.

Of the verbe Hauére.

The Indicatiue moode or Demonstratiue manner of speech.

The Present or Deffinite tence.

Singular Number. Plurall Number.

Io hó. Io hággio Noi habbiámo, or hauémo.

Tù hái. Voi hauéte.

Lúi hà, or Egli hà. Lóro hánno, or Essi hánno.

Of the vse, and what may be learned by this Tence.

Note that adding any Participle vnto this tence, you frame the second Certaine, Neare, or Determined Preterperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes, and of all coniugations, as for example.

Io hò amáto, or Vedúto. Nói hauémo scritto, or fátto.

Tù hai cantáto, or dormíto. Vói hauéte vbidíto.

Lui hà saltáto, or lẻtto. Lóro hánno volúto.

The Preterimperfect, Doubtfull, Vnlimited, or Vndetermined tence.

Io hauéuo. Nói haueuámo.

Tù hauéui. Vói haueuáte.

Lúi hauéua. Lóro hauéuano.

Of the vse, and what may be learned by this Tense.

First note, that adding any Participle of what verbe soeuer vnto this tence, you frame the first vncertaine, vndetermined, and very distant Preterpluperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes, as for example.

Io hauéuo magniáto. Noi haueuámo scrítto.

Tù hauéui vedúto. Voi haueuáte dormíto.

Lui hauéua studiáto. Lóro hauéuano saltáto.

Secondly note, that this tence of all the verbes of the second, of the third, and of the fourth coniugation, may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer lose and leaue out the last V. in the third persons singular and plurall, as thus, Lui hauéa, Lui scriuéa, Lui dormía, Lóro hauéano, Lóro scriuéano, Lóro dormíano, as also it may lose the last vowell, or O. of the said third persons plurall; for you may also say Lóro hauéan', Lóro scriuéan'. Lóro dormían, &c.

Thirdly note, that all third persons plurall of all Italian verbes must haue the accent placed vpon the last vowell sauing two, as Lóro amáuano, Lóro vedéuano, Lóro scriuéuano, Lóro dormíuano, &c. except that of the future tence of the Indicatiue, where the accent is vpon the last vowell sauing one, by reason of the double Nn. which followes the same, as Lóro ameránno, Lóro vederánno, Lóro scriueránno, Lóro moriránno, &c.

Fourthly note, that knowing the termination of this tence and of this verbe alone, you may therby learne how to frame the doubtfull or vnlimited Preterimperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all the verbes of the Italian tongue, as for example of the first Coniugation by changing the E. of this verbe Hauére, into A. as thus.

Io amáuo. Io saltáuo. Nói amauámo, or Saltauámo.

Tù amáui. Tù saltáui. Vói amauáte or saltauáte.

Lui amáua. Lui saltáua. Lóro amáuano, or saltáuano.

Of the second and third Coniugation by keeping the very same desinence or termination of this tence, and of this Verbe, as for example.

Io vedéuo. Io corréuo. Nói vedeuámo, or Correuámo.

Tù vedéui. Tù corréui. Vói vedeuáte, or Correuáte.

Lui vedéua. Lui corréua. Lóro vedéuano, or Corréuano.

Of the fourth Coniugation by changing the E. into I. as for example.

Io dormíuo. Io patíuo. Nói dormiuámo, or Patiuámo.

Tù dormíui. Tù patíui. Vói dormiuáte, or Patiuáte.

Lui dormíua. Lui patíua. Lóro dormíuano, or Patíuano.

The first vncertaine, vndetermined, or distant Preterperfect tence.

Io hẻbbi. Nói hauémmo.

Tù hauẻsti. Vói hauéste.

Lúi hẻbbe. Lóro hẻbbero, or hẻbber'

Of the vse of this tence, and what may thereby be learned.

First note, that adding the Participle of what Verbe soeuer vnto this tence, you frame a tence, which although some Grammarians haue made no mention of, yet is so necessary, and so often vsed of good Italians, both in speaking and writing, as I am perswaded, that no man can truely speake or write without it; or that it is a second, vndoubted, most certaine and determined Preterpluperfect tence of all Actiue or Transitiue Verbes, as for example.

Io hẻbbi pagáto. Nói hauémmo scrítto.

Tù hauẻsti saltáto. Vói hauéste lẻtto.

Lúi hẻbbe godúto. Lóro hẻbbero dormíto.

Secondly, you may learne by this tence to know, that whereas the first Preterperfect tences of the Indicatiue moode of most Italian Verbes, of the second and third coniugations are somewhat difficile, vncertaine, and irregular, that it is but in three persons, that is to say, in the first and third singular, and in the third plurall, yet are they not so vncertaine, but that if you finde only the first person singular, which doth euer end inI, as Hẻbbi. Sẻppi. Tácqui. Nácqui. Víddi. &c. change that I. into E. and vndoubtedly you haue the third person singular, as Hẻbbe. Sẻppe. Tácque. Nácque. Vídde. and to the third person singular addingRo, you haue infallibly the third person plurall, as Hẻbbero, Sẻppero, Tácquero, Nácquero, Víddero. &c. wheras the other three persons, to wit, the second singular, and the first and second plurall of this tence are euer regular, and keepe one certaine termination, and may be framed by the Infinitiue, as thus, Take Re, from the Infinitiue moode, and adde Sti, vnto the rest you haue the second person singular, as Hauésti, Sapésti, Tacésti, Nascésti, Vedésti, and likewise take Re. from the Infinitiue, and vnto it adde Mmo, you haue the first person plural, as Hauémmo, Sapémmo, Tacémmo, Nascémmo, Vedémmo. And likewise take Re, from the Infinitiue, and thereunto adde Ste, as thus, change the last I. of the second person singular of this tence into E. you haue the second person plurall, as Hauéste, Sapéste, Tacéste, Nascéste, Vedéste. Yet remember that this tence is not so strictly vncertain but that it may for a shift be made regular, as those of the first coniugation, as thus, Hauéi, hauésti, hauétte, Hauémmo, Hauéste, Hauéttero, and so Tacéi, Tacésti, Tacétte, Tacémmo, Tacéste, Tacéttero, Godéi, Godésti, Godétte, Godémmo, Godéste, Godéttero, &c.

Now for your Maiesties more facility, and to know certainly what verbes of the second or third coniugation varie in this tence, I haue throughout my Dictionarie set downe next to all Infinitiues, the first person singular of this tence, as also all the participles, because they are somewhat irregular and variable, as I will shew when I come to speake of them which I haue done for the ease of such as delight in the tongue, and haue not readily Italians by to aske, or good Grammarians at hand to resolue them. As for the verbes of the first and fourth coniugations, they are almost all regular in this tence, and who knowes one, may say he knowes all, except foure of the first, and some few of the fourth; which I will note when I come to speak of irregular verbes. Of which I will say more then euer yet was said of any other.

The second, certaine, neare, or determined Preterperfect tence.

Io hò hauúto. Nói habbiámo hauúto.

Tù hái hauúto. Vói hauéte hauúto.

Lúi hà hauúto. Lóro hánno hauúto.

Of the vse, and what may be learn't by this tence.

The chiefe thing that is to be noted in this tence is this; The first, or (as I may rightly call it) distant, vncertaine, or vndertermined Preterperfect tence, Hẻbbi, or that of any other verbe, is most commonly vsed (or at least should be) in speaking of times or things gone or past, and that ended their time the present morning, wherein you speak of them.

And this second, certaine, nearer, or determined Preterperfect tence is euer vsed (or should be vsed) in speaking of times or things, hauing relation vnto, or ended in the day present, and wherein you speake: and therefore doe I call it nearer and certaine. As for example, if you demaund of me, Quándo hauéte vedúto il tále? When saw you such a one? If I saw him this day, I must answere, Io l'hò vedúto hoggi. But if I saw him at any other time before, I must say, Io lo víddi l'áltro giórno, &c. And looke what is said of this tence of Hauére, the same may be said of the same tence of all other verbes, wherein English men erre so much; but indeed they may be excused, because they neuer yet saw Grammar that shewed the difference betweene them: for most make them indifferently all one.

The first, vncertaine, very distant, or vnderdetmined preterpluperfect tence.

Io hauéuo hauúto. Nói haueuámo hauúto.

Tù hauéui hauúto. Vói haueuáte hauúto.

Lúi hauéua hauúto. Lóro hauéuano hauúto.

The second, certaine, somewhat distant, or determined Preterpluperfect tence.

Io hẻbbi hauúto. Nói hauémmo hauúto.

Tù hauésti hauúto. Vói hauéste hauúto.

Lúi hẻbbe hauúto. Lóro hẻbbero hauúto.

Of the vse of these two Tences, and what is to be obserued by them.

The chiefest thing that is to be obserued in these two Tences, is, that Io hẻbbi hauúto. Io hẻbbi amáto. Io hẻbbi scrítto. Io hẻbbi vdíto, haue euer refference vnto times and things further off, and so hapned that some other time, action or chance hath succeeded betweene: and Io hauéuo hauúto. Io hauéuo amáto. Io hauéuo scrítto. Io hauéuo vdíto, haue euer refference vnto times, actions, or chances hapned long time since, and a great distance off; which is the reason that I haue placed them vnder titles of very distant or vndetermined, and of somewhat distant or determined, by which your Maiesty may easily distinguish them, and know their differences, as thus. Quándo io hò mangiáto, desídero di bére, whereas Io hẻbbi hauúto answereth a time more certaine and deffinite, as thus. Quándo l'hẻbbi vedúto, di súbito il conóbbi, and Io hauéuo hauúto, hath relation vnto a time or distance further off, and indeffinite, as thus. Io l'hauéuo bén vedúto, ma nón lo conoscéuo, &c.

Here I thinke it not impertinent to desire your Maiesty to remember, that the Participles of all the verbes of the Italian tongue, ioyned vnto any tence of what verbe soeuer, may at the discretion or choise of the speaker or writer be accommodated and referred to both numbers and genders, or as you would say more plainly, to the person speaking, or spoken of; as also to the substantiue or things meant or spoken of, as thus. Io hò desideráto il túo cómmodo. Io hó desideráta la túa commodità. Io hò desideráti i tuói cómmodi. Io hò desideráte le túe commodità, or thus. La tua essortatióne ha mutáto il mio disségno, mutáti i miẻi disségni, mutáta la mia opinióne, mutáte le mie opinióni, &c. all which participles haue relation vnto the substantiue, whereas you may as well make them to haue relation vnto the person speaking, as thus, Io hò desideráto il tùo cómmodo, la túa commodità, i tuói cómmodi, le túe commodità, or thus. La túa essortatióne hà mutáto il mio disségno, i miẻi disségni, la mia opinióne, le mie opinióni, &c. Yet note that the Participles ioyned vnto any tence of the other Auxiliar verbe Éssere, doe commonly agree with the Nominatiue case, as in that verbe shall appeare.

Of the future Tence or time to come.

Io hauerò, haurò, or harò.

tù hauerái, haurái, or harái.

lúi hauerà, haurà, or harà.

nói hauerémo, haurémo, or harémo.

vói haueréte, hauréte, or haréte.

lóro haueránno, hauránno, or haránno.

Of the vse of this Tence, and what may thereby be learned.

The chiefest thing to be obserued in this Tence, is, that whosoeuer hath the terminations or last sillables of this tence of any verbe, hath also those of the future tences of all verbes of what coniugation soeuer of the Italian tongue without exception: For, all first persons singular must end in Rò with the accent ouer the last vowell, as thus. Io amerò, Io vederò, Io scriuerò, Io morirò, &c.

All second persons singular must end in Rái. with the accent ouer the last A. as Tù amarái, Tù vedrái, Tù scriuerái, Tù morirái, &c.

All third persons singular must end in Rà. with the accent ouer the last vowell, as Lúi amerà, Lúi vederà, Lúi scriuerà, Lúi morirà, &c.

All first persons plurall must end in Rémo, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as Noi amerémo. Noi vedrémo. Noi scriuerémo. Noi morirémo, &c.

All second persons plurall must end in Réte, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as Vói ameréte, Vói vedréte, Vói scriueréte, Vói moriréte, &c.

All third persons plurall must end in Ránno, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as Lóro ameránno, Lóro vedránno, Lóro scriueránno, Lóro moriránno, &c.

And so all the rest both regular and irregular; alwaies remembred that in verbes of the first coniugation, the last A. of the Infinitiue moode in this tence must be changed into E. and in steede of Amarò, Danzarái, Cantarà, Andarémo, Saltaréte, Mangiaránno, the best Italians vse to say and write, Amerò, Danzerái, Canterà, Anderémo, Salteréte, Mangieránno, &c. whereas all those of the second, third, and fourth coniugations doe euer keep the last vowell sauing one of the Infinitiue moode in framing of this tence, as Io tacerò, Tù correrái, Lúi scriuerà, Noi vederémo, Voi dormiréte, Lóro moriránno. Yet note that the foure Irregulars of the first coniugation doe in this tence, keepe the A. of the Infinitiue moode, as Andarò. Darò. Farò. Starò. and so throughout, although the first is most times written and pronounced, Andrò, Andrái. Andrà. Andrémo. Andréte. Andránno. loosing the middle vowell. And so are diuers verbes of the second and third coniugations vsed more often sincopated of the middle vowell, yea sometimes of a whole sillable, then not, as namely, Haurò. Berò. Tẻrrò. Sciẻrrò. Cadrò. Parrò. Potrò. Rimarrò. Varrò. Vedrò. Vorrò. Condurrò. &c. with some others, in steede of Hauerò. Beuerò. Tenerò. Scẻglierò. Sciorglierò. Caderò. Parerò. Poterò. Rimanerò. Valerò. Vederò. Volerò. Conducerò. &c. and so throughout all the persons of this tence. I remember but one of the fourth coniugation, that is sincopated or varied in this tence, and that is in steede of Io morirò. &c. Io morrò. Tu morrái. Lui morrà. Noi morrémo. Voi morréte. Loro morránno.

Remember also that all third persons plurall of this tence, may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer loose the last sillable No. and in liew of Ameránno. Vedránno. Scriueránno, Moriránno. They may say. Amerán'. Vedrán'. Scriuerán'. Morirán. For so much as N. is counted as a liquid.

Note also that placing the Aduerbe of time, Quándo, before any person of this tence, Hauerò, and the Participle of any verbe whatsoeuer, you frame and learne the Future tence of the Subiunctiue or potentiail moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes. As for example.

Io hauerò mangiáto.

Quándo. Tù hauerái danzáto.

Lúi hauerà vedúto.

Nói hauerémo scrítto.

Quándo. Vói haueréte vdíto.

Lóro haueránno dormíto.

As in it's due place shall more at large be shewed.

Of the Imperatiue moode or Commanding manner of speech.

Habbiámo nói.

Hábbi tù. Habbiáte vói.

Hábbia lúi. Hábbiano or Hábbino lóro.

Of the vse of this tence, and what may be obserued by it.

Concerning this moode no other rule can be giuen, but that it hath euer correspondency with the Present tences of of the optatiue and subiunctiue moodes, as being in a manner all one with them, sauing that the Imperatiue hath most commonly the Pronoune after the verbe, and they haue it before, except in questions, and that the Imperatiue moode wanted euer his first person singular. The terminations are all one, and therefore he that knowes the Present tence of the Optatiue of any verbe, knowes the same of the Imperatiue and Subiunctiue thereof, as elsewhere shall more particularly be showen.

Note also that Imperatiuely and in commanding wise you may liew of this tence vse the Infinitiue of any verbe speaking to an equall or inferior person, or the second person plurall of the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode, speaking to one whom you will seeme to respect with this particle, Nón, before it. Whereas the English put euer the word Not, after the verbe, as for example.

Non hauére a mále Non habbiáte a mále.

Non dormíre così tósto. Non dormíte così tósto.

Non andáre vía. Non andáte via.

Non ti scordáre di me. Non vi scordáte di me.

Non te ne andáre. Non ve ne andáte.

With some few verbes as namely Hauére, and Volére, you must in liew of the second person plurall of the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode, vse the second person plurall of the present tence of the Optatiue moode, and say thus. Non habbiáte paúra. Non vogliáte partíre, &c.

Note also that the second person singular of all verbes of the first Coniugation in this tence, end euer in A. and the third in I. as for example. Ama tù. Cánta tù. Sálta tù. Mángia tù. &c. Ami lúi. Cánti lúi. Sálti lúi. Mángi lúi. &c. except the foure Irregular, as you shall perceiue in them. Whereas the second persons singular of the same tence of all verbes of the second, third, and fourth coniugations endeth euer in I. and the third in A. as for example. Védi tù. Córri tù. Lẻggi tù. Scríui tù. Dórmi tù. &c. Véda lúi. Córra lúi. Lẻgga lúi. Scríua lúi. Dórma lúi. &c. Of the three persons plurall of this tence I will speake in the Present tence of the Optatiue moode.

Of the Optatiue Mood or wishing maner of Speech.

Note first that whereas the Latins haue for a helpe or signe of the Optatiue or wishing moode the word, Vtinam: the French Dieu vueille, or Pleut á Dieu, and the English, God graunt, Would to God, Oh God that, or else, Oh that: the Italians haue in their Grammars placed these signes, Dio vóglia chè, Dio volésse chè, Piáccia a Dio chè, Oh Dío chè. All which indeed are good and true Italian. But for as much as they are not so generally vsed as this one, Ochè, I haue therefore thoughout all this moode in all verbes vsed and placed no other signe or helpe, expressing fully as much as any of the rest, as for example:

The present or definite tence.

Io hábbia. Nói habbiámo.

O chè: Tù hábbi. O chè: Vói habbiáte.

Lúi hábbia. Lóro hábbiano.

Of the vse, and what may be obserued in this tence.

First it is to be noted, that all three persons Sing. of this tence, of all verbs of the first Coniugation, end commonly in I. as O che io ámi, Oche tù ámi. Oche lúi ámi, &c. whereas in the second and third coniugations the first and third persons end all in A. and the second in I. as thus, O chè io góda. O chè tù gódi. O chè lúi góda. or Ochè io scríua. Ochè tù scríui. although some make them to end all in A. which is not greatly amisse: whereas all three persons Sing. of the fourth coniugation end in A. or O chè Io dórma. O chè tù dórma. O chè lúi dorma, &c.

The three persons Plu. of this tence of verbes of the first coniugation, are commonly framed thus: To the first person Sing. which is Ami, adde euer Amo, and that makes the first Plu. as Amiámo. Danziámo. Mangiámo. Saltiámo, &c. To the said first person Sing. adde euer Ate, and that makes the second Plu. as Amiáte. Danziáte. Mangiáte. Saltiáte, &c. To the said first person Sing. adde euer No. and that makes the third Plu. as Ámino. Dánzino. Mángino. Sáltino, &c. The same rule doth serue for the verbes of the second and third Coniugations: so that you change the A. into I. or take the second person Sing. of this tence of them all, as of Gódi, or of Scríui, which make in the Plu. Godiámo, Godiáte. Gódino. Scriuiámo. Scriuiáte. Scríuino, &c. The three persons Plu. of this tence of verbs of the fourth Coniugation, are framed by adding Ámo. Áte. and No. to the second person Sing. of the present tence of the Indicatiue mood, which euer ends in I. or thus by changing the A. of the Sing. of this tence in I. which makes Dormiámo. Dormiáte. Dórmino, &c.

Note also as an especiall thing, that whosoeuer hath the present tence of the Optatiue moode of this verbe, hath also (as hath beene said) first the Imperatiue moode, by placing the Pronoune after the verbe; Secondly he hath the present tence of the subiunctiue mood; Thirdly, only by adding any Participle vnto it, he hath the determined Preterperfect tences of the Optatiue and of the Subjunctiue moods of all actiue or transitiue verbes, as thus, Io hábbia amáto. Tù hábbi vedúto. Lúi hábbia scritto, &c. Nói habbiámo saltáto. Vói habbiáte lẻtto. Lóro hábbino dormíto, &c. Fourthly, he hath also the future tence of the Optatiue moode of all actiue verbes, by placing this Aduerbe of time, Da qui inánzi, after the verbe, as you shall see in its place. So that whosoeuer hath this present tence, or of any verbe else, hath sixe tences, and nothing is left him to learn but the imperfect or vndetermined tence, which he may learn by this ensuing tence, which also sheweth the tence called respectiue of the subiunctive mood.

The Preterimperfect or vndetermined tence.

Io hauéssi. Nói hauéssimo.

Ochè. Tù hauéssi. Ochè. Vói hauéste.

Lúi hauésse. Lóro hauéssero or hauéssino.

Of the vse of this Tence.

First remember that who hath the terminations of this tence, hath also the same tence of all verbs of the second & third c[on]iugations (except of Éssere, as in his place shal appear) w[hich] is framed by the infinitiue moode, by leauing out the last sillable Re. and adding Ssi. for the first and second Sing. Sse. for the third Sing. Ssimo. for the first Plur. Ste. for the second Plur. and Ssero. or Ssino. for the third Plur. as Io vedéssi. Tù sapéssi. Lúi corrésse. Noi godéssimo. Vói Leggéste. Lóro Corréssero. or Corréssino. &c. And changing the E. of this tence into A. he hath the same tence of all the verbes of the first coniugation, as thus. Io amássi. Tù cantássi. Lúi saltásse. Nói amássimo. Vói cantáste. Lóro saltássero. or Saltássino. &c. And changing the said E. into I. he hath the same tence of all verbes of the fourth coniugation, as thus. Io vdíssi, Tù patíssi, Lúi dormísse, Noi vdíssimo, Voi patíste, Lóro dormíssero, &c.

Secondly, note that in steede of the wishing signe, O chè, vsing, Se, chè, Benchè, Purchè, or Quándo, or any of them, he hath also the conditionall Preterimperfectence of the Subiunctiue moode of all verbes actiue. And putting any participle vnto it, he hath first the preterpluperfectence of the optatiue, and then the first or conditionall preterpluperfectence of the subiunctiue moode of all verbes actiue, and of all coniugations, as in their proper places may apeare.

Thirdly, note that all third person plur. of this tence may loose the last vowell O. and you may as well say, Amásser', Amássin', Hauésser', Hauéssin', Dormísser', &c. as Amássero, Amássino, Hauéssero, Hauéssino, Dormíssero, &c.

The Preterperfect or Determined tence.

Io hábbia hauúto. Nói habbiámo hauúto.

O chè. Tù hábbi hauúto. O chè. Vói habbiáte hauúto.

Lúi hábbia hauúto. Lóro habbino hauúto.

The Preterpluperfect or vndetermined tence.

Io hauéssi hauúto.

O chè. Tù hauéssi hauúto.

Lúi hauésse hauúto.

Nói hauéssimo hauúto.

O chè. Vói hauéste hauúto.

Lóro hauéssero hauúto.

The Future tence or time to come.

Io hábbia.

O chè. Tù hábbi. da qui inánzi.

Lúi hábbia.

Nói habbiámo.

O chè. Vói habbiáte. da qui inánzi.

Lóro hábbino.

Of these three tences little neede be said, forsomuch as I haue already spoken of them in the vse of the Present tence of this verbe, to which I referre your Maiestie.

The Subiunctive, Dependent, or Potentiall moode, whose proper signes or helps, are euer, Chè, Se, Benchè, Pur chè, Acciochè or Quándo, without some one of which it neuer commeth, one tence excepted.

The Present or Deffinite tence whose helps or signes are, Chè, Benchè, Purchè, or Quándo.

Io hábbia. Nói habbiámo.

Chè. Tù hábbi. Chè. Vói habbiáte.

Lúi hábbia. Lóro hábbiano or hábbino.

Little neede be said of this tence because it hath been spoken of before.

The first Conditionall, Doubtfull, Dependent, or vndetermined Preterimperfectence, whose helps are, Se, Chè, Benchè, Accióche, Purchè, or Quándo.

Io hauéssi. Nói hauéssimo.

Se. Tù hauéssi. Se. Vói hauéste.

Lúi hauésse. Lóro hauéssero or hauéssino.

The second respectiue, relatiue, or limited Preterimperfect tence, which doth euer eyther expressiuely or inclusiuely answere or regard the former, which I call conditonall or doubtfull, and hath no signe or helpe.

Io hauerẻi. haurẻi. harẻi. hauería. hauría. or haría.

Tù hauerésti. haurésti. or harésti.

Lúi. hauerẻbbe. haurẻbbe, harẻbbe. hauería. hauría. or haría.

Nói hauerémmo. haurémmo. harémmo. haueríamo. hauríamo, or haríamo.

Vói haueréste. hauréste, or haréste.

Lóro hauerẻbbero. haurẻbbero. harẻbbero. hauerẻbbono. haurẻbbono. harẻbbono. haueríano, hauríano, or haríano.

Of the necessary vse of these two tences, and what may be obserued vpon them.

These two tences are so frequent and ordinary in vse both in speaking and writing, namely of things, accidents or actions that be doubtfull, contingent, potentiall, in suspence, vncertaine, or that may be, of which men oftener vse to speake and write, then of things or actions already past, certain, determined, and undoubted. And there is such coherency and dependency betweene them, and they haue such relation and respect one to the other, that they are seldome separated or farre asunder: and if they be (as they are often) they are notwithstanding relatiuely, respectiuely, and inclusiuely meant or vnderstood. And I could yet neuer see Grammar that did directly set downe eyther the true difference betweene them, or demonstrate the right vse of them, yea most Grammarians are so simple, as they make then both one and indifferent, when the difference is most great, and the seuerall vse of them most necessary to be knowne, which is this, that the first hath euer one of these signs or helps before it, as Se, if, or if so be, Chè, that, Benchè, albeit, Acciochè to the end that, Purchè, so that, Quándo, when or if. And the second as hauing relations or respect & answer to the former, hath no signe at all. And that is the reason that I haue named them by their effects; the first conditionall, doubtfull, dependent or vnlimited, and the second, respectiue, relatiue, or limited. The first you shall neuer heare or fine without the second, eyther spoken, written, or specifed, though the second be sometimes written or spoken without the first, yet is it euer more meant, vnderstood, and some condition implied or included. And there is no tence in the Italian tongue, where English men commit more incongruities. And remember what is said of these two tences, the like may said of the two ensuing Preterpluperfect tences, not onely of this verbe, but of all other actiue verbes, as they that are composed of the two former, with the addition of any Participle.

Note also that knowing the termintion of the second respectiue or relatiue, you learn to frame the said tence of all other verbes, and of all coniugations, as for example, Io amerẻi or amería. Tù amerésti. Lui amerẻbbe or Amería. Nói amerémmo. Vói ameréste. Lóro amerẻbbero. Amerẻbbono, or ameríano. Io vederẻi, or vedería. Tù vederésti. Lui vederẻbbe or vedería. Lóro vederẻbbero, vederẻbbono, or vederíano. Io leggerẻi, or leggería. Tù leggerésti. Lui leggerẻbbe, or leggería. Nói leggerémmo. Vói leggeréste. Lóro leggerẻbbero, leggerẻbbono, or leggeríano. Io dormirẻi, or dormiría. Tù dormirẻsti. Lui dormirẻbbe or dormiría. Nói dormirémmo. Vói dormiréste. Lóro dormirẻbbero, dormirẻbbono or dormiríano, &c.

Note also that all third persons plu. of this tence may both in speaking and writing lose the last vowell O. and instead of Amerẻbbero. Amerẻbbono or Ameríano. Vederẻbbero. Vederẻbbono or vederíano. Scriuerẻbbero. Scriuerẻbbono, or Scriueríano. Morirẻbbero. Morirẻbbono, or Moriríano, you may at your pleasure say, Amerẻbber'. Amerẻbbon'. Amerían.' Scriuerẻbber'. Scriuerẻbbon'. Scriuerían'. Dormirẻbber'. dormirẻbbon'. dormirían'. &c.

The Preterperfect or determined tence, whose helps or signes are euer Chè, Benchè, Purchè, or Quándo.

Io hábbia hauúto. Nói habbíamo hauúto.

Che. Tu hábbi hauúto. Che. Vói hábbiáte hauúto.

Lúi hábbia hauúto. Lóro hábbiano hauúto.

The vse of this tence, and the framing thereof in all other verbes hath been spoken of before.

The first conditionall, doubtfull, dependent or determined Preterpluperfect tence, whose signes are euer Se, Chè, Benchè Purchè, or Quándo.

Io hauéssi hauúto. Nói hauéssimo hauúto.

Se. Tù hauéssi hauúto. Se. Vói hauéste hauúto.

Lúi hauésse hauúto. Lóro hauéssero hauúto.

The second respectiue, relatiue or limited Preterpluperfect tence, expressiuely inclusiue, by hauing respect vnto, or answering the former, and hauing no signe at all.

Io hauerẻi, or hauería hauúto.

Tù hauerésti hauúto.

Lui hauerẻbbe, or hauería hauúto.

Nói hauerémmo hauúto.

Vói haueréste hauúto.

Lóro hauerẻbbero, or Haueríano hauúto.

For the vse of these two tences, I referre you to the two former Preterimperfect tences, from which they are composed.

The future tence or time to come, whose helpe is Quándo.

Io hauerò hauúto.

Quándo. Tù hauerái hauúto.

Lúi hauerà hauúto.

Nói hauerémo hauúto.

Quándo. Vói haueréte hauúto.

Lóro haueránno hauúto.

Of the vse of this tence.

Change but the Participle, and take that of any other verbe whatsoeuer, and you frame the same tence of all actiue or transitiue verbes, as thus, Quándo io hauerò mangiáto tù hauerái vedúto, lúi hauerà spedíto. Nói hauerémo lẻtto, vói haueréte corrẻtto. Lóro haueránno sentíto, &c.

The present Infinitiue or vndetermined moode.

Hauére.

The past or preter Infinitiue or vndetermined mood.

Hauére hauúto.

The future or indetermined Infinitiue moode.

Hauére ad hauére, Douére hauére, Éssere per hauére.

Of the vse of these three Infinitiues, and what is to be obserued by them.