III. EXPERIMENTS WITH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, TRAINED IN ATHLETICS.
Reading edition
Men in training for athletic events deem it necessary to consume large amounts of proteid food. Great muscular activity, it is true, calls for the expenditure of corresponding amounts of energy, but it is by no means clear that the energy so liberated comes from the breaking down of proteid material. Indeed, there is more reason for believing that the energy of muscular contraction comes primarily from the oxidation of non-nitrogenous matter. Nevertheless, custom and long experience sanction a high proteid diet, composed largely of meat or of other foodstuffs rich in nitrogen, for the development of that vigor and strength that go to make the accomplished athlete. For the development of new muscle tissue, to make two muscle fibres where before only one existed, to increase the number of available fibres, thereby adding to the bulk of the active tissue, a certain amount of proteid food is absolutely necessary, just as it is for all active tissues and organs of the body. But that this fact constitutes a satisfactory reason for the daily use of such quantities of proteid food as usually enter into the diet of the average athlete is very questionable.
As an illustration of the character of the diet frequently made use of by men doing prolonged muscular work, I may quote a few figures from an article by Professor W. O. Atwater[41] and H. C. Sherman on “The effect of severe and prolonged muscular work upon Food consumption, Digestion, and Metabolism,” in which are recorded observations made upon several professional bicycle riders during a six-day race. On one day subject “M” rode 334.1 miles, consuming for food on that day meat extract, 311 grams; milk, 4937 grams; bread, 35 grams; boiled cereals, 877 grams; pastry, 142 grams; sugar, 53 grams; fruit, 2003 grams. His urine for the day contained 46.2 grams of nitrogen, corresponding to the metabolism of 288.7 grams of proteid matter. Subject “A” on one day rode 352.7 miles, taking as food, meat, 149 grams; meat extract, 24 grams; broth, 283 grams; eggs, 369 grams; butter, 78 grams; milk, 142 grams; malted milk, 78 grams; jelly, 213 grams; soup, 191 grams; bread, 361 grams; boiled cereal, 532 grams; sugar, about 400 grams; fruit, 933 grams; cocoa wine, 198 grams. His day’s urine contained 39.0 grams of nitrogen, corresponding to the metabolism of 243.7 grams of proteid material.
Obviously, if such high proteid metabolism as these figures imply is a necessary concomitant of vigorous or excessive muscular activity, then a rich proteid diet is needed to make good the loss of nitrogen to the body; but we are more inclined to believe that the large quantity of nitrogen excreted was the result chiefly of the high proteid ration, and only in small measure connected with the work done. With a sufficiency of non-nitrogenous food, the energy of muscular contraction does not come in any large degree from the breaking down of proteid matter, and there would seem to be no adequate reason for assuming a necessity for such rich and excessive proteid diet as athletes in training ordinarily adopt. Yet the contrary view is almost universally held and followed. As a prominent trainer said to the writer not long ago, “if the men are not fed on a rich meat diet and plenty of it, they will grow soft and lose their strength.”
With a view to testing some of these points and thereby broaden the scope of the investigation and enhance the value of the study, a group of eight students in the University, all trained athletes, was secured. These men volunteered to aid in the study, and at considerable self-sacrifice gave intelligent and hearty co-operation in all ways possible. The men were under observation from January 15, 1904, to the middle of June, 1904, a period of five months. From January 15 the urine was collected daily, and for a period of ten days the regular diet of the men was adhered to without any deviation whatever, with a view to ascertaining the extent of the proteid metabolism characteristic of each individual. No restrictions whatever in diet were suggested, but the ordinary food that the men were accustomed to eat while in training was taken. After this period the men were instructed to diminish somewhat the intake of proteid food, and in following out this plan most of the men diminished quite appreciably the quantity of food consumed at breakfast time, and in some cases stopped taking food of any kind at breakfast other than a cereal, with possibly coffee. No specific diet was imposed, but the men, being willing collaborators in the experiment, gradually cut down the intake of proteid food, diminishing likewise in considerable measure the total volume of food for the twenty-four hours.
STAPLETON
Photograph taken in the middle of the experiment, in April.
The following brief description of the men, taken from Dr. Anderson’s report of their physical condition, to be referred to later, will suffice to make clear the characteristics (as athletes) of these subjects of study:
Mr. G. W. Anderson is a foot-ball, base-ball, and basket-ball player, as well as a crew man (not Varsity). Well built and an all round athlete. 26.5 years of age.
Mr. W. L. Anderson, a “Y” athlete (hurdler), the captain of the Yale Gymnastic Team, University Gymnastic Champion, and American Collegiate Gymnastic Champion. 21.5 years of age.
Mr. H. S. Bellis, a member of the Y. G. A., a gymnast and acrobat and in constant training. 26 years of age.
Dr. W. H. Callahan, Medical Assistant at the Gymnasium, in daily practice in the gymnasium; bowling, hand-ball, and running. 27 years of age.
Mr. M. Donahue, a very muscular and versatile athlete, a foot-ball player and a Varsity basket-ball player. 25 years of age.
Mr. C. S. Jacobus, a “Y” athlete, a noted long-distance man, and one of the best University runners. 22.3 years of age.
Mr. H. R. Schenker, an active member of the Y. G. A., a point winner and intercollegiate competitor in gymnastics. 22 years of age.
Mr. John Stapleton, a wrestler and gymnast. A professional, a man of large body and great strength. 24 years of age.
The results of the daily study of the twenty-four hours’ urine of each man for the entire period of five months are to be found in the accompanying tables. By a careful inspection of these data many interesting facts are brought to light. First it is to be observed, in harmony with what has already been stated regarding athletes, that the men, as a rule, were accustomed to the taking of large amounts of proteid food daily. Thus, during the preliminary period of ten days, Dr. Callahan excreted through the kidneys 22.79 grams of nitrogen as the daily average, corresponding to the metabolism of 142 grams of proteid matter per day, while on one day the nitrogen excretion reached the high figure of 31.99 grams, corresponding practically to the metabolism of 200 grams of proteid material.
G. W. Anderson, during the preliminary period of ten days—on his ordinary diet—showed an average daily excretion of 17.18 grams of nitrogen. W. L. Anderson in this same period excreted on an average 18.22 grams of nitrogen per day, while on one day the excretion reached 23.42 grams of nitrogen. Bellis showed an average daily excretion of 17.64 grams of nitrogen during this same fore period, while Stapleton excreted nitrogen at an average rate of 19.7 grams per day, thus indicating an average daily metabolism of 123 grams of proteid matter on his ordinary diet. With such data before us it is quite clear that we have here, as expected, a group of sturdy men accustomed to the taking of large amounts of proteid food daily; men who clearly believed that their strength and bodily vigor depended in large measure upon the ingestion and utilization of these quantities of proteid food.
After the termination of this preliminary period, the men began to diminish the amount of albuminous food. In doing this they were at first given perfect freedom, each man following his own preferences, and making such alterations in his diet as he saw fit. The men were instructed as to the chemical composition of the various foodstuffs, so that they had a general idea of what foods were rich in nitrogen and could act accordingly. Some of the men cut down their intake of proteid food very rapidly, others made more gradual reduction. Some soon eliminated breakfast almost entirely. Others reduced the amount of food at each meal. Some of the men eliminated meat almost completely from their diet, and increased largely the intake of vegetable food. They were all advised, however, not to make too sudden a change in their diet, but to adopt a gradual reduction in the daily food as being less liable to disturb their physiological equilibrium. Naturally, the men knew exactly how much of a reduction in proteid food they were accomplishing each week, from the results of the chemical analysis of the urine. Further, the record of body-weight furnished evidence of how far the changes in diet were affecting body equilibrium, while their own feelings and ability to do their daily work constituted a check upon a too radical change in living. Careful perusal of the tables will show how far body-weight was changed, and to how great an extent proteid metabolism was reduced during the five months of the experiment.
ANDERSON, G. W.
Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1904 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Jan. 16 75.0 1300 1022 18.02 0.470
17 1300 1027 18.88 1.360
18 1600 1025 17.95 1.008
19 1085 1030 16.27 1.139
20 890 1031 17.19 1.008
21 1080 1030 17.69 0.940
22 75.0 1340 1027 16.32 0.814
23 75.0 1210 1028 17.42 1.020
24 75.0 990 1031 14.85 0.850
25 75.0 1020 1028 ⎫ 14.19 daily average 0.768 daily average 2.70 daily average
26 1035 1029 ⎪
27 865 1029 ⎪
28 800 1029 ⎬
29 690 1026 ⎪
30 765 1026 ⎪
31 800 1024 ⎭
Feb. 1 75.0 970 1022 ⎫ 11.85 0.633 1.77
2 1070 1024 ⎪
3 740 1029 ⎪
4 870 1027 ⎬
5 2660 1010 ⎪
6 860 1025 ⎪
7 865 1027 ⎭
8 75.0 890 1027 ⎫ 10.90 0.820 1.76
9 75.0 780 1028 ⎪
10 75.0 1025 1025 ⎪
11 75.0 1240 1024 ⎬
12 75.0 815 1027 ⎪
13 75.0 940 1027 ⎪
14 75.0 1300 1017 ⎭
15 945 1025 ⎫ 10.38 0.792
16 73.5 1090 1029 ⎪
17 73.0 720 1031 ⎪
18 73.0 1000 1028 ⎬
19 73.0 1000 1028 ⎪
20 1300 1024 ⎪
21 1110 1025 ⎭
22 780 1026 ⎫ 10.00 0.699 1.72
23 73.0 730 1030 ⎪
24 730 1031 ⎪
25 910 1028 ⎬
26 780 1030 ⎪
27 73.0 1470 1025 ⎪
28 1010 1021 ⎭
29 72.0 910 1029 ⎫ 11.70 0.749 1.84
Mar. 1 775 1031 ⎪
2 1555 1018 ⎬
3 885 1028 ⎪
4 1060 1029 ⎪
6 910 1029 ⎭
7 770 1030 ⎫ 11.11 0.705
8 72.0 850 1029 ⎪
9 730 1030 ⎪
10 740 1029 ⎬
11 72.0 770 1030 ⎪
12 920 1028 ⎪
13 1265 1018 ⎭
14 745 1027 ⎫ 7.34 0.630
15 645 1028 ⎪
16 71.8 700 1029 ⎪
17 660 1028 ⎬
18 640 1029 ⎪
19 72.0 885 1023 ⎪
20 885 1027 ⎭
21 1180 1022 ⎫ 7.41 0.628
22 660 1029 ⎪
23 71.0 720 1026 ⎪
24 840 1027 ⎬
25 870 1025 ⎪
26 770 1029 ⎪
27 800 1031 ⎭
28 800 1028 ⎫ 9.66 0.597
29 810 1030 ⎪
30 71.0 820 1031 ⎪
31 780 1032 ⎬
Apr. 1 630 1034 ⎪
2 730 1031 ⎪
3 625 1033 ⎭
4 700 1021 ⎫ 9.75 0.637 1.68
5 740 1031 ⎪
6 695 1033 ⎪
7 1220 1020 ⎬
8 670 1034 ⎪
9 590 1034 ⎪
10 510 1030 ⎭
11 71.0 560 1033 ⎫ 9.23 ⎫ 0.671
12 640 1030 ⎭ ⎪
13 530 1030 8.11 ⎪
14 1195 1019 10.32 ⎬
15 1005 1024 9.48 ⎪
16 1140 1021 10.60 ⎪
17 1050 1023 9.58 ⎭
18 71.0 870 1026 9.03 ⎫ 0.580
19 1110 1025 11.12 ⎪
20 1170 1023 9.80 ⎪
21 810 1030 7.15 ⎬
22 870 1029 9.55 ⎪
23 660 1029 8.84 ⎪
24 70.0 765 1029 8.49 ⎭
25 640 1028 8.06 ⎫ 0.522
26 950 1026 9.80 ⎪
27 1120 1023 9.34 ⎪
28 1150 1021 9.04 ⎬
29 860 1027 8.93 ⎪
30 71.0 870 1028 9.71 ⎪
May 1 930 1025 10.16 ⎭
2 70.0 925 1021 8.88 ⎫ 0.451
3 70.0 935 1023 9.20 ⎪
4 1140 1024 9.10 ⎪
5 990 1026 8.32 ⎬
6 960 1026 8.06 ⎪
7 585 1031 7.55 ⎪
8 620 1031 7.48 ⎭
9 660 1029 8.20 ⎫ 0.530
10 740 1024 8.66 ⎪
11 70.0 1000 1023 8.10 ⎪
12 70.0 725 1025 8.09 ⎬
13 71.0 650 1029 7.33 ⎪
14 780 1031 9.73 ⎪
15 670 1028 7.40 ⎭
16 730 1030 8.50
17 1025 1025 8.98
18 930 1028 8.87 ⎫ 0.523
19 71.1 865 1025 8.36 ⎪
20 71.0 1030 1027 9.95 ⎪
21 70.2 735 1030 8.51 ⎬
22 70.0 570 1029 6.50 ⎪
23 625 1026 6.90 ⎪
24 70.5 870 1027 8.45 ⎭
25 665 1026 10.25 ⎫ 0.586
26 70.0 640 1028 6.84 ⎪
27 70.5 780 1024 7.58 ⎬
28 70.0 660 1032 7.53 ⎪
29 650 1027 6.91 ⎪
30 70.0 700 1028 6.97 ⎭
June 1 940 1026 8.40
2 726 1028 7.49
3 70.9 980 1020 8.65
4 946 1026 8.80
5 582 1029 6.32
6 70.5 718 1027 7.67
7 670 1028 8.40
8 1160 1021 10.44
9 1010 1025 9.09
10 70.2 1510 1020 11.33
11 725 1029 9.70
12 1020 1023 10.10
13 920 1024 10.82
14 70.0 740 1030 10.53
15 70.9 1425 1023 13.34
Daily average from Feb. 1 879 1027 0.632 1.75
Daily average from Feb. 1 to Apr. 12 9.94
Daily average from Apr. 13 to June 15 8.81
ANDERSON, W. L.
Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1904 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Jan. 15 63.1 1240 1026 16.44 0.733
16 63.1 1720 1020 18.68 0.755
17 63.1 1470 1025 18.35 1.523
18 61.3 1940 1018 19.09 0.866
19 63.1 1850 1020 23.42 0.784
20 63.1 600 1026 ⎫ 16.85 daily av.
21 63.1 1720 1021 ⎭
22 62.7 1470 1017 13.41 0.584
23 1210 1026 19.53 0.858
24 63.0 1130 1025 0.598
25 62.9 1060 1022 ⎫ 12.47 0.497 daily average 1.95 daily average
26 63.1 1025 1024 ⎪
27 63.1 1560 1014 ⎪
28 63.6 890 1024 ⎬
29 63.6 1350 1019 ⎪
30 63.6 1070 1020 ⎪
31 63.3 1410 1018 ⎭
Feb. 1 63.3 1425 1019 ⎫ 10.65 0.493 1.99
2 62.8 940 1023 ⎪
3 62.0 865 1019 ⎪
4 62.2 1280 1020 ⎬
5 62.2 1120 1017 ⎪
6 62.3 1390 1020 ⎪
7 62.3 1050 1019 ⎭
8 62.3 1150 1021 ⎫ 10.82 0.505 2.07
9 62.3 1430 1018 ⎪
10 60.0 910 1021 ⎪
11 60.0 1095 1018 ⎬
12 60.0 865 1023 ⎪
13 62.1 865 1014 ⎪
14 62.1 1580 1015 ⎭
15 62.2 1270 1025 ⎫ 12.58 0.507
16 61.2 690 1027 ⎪
17 1070 1020 ⎪
18 61.9 990 1025 ⎬
19 1480 1019 ⎪
20 60.9 1450 1019 ⎪
21 62.0 2582 1011 ⎭
22 62.0 1311 1026 ⎫ 11.70 0.846 2.40
23 62.2 1460 1013 ⎪
24 60.0 1085 1022 ⎪
25 60.0 1215 1020 ⎬
26 62.2 835 1020 ⎪
27 62.2 1590 1021 ⎪
28 62.2 1790 1012 ⎭
29 62.3 820 1025 ⎫ 12.91 0.669 2.32
Mar. 1 61.1 770 1029 ⎪
2 62.2 670 1029 ⎪
3 62.2 1295 1023 ⎬
4 1530 1020 ⎪
5 62.2 1260 1017 ⎪
6 62.3 1340 1024 ⎭
7 62.3 920 1025 ⎫ 9.21 0.475
8 62.3 1200 1013 ⎪
9 880 1024 ⎬
11 1670 1019 ⎪
12 62.0 1865 1022 ⎪
13 1640 1030 ⎭
14 62.2 790 1026 ⎫ 9.66 0.475
15 62.2 715 1023 ⎪
16 62.2 1350 1016 ⎪
17 62.2 1140 1012 ⎬
18 61.4 980 1021 ⎪
19 62.9 1050 1024 ⎪
20 1012 1023 ⎭
21 62.0 910 1026 ⎫ 12.25 0.713
22 1460 1021 ⎪
23 61.9 1310 1020 ⎪
24 61.2 1050 1022 ⎬
25 62.0 860 1031 ⎪
26 61.0 975 1028 ⎪
27 1080 1024 ⎭
28 1120 1022 ⎫ 11.19 0.551
29 1690 1020 ⎪
30 1680 1017 ⎬
Apr. 1 62.3 1325 1018 ⎪
2 62.9 1075 1018 ⎪
3 62.9 1500 1015 ⎭
4 63.1 800 1025 ⎫ 10.21 0.625 1.92
5 62.9 1000 1022 ⎪
7 62.3 750 1027 ⎬
8 62.3 600 1026 ⎪
9 62.3 500 1028 ⎪
10 62.3 830 1023 ⎭
11 61.3 600 1024 ⎫ 7.47 ⎫ 0.454
12 62.2 950 1023 ⎭ ⎪
13 800 1028 6.77 ⎪
14 1090 1018 8.83 ⎬
15 1250 1025 6.58 ⎪
16 1480 1014 7.81 ⎪
17 61.3 1130 1024 10.98 ⎭
18 590 1021 5.56 ⎫ 0.431
19 840 1024 9.63 ⎪
20 980 1024 12.24 ⎪
21 1220 1022 10.69 ⎬
22 1190 1019 9.50 ⎪
23 1390 1020 10.43 ⎪
24 62.2 1160 1017 7.52 ⎭
25 1010 1014 5.94 ⎫ 0.459
26 1200 1019 10.14 ⎪
27 1660 1015 9.66 ⎪
28 61.8 1085 1021 8.59 ⎬
29 61.8 1020 1022 10.83 ⎪
30 1130 1022 10.28 ⎪
May 1 1695 1016 9.55 ⎭
2 1530 1013 6.98 ⎫ 0.237
3 1230 1023 9.67 ⎪
4 1200 1020 8.50 ⎪
5 1000 1024 9.30 ⎬
6 1390 1022 11.08 ⎪
7 1025 1017 6.46 ⎪
8 1520 1017 8.66 ⎭
9 62.3 970 1017 6.40 ⎫ 0.451
10 61.5 ⎪
11 1140 1022 10.33 ⎪
12 60.9 745 1017 6.39 ⎬
13 850 1022 8.31 ⎪
14 1140 1022 10.12 ⎪
15 1365 1017 8.76 ⎭
16 1120 1017 6.58
17 1940 1014 10.83
18 1370 1021 10.03 ⎫ 0.439
19 61.3 1120 1022 10.15 ⎪
20 1170 1018 8.64 ⎪
21 1530 1015 8.46 ⎬
22 890 1024 7.96 ⎪
23 1200 1017 7.49 ⎪
24 61.1 770 1024 6.60 ⎭
25 690 1024 7.04 ⎫ 0.448
26 60.2 745 1025 8.09 ⎪
27 970 1023 10.40 ⎪
28 1160 1022 10.37 ⎬
29 ⎪
30 920 1025 8.94 ⎪
31 ⎭
June 1 1400 1012 5.54
2 59.5 1070 1020 8.48
3 1190 1018 8.78
4 59.7 1020 1022 9.00
5 870 1023 8.67
6 870 1025 8.72
7 1350 1017 9.31
8 60.4 1380 1017 11.55
9 60.4 1520 1017 9.58
10 1590 1013 7.35
11 60.4 1425 1017 7.74
12 870 1021 7.67
13 1410 1017 10.32
14 1180 1022 10.84
15 61.0 875 1019 5.67
Daily average from Feb. 1 1156 1020 0.516 2.14
Daily average from Feb. 1 to April 12 10.78
Daily average from April 13 to June 15 10.05
BELLIS.
Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1904 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Jan. 15 81.8 1180 1026 13.24 0.778
16 82.2 1915 1019 16.09 0.862
17 82.2 1740 1024 16.18 0.881
18 82.2 2030 1021 20.10 0.868
19 82.2 1700 1026 17.34 0.771
20 82.2 1800 1022 17.82 0.650
21 82.2 1565 1027 26.18 1.020
22 82.2 1435 1026 22.64 1.010
23 82.2 1285 1017 10.49 0.467
24 1070 1026 16.37 0.786
25 80.7 590 1029 ⎫ 13.35 daily average 0.693 daily average 2.32 daily average
26 81.4 1300 1020 ⎪
27 82.1 1020 1026 ⎪
28 81.2 1190 1027 ⎬
29 81.2 1440 1018 ⎪
30 81.3 1450 1023 ⎪
31 81.2 1000 1026 ⎭
Feb. 1 81.2 1230 1025 ⎫ 12.98 0.674 2.29
2 81.2 1145 1024 ⎪
3 81.2 1000 1030 ⎪
4 81.2 910 1030 ⎬
5 81.2 1360 1023 ⎪
6 81.2 1160 1022 ⎪
7 81.2 1210 1027 ⎭
8 81.2 1375 1016 ⎫ 13.03 0.659 2.44
9 81.2 920 1031 ⎪
10 81.2 1775 1016 ⎪
11 81.2 1130 1026 ⎬
12 81.2 1075 1026 ⎪
13 81.2 1405 1021 ⎪
14 81.2 1055 1024 ⎭
15 81.0 1470 1025 ⎫ 14.15 0.750
16 81.1 920 1029 ⎪
17 81.1 1530 1019 ⎪
18 81.1 1330 1023 ⎬
19 81.1 1680 1020 ⎪
20 81.1 950 1029 ⎪
21 81.1 2050 1018 ⎭
22 81.1 1450 1030 ⎫ 14.79 0.850 2.60
23 81.1 1540 1027 ⎪
24 79.4 800 1030 ⎪
25 80.0 785 1033 ⎬
26 80.4 1420 1018 ⎪
27 80.1 1250 1026 ⎪
28 80.1 1070 1025 ⎭
29 80.1 1270 1024 ⎫ 10.77 0.550 2.34
Mar. 1 80.0 1150 1024 ⎪
2 80.0 1530 1018 ⎪
3 80.0 1320 1018 ⎬
4 80.0 1635 1018 ⎪
5 80.0 1220 1026 ⎪
6 80.1 1550 1015 ⎭
7 80.0 1170 1020 ⎫ 10.29 0.628
8 80.0 1120 1017 ⎪
9 80.0 1220 1020 ⎪
10 80.0 1210 1020 ⎬
11 80.0 1650 1019 ⎪
12 80.0 1355 1026 ⎪
13 80.0 1040 1025 ⎭
14 80.0 670 1027 ⎫ 10.05 0.622
15 80.0 1330 1017 ⎪
16 80.0 915 1024 ⎪
17 80.0 1600 1016 ⎬
18 80.0 1510 1018 ⎪
19 80.0 1490 1018 ⎪
20 79.9 920 1026 ⎭
21 79.8 710 1029 ⎫ 10.15 0.728
22 79.8 800 1026 ⎪
23 79.3 800 1030 ⎪
24 79.3 1100 1025 ⎬
25 79.4 1060 1017 ⎪
26 79.4 1580 1020 ⎪
27 79.2 1040 1028 ⎭
28 79.3 1360 1019 ⎫ 8.52
29 79.2 1335 1017 ⎪
30 1030 1017 ⎪
31 905 1019 ⎬
Apr. 1 870 ⎪
2 810 1029 ⎪
3 78.6 785 1028 ⎭
4 720 1029 ⎫ 7.27 0.665 1.62
5 730 1019 ⎪
6 790 1022 ⎪
7 880 1026 ⎬
8 790 1025 ⎪
9 860 1027 ⎪
10 890 1025 ⎭
11 890 1025 ⎫ 8.18 ⎫ 0.496
12 590 1025 ⎭ ⎪
13 77.2 960 1025 7.95 ⎪
14 930 1019 6.59 ⎬
15 1090 1018 6.82 ⎪
16 1250 1022 10.35 ⎪
17 650 1025 5.97 ⎭
18 970 1020 7.92 ⎫ 0.522
19 1040 1020 6.55 ⎪
20 1150 1019 8.49 ⎪
21 1225 1019 8.75 ⎬
22 78.0 1380 1026 10.60 ⎪
23 1150 1022 10.21 ⎪
24 1130 1018 9.28 ⎭
25 1170 1021 11.30 ⎫ 0.495
26 1080 1023 11.79 ⎪
27 1460 1017 10.60 ⎪
28 1360 1019 10.53 ⎬
29 1360 1015 10.28 ⎪
30 1450 1014 9.87 ⎪
May 1 985 1020 8.76 ⎭
2 1200 1022 8.86 ⎫ 0.271
3 1475 1016 8.88 ⎪
4 77.9 1150 1023 7.73 ⎪
5 1400 1018 9.57 ⎬
6 1340 1020 7.64 ⎪
7 1040 1021 8.73 ⎪
8 78.1 895 1025 6.39 ⎭
9 1480 1024 6.13 ⎫ 0.401
10 1125 1020 7.60 ⎪
11 1290 1018 8.59 ⎪
12 78.1 845 1023 8.57 ⎪
13 1170 1022 8.92 ⎬
14 1005 1020 6.09 ⎪
15 77.1 855 1023 7.75 ⎪
16 1210 1014 5.81 ⎪
17 1520 1014 7.93 ⎭
18 1150 1023 8.35 ⎫ 0.461
19 77.2 1905 1015 9.60 ⎪
20 77.2 1210 1020 10.67 ⎪
21 76.3 815 1027 8.46 ⎬
22 76.5 1020 1019 7.71 ⎪
23 76.8 890 1023 5.98 ⎪
24 77.1 1030 1022 6.61 ⎭
Daily average from Feb. 28 1127 1021 0.531 1.98
Daily average from Feb. 28 to April 12 9.30
Daily average from April 13 to May 24 8.45
CALLAHAN.
Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1904 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Jan. 15 92.2 1665 1023 19.48 1.008
16 92.7 1800 1024 22.90 1.235
17 92.7 1500 1028 18.81 0.996
18 92.8 1490 1027 19.58 1.393
19 93.6 1600 1029 22.18 1.070
20 94.0 1610 1024 23.76 0.710
21 94.0 1870 1025 24.68 1.040
22 95.0 1730 1025 22.73 1.160
23 95.0 2150 1025 31.99 1.470
24 95.0 1450 21.84 0.952
25 94.0 1220 1028 ⎫ 17.90 daily average 0.988 daily average 3.26 daily average
26 94.0 1310 1027 ⎪
27 93.0 1310 1025 ⎪
28 94.0 1400 1027 ⎬
29 94.0 1220 1027 ⎪
30 93.0 1115 1030 ⎪
31 93.0 870 1030 ⎭
Feb. 1 93.0 1170 1028 ⎫ 16.92 0.976 2.86
2 93.0 1080 1029 ⎪
3 93.0 1350 1027 ⎪
4 92.0 1150 1028 ⎬
5 92.0 950 1029 ⎪
6 92.0 1160 1027 ⎪
7 92.0 1100 1030 ⎭
8 91.0 850 1027 ⎫ 12.28 0.780 2.14
9 91.0 995 1023 ⎪
10 90.0 670 1027 ⎪
11 89.5 615 1029 ⎬
12 89.5 865 1028 ⎪
13 89.5 740 1031 ⎪
14 90.0 1020 1024 ⎭
15 90.0 980 1027 ⎫ 9.83 0.755
16 89.5 715 1029 ⎪
17 89.0 565 1030 ⎪
18 89.0 535 1031 ⎬
19 89.0 540 1034 ⎪
20 89.5 880 1027 ⎪
21 89.0 1170 1025 ⎭
22 89.0 820 1030 ⎫ 10.26 0.641 1.52
23 88.0 610 1031 ⎪
24 87.0 520 1034 ⎪
25 88.0 1160 1017 ⎬
26 87.5 385 1033 ⎪
27 88.0 610 1031 ⎪
28 87.0 610 1030 ⎭
29 86.0 1095 1026 ⎫ 11.07 0.796 1.74
Mar. 1 86.0 780 1027 ⎪
2 86.0 725 1027 ⎪
3 85.0 630 1026 ⎬
4 85.0 850 1030 ⎪
5 85.0 780 1031 ⎪
6 85.5 925 1028 ⎭
7 85.0 610 1029 ⎫ 7.27 0.593
8 85.0 720 1027 ⎪
9 85.0 565 1032 ⎪
10 84.5 520 1032 ⎬
11 84.0 570 1032 ⎪
12 84.0 510 1033 ⎪
13 84.0 450 1031 ⎭
14 83.5 470 1025 ⎫ 8.09 0.645
15 84.0 1030 1022 ⎪
16 84.0 825 1026 ⎪
17 84.0 690 1026 ⎬
18 84.0 1160 1025 ⎪
19 83.5 1820 1010 ⎪
20 84.0 695 1029 ⎭
21 83.5 760 1027 ⎫ 8.18 0.711
22 83.0 610 1029 ⎪
23 83.0 1180 1020 ⎪
24 83.0 620 1032 ⎬
25 83.0 560 1032 ⎪
26 83.0 820 1020 ⎪
27 83.0 1000 1027 ⎭
28 82.0 485 1033 ⎫ 7.60 0.587
29 82.0 590 1029 ⎪
30 82.0 1300 1020 ⎪
31 82.5 1590 1020 ⎬
Apr. 1 82.0 1600 1018 ⎪
2 82.0 610 1026 ⎪
3 81.5 430 1026 ⎭
4 81.0 290 1030 ⎫ 6.04 0.458 1.55
5 82.0 550 1033 ⎪
6 82.0 860 1023 ⎪
7 82.0 880 1021 ⎬
8 82.0 820 1015 ⎪
9 82.0 720 1028 ⎪
10 82.0 490 1030 ⎭
11 82.0 540 1022 ⎫ 4.98 ⎫ 0.528
12 82.0 680 1026 ⎭ ⎪
13 82.0 670 1030 8.64 ⎪
14 82.0 755 1026 10.24 ⎬
15 82.0 555 1026 5.29 ⎪
16 82.0 1790 1017 14.18 ⎪
17 83.0 870 1029 9.97 ⎭
18 83.0 990 1020 6.95 ⎫ 0.585
19 83.0 735 1022 7.32 ⎪
20 83.0 930 1023 8.31 ⎪
21 83.0 700 1032 10.16 ⎬
22 83.0 1220 1024 11.13 ⎪
23 83.0 860 1027 7.89 ⎪
24 83.0 1140 1015 7.59 ⎭
25 83.0 520 1026 8.02 ⎫ 0.544
26 83.5 670 1028 8.08 ⎭
27 83.0 1200 1019 7.92 ⎫ 0.453
28 83.0 1340 1020 8.84 ⎪
29 83.5 900 1032 13.23 ⎪
30 83.5 1250 1022 13.50 ⎪
May 1 84.0 1160 1030 16.77 ⎪
2 84.0 1080 1026 11.73 ⎬
3 84.0 960 1029 16.13 ⎪
4 83.5 1140 1035 19.36 ⎪
5 83.5 1290 1031 18.35 ⎪
6 780 1040 16.43 ⎪
7 83.0 870 1033 14.67 ⎪
8 83.0 930 1030 14.68 ⎭
9 83.0 1050 1022 11.86 ⎫ 0.666
10 83.0 960 1021 8.18 ⎪
11 83.0 1020 1024 9.21 ⎪
12 83.0 840 1024 9.08 ⎪
13 83.5 930 1025 10.05 ⎪
14 83.5 1200 1016 5.55 ⎪
15 83.5 1110 1018 8.99 ⎬
16 83.5 1050 1018 9.64 ⎪
17 84.0 900 1024 8.37 ⎪
18 83.5 1020 1018 8.20 ⎪
19 84.0 945 1022 9.88 ⎪
20 84.0 870 1023 8.72 ⎪
21 83.0 1160 1014 7.24 ⎪
22 82.0 420 1017 5.72 ⎭
23 82.5 480 1026 7.78
24 82.5 720 1024 10.07
25 82.0 360 1030 5.64
26 82.0 510 1029 7.68
27 82.0 576 1028 6.60
28 81.5 900 1016 6.59
29 81.5 570 1023 6.60
30 81.0 945 1022 6.47
31 81.5 870 1026 10.44
June 1 81.5 840 1024 9.02
2 81.5 810 1021 7.78
3 82.0 540 1021 5.67
4 82.0 450 1025 6.10
5 82.0 480 1034 8.21
6 82.5 480 1030 6.91
7 82.5 570 1029 9.51
8 83.0 650 1028 10.49
9 83.0 570 1024 7.46
10 83.0 620 1026 8.40
11 83.0 690 1027 9.11
12 83.0 590 1025 7.90
13 83.0 840 1025 10.74
14 83.5 780 1021 7.86
15 83.0 650 1029 10.37
Daily average from Feb. 8 809 1026 0.624 1.74
Daily average from Feb. 8 to April 12 8.56
Daily average from April 13 to June 15 9.52
DONAHUE.
Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1904 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Jan. 19 64.5 1500 1017 17.46 0.872
20 1060 1027 14.88 0.756
21 64.5 910 1033 14.41 0.525
22 1150 1028 13.25 0.599
23 810 1026 11.76 0.428
24 790 1030 17.91 0.672
25 820 1028 ⎫ 10.67 daily average 0.498 daily average 1.90 daily average
26 960 1024 ⎪
27 800 1026 ⎪
28 870 1025 ⎬
29 740 1025 ⎪
30 63.5 655 1029 ⎪
31 790 1026 ⎭
Feb. 1 570 1029 ⎫ 10.34 0.458 1.81
2 730 1027 ⎪
3 760 1029 ⎪
4 680 1030 ⎬
5 930 1025 ⎪
6 820 1026 ⎪
7 600 1029 ⎭
8 63.0 740 1025 ⎫ 9.24 0.470 1.76
9 565 1030 ⎪
10 710 1027 ⎪
11 870 1025 ⎬
12 705 1025 ⎪
13 740 1026 ⎪
14 595 1027 ⎭
15 860 1026 ⎫ 7.47 0.465
16 63.2 830 1024 ⎪
17 780 1026 ⎪
18 735 1026 ⎬
19 720 1028 ⎪
20 63.0 690 1027 ⎪
21 900 1025 ⎪
22 62.7 775 1027 ⎭
23 600 1028 ⎫ 7.33 0.552 1.56
24 920 1027 ⎪
25 700 1027 ⎬
26 1040 1023 ⎪
27 600 1031 ⎪
28 710 1024 ⎭
29 850 1026 ⎫ 7.79 0.448 1.91
Mar. 1 910 1028 ⎪
2 62.0 740 1027 ⎪
3 710 1027 ⎬
4 910 1027 ⎪
5 725 ⎪
6 940 1025 ⎭
7 62.7 700 1025 ⎫ 6.72 0.363
8 720 1024 ⎪
9 1020 1022 ⎪
10 700 1026 ⎬
11 1130 1021 ⎪
12 730 1022 ⎪
13 940 1018 ⎭
14 930 1018 ⎫ 6.33 0.504
15 62.7 985 1018 ⎪
16 875 1019 ⎪
17 515 1024 ⎬
18 960 1019 ⎪
19 880 1022 ⎪
20 62.7 720 1025 ⎭
21 730 1023 ⎫ 5.61 0.363
22 920 1024 ⎪
23 850 1020 ⎬
24 720 1026 ⎪
26 62.7 730 1024 ⎪
27 970 1026 ⎭
28 860 1021 ⎫ 7.17 0.408 1.90
29 990 1022 ⎪
30 62.8 1250 1023 ⎪
31 990 1020 ⎬
Apr. 1 910 1022 ⎪
2 930 1028 ⎪
3 62.8 870 1026 ⎭
4 62.8 1080 1025 ⎫ 9.91 0.593 1.79
5 740 1028 ⎪
6 850 1027 ⎪
7 740 1028 ⎬
8 1010 1028 ⎪
9 700 1029 ⎪
10 900 1025 ⎭
11 1150 1020 ⎫ 9.59 ⎫ 0.343
12 1230 1021 ⎭ ⎪
13 1000 1021 7.38 ⎪
14 710 1025 6.18 ⎬
15 920 1022 8.78 ⎪
16 63.0 700 1025 6.89 ⎪
17 775 1024 8.28 ⎭
18 1050 1020 7.69 ⎫ 0.399
19 910 1021 6.55 ⎪
20 1140 1020 6.64 ⎪
21 1055 1022 6.71 ⎬
22 1020 1020 6.79 ⎪
23 700 1025 6.34 ⎪
24 825 1022 7.13 ⎭
25 850 1022 6.27 ⎫ 0.411
26 1010 1021 7.09 ⎪
27 1150 1021 7.31 ⎪
28 950 1021 6.38 ⎬
29 950 1023 8.61 ⎪
30 525 1028 6.96 ⎪
May 1 63.0 750 1022 7.65 ⎭
2 775 1022 6.88 ⎫ 0.120
3 710 1022 6.01 ⎪
4 1075 1021 7.22 ⎪
5 700 1021 5.34 ⎬
6 950 1024 7.41 ⎪
7 950 1023 6.72 ⎪
8 745 1024 5.90 ⎭
9 910 1020 6.61 ⎫ 0.365
10 720 1023 6.91 ⎪
11 63.0 750 1024 7.11 ⎪
12 63.0 700 1022 6.51 ⎬
13 710 1024 6.94 ⎪
14 825 1025 8.68 ⎪
15 1100 1020 7.79 ⎭
16 1000 1021 6.12
17 1010 1020 5.94
18 950 1020 5.75 ⎫ 0.343
19 1025 1020 6.64 ⎪
20 1100 1020 8.45 ⎪
21 900 1027 8.64 ⎬
22 750 1025 8.53 ⎪
23 750 1022 7.69 ⎪
24 920 1023 7.34 ⎭
25 750 1022 10.22 ⎫ 0.406
26 62.2 775 1021 6.51 ⎪
27 880 1023 8.18 ⎬
28 800 1023 7.06 ⎪
29 790 1023 8.49 ⎪
30 850 1022 7.91 ⎭
31 1030 1021 7.60
June 1 800 1022 6.53
2 1000 1021 8.16
3 850 1022 7.40
4
5 62.8 650 1027 8.49
6 850 1023 7.33
7 910 1022 7.43
8 770 1022 8.37
9 910 1025 9.50
10 850 1025 8.01
11 650 1025 7.72
12 700 1025 8.36
13 930 1022 9.15
14 800 1026 8.45
15 62.2 700 1027 7.90
Daily average from Feb. 14 857 1023 0.395 1.79
Daily average from Feb. 14 to Apr. 12 7.55
Daily average from Apr. 13 to June 15 7.39
JACOBUS.
Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1904 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Jan. 15 57.3 630 1032 10.70 0.542
16 810 1024 11.76 0.960
17 880 1029 11.09 0.780
18 780 1030 10.67 0.600
19 810 1029 12.94 0.595
20 670 1030 11.98 0.553
21 730 1029 10.91 0.586
22 990 1025 12.12 0.594
23 58.7 825 1021 9.55 0.436
24 680 1027 9.10 0.449
25 1260 1018 ⎫ 9.58 daily average 0.442 daily average 1.72 daily average
26 875 1022 ⎪
27 680 1028 ⎪
28 57.0 850 1022 ⎬
29 58.0 760 1020 ⎪
30 57.7 560 1029 ⎪
31 660 1028 ⎭
Feb. 1 700 1023 ⎫ 8.30 0.548 1.60
2 57.2 567 1030 ⎪
3 600 1030 ⎪
4 57.5 582 1026 ⎬
5 740 1024 ⎪
6 56.8 470 1028 ⎪
7 405 1032 ⎭
8 56.0 575 1028 ⎫ 7.73 0.460 1.74
9 57.2 540 1028 ⎪
10 56.6 520 1029 ⎪
11 57.0 1000 1020 ⎬
12 920 1015 ⎪
13 845 1020 ⎪
14 480 1028 ⎭
15 750 1025 ⎫ 6.27 0.399
16 56.8 810 1022 ⎪
17 56.4 760 1020 ⎪
18 1100 1017 ⎬
19 56.6 950 1020 ⎪
20 56.3 620 1025 ⎪
21 580 1027 ⎭
22 57.3 770 1020 ⎫ 6.96 0.521 1.47
23 56.7 795 1024 ⎪
24 56.6 890 1016 ⎪
25 56.7 880 1022 ⎬
26 56.8 690 1027 ⎪
27 885 1024 ⎪
28 970 1019 ⎭
29 56.8 815 1024 ⎫ 8.43 0.315 1.75
Mar. 1 57.0 760 1027 ⎪
2 57.0 690 1025 ⎪
3 56.8 1720 1012 ⎬
4 1010 1019 ⎪
5 790 ⎪
6 440 1033 ⎭
7 56.6 970 1019 ⎫ 7.88 0.535
8 1130 1018 ⎪
9 440 1031 ⎪
10 1480 1016 ⎬
11 1300 1015 ⎪
12 1165 1013 ⎪
13 1580 1011 ⎭
14 56.8 1200 1015 ⎫ 5.98 0.454
15 1330 1010 ⎪
16 1065 1015 ⎪
17 56.8 1170 1013 ⎬
18 1030 1018 ⎪
19 56.8 1445 1012 ⎪
20 56.8 975 1020 ⎭
21 870 1018 ⎫ 8.30 0.418
22 1400 1014 ⎪
23 57.3 840 1020 ⎬
24 1020 1021 ⎪
25 690 1024 ⎪
26 1195 1017 ⎭
28 1170 1015 ⎫ 9.59 0.471
29 57.3 1030 1023 ⎪
30 1225 1021 ⎪
31 1175 1020 ⎬
Apr. 1 1330 1016 ⎪
2 775 1023 ⎪
3 615 1026 ⎭
4 695 1029 ⎫ 8.71 0.310 1.82
5 830 1026 ⎪
6 762 1019 ⎪
7 57.0 1205 1026 ⎬
8 1180 1015 ⎪
9 1035 1017 ⎪
10 1300 1015 ⎭
11 1045 1026 ⎫ 7.88 ⎫ 0.460
12 610 1024 ⎭ ⎪
13 410 1027 6.81 ⎪
14 600 1025 6.84 ⎬
15 1160 1017 8.49 ⎪
16 56.8 820 1021 7.72 ⎪
17 555 1029 6.96 ⎭
18 610 1026 7.36 ⎫ 0.441
19 515 1028 6.67 ⎪
20 710 1023 7.71 ⎪
21 480 1026 6.94 ⎬
22 55.0 565 1026 7.19 ⎪
23 460 1031 7.16 ⎪
24 550 1027 6.27 ⎭
25 750 1020 6.30 ⎫ 0.507
26 1170 1017 7.93 ⎪
28 1010 1019 6.06 ⎬
29 1110 1018 8.59 ⎪
30 1050 1020 8.44 ⎪
May 1 715 1030 9.44 ⎭
2 56.6 1460 1014 10.50 ⎫ 0.382
3 1185 1019 9.45 ⎪
4 1270 1019 10.52 ⎪
5 56.6 1010 1019 9.70 ⎬
6 1090 1021 9.94 ⎪
7 1100 1016 8.65 ⎪
8 765 1024 9.78 ⎭
10 555 1026 7.96 ⎫ 0.296
11 640 1027 6.60 ⎪
12 1160 1016 7.03 ⎬
13 665 1025 7.66 ⎪
14 1240 1014 6.61 ⎪
15 56.6 595 1027 7.89 ⎭
16 1460 1012 7.45
17 1620 1012 6.80
18 2010 1012 6.75 ⎫ 0.376
19 2050 1010 6.27 ⎪
20 1180 1018 7.29 ⎪
21 880 1020 7.07 ⎬
22 730 1025 7.62 ⎪
23 450 1029 6.48 ⎪
24 540 1028 7.64 ⎭
25 950 1017 7.53 ⎫ 0.303
26 56.8 555 1023 5.83 ⎪
27 1080 1014 7.25 ⎪
28 1020 1019 6.37 ⎬
29 690 1022 6.34 ⎪
30 590 1025 6.69 ⎪
31 1290 1015 8.36 ⎭
June 1 1635 1010 7.85
2 1475 1012 8.23
3 400 1024 5.21
4 705 1019 6.73
5 1010 1013 6.30
6 600 1024 5.69
7 925 1016 6.72
8 1015 1014 7.30
9 925 1019 6.05
10 57.0 1285 1012 5.25
13 855 1018 8.36
14 735 1019 6.97
15 57.0 495 1028 8.32
Daily average from Feb. 1 916 1021 0.423 1.67
Daily average from Feb. 1 to April 12 7.74
Daily average from April 13 to June 15 7.43
SCHENKER.
Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1904 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Jan. 16 73.5 1140 1026 16.21 0.688
17 2180 1020 18.44 0.990
18 1155 1024 14.97 0.745
20 1090 1027 19.82 0.797
21 1515 1027 20.63 0.966
22 1675 1019 15.38 0.653
23 71.7 1100 1022 13.40 0.631
24 1390 1021 14.18 0.719
25 1410 1019 ⎫ 13.23 daily average 0.693 daily average 2.03 daily average
26 840 1027 ⎪
27 925 ⎪
28 1140 1023 ⎬
29 72.3 1025 1024 ⎪
30 1900 1015 ⎪
31 1105 ⎭
Feb. 1 1320 1023 ⎫ 13.86 0.693 2.16
2 71.6 885 1029 ⎪
3 1260 1023 ⎪
4 1480 1020 ⎬
5 970 1027 ⎪
6 71.4 1150 1026 ⎪
7 1270 1022 ⎭
8 71.5 1270 1022 ⎫ 12.84 0.654 2.00
9 71.2 940 1028 ⎪
10 930 1027 ⎪
11 71.4 845 1029 ⎬
12 800 1027 ⎪
13 620 1031 ⎪
14 890 1025 ⎭
15 70.9 1020 1029 ⎫ 6.34 0.633
16 1490 1019 ⎪
17 1180 1024 ⎪
18 1230 1022 ⎬
19 950 1029 ⎪
20 1510 1024 ⎪
21 1325 1026 ⎭
23 510 1030 ⎫ 8.85 0.624 2.17
24 71.9 1140 1024 ⎪
25 1730 1016 ⎬
26 1145 1022 ⎪
27 2015 1018 ⎪
28 1150 1023 ⎭
29 1230 1028 ⎫ 11.49 0.799 2.43
Mar. 1 71.8 1245 1026 ⎪
2 770 1030 ⎪
3 70.8 1480 1016 ⎬
4 1325 1028 ⎪
5 1960 1014 ⎪
6 1230 1021 ⎭
7 1900 1016 ⎫ 10.11 0.734
8 72.4 1760 1016 ⎪
9 910 1026 ⎪
10 2050 1015 ⎬
11 72.5 940 1020 ⎪
12 2200 1002 ⎪
13 2790 1011 ⎭
14 1880 1014 ⎫ 11.08 0.797
15 72.3 1630 1012 ⎪
16 1070 1022 ⎪
17 2040 1012 ⎬
18 1655 1021 ⎪
19 1485 1014 ⎪
20 2550 1013 ⎭
21 71.9 2000 1014 ⎫ 10.14 0.551
22 2170 1012 ⎬
23 1670 1014 ⎪
24 72.3 2020 1015 ⎭
26 875
27 1520 1018 ⎫ 10.85 0.660
28 1675 1017 ⎪
29 1175 1025 ⎪
30 1110 1021 ⎬
31 2340 1012 ⎪
Apr. 1 1440 1021 ⎪
2 1200 1021 ⎭
3 ⎫ 11.64 0.782
4 1110 1022 ⎪
5 785 ⎪
6 1130 1023 ⎬
7 74.1 945 1027 ⎪
8 1050 1024 ⎪
9 925 1022 ⎪
10 1555 1020 ⎭
11 73.8 1440 1015 8.44 ⎫ 0.620
13 1250 1023 12.23 ⎪
14 1330 1026 10.06 ⎬
15 1880 1018 12.41 ⎪
16 2440 1013 11.27 ⎪
17 1680 1018 10.78 ⎭
18 73.3 1640 1018 11.22 ⎫ 0.746
19 1420 1020 12.95 ⎪
20 74.2 1440 1019 9.85 ⎪
21 1670 1018 10.22 ⎬
22 1220 1019 9.52 ⎪
23 73.3 1640 1021 9.05 ⎪
24 2200 1016 9.50 ⎭
25 1400 1020 9.07 ⎫ 0.594
26 1400 1020 8.15 ⎪
27 1710 1017 9.13 ⎪
28 2220 1011 9.59 ⎬
29 73.4 1940 1015 11.29 ⎪
30 980 1025 10.76 ⎪
May 1 1625 1015 10.05 ⎭
2 1950 1014 8.89 ⎫ 0.298
3 1795 1014 8.62 ⎪
4 2400 1010 8.50 ⎪
5 1895 1019 11.03 ⎬
6 73.7 1920 1019 11.75 ⎪
7 2300 1014 11.87 ⎪
8 1380 1018 11.51 ⎭
9 2095 1014 11.46 ⎫ 0.229
10 1360 1016 9.96 ⎪
11 1040 1022 8.74 ⎬
12 1250 1024 11.02 ⎪
15 1215 1020 8.68 ⎭
16 1450 1018 8.96
17 1725 1014 8.29
18 1420 1018 8.77 ⎫ 0.427
19 72.7 990 1020 8.73 ⎪
20 2390 1014 12.48 ⎪
21 72.7 1000 1025 8.76 ⎬
22 1570 1018 9.98 ⎪
23 1780 1015 10.04 ⎪
24 1210 1018 8.71 ⎭
25 1390 1016 9.09 ⎫ 0.842
26 72.5 1380 1015 9.11 ⎪
27 72.1 1920 1018 9.56 ⎬
28 1870 1016 11.22 ⎪
29 1635 1015 8.83 ⎪
30 1670 1017 8.52 ⎭
31 2190 1013 9.46
June 1 1140 1016 6.02
2 1520 1018 8.94
3 1610 1017 8.50
4 72.2 1380 1020 8.94
5 795 1022 8.11
6 1590 1018 9.83
7 2000 1012 9.48
8 1800 1016 12.10
9 71.9 1500 1018 9.63
Daily average from Feb. 8 1500 1019 0.624 2.20
Daily average from Feb. 8 to April 10 10.37
Daily average from April 11 to June 9 9.82
STAPLETON.
Date. Body-weight. Urine.
Volume. 24 hours. Sp. Gr. Nitrogen. Uric Acid. P₂O₅.
1904 kilos c.c. grams gram grams
Jan. 15 77.2 1350 1026 16.20 0.941
16 77.2 2200 1020 20.33 1.163
17 77.2 2000 1025 21.00 1.095
18 78.1 1650 1026 21.78 0.897
19 77.1 1585 1029 20.64 1.139
20 77.0 1390 1028 19.26 0.480
21 77.1 1560 1026 20.31 0.971
22 77.1 1620 1023 18.37 0.735
23 78.0 1810 1025 21.72 0.624
24 77.0 1430 1024 17.42 0.890
25 76.0 990 1029 ⎫ 14.95 daily average 0.841 daily average 2.83 daily average
26 76.0 1280 1026 ⎪
27 77.0 885 1030 ⎪
28 77.1 1660 1021 ⎬
29 76.1 1005 1029 ⎪
30 77.1 1310 1027 ⎪
31 76.1 800 1031 ⎭
Feb. 1 76.1 1090 1028 ⎫ 13.48 0.743 2.34
2 76.1 1175 1025 ⎪
3 76.0 1120 1030 ⎪
4 76.0 950 1031 ⎬
5 76.0 1150 1023 ⎪
6 76.0 1165 1029 ⎪
7 76.0 770 1033 ⎭
8 76.0 825 1030 ⎫ 12.72 0.712 2.74
9 76.0 1160 1026 ⎪
10 76.0 1140 1023 ⎪
11 76.0 1160 1023 ⎬
12 76.0 970 1026 ⎪
13 76.0 1115 1024 ⎪
14 76.0 1360 1023 ⎭
15 76.0 1040 1026 ⎫ 12.36 0.755
16 76.0 1020 1023 ⎪
17 76.0 1380 1021 ⎪
18 76.0 880 1029 ⎬
19 76.0 945 1030 ⎪
20 76.0 1940 1017 ⎪
21 76.0 2670 1016 ⎭
22 76.0 1590 1023 ⎫ 13.03 0.967 2.56
23 76.0 1870 ⎪
24 76.0 870 1026 ⎪
25 76.0 1275 1024 ⎬
26 76.0 1140 1025 ⎪
27 76.0 1930 1018 ⎪
28 76.0 1120 1026 ⎭
29 76.0 1140 1028 ⎫ 12.91 0.803 2.59
Mar. 1 76.0 1300 1022 ⎪
2 76.0 1295 1023 ⎪
3 77.0 825 1030 ⎬
4 76.0 1860 1021 ⎪
5 76.0 1230 1026 ⎪
6 76.0 1155 1029 ⎭
7 76.0 830 1031 ⎫ 11.02 0.707
8 76.0 860 1031 ⎪
9 76.0 940 1029 ⎪
10 76.0 550 1034 ⎬
11 76.0 780 1028 ⎪
12 77.0 790 1026 ⎪
13 76.0 700 1030 ⎭
14 76.0 830 1027 ⎫ 10.26 0.757
15 76.0 1650 1014 ⎪
16 76.0 1120 1019 ⎪
17 76.0 690 1027 ⎬
18 76.0 1170 1024 ⎪
19 76.0 2230 1010 ⎪
20 77.2 1180 1025 ⎭
21 76.0 540 1032 ⎫ 11.55 0.794
22 76.0 880 1030 ⎪
23 76.0 990 1028 ⎪
24 76.0 1130 1024 ⎬
25 76.0 1470 1025 ⎪
26 76.0 1280 1025 ⎪
27 76.0 1240 1021 ⎭
28 76.0 1020 1023 ⎫ 11.14 0.667
29 77.0 1440 1018 ⎪
30 76.0 1595 1018 ⎪
31 76.0 1210 1017 ⎬
Apr. 1 76.0 1940 1018 ⎪
2 76.0 1110 1028 ⎪
3 1185 1026 ⎭
4 1420 1027 ⎫ 17.56 0.929 2.77
5 1260 1029 ⎪
6 1095 1026 ⎬
7 1315 1030 ⎪
8 1180 1029 ⎪
9 1140 1030 ⎭
11 75.0 1285 1031 ⎫ 16.43 ⎫ 0.550
12 940 1023 ⎭ ⎪
13 750 1027 9.59 ⎪
14 720 1026 10.45 ⎬
15 910 1028 10.70 ⎪
16 815 1021 6.32 ⎪
17 1110 1012 5.33 ⎭
18 820 1024 4.58 ⎫ 0.418
19 750 1025 7.38 ⎪
20 74.0 880 1024 7.13 ⎪
21 1005 1026 9.17 ⎬
22 1090 1027 9.74 ⎪
23 1085 1019 8.17 ⎪
24 990 1020 8.26 ⎭
25 1150 1021 9.21 ⎫ 0.599
26 980 1025 9.23 ⎪
27 75.0 1570 1019 8.29 ⎪
28 1040 1025 9.05 ⎬
29 1020 1022 9.98 ⎪
30 1000 1026 9.40 ⎪
May 1 1025 1025 10.56 ⎭
2 1070 1027 11.25 ⎫ 0.377
3 1585 1018 10.37 ⎪
4 75.0 1805 1023 8.70 ⎪
5 1350 1022 9.88 ⎬
6 920 1024 7.84 ⎪
7 900 1025 9.23 ⎪
8 930 1025 11.50 ⎭
9 875 1027 11.81 ⎫ 0.625
10 1010 1022 8.85 ⎪
11 1010 1023 9.26 ⎪
12 74.0 600 1030 9.29 ⎬
13 940 1028 10.60 ⎪
14 975 1023 7.37 ⎪
15 800 1025 6.63 ⎭
16 1200 1019 8.14
17 515 1030 6.58
18 790 1029 9.67 ⎫ 0.691
19 74.1 745 1029 8.58 ⎪
20 74.1 880 1022 9.51 ⎪
21 74.1 1100 1027 9.64 ⎬
22 890 1028 9.56 ⎪
23 690 1020 8.03 ⎪
24 76.0 905 1025 9.04 ⎭
25 665 1031 8.46 ⎫ 0.663 2.27
26 74.5 630 1026 7.45 ⎪
27 950 1024 8.83 ⎬
28 73.0 850 1027 10.60 ⎪
30 1060 1020 10.88 ⎭
31 1640 1015 8.56
June 1 1230 1013 9.37
2 1180 1019 10.34
3 620 1024 6.96
4 910 1020 11.47
5 880 1019 11.09
6 855 1025 11.14
7 1250 1017 8.78
8 885 1025 11.10
9 74.0 730 1020 6.35
10 1540 1017 8.87
11 750 1015 5.85
12 73.4 1265 1015 9.71
Daily average from Jan. 25 1094 1024 0.699 2.64
Daily average from Jan. 25 to April 12 13.12
Daily average from April 13 to June 12 9.00
It is plain from the foregoing results, that all the men of this group, like the members of the professional group, experienced no difficulty in reducing in large measure their rate of proteid metabolism. The intake of proteid food was steadily diminished, with a corresponding diminution in the extent of nitrogen metabolism. Take as an illustration the average daily output of nitrogen from April 13 to June 15, a period of sixty-three consecutive days:
AVERAGE DAILY EXCRETION OF METABOLIZED NITROGEN FOR THE LAST TWO MONTHS OF THE EXPERIMENT.
grams
G. W. Anderson 8.81 ⎫ Grand average for this period = 8.81 grams of nitrogen per day.
W. L. Anderson 10.07 ⎪
H. S. Bellis 8.45 [42] ⎪
W. H. Callahan 9.52 ⎬
M. Donahue 7.39 ⎪
C. S. Jacobus 7.43 ⎪
H. R. Schenker 9.82 ⎪
John Stapleton 9.00 ⎭
An excretion of 8.81 grams of nitrogen through the kidneys corresponds to the metabolism of 55 grams of proteid matter. Compare this average amount of proteid matter metabolized each day with the figures obtained during the preliminary period of ten days, when the men were living on their ordinary diet. Then, many of the men were excreting nitrogen at the rate of 17 to 22 grams per day. In a general way, we may safely say that all these men during the last two months of the experiment were living on about one-half the proteid food they were formerly accustomed to take.
Further, the average daily excretion of nitrogen for the preceding seventy-three days, i. e., from February 1 to April 13, was in most instances nearly, if not quite, as low as during the last two months of the experiment, so that we are certainly justified in the statement that these men—trained athletes, doing athletic work more or less strenuous—were able to practise during this long period marked physiological economy in the use of proteid food, equal approximately at least to a saving of full fifty per cent in proteid matter.
The individual tables must be carefully studied, however, in order to trace out the changes in detail in the rate of nitrogen metabolism, and in so doing much information will be obtained regarding modification in the excretion of uric acid, a matter to be discussed in another connection, later on. Further, it is interesting to note in the tables the changes in body-weight of the men. Some of the men, like Dr. Callahan, who were abundantly supplied with adipose tissue, lost very considerably in body-weight, but eventually came to a standstill, with establishment of body equilibrium, under the changed dietary habits. Some of the men reached this condition of equilibrium much more quickly than others. Dr. Callahan who suffered a large loss in body-weight—to his great gain, as he expressed it—dropped from 92.2 kilos to 83 kilos in two months, but from March 22 to June 15 his body-weight, while naturally showing fluctuation, did not fall again permanently.
What now was the amount of metabolized nitrogen per kilo of body-weight in these men toward the close of the experiment? Taking the average daily nitrogen excretion for the period from April 13 to June 15, and the body-weights of the men at this same period, as indicated in the accompanying table, we have the following figures:
Body- weight. Average daily Nitrogen excreted. Metabolized Nitrogen per kilo of body-weight.
kilos grams gram
Bellis 78 8.45 0.108
Callahan 83 9.52 0.114
Donahue 62 7.39 0.119
Stapleton 75 9.00 0.120
Anderson, G. W. 71 8.81 0.124
Jacobus 56 7.43 0.132
Schenker 73 9.82 0.134
Anderson, W. L. 61 10.07 0.165
These figures, with one exception, show as low a proteid metabolism per kilo of body-weight as was obtained with the soldiers on a prescribed diet, yet these men were athletes accustomed to vigorous muscular exercise, and likewise accustomed to the eating of relatively large amounts of proteid food. Theoretically, it might not be expected that these men would drop to as low a level as men who were not addicted to the consumption of excessive amounts of proteid foods, yet for two months, and practically for a period of four months, these University students easily maintained themselves at this lower level of nitrogen metabolism.
From April 26 to June 13, at the request of the students themselves, the daily diet was prescribed; not, however, as regards the quantity of food to be eaten, but merely as to its character. The men ate at the University Dining Hall, and it was a simple matter to have their table supplied with a special dietary. The following dietary was therefore prepared for their use.
It is not to be understood that the men took all that the daily list provided, but they made their selections from the menu, and in quantity took what they deemed necessary, or what satisfied their appetites. It may be added that the men were all well content with the variety provided and expressed themselves, many times, as better pleased with a simple dietary of this kind than with the heavier proteid foods of earlier days. It should be added that Dr. Callahan was compelled to be absent from New Haven during a large portion of the period covered by this dietary, hence his nitrogen excretions do not correspond in quantity with the nitrogen of the above rations.
Tuesday, April 26, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled hominy with sugar and cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Spaghetti, stewed tomatoes, potatoes, boiled onions, bread, butter, coffee, fried hominy with syrup.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, fried bacon with French fried potato, spinach, bread, butter, stewed prunes, lettuce-celery-apple salad, cream puffs, coffee.
STAPLETON
Photograph taken in the middle of the experiment, in April.
Wednesday, April 27, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, farina with cream, coffee, rolls, butter, baked potato.
Lunch.—Fried oysters, mashed potato, bread, butter, coffee, string beans, sliced banana with cream.
Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, codfish-cakes, boiled potato, boiled lima beans, lettuce-orange salad, ice cream, coffee.
Thursday, April 28, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, coffee, rolls, cream, butter, fried hominy and syrup.
Lunch.—Fried sweet potato, cold tongue, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee, baked apple with cream.
Dinner.—Vegetable soup, Hamburg steak made with plenty of bread, etc., Lyonnaise potato, baked potato, spinach, pie, coffee.
Friday, April 29, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, Indian-meal, boiled, with sugar and cream, baked potato, rolls, coffee.
Lunch.—Clam chowder with crackers, farina croquettes, stewed tomato, griddle cakes with syrup, coffee, bread, butter.
Dinner.—Soup, fish, mashed potato, radishes, string beans, cranberry sauce, bread, butter, lettuce salad, lemon pie, coffee.
Saturday, April 30, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, fried Indian-meal, syrup, baked potato, coffee, rolls.
Lunch.—Tomato purée, baked macaroni, baked potato, sliced ham, baked apple and cream, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Soup, small sausage fried, mashed potato, boiled sweet potato, spinach, stewed tomato, strawberry short cake, coffee.
Sunday, May 1, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled rice, sugar, cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Dinner.—Vegetable soup, stewed chicken, cranberry sauce, boiled potato, boiled onion, stewed corn, water ice, coffee, bread, butter.
Supper.—French fried potato, bacon, Waldorf-salad, bread, butter, pie.
Monday, May 2, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, malto-rice, cream, coffee, rolls.
Lunch.—Baked beans, catsup, baked potato, stewed prunes, apple pudding.
Dinner.—Barley soup, string beans, boiled onion, mashed potato, fried bacon, cranberry sauce, bread, butter, sliced banana, cream, coffee.
Tuesday, May 3, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled Indian-meal, sugar, cream, baked potato, butter, rolls, coffee.
Lunch.—Baked macaroni, French fried potato, boiled spinach, stewed prunes, coffee, bread, butter, fried rice with syrup.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, fried sausage with Lyonnaise potato, boiled sweet potato, butter, lettuce-orange salad, baked apple with cream, coffee.
Wednesday May 4, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, farina with sugar and cream, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—One egg on toast, string beans, boiled potato, bread, butter, coffee, pie.
Dinner.—Tomato purée, codfish-cakes, baked potato, boiled lima beans, lettuce-apple salad, bread, butter, cream puffs, coffee.
Thursday, May 5, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled hominy, sugar, cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Cold ham, fried sweet potato, baked potato, cream, butter, coffee, cabinet pudding, vanilla sauce.
Dinner.—Scotch broth, one lamb chop, mashed potato, fried sweet potato, spinach, bread and butter, baked apple and cream, coffee.
Friday, May 6, 1904.
Breakfast.—One apple, fried hominy with syrup, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Clam chowder with crackers, potato croquettes, sliced tomatoes, bread, butter, griddle cakes and syrup, coffee.
Dinner.—Bean soup aux croutons, boiled halibut, mashed potato, boiled onions with cream, radishes, cranberry sauce, lettuce salad, bread, butter, coffee, one orange.
Saturday, May 7, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, sugar, cream, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Consommé, spaghetti à l’italienne, boiled sweet potato, bread, butter, cakes, preserves, coffee.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, roast beef, mashed potato, boiled spinach, boiled sweet potato, bread and butter, strawberries and cream, coffee.
Sunday, May 8, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, fried rice, syrup, coffee, corn bread and butter, baked potato.
Dinner.—Vegetable soup, stewed chicken, cranberry sauce, string beans, boiled or mashed potato, water ice, bread and butter, cakes, coffee.
Supper.—French fried potato, bacon, lettuce-orange salad, bread and butter, cake, preserves, and coffee.
Monday, May 9, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, boiled Indian-meal, sugar and cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Calf’s liver, baked potato, stewed prunes, boiled onion, bread and butter, coffee, apple pudding.
Dinner.—Consommé, baked macaroni, fried sweet potato, stewed tomato, preserves, lettuce, bread, butter, cakes, coffee.
Tuesday, May 10, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, farina, milk, sugar, baked potato, coffee, bread, butter.
Lunch.—Egg omelette with jelly, fried bacon, mashed potato, spinach, apple pudding, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Small fried sausage, boiled potato, rice custard, lettuce-orange salad, bread, butter, coffee, baked apples with cream.
Wednesday, May 11, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana and cream, fried hominy, syrup, baked potato, coffee, bread, butter.
Lunch.—Cream of tomato soup, mashed potato, lima beans, bread, butter, prune soufflé, coffee.
Dinner.—Hamburg steak made with much bread, boiled sweet potato, boiled onions, lettuce, lemon pie, bread, butter, coffee.
Thursday, May 12, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, baked potato, boiled Indian-meal, sugar, cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Consommé, French fried potato, one egg on toast, rice pudding, apple sauce, coffee, bread, butter.
Dinner.—One chop, boiled or mashed potato, string beans, apple-lettuce salad, lemon pie, bread, butter, coffee.
Friday, May 13, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana and cream, fried rice with syrup, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Clam chowder, boiled potato, boiled onions, fried bacon, carrots, apple dumpling, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup (thick), frizzled beef, fried sweet potato, spinach, cranberry tart, bread, butter, coffee, cakes.
Saturday, May 14, 1904.
Breakfast.—Baked apple and cream, boiled hominy, with sugar and cream, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, farina croquettes, with tomato sauce, stewed corn, mashed potato, bread, butter, coffee, fruit.
Dinner.—Fish, boiled potato, boiled onions, bread pudding, preserves, lettuce-tomato salad, small cakes, bread, butter, coffee.
Sunday, May 15, 1904.
Breakfast.—Fruit, baked potato, boiled oatmeal with sugar and cream, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Consommé with croutons, fried rice with syrup, French fried potato, strawberry short-cake with whipped cream, bread, coffee.
Dinner.—Stewed chicken, fried sweet potato, cranberry sauce, celery, string beans, bread, butter, coffee, ice cream, cakes.
Monday, May 16, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, griddle cakes and syrup, baked potato, coffee, rolls, butter.
Lunch.—Fried bacon, mashed potato, spinach, bread, butter, rice croquettes with preserves, apple pie, coffee.
Dinner.—Consommé, one lamb chop, mashed potato, string beans, boiled onions, orange-lettuce salad, bread, butter, tapioca pudding, coffee.
Tuesday, May 17, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, farina, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Vegetable soup, French fried potato, one egg on toast, rice pudding, apple sauce, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Small fried sausage, boiled potato, lima beans, lettuce salad, bread, butter, baked apples with cream, rice custard, coffee.
Wednesday, May 18, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced banana, fried rice, syrup, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, farina croquettes, tomato sauce, fried sweet potato, string beans, bread, butter, prune soufflé, coffee.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, Hamburg steak made with much bread, mashed potato, spinach, bread, butter, lemon pie, coffee.
Thursday, May 19, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced banana, boiled hominy, cream, sugar, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Egg omelette, jelly, French fried potato, boiled onions, fried hominy, syrup, bread, butter, apple pudding, coffee.
Dinner.—Tomato purée, baked macaroni, fried bacon, fried sweet potato, spinach, bread, butter, Indian-meal pudding, coffee.
Friday, May 20, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced orange, fried hominy, syrup, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Fish cakes, boiled sweet potato, mashed potato, lima beans (boiled), bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.
Dinner.—Consommé, boiled halibut, mashed potato, string beans, bread, butter, rice croquettes, cranberry jam, coffee.
Saturday, May 21, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced banana, cream, sugar, boiled Indian-meal, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—One lamb chop, potato croquettes, fried Indian-meal, syrup, stewed tomatoes, bread, butter, coffee, water ice.
Dinner.—Bean purée, scrambled egg, bacon, French fried potato, lettuce-orange salad, farina pudding, prunes, bread, butter, coffee.
Sunday, May 22, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced orange, sugar, boiled oatmeal, cream, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Boiled macaroni, fried rice, syrup, mashed potato, boiled onions, bread, butter, ice cream, cake, coffee.
Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, stewed chicken, French fried potato, mashed potato, spinach, bread, butter, cranberry sauce, strawberry short-cake, cream, coffee.
Monday, May 23, 1904.
Breakfast.—Sliced banana, griddle cakes, syrup, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—One egg on toast, consommé, French fried potato, lettuce, rice croquettes, syrup, apple sauce, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Vegetable soup, baked macaroni, fried bacon, potato croquettes, string beans, bread, butter, water ice, coffee.
Tuesday, May 24, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, cream, sugar, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, farina croquettes, tomato sauce, boiled onions, mashed potato, bread, butter, stewed prunes, coffee.
Dinner.—Tomato purée, Hamburg steak made with much bread, French fried potato, spinach, farina croquettes, bread, butter, lemon pie, coffee.
Wednesday, May 25, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled hominy, cream, sugar, baked potato, bread, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Small fried sausage, boiled potato, lettuce salad, fried hominy, syrup, bread, butter, apple sauce, coffee.
Dinner.—Consommé, scrambled eggs, French fried potato, lettuce-orange salad, lima beans, bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.
Thursday, May 26, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled oatmeal, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—One egg on toast, spinach, mashed potato, apple sauce, bread, butter, rice pudding, coffee.
Dinner.—Tomato purée, boiled macaroni, boiled onions, French fried potato, lettuce, bread, butter, tapioca pudding, coffee.
Friday, May 27, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange, boiled Indian-meal, sugar, cream, rolls, coffee.
Lunch.—Clam chowder, potato croquettes, lima beans, bread, butter, strawberries, cream, coffee.
Dinner.—Bean soup, boiled halibut, mashed potato, string beans, rice croquettes, cranberry jam, bread, butter, water ice, coffee.
Saturday, May 28, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, breakfast flakes, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—One boiled egg, French fried potato, stewed tomatoes, fried Indian-meal, syrup, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, baked beans, Boston brown bread, lettuce-orange salad, stewed prunes, bread, butter, ice cream, coffee.
Sunday, May 29, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange, boiled oatmeal, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Boiled spaghetti, mashed potato, boiled onions, fried rice, syrup, bread, butter, strawberries, cake, coffee.
Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, stewed chicken, boiled potato, spinach, bread, butter, cranberry sauce, custard pie, coffee.
Monday, May 30, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Consommé, French fried potato, bacon, lettuce-orange salad, wheat griddle cakes, syrup, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner.—Barley broth, one lamb chop, mashed potato, fried sweet potato, apple sauce, bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.
Tuesday, June 7, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled rice, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Vegetable soup, French fried potato, one egg on toast, apple sauce, rice pudding, bread, butter, tea.
Dinner.—One small fried sausage, boiled potato, lima beans, lettuce-orange salad, bread, butter, ice cream, cake, coffee.
Wednesday, June 8, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, breakfast flakes, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Cream of celery soup, potato croquettes, string beans, two slices bacon, bread, butter, bread pudding, coffee.
Dinner.—Split-pea soup, boiled halibut, mashed potato, asparagus, bread, butter, cream pie, coffee.
Thursday, June 9, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange, boiled hominy, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Egg omelette, jelly, French fried potato, boiled onions, bread, butter, wheat griddle cakes, syrup, coffee.
Dinner.—Tomato purée, baked macaroni, dried beef stewed with milk, boiled potato, spinach, bread, butter, Indian-meal pudding, coffee.
Friday, June 10, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, fried hominy, syrup, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Clam chowder, mashed potato, boiled lima beans, bread, butter, tapioca pudding, coffee.
Dinner.—Consommé, bluefish (broiled), Lyonnaise potato, asparagus, bread, butter, cranberry jam, lemon pie, coffee.
Saturday, June 11, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange, boiled Indian-meal, cream, sugar, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Barley broth, corn fritters, mashed potato, two slices bacon, bread, butter, stewed tomatoes, strawberries, cream, coffee.
Dinner.—Bean purée, scrambled egg, rice croquettes, French fried potato, lettuce-orange salad, stewed prunes, bread, butter, farina pudding, coffee.
Sunday, June 12, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana, boiled oatmeal, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Boiled macaroni, string beans, mashed potato, farina croquettes, water ice, cake, coffee.
Dinner.—Cream of celery soup, stewed chicken, French fried potato, lettuce salad, bread, butter, strawberry short-cake, cream, coffee.
Monday, June 13, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange, breakfast flakes, sugar, cream, baked potato, rolls, butter, coffee.
Lunch.—Vegetable soup, one egg on toast, fried potatoes, apple sauce, rice croquettes, bread, butter, cottage pudding, tea.
Dinner.—Clam broth, beef stew, with potatoes, carrots and onions, boiled potatoes, bread, butter, apple-lettuce salad, apple pie, cheese, coffee.
Nitrogen Balance.
We may now consider whether these men, who had so greatly reduced the extent of their proteid metabolism, and who had apparently attained a condition of body equilibrium, were truly in nitrogenous equilibrium, or free from any daily loss of nitrogen. To test this point, a careful and exact comparison of the nitrogen intake and output was made for a period of seven days, commencing on May 18. This was not easy to accomplish, as the men were still allowed freedom in the quantity of food eaten, and also in the choice of food, within the limits of the menu provided, so that a large number of food analyses had to be made. A greater difficulty, however, in obtaining proof of equilibrium lay in the laudable ambition of the men to make a good showing,—for they had all become interested in the main problem, and had acquired great faith in the efficiency of a low proteid ration,—which led them to great caution in the matter of eating during the balance trial, thereby running the risk of diminishing in too great degree the fuel value of the food.
The following data obtained with Donahue are self-explanatory. The figures showing the quantities of food at each meal are instructive, as indicating the general makeup of the daily dietary, both as to quality and quantity.
DONAHUE.
Wednesday, May 18, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana 141 grams, bread 60 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 80 grams, sugar 31 grams.
Lunch.—Soup 247 grams, string beans 65 grams, bread 21 grams, butter 30 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 21 grams, fried potato 222 grams.
Dinner.—Consommé 150 grams, bread 45 grams, butter 10 grams, mashed potato 150 grams, spinach 200 grams, apple pie 103 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 75 grams, sugar 28 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Banana 141 × 0.23 = 0.324 grams.
Butter 15 + 30 + 10 = 55 × 0.15 = 0.083
Sugar 31 + 21 + 28 = 80 × 0.00 = 0.000
Cream 80 + 75 = 155 × 0.46 = 0.713
Bread 60 × 1.66 = 0.996
Coffee 150 + 150 + 150 = 450 × 0.06 = 0.270
Bread 21 × 1.60 = 0.336
Soup 247 × 0.41 = 1.013
Fried potato 222 × 0.32 = 0.710
String beans 65 × 0.34 = 0.221
Consommé 150 × 0.38 = 0.570
Bread 45 × 1.80 = 0.810
Spinach 200 × 0.53 = 1.060
Potato 150 × 0.38 = 0.570
Pie 103 × 0.43 = 0.443
Total nitrogen in food 8.119 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 5.750
Fuel value of the food 2676 calories.
Thursday, May 19, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana 98 grams, boiled hominy 150 grams, bread 60 grams, butter 10 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 125 grams, sugar 45 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 61 grams, butter 19 grams, potato 100 grams, fried hominy 114 grams, syrup 48 grams, boiled onion 139 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Dinner.—Tomato purée 200 grams, bread 40 grams, fried sweet potato 77 grams, macaroni 100 grams, spinach 100 grams, bacon 21 grams, bread pudding 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 7 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Banana 98 × 0.23 = 0.225 grams.
Bread 60 × 1.54 = 0.924
Butter 10 + 19 = 29 × 0.15 = 0.044
Sugar 46 + 21 + 7 = 73 × 0.00 = 0.000
Coffee 150 + 150 = 300 × 0.06 = 0.180
Cream 125 + 50 = 175 × 0.47 = 0.823
Hominy 150 × 0.20 = 0.300
Bread 61 × 1.60 = 0.976
Potato 100 × 0.49 = 0.490
Fried hominy 114 × 0.67 = 0.764
Syrup 48 × 0.024 = 0.012
Onion 139 × 0.27 = 0.375
Bread 40 × 1.74 = 0.696
Tomato purée 200 × 0.53 = 1.060
Fried sweet potato 77 × 0.38 = 0.293
Macaroni 100 × 0.93 = 0.930
Spinach 100 × 0.56 = 0.560
Bacon 21 × 3.00 = 0.630
Pudding 100 × 0.20 = 0.200
Total nitrogen in food 9.482 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.640
Fuel value of the food 2753 calories.
Friday, May 20, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange 70 grams, baked potato 87 grams, roll 59 grams, butter 32 grams, sugar 7 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 67 grams, butter 15 grams, fish cake 88 grams, potato 150 grams, bread pudding 150 grams, cream 50 grams.
Dinner.—Consommé 150 grams, fish 70 grams, string beans 70 grams, potato 155 grams, cranberry sauce 102 grams, bread 32 grams, coffee 100 grams, sugar 14 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Orange 70 × 0.20 = 0.140 grams.
Butter 32 + 15 = 47 × 0.15 = 0.071
Roll 59 × 1.72 = 1.015
Sugar 7 + 14 = 21 × 0.00 = 0.000
Potato 87 × 0.40 = 0.348
Bread 67 × 1.71 = 1.146
Fish-cake 88 × 1.22 = 1.074
Potato 150 × 0.30 = 0.450
Bread pudding 150 × 0.99 = 1.485
Cream 50 × 0.44 = 0.220
Potato 155 × 0.34 = 0.527
Consommé 150 × 0.59 = 0.885
Bread 32 × 1.97 = 0.630
String beans 70 × 0.36 = 0.252
Cranberry sauce 102 × 0.03 = 0.031
Fish 70 × 3.18 = 2.226
Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060
Total nitrogen in food 10.560 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 8.450
Fuel value of the food 1911 calories.
Saturday, May 21, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana 106 grams, boiled Indian-meal 150 grams, sugar 21 grams, cream 50 grams, bread 59 grams, butter 16 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 55 grams, butter 13 grams, lamb chop 37 grams, potato croquette 105 grams, tomato 216 grams, sugar 14 grams, water ice 143 grams.
Dinner.—Bean soup 100 grams, fried egg 22 grams, bacon 10 grams, lettuce salad 63 grams, fried potato 100 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams, stewed prunes 247 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 59 × 1.65 = 0.974 grams.
Butter 16 + 13 = 29 × 0.15 = 0.044
Banana 106 × 0.23 = 0.244
Boiled Indian-meal 150 × 0.17 = 0.255
Sugar 21 + 14 + 21 = 56 × 0.00 = 0.000
Cream 50 + 50 = 100 × 0.43 = 0.430
Bread 55 × 1.82 = 1.001
Potato croquette 105 × 0.71 = 0.746
Lamb chop 37 × 4.63 = 1.713
Tomato 216 × 0.17 = 0.367
Water ice 143 × 0.012 = 0.017
Prunes 247 × 0.16 = 0.395
Bean soup 100 × 1.21 = 1.210
Fried potato 100 × 0.60 = 0.600
Egg 22 × 2.27 = 0.499
Bacon 10 × 3.05 = 0.305
Salad 63 × 0.21 = 0.132
Coffee 100 × 0.06 = 0.060
Total nitrogen in food 8.992 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 8.640
Fuel value of the food 2294 calories.
Sunday, May 22, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange 60 grams, oatmeal 207 grams, roll 46 grams, butter 14 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 150 grams, sugar 35 grams.
Lunch.—Potato 150 grams, boiled onions 145 grams, macaroni 130 grams, fried rice 138 grams, syrup 48 grams, ice cream 160 grams, cake 26 grams.
Dinner.—Celery soup 150 grams, spinach 100 grams, mashed potato 100 grams, bread 19 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 7 grams, strawberry short-cake 169 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Orange 60 × 0.20 = 0.120 grams.
Oatmeal 207 × 0.43 = 0.890
Sugar 35 + 7 = 42 × 0.00 = 0.000
Cream 150 + 50 = 200 × 0.45 = 0.900
Roll 46 × 1.67 = 0.768
Coffee 150 + 100 = 250 × 0.06 = 0.150
Butter 14 × 0.15 = 0.021
Potato 150 × 0.30 = 0.450
Onions 145 × 0.25 = 0.363
Macaroni 130 × 0.46 = 0.598
Fried rice 138 × 0.75 = 1.035
Syrup 48 × 0.024 = 0.012
Ice cream 160 × 0.53 = 0.848
Cake 26 × 1.20 = 0.312
Bread 19 × 1.57 = 0.298
Celery soup 150 × 0.33 = 0.495
Spinach 100 × 0.55 = 0.550
Short-cake 169 × 0.50 = 0.845
Mashed potato 100 × 0.37 = 0.370
Total nitrogen in food 9.025 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 8.530
Fuel value of the food 2781 calories.
Monday, May 23, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana 201 grams, cream 100 grams, sugar 28 grams, griddle cakes 103 grams, syrup 48 grams.
Lunch.—Consommé 150 grams, rice croquette 140 grams, syrup 48 grams, fried potato 100 grams, bread 36 grams, butter 15 grams, apple sauce 90 grams, coffee 75 grams, sugar 7 grams.
Dinner.—Vegetable soup 100 grams, potato croquette 50 grams, string beans 120 grams, macaroni 104 grams, bacon 20 grams, bread 26 grams, water ice 184 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Griddle cakes 103 × 0.91 = 0.937 grams.
Banana 201 × 0.23 = 0.462
Cream 100 × 0.45 = 0.450
Sugar 28 + 7 = 35 × 0.00 = 0.000
Syrup 48 + 48 = 96 × 0.024 = 0.023
Consommé 150 × 0.65 = 0.975
Rice croquette 140 × 0.61 = 0.854
Butter 15 × 0.15 = 0.023
Bread 36 × 1.75 = 0.630
Apple sauce 90 × 0.020 = 0.018
Fried potato 100 × 0.60 = 0.600
Coffee 75 × 0.06 = 0.045
Vegetable soup 100 × 0.70 = 0.700
Bread 26 × 1.75 = 0.455
Macaroni 104 × 0.87 = 0.905
String beans 120 × 0.22 = 0.264
Water ice 184 × 0.006 = 0.011
Bacon 20 × 3.28 = 0.656
Potato croquette 50 × 0.77 = 0.385
Total nitrogen in food 8.393 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.690
Fuel value of the food 2319 calories.
Tuesday, May 24, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange 80 grams, fried rice 186 grams, syrup 72 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Lunch.—Celery soup 125 grams, bread 34 grams, butter 19 grams, boiled onion 127 grams, potato 150 grams, tomato sauce 50 grams, stewed prunes 189 grams, cream 50 grams.
Dinner.—Tomato soup 125 grams, bread 20.5 grams, fried potato 100 grams, spinach 130 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams, cream pie 158 grams.
Evening.—Ginger ale 250 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Rice 186 × 0.36 = 0.670 grams.
Syrup 72 × 0.024 = 0.017
Coffee 100 + 100 = 200 × 0.06 = 0.120
Sugar 21 + 14 = 35 × 0.00 = 0.000
Orange 80 × 0.20 = 0.160
Cream 50 + 50 + 50 = 150 × 0.45 = 0.675
Bread 34 × 1.66 = 0.564
Butter 19 × 0.15 = 0.029
Celery soup 125 × 0.48 = 0.600
Onion 127 × 0.30 = 0.381
Prunes 189 × 0.17 = 0.321
Potato 150 × 0.26 = 0.390
Tomato sauce 50 × 0.23 = 0.115
Tomato soup 125 × 0.19 = 0.238
Bread 20.5 × 1.82 = 0.373
Fried potato 100 × 0.46 = 0.460
Spinach 130 × 0.54 = 0.702
Cream pie 158 × 0.93 = 1.469
Ginger ale 250 × 0.00 = 0.000
Total nitrogen in food 7.284 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.340
Fuel value of the food 2422 calories.
NITROGEN BALANCE.—Donahue.
Nitrogen Taken in. Output.
Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces[43] (dry).
May 18 8.119 grams. 5.75 grams.
19 9.482 6.64 15 grams.
20 10.560 8.45
21 8.992 8.64
22 9.025 8.53
23 8.393 7.69 89
24 7.284 7.34 24
128 grams contain 6.40% N.
61.855 53.04 + 8.192 grams nitrogen.
61.855 grams nitrogen. 61.232 grams nitrogen.
Nitrogen balance for seven days = +0.623 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +0.089 grams.
Average Intake.
Calories per day 2450.
Nitrogen per day 8.83 grams.
Examination of these data shows that the total amount of nitrogen ingested for the seven days was 61.855 grams, while there were eliminated in the urine 53.04 grams and through the fæces 8.192 grams of nitrogen, thus showing a plus balance for the period of 0.623 gram of nitrogen. In other words, with an average daily intake of 8.83 grams of nitrogen and with an average fuel value of the food amounting to only 2450 calories per day, the body was not only kept from loss, but was able to store up a little nitrogen for future needs. Surely, one could not ask for any better demonstration of physiological economy in nutrition than these data, for this seven days’ period, afford.
Further, it should be mentioned, as confirmatory of the view that this subject had long been in a condition of nitrogenous equilibrium on about this quantity of food, that the average daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen during this seven days’ period was 7.57 grams, while the average daily excretion from April 13 to June 15 was 7.39 grams of nitrogen. Finally, attention may be called to the fact that the ingestion of 8.83 grams of nitrogen corresponds to 55.18 grams of proteid food, while an excretion of 7.57 grams of nitrogen means the metabolism of 47.3 grams of proteid matter. A saving of more than fifty per cent in proteid food and proteid metabolism, with maintenance of body and nitrogen equilibrium with its possible physiological gains is not to be ignored.
With Jacobus, a similar trial for nitrogen balance gave the following results:
JACOBUS.
Wednesday, May 18, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana 73 grams, fried rice 100 grams, syrup 58 grams, bread 48 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 118 grams, sugar 35 grams.
Lunch.—Tomato soup 105 grams, sweet potato 61.5 grams, farina croquette 91 grams, syrup 49 grams, bread 35 grams, butter 23 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 46 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Dinner.—Consommé 155 grams, Hamburg steak 67 grams, spinach 30 grams, potato 150 grams, bread 27 grams, butter 8 grams, pie 110 grams, cream 61 grams, sugar 10 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Butter 15 + 23 + 8 = 46 × 0.15 = 0.069 grams.
Banana 73 × 0.23 = 0.168
Fried rice 100 × 0.75 = 0.750
Bread 48 × 1.66 = 0.797
Cream 118 + 46 + 61 = 225 × 0.46 = 1.035
Sugar 35 + 21 + 10 = 66 × 0.00 = 0.000
Coffee 150 + 150 = 300 × 0.06 = 0.180
Syrup 58 + 49 = 107 × 0.024 = 0.026
Tomato soup 105 × 0.41 = 0.431
Bread 35 × 1.60 = 0.560
Farina croquette 91 × 1.09 = 0.991
Sweet potato 61.5 × 0.32 = 0.197
Consommé 155 × 0.38 = 0.589
Potato 150 × 0.38 = 0.570
Hamburg steak 67 × 3.64 = 2.439
Bread 27 × 1.80 = 0.486
Spinach 30 × 0.53 = 0.159
Pie 110 × 0.43 = 0.473
Total nitrogen in food 9.920 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.750
Fuel value of the food 2846 calories.
Thursday, May 19, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana 105 grams, baked potato 79 grams, bread 40 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 225 grams, cream 85 grams, sugar 24 grams.
Lunch.—Omelette (plain) 60 grams, fried hominy 68 grams, syrup 48 grams, potato 100 grams, boiled onion 81 grams, bread 45 grams, butter 14.5 grams, apple pudding 117 grams, sugar 10 grams, cream 40 grams.
Dinner.—Soup 100 grams, bacon 31 grams, baked macaroni 53 grams, fried sweet potato 55 grams, boiled Indian-meal 50 grams, bread 35 grams, butter 15 grams, coffee 155 grams, cream 96 grams, sugar 31 grams, chocolate 40 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Banana 105 × 0.23 = 0.242 grams.
Bread 40 × 1.54 = 0.616
Cream 85 + 40 + 96 = 221 × 0.47 = 1.038
Coffee 225 + 155 = 380 × 0.06 = 0.228
Sugar 10 + 24 + 31 = 65 × 0.00 = 0.000
Potato 79 × 0.49 = 0.387
Butter 15 + 14.5 + 15 = 44.5 × 0.15 = 0.067
Bread 45 × 1.60 = 0.720
Onion 81 × 0.27 = 0.219
Fried hominy 68 × 0.67 = 0.456
Eggs (omelette) 60 × 1.58 = 0.948
Potato 100 × 0.49 = 0.490
Syrup 48 × 0.024 = 0.012
Apple pudding 117 × 0.28 = 0.328
Soup 100 × 0.53 = 0.530
Bread 35 × 1.74 = 0.609
Fried sweet potato 55 × 0.38 = 0.209
Bacon 31 × 3.00 = 0.930
Baked macaroni 53 × 0.93 = 0.493
Boiled Indian-meal 50 × 0.20 = 0.100
Chocolate 40 × 0.73 = 0.292
Total nitrogen in food 8.914 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.270
Fuel value of the food 2831 calories.
Friday, May 20, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange 70 grams, fried hominy 57 grams, syrup 48 grams, baked potato 113 grams, bread 34 grams, butter 16 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 33 grams, sugar 10 grams.
Lunch.—Fish-cake 88 grams, fried hominy 61 grams, syrup 32 grams, potato 100 grams, bread 45 grams, butter 22.5 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 35 grams, sugar 10 grams, bread pudding 81 grams.
Dinner.—Consommé 75 grams, boiled fish 99 grams, potato 132 grams, rice croquette 83 grams, syrup 50 grams, bread 49 grams, butter 19 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 48 grams, sugar 20 grams.
Evening.—Beer 375 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Butter 16 + 22.5 + 19 = 57.5 × 0.15 = 0.086 grams.
Orange 70 × 0.20 = 0.140
Coffee 75 + 75 + 150 = 300 × 0.06 = 0.180
Cream 33 + 35 + 48 = 116 × 0.44 = 0.510
Sugar 10 + 10 + 20 = 40 × 0.00 = 0.000
Potato 113 × 0.40 = 0.452
Fried hominy 57 × 0.74 = 0.422
Bread 34 × 1.72 = 0.585
Syrup 48 + 32 + 50 = 130 × 0.024 = 0.031
Potato 100 × 0.30 = 0.300
Bread 45 × 1.71 = 0.770
Fried hominy 61 × 0.57 = 0.348
Fish-cake 88 × 1.22 = 1.074
Bread pudding 81 × 0.99 = 0.802
Bread 49 × 1.97 = 0.965
Fish 99 × 3.18 = 3.148
Potato 132 × 0.34 = 0.449
Rice croquette 83 × 1.06 = 0.880
Beer 375 × 0.069 = 0.259
Consommé 75 × 0.59 = 0.443
Total nitrogen in food 11.844 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.290
Fuel value of the food 2914 calories.
Saturday, May 21, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana 72 grams, roll 48 grams, butter 7 grams, boiled Indian-meal 100 grams, cream 90 grams, sugar 17 grams.
Lunch.—Lamb chop 49 grams, potato 95 grams, tomato 91 grams, beans 45 grams, bread 49 grams, butter 13.5 grams, coffee 150 grams, sugar 28 grams, water ice 153 grams.
Dinner.—Soup 75 grams, bacon 12 grams, fried egg 50 grams, potato 100 grams, bread 40 grams, butter 9 grams, prunes 175 grams, coffee 75 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Butter 7 + 13.5 + 9 = 29.5 × 0.15 = 0.044 grams.
Banana 72 × 0.23 = 0.167
Boiled Indian-meal 100 × 0.17 = 0.170
Cream 90 + 45 = 135 × 0.43 = 0.581
Sugar 17 + 28 = 45 × 0.00 = 0.000
Roll 48 × 1.65 = 0.792
Bread 49 × 1.82 = 0.892
Lamb chop 49 × 4.63 = 2.269
Potato 95 × 0.71 = 0.675
Coffee 150 + 75 = 225 × 0.06 = 0.135
Tomato 91 × 0.17 = 0.155
Water Ice 153 × 0.012 = 0.018
Bread 40 × 1.62 = 0.648
Soup 75 × 1.21 = 0.908
Prunes 175 × 0.16 = 0.280
Potato 100 × 0.60 = 0.600
Egg 50 × 2.27 = 1.135
Bacon 12 × 3.05 = 0.366
Total nitrogen in food 9.835 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.070
Fuel value of the food 2157 calories.
Sunday, May 22, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange 44 grams, oatmeal 130 grams, roll 52 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 120 grams, sugar 30 grams.
Lunch.—Fried rice 72 grams, syrup 48 grams, boiled onions 70 grams, potato 100 grams, bread 33 grams, butter 14.5 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 45 grams, sugar 20 grams, ice cream 147 grams.
Dinner.—Soup 100 grams, chicken 75 grams, fried potato 50 grams, spinach 15 grams, bread 48 grams, butter 12 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 14 grams, strawberry short-cake 201 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Orange 44 × 0.20 = 0.088
Oatmeal 130 × 0.43 = 0.559
Roll 52 × 1.67 = 0.868
Cream 45 + 120 + 50 = 215 × 0.45 = 0.968
Sugar 30 + 20 + 14 = 64 × 0.00 = 0.000
Coffee 150 + 150 + 75 = 375 × 0.06 = 0.225
Bread 33 × 1.57 = 0.518
Butter 14.5 + 12 = 26.5 × 0.15 = 0.040
Onions 70 × 0.25 = 0.175
Potato 100 × 0.30 = 0.300
Ice cream 147 × 0.53 = 0.779
Fried rice 72 × 0.75 = 0.540
Syrup 48 × 0.024 = 0.012
Bread 48 × 1.91 = 0.917
Soup 100 × 0.30 = 0.300
Chicken 75 × 3.02 = 2.265
Fried potato 50 × 0.37 = 0.185
Spinach 15 × 0.55 = 0.083
Strawberry short-cake 210 × 0.50 = 1.005
Total nitrogen in food 9.827 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.620
Fuel value of the food 2836 calories.
Monday, May 23, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana 70 grams, roll 64 grams, butter 9 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 85 grams, sugar 10 grams.
Lunch.—Boiled eggs 73 grams, fried potato 75 grams, bread 58 grams, butter 11.5 grams, apple sauce 90 grams, coffee 75 grams, cream 35 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Dinner.—Bacon 35 grams, potato croquette 47 grams, bread 39 grams, butter 9.5 grams, chocolate 45 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 15 grams, water ice 151 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Banana 70 × 0.23 = 0.161 grams.
Butter 9 + 11.5 + 9.5 = 30 × 0.15 = 0.045
Cream 85 + 35 + 50 = 170 × 0.45 = 0.765
Sugar 10 + 21 + 15 = 46 × 0.00 = 0.000
Roll 64 × 1.63 = 1.043
Coffee 72 + 75 + 100 = 250 × 0.06 = 0.150
Fried potato 75 × 0.60 = 0.450
Bread 58 × 1.64 = 0.951
Eggs 73 × 2.07 = 1.511
Apple sauce 90 × 0.02 = 0.018
Potato croquette 47 × 0.77 = 0.362
Bacon 35 × 3.28 = 1.148
Bread 39 × 1.75 = 0.683
Chocolate 45 × 0.73 = 0.329
Water ice 151 × 0.006 = 0.009
Total nitrogen in food 7.625 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 6.480
Fuel value of the food 2041 calories.
Tuesday, May 24, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange 80 grams, boiled rice 105 grams, roll 55 grams, butter 9 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 30 grams.
Lunch.—Soup 100 grams, fried potato 80 grams, boiled onions 130 grams, bread 44.5 grams, butter 12.5 grams, stewed prunes 108 grams, coffee 100 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Dinner.—Hamburg steak 84 grams, mashed potato 135 grams, bread 14 grams, butter 3 grams, cream pie 153 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Rice 105 × 0.36 = 0.378 grams.
Coffee 100 + 100 = 200 × 0.06 = 0.120
Orange 80 × 0.20 = 0.160
Roll 55 × 1.64 = 0.902
Butter 9 + 12.5 + 3 = 24.5 × 0.15 = 0.037
Sugar 30 + 21 = 51 × 0.00 = 0.000
Cream 50 + 50 = 100 × 0.45 = 0.450
Bread 44.5 × 1.66 = 0.739
Prunes 108 × 0.17 = 0.184
Soup (celery) 100 × 0.48 = 0.480
Onions 130 × 0.30 = 0.390
Potato (fried) 80 × 0.25 = 0.200
Potato (mashed) 135 × 0.46 = 0.621
Hamburg steak 84 × 3.96 = 3.326
Bread 14 × 1.82 = 0.255
Cream pie 153 × 0.93 = 1.423
Total nitrogen in food 9.665 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 7.640
Fuel value of the food 2174 calories.
NITROGEN BALANCE.—Jacobus.
Nitrogen Taken in. Output.
Nitrogen in Urine. Weight of Fæces (dry).
May 18 9.920 grams. 6.75 grams. 5.0 grams.
19 8.914 6.27 10.0
20 11.844 7.29 30.0
21 9.835 7.07 28.3
22 9.827 7.62 20.7
23 7.625 6.48 18.8
24 9.665 7.64 32.0
144.8 grams contain 6.58 % N.
67.630 49.12 + 9.528 grams nitrogen.
67.630 grams nitrogen. 58.648 grams nitrogen.
Nitrogen balance for seven days = +8.982 grams.
Nitrogen balance per day = +1.283 grams.
Average Intake.
Calories per day 2542.
Nitrogen per day 9.661 grams.
During this balance period of seven days, 67.630 grams of nitrogen were taken in with the food, while 49.12 grams of nitrogen were excreted through the urine and 9.528 grams were passed out through the fæces. This means a large plus balance of 8.98 grams of nitrogen for the entire period, showing that the body was being supplied with considerably more proteid than was necessary for the establishment of nitrogen equilibrium. The average daily intake of nitrogen was 9.661 grams, whereas this might have been reduced to 8.4 grams per day with perfect assurance of nitrogen equilibrium being maintained. Further, it is to be noticed that the average daily intake of food for this period had a fuel value of only 2542 calories. The average daily excretion of metabolized nitrogen during the balance period was only 7.01 grams, while the average daily excretion for the last two months of the experiment amounted to 7.43 grams.
With Schenker the following results were obtained:
SCHENKER.
Wednesday, May 18, 1904.
Breakfast.—None.
Lunch.—Bread 53 grams, butter 22 grams, stewed potato 148 grams, string beans 110 grams.
Dinner.—Consommé 200 grams, bread 84 grams, butter 35 grams, Hamburg steak 119 grams, boiled potato 200 grams, spinach 100 grams, apple pie 138 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 53 × 1.60 = 0.848 grams.
Stewed potato 148 × 0.32 = 0.474
Butter 22 + 35 = 57 × 0.15 = 0.086
String beans 110 × 0.34 = 0.374
Consommé 200 × 0.38 = 0.760
Bread 84 × 1.80 = 1.512
Hamburg steak 119 × 3.64 = 4.332
Potato 200 × 0.38 = 0.760
Spinach 100 × 0.53 = 0.530
Apple pie 138 × 0.43 = 0.593
Total nitrogen in food 10.269 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 8.770
Fuel value of the food 2006 calories.
Thursday, May 19, 1904.
Breakfast.—None.
Lunch.—Bread 82 grams, butter 32 grams, potato 232 grams, omelette 60 grams, apple-tapioca 180 grams.
Dinner.—Tomato soup 200 grams, bread 57 grams, butter 15 grams, macaroni 107 grams, fried sweet potato 100 grams, bacon 28 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Bread 82 × 1.60 = 1.312 grams.
Butter 32 + 15 = 47 × 0.15 = 0.071
Potato 232 × 0.49 = 1.137
Omelette 60 × 1.58 = 0.948
Apple-tapioca 180 × 0.28 = 0.504
Bread 57 × 1.74 = 0.992
Tomato soup 200 × 0.53 = 1.060
Macaroni 107 × 0.93 = 0.995
Bacon 28 × 3.00 = 0.840
Fried sweet potato 100 × 0.38 = 0.380
Total nitrogen in food 8.239 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 8.730
Fuel value of the food 1900 calories.
Friday, May 20, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange 70 grams, baked potato 142 grams, roll 84 grams, butter 32.5 grams, coffee 150 grams, cream 50 grams, sugar 21 grams.
Lunch.—Fish-ball 85 grams, potato 175 grams, lima beans 60 grams, bread 57 grams, butter 17 grams, bread pudding 336 grams.
Dinner.—Consommé 150 grams, halibut 110 grams, potato 186 grams, string beans 50 grams, bread 72 grams, butter 18 grams, cranberry sauce 163 grams, sugar 19 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Orange 70 × 0.20 = 0.140 grams.
Butter 32.5 + 17 + 18 = 67.5 × 0.15 = 0.101
Roll 84 × 1.72 = 1.445
Coffee 150 × 0.06 = 0.090
Cream 50 × 0.44 = 0.220
Sugar 21 + 19 = 40 × 0.00 = 0.000
Potato 142 × 0.40 = 0.568
Potato 175 × 0.30 = 0.525
Fish-ball 85 × 1.22 = 1.037
Bread 57 × 1.71 = 0.975
Bread pudding 336 × 0.99 = 3.326
Lima beans 60 × 0.76 = 0.456
Bread 72 × 1.97 = 1.418
Potato 186 × 0.34 = 0.632
Fish (halibut) 110 × 3.18 = 3.498
String beans 50 × 0.36 = 0.180
Cranberry sauce 163 × 0.03 = 0.049
Consommé 150 × 0.59 = 0.885
Total nitrogen in food 15.545 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 12.480
Fuel value of the food 2798 calories.
Saturday, May 21, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana 184 grams, cream 80 grams, boiled Indian-meal 155 grams, baked potato 140.5 grams, butter 15 grams, sugar 7 grams.
Lunch.—Lamb chop 25 grams, tomato 148 grams, potato croquette 147 grams, fried Indian-meal 47.5 grams, syrup 48 grams, bread 35 grams, water ice 162 grams.
Dinner.—Bean soup 150 grams, bread 25 grams, butter 19 grams, bacon 29 grams, fried potato 150 grams, orange salad 67 grams, stewed prunes 208 grams, cream 50 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Boiled Indian-meal 155 × 0.17 = 0.264 grams.
Banana 184 × 0.23 = 0.423
Cream 80 + 50 = 130 × 0.43 = 0.559
Baked potato 140.5 × 0.40 = 0.562
Sugar 7 × 0.00 = 0.000
Butter 15 + 19 = 34 × 0.15 = 0.051
Lamb chop 25 × 4.63 = 1.158
Tomato 148 × 0.17 = 0.252
Potato croquette 147 × 0.71 = 1.044
Bread 35 × 1.82 = 0.637
Fried Indian-meal 47.5 × 1.09 = 0.518
Syrup 48 × 0.024 = 0.012
Water ice 162 × 0.012 = 0.019
Bread 25 × 1.62 = 0.405
Orange salad 67 × 0.21 = 0.141
Stewed prunes 208 × 0.16 = 0.332
Fried potato 150 × 0.60 = 0.900
Bacon 29 × 3.05 = 0.885
Bean soup 150 × 1.21 = 1.815
Total nitrogen in food 9.977 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 8.760
Fuel value of the food 2661 calories.
Sunday, May 22, 1904.
Breakfast.—Orange 126 grams, baked potato 169 grams, roll 43 grams, butter 15 grams.
Lunch.—Bread 53 grams, butter 15.5 grams, macaroni 165 grams, potato 150 grams, fried rice 114 grams, syrup 48 grams, ice cream 148 grams, cake 45 grams.
Dinner.—Celery soup 150 grams, fried potato 50 grams, spinach 40 grams, mashed potato 50 grams, chicken 85 grams, strawberry short-cake 213 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Orange 126 × 0.20 = 0.252 grams.
Roll 43 × 1.67 = 0.718
Butter 15 + 15.5 = 30.5 × 0.15 = 0.046
Potato 169 × 0.40 = 0.676
Bread 53 × 1.57 = 0.832
Macaroni 165 × 0.46 = 0.759
Potato 150 × 0.30 = 0.450
Cake 45 × 1.20 = 0.540
Ice cream 148 × 0.53 = 0.784
Fried rice 114 × 0.75 = 0.855
Syrup 48 × 0.024 = 0.012
Fried potato 50 × 0.57 = 0.285
Spinach 40 × 0.55 = 0.220
Chicken 85 × 3.02 = 2.567
Strawberry short-cake 213 × 0.50 = 1.065
Celery soup 150 × 0.33 = 0.495
Mashed potato 50 × 0.37 = 0.185
Total nitrogen in food 10.741 grams.
Total nitrogen in urine 9.980
Fuel value of the food 2788 calories.
Monday, May 23, 1904.
Breakfast.—Banana 225 grams, griddle cakes 127 grams, syrup 96 grams, roll 62 grams, butter 9.5 grams.
Lunch.—Consommé 100 grams, scrambled eggs 82 grams, fried potato 150 grams, rice croquette 150 grams, syrup 72 grams, bread 24 grams, butter 15 grams, apple sauce 125 grams.
Dinner.—Vegetable soup 100 grams, bread 51 grams, butter 17 grams, bacon 59 grams, potato croquette 80 grams, macaroni 100 grams, water ice 184 grams.
Food. Grams. Per cent Nitrogen. Total Nitrogen.
Banana 225 × 0.23 = 0.518 grams.
Griddle cakes 127 × 0.91 = 1.156
Butter 9.5 + 15 + 17 = 41.5 × 0.15 = 0.062
Roll 62 × 1.63 = 1.011
Syrup 96 + 72 = 168 × 0.024 = 0.040
Scrambled eggs 82 × 2.07 = 1.697
Fried potato 150 × 0.60 = 0.900
Rice croquette 150 × 0.61 = 0.915
Apple sauce 125 × 0.020 = 0.025
Consommé 100 × 0.65 = 0.650
Bread 24 × 1.64 = 0.394