INDEX.

Abdera, subject to Macedon, ii, 203.

Abdera, Phœnician settlement in Spain, ii, 59.

Abgarus of Osroëne, iii, 258.

Ablavius, præfectus prætorio, iii, 304.

Ἀβλεψία, iii, 181.

Aborigines, the same people as the Siculians, i, 101; the nominative singular must have been aboriginus, 101; emigrate from Achaia to Latium, 101; Varro’s opinion of them, 103; their villages were scattered on hills, 110.

Abyssinian Annals, from the thirteenth century, contain a piece of contemporary narrative, i, 125.

Acarnanians apply to Rome for help against the Ætolians, ii, 49; call upon Philip for help against the Athenians, 149; part of them Ætolian, 150; united with Macedon, 151; a separate state, 163; become Roman, 175.

Accensi, i, 441; are armed in the battle of Veseris, 442.

Accius. See Attius.

Acerræ reduced by the Romans, ii, 56; the story of the extermination of the senate unauthenticated, ii, 65; taken by Hannibal, 107; conquered by the Romans, as periœcians of Capua, 114.

Achæans sink into utter insignificance owing to the treason of Aratus, ii, 145; undertake a war against the Ætolians, in conjunction with Philip, 145; dependent on their allies, 145; the extent of their rule, 151; unwarlike, 151; bitterness against Rome, 172; three factions among them, 206; outrages of the Roman party after the victory over Perseus, 217; more than a thousand Achæans sent to Rome, 217; the state of its affairs at the time of the third Punic war, 248; they defeat the Lacedæmonians, 250; extent of their power, 250; oppose the unjust demands of the Romans, 252; scattered near Scarphea, 254; their country changed into a Roman province, 256; their constitution, 256; conf. Ætolians.

Achæan towns, twelve of them, i, 111.

Achaia, belonging to the Achæan league, ii, 151; plundered by the Goths, iii, 280.

Achillas, guardian of Ptolemy, iii, 63.

Achradina, a quarter of Syracuse, ii, 117.

C. Acilius, a Roman senator, writes Roman annals, down to the war with Antiochus, i, 23; his work translated into Latin by a certain Claudius, 23, and ii, 121, 199.

350Acrocorinth occupied by the Romans, ii, 162; evacuated, 172.

Acta Diurna, a sort of town gazette, which also contained the acts of the senate, i, 9.

Acta Martyrum, spurious, felt quite a particular pleasure in devising and relating the most horrible tortures, ii, 26.

Actiones Repetundarum, for which formerly special quæsitores were appointed, are from the seventh century to be judged according to the common course of law, ii, 297.

Actium, battle of, iii, 111.

Actius. See Attius.

Addiction, i, 229, 523.

Aderbidjan given up by Persia to Armenia, iii, 296; wrested from the latter by Sapor, 313.

Adherbal, general of the Carthaginians, ii, 32.

Adherbal, son of Micipsa, ii, 310; taken by the Romans under their protection, 311; beset by Jugurtha in Cirta, 311; murdered, 312.

Adiabene, the country east of the Tigris, iii, 253; subject to the supremacy of the Romans, 254.

Adige had fords in it, ii, 331.

Adis (Adin), ii, 21.

Administrative offices, no other kind of knowledge was requisite in Rome for holding them, but the artes liberales.

Adolphus, Alaric’s brother-in-law, commander of the Visigoths, iii, 334; reigns on both sides of the Pyrenees, 334; married to Placidia, 334.

Adoption by will, first known example of it, iii, 84.

Aduatici, Cimbrian tribe on the Lower Rhine, ii, 333.

Æacidas, father of Pyrrhus, i, 352; attached to Olympias, 352; driven out of his kingdom by Alexander, 352; expelled from Epirus by Cassander, 553.

Ædiles, a plebeian magistracy, i, 241; a general Latin magistracy, 241 and 405; are charged with all the police matters in Rome, iii, 123.

Ædiles cereales limited to the plebs, iii, 75.

Ædiles curules elected in the place of the old quæstores parricidii, i, 405; their office is held by plebeians also, 405; it becomes a liturgy in the Greek acceptation of the word, 405; their attributes, 405; they are chosen by the comitia tributa, 406; they take upon themselves the burden of the public festivals, ii, 43; the holding of the ædileship in turns by the two orders done away with, 269.

Ædui get the hegemony in Gaul, iii, 42; brothers and friends of the Roman people, 42; rising against Tiberius under Julius Sacrovir, 202.

Ægation islands, victory of the Romans over the Carthaginian fleet, ii, 38.

Ægidius, magister militum in Gaul and Spain, iii, 344.

Ægina taken by the Romans, ii, 146; sold by the Ætolians to Attalus, 146; given up to Eumenes, 163.

Ælia Capitolina, iii, 230; the name has been kept up to this day 230.

351Ælianus, (Lælianus), emperor, conquered by Postumus in Mentz, iii, 282.

Æmilianus, governor of Illyricum, proclaimed emperor, defeats Gallus Trebonianus on the borders of Umbria, iii, 279; murdered, 279.

Æmilianus. See Scipio.

Æmilius. See Lepidus.

L. Æmilius, consul in the war of the Cisalpine Gauls, ii, 52.

Mam. Æmilius, said to have limited the censorial power to eighteen months, i, 336.

Q. Æmilius, general against the Etruscans, i, 506; relieves Sutrium, 507.

L. Æmilius Barbula, consul against Tarentum, i, 551.

Q. Æmilius Papus, i, 548.

Q. Æmilius Paullus, reduces the Illyrians, ii, 57; μισόδημος, having been wrongfully accused after the Illyrian campaign, 98; mortally wounded in the battle of Cannæ, 102.

L. Æmilius Paullus, son of the former, brings in Greeks for the education of his children, ii, 199; consul, 212; defeats Perseus in the battle of Pydna, 213; is not to be ranked among the great men, 216; his triumph, 218.

L. Æmilius Paullus, consul, iii, 49; bought over by Cæsar, 50; builds the Basilica Æmilia, 50.

Æneas, according to Nævius, arrives with on ship only, i, 106; earliest traditions concerning him, 106.

Ænianians, subjected to the Ætolians, ii, 151.

Ænos, Macedonian, ii, 203.

Æquians, are Opicans, i, 98; gens magna, 275; march from the Anio against Rome, 275; war of them in the year 323, 343; their power broken by Postumius Tubertus, 344; receive their deathblow from the Gauls, 384; in the first Samnite war allied to the Latins 436; conquered, receive the right of Roman citizenship, 505.

Æqui Falisci, i, 361.

Æquimælium, the place where the house of Sp. Mælius had stood, i, 338.

Ærarii, i, 180, 333; had very likely to pay a war-tax for the pedites to carry on trades, 515.

Ærarium, the chest of the plebeians, i, 233; of the senate and of the emperor, iii, 121.

Æschines, i, 248.

Æsculetum, place of meeting of the populus outside the town, i, 269.

Æsernia, colony, i, 535; ii, 106; conquered, by the Samnites, 356; seat of the Italian government, 358.

Aëtius, iii, 336; from Lower Mœsia, 336; with the Huns, 340; his achievements, 340; against Attila, 340; defeats Attila, 341; his death, 341; his title is Patricius and Dux Romanorum, 341.

Ætna, eruption in the year 354, i, 357.

Ætolians and Achæans united against Demetrius, ii, 48; divide Acarnania with Alexander of Epirus, 49; treat the embassy of the Romans with scorn, 49; war of Philip and the Achæans against them, 145; they are humbled by it, 145; free, 145; alliance with the Romans, 146; deserve praise after the Lamian war, 146; they sink afterwards into a state of barbarism, 146; 352attacked by Philip, they conclude a very disadvantageous peace, 147; hostile to Macedon, 150; extent of their possessions, 150; they have isopolity with many places in Elis and Messene, 151; misunderstanding with Rome, 152; dissensions between them and the Romans after the battle of Cynoscephalæ, 160; their vanity, 160; side with Antiochus, 167; defend Ambracia, 174; peace, 175; outrages of the Roman party after the defeat of Perseus, 216.

Ætolian cavalry is bad, i, 440.

Afranius, Pompey’s general in Spain a commonplace man, iii, 54; defeated near Lerida, 56; in Africa, 67.

Africa, numerous and zealous church there, iii, 273.

African school, iii, 234; has no peculiar dialect, 234; its origin unknown, 234.

Agathias, his history is most authentic, iii, 263.

Agathocles employed by the Tarentines, i, 461; his character, 575; shows the weakness of the Carthaginians in Africa, ii, 17.

Agathyrsians, i, 369.

Ager limitatus, its law on the tabula Heracleensis, seems to have been similar to that which was in force at Rome, i, 269.

Ager publicus, i, 243; ii, 270; one instance only of any thing like it in Greece, i, 253; occupation of it, 253; agrum locare and agrum vendere are synonymous, 254.

Agis, PROXENUS of the Romans at Tarentum, i, 551.

Agon Capitolinus instituted by Domitian, iii, 210.

Agrarian law, i, 250; peculiar to the Romans, 253.

Agricola Julius, from Forum Julii, may have sprung from Gallic ancestors, iii, 193; completes the conquest of Britain, 211.

Agrigentum laid waste by the Carthaginians, i, 576; independent, 576; destroyed by the Carthaginians, ii, 4; condition at the outbreak of the Punic wars, 10; sacked, 12; taken by the Romans, 119; its several devastations, 119; afterwards restored, 119.

C. Agrippa, iii, 147; adopted by Augustus, 147; sent to Armenia, 147; Velleius’ character of him, 147; murdered there, 148.

L. Agrippa adopted by Augustus, iii, 147; sent to Gaul and Spain, 147; his death, 148.

M. Agrippa Octavian’s adviser, iii, 85; conducts the war against Sextus Pompey, 109; victory near Mylæ, 109; marries Julia, 143, 146; his influence on Augustus, 144; his buildings, 144; Augustus gives him his ring, 146; differences between him and Marcellus, 146; Velleius’ saying of him, 146; withdraws to Mitylene, 146; his death, 146.

Agrippa Postumus adopted by Augustus, iii, 148.

Agrippina, Agrippa’s daughter, wife of Germanicus, iii, 146; her virtue, 146, 160; banished by Sejanus, 176.

Agrippina, wife of the Emperor Claudius, her character, iii, 183; daughter of Germanicus, 188; mother of Nero, 189; murdered, 189.

Agron, king of the Illyrians, ii, 47.

Agylla receives the worship of Greek heroes, i, 147; is called Cære by the Etruscans, 147; Conf. Cære.

Ahenobarbus. See Domitius.

353Aisne, battle, iii, 44.

Alans, iii, 288; cross the Rhine, 331; withdraw from Gaul, 332; conquered by Adolphus, 334; treachery towards Aëtius, 341.

Alaric, king of the Visigoths, iii, 329; defeated by Stilicho, 329; appointed magister militum, 329; appears in the West, 330; defeated near Pollentia, 330; withdraws from Italy, 330; blockades Rome twice, 333; dies in Cosenza, 334.

Alaric, the younger, his classical knowledge, iii, 343.

Alatrum, town of the Hernicans, i, 247.

Alba, on the Alban lake, capital of the ruling conquerors, i, 107; its historical existence, 108; shares with the thirty towns the flesh of the sacrifices on the Alban Mount, 108; religious reference of Roman gentes to Alba, 113; its destruction is historical, 125; not the least connexion between it and Rome, 126; its destruction by the Latins is most probable, 128.

Alba on the Lake Fucinus, from thence the Sacranians issued, i, 107; Roman colony, 505; Syphax dies there as an exile, ii, 137; Perseus and his sons live there in captivity, 245; and likewise Bituitus, king of the Allobroges, 308.

Albans had the dominion over Latium, i, 108; their reception into Rome is probably historical, 125

Albanian, the modern Albanian language is like the ancient Illyrian, ii, 57.

Alban kings, their chronology is a forgery of L. Cornelius Alexander, i, 107.

Alban lake drained, i, 356–359.

Albenses (Populi), in Pliny, i, 107.

Albinovanus makes his peace with Sylla, ii, 282.

Albinovanus Pedo, iii, 140.

A. Albinus, surrounded in Africa, ii, 315.

Albinus Clodius, the title of Cæsar offered to him by Commodus, iii, 250; proclaimed emperor by the British and Gallic legions, 250; his descent, 253; overreached by Septimius Severus, 253; defeated near Lyons, his death, 253.

Sp. Albinus, consul, ii, 315.

Album, explanation of the term, i, 6.

Alcæus of Messene, epigrams of his, ii, 160.

Alcibiades, the bravest Athenian, i, 296.

Alemanni, iii, 277; break into the Roman empire, 279; must have undertaken an expedition as far as Spain, 282; pass the Po, 287; war of Probus against them, 288; on both banks of the Rhine, 310; force the passage across the Rhine, 331.

Aleppo, famine there, i, 338.

Alesia, between Autun and Langres, iii, 47.

Alexander VI., Pope, lays down a division of countries in the new world between Spain and Portugal, i, 413.

Alexander, L. Cornelius, a freedman of Sylla, i, 107.

Alexander, king of Epirus, the treaty with him is the first connexion between Greece and Rome, i, 458; family connexions, 463; unites the Greek towns of Lower Italy in a confederacy, 464; quarrels with the Tarentines, after which he carries on the war as an adventurer, 464; 354is slain near Pandosia, 465; treaty with the Romans, 465; usurps the kingdom of Æacidas, 552.

Alexander the Great, the embassy of the Romans to him seems not to be a fiction, i, 469; embassy of the Samnites and Lucanians, 469; of the Iberians, 469; whether the Romans knew of him, 469; has done little in comparison with Hannibal, ii, 67.

Alexander, son of Pyrrhus, ii, 49 and 50.

Alexander Severus, formerly called Alexianus, adopted by Elagabalus, iii, 261; his character, 261; the authors seem to have written a sort of Cyropædia on him, 262; weak to Mamæa, 262; Ulpianus his minister, 262; displays great firmness on many occasions, 262; his war against the Persians, 265; contradictions concerning it, 265; goes to the Rhine, 266; mutiny of the troops, 266; murdered, 267.

Alexandria, its population, iii, 64; massacre under Caracalla, 257; seat of wit, 257; many Christians there, 273; reduced by Diocletian, 296.

Alexandrines, drive Ptolemy Auletes away, iii, 28.

Alexandrine literature must be deemed to end with the death of Eratosthenes, iii, 228.

Alexianus. See Alexander Severus.

Alexo, an Achæan, discovers a plot in the Carthaginian camp before Lilybæum, ii, 30.

Alfatarians, i, 419.

Algidus, a cold rugged height, its situation, i, 277.

Aliens were better treated in the Germanic states, than in the ancient world and in France, i, 167.

Alia, battle on the, was fought July 16th, i, 373; an historical event, 376; site of the river uncertain, 376; description of the battle, 377.

Aliphera during the war of Hannibal well affected to Macedon, ii, 145.

Aliso on the Lippe, very likely in the neighbourhood of Hamm, iii, 157.

Allobroges, are pure Celts, i, 370; their country at the time of Hannibal, ii, 79; their abodes, 308; acknowledge the majestas populi Romani, 79; Roman citizens, iii, 23; their envoys at the conspiracy of Catiline, 23; call for Cæsar’s protection against the Helvetians, 41.

Alps, their extent in Polybius, ii, 77.

Alpine tribes, their treachery to Hannibal, ii, 78.

Alumentus, Latin form for Laomedon, ii, 194.

Alva, Duke of —’s cruelty in the Netherlands, iii, 297.

Amazirgh, ii, 5.

Ambiorix, leader of the Eburones, iii, 46.

Ambitio Campi, iii, 118.

Ambitus, laws against it, ii, 227, 318; iii, 13, 38.

Ambracia yielded to Pyrrhus by the son of Cassander, i, 554; residence of Pyrrhus, 555; siege, ii, 174; given up to the Romans, 175.

Ambrones join the Cimbrians, ii, 324; they are most likely Ligurians, 324; defeated by Marius, 329.

Ambrose, iii, 325.

355America, state of things before the constitution of Washington, ii, 248.

Americans, beat the English fleets by means of masses, ii, 14.

Amida taken by Sapor, iii, 309.

Amiternum, leagued with the Samnites, taken in the third Samnite war, i, 535.

Ammianus Marcellinus, an ingenious writer, iii, 323; a native of Antioch, 324.

Ammonius, iii, 293.

Amphilochia yielded by the son of Cassander to Pyrrhus, i, 554.

Amphipolitans receive the Chalcidians and drive out the old Athenian colony, i, 419.

Amulet, iii, 355.

Amulius, i, 112.

Amynander drives the Macedonian garrisons from Athamania, ii, 203.

Anagnia, town of the Hernicans, i, 247; loses its political existence, 503; becomes a municipal town of the second class, 503; receives a provost from Rome to administer justice, 503.

Anaitis, her temple in Comana plundered, ii, 407.

Ancient literature revived, iii, 232.

Ancona, the March of, a country with a very temperate climate, and exceedingly healthy, ii, 94; its constitution in recent times, 398; its mole and harbour built by Trajan, iii, 223.

Ancus Marcius, his conquest very credible, i, 125; he is a Sabine, 131; establishes Latins on the Aventine, 131; founds the colony of Ostia, 132.

Andalusia, the Latin language, forbidden there by punishment of death, dies away within a hundred years, i, 145; Latinized, ii, 258.

S. Andreas in busta Gallica, church in Rome, i, 384.

Andriscus. See Pseudophilip.

Andronidas, ii, 248.

Q. Anicius, a Prænestine, plebeian ædile, i, 495, 521.

Annales Bertiniani, Fuldenses, etc., their arrangement, i, 5.

Annales maximi or PONTIFICUM, i, 5; for the earlier times restored afterwards, 6; according to Servius divided into eighty books, 8; Cicero’s opinion on them, 8; one may form an idea of them from the passages which Livy quotes from them at the end of the tenth book, 8; Livy’s copy began with the year 460, 8; according to Diomedes they were still continued in his time, 9; the probable cause of their having ceased in the times of P. Mucius is the publication of the acta diurna, 9; destroyed in the burning of the town by the Gauls, 83.

Annius of Viterbo, his forgeries, i, 141.

Antagoras, ii, 198.

Anthemius, emperor, iii, 345.

Antibes (Antipolis) conquered, ii, 220.

Antigonea, founded by Pyrrhus, the present Argyrocastro, ii, 153; fauces Antigoneæ, 153; victory of Flaminius, 155.

Antigonus Doson (Epitropus), guardian of Philip, i, 144; in the last years of his guardianship the Macedonian empire recovers, 145.

Antigonus the One-eyed, killed in the battle Ipsus, i, 553.

Antigonus Gonatas, abandoned by his troops, i, 569; again appointed king, 569; 356marches to Argos, 569; decay of the Macedonian empire during the later years of his reign, ii, 144.

Antioch, the seat of wit, iii, 257; many Christians there, 273; sacked by the Persians, 280; battle, 286.

Antioch, the people of, their frivolity and luxury, iii, 311; rouse the wrath of Theodosius, 322.

Antiochus Epiphanes, his character correctly described in the book of the Maccabees, ii, 207; his connexion with Perseus, 211; war against Egypt, 220; his last disease, 390.

Antiochus the Great of Syria, allies himself with Philip III. against Ptolemy Epiphanes, ii, 147; conquers Perinthus, Ephesus, and Lycia, 148; bears unjustly the surname of the Great, 165; better than the princes of his house who had the same name, 166; extent of his rule, 166; negociations of the Romans with him, 167; rejects Hannibal’s advice, 170; lands in Greece, 171; battle of Thermopylæ, 173; returns to Asia, 173; his fleet commanded by Hannibal, 175; conquered near Myonnesus, 175; evacuates the Chersonesus, 176; falls back into Lydia, 176; offers to conclude a peace, 177; battle of Magnesia, 178; peace, 179.

Antiochus Hierax war against Ptolemy Euergetes, ii, 182.

Antiochus Soter, ii, 166.

Antiochus Theos, an utterly infamous prince, ii, 166.

Antipater L. Cœlius. See Cœlius.

Antiquities, the study of Roman antiquities makes rapid progress in the beginning of the 16th century, i, 68.

Antium, at first Tyrrhenian, afterwards Volscian, i, 223; sprung from the same stock with Rome and Ardea, 223; conquered in 286 by the Romans, 274; receives a Volscian colony, 274; opposition; the old citizens call in the Romans, 274; receives a colony of Romans, Latins, and Hernicans, 274; Antiates mille milites, 274; restored to the Volscians, 286; severed from Rome, 390; a marine colony, 450; its fate after the Latin war, 450; laid waste, ii, 372.

Antonia, daughter of M. Antonius and Octavia, Drusus’ wife, iii, 104; mother of the emperor Claudius, 181.

M. Antoninus marries one of his daughters to Pompeian, a Greek, i, 62; in his reign, there remains only the art of casting in bronze, iii, 224; his real name Annius Verus, 236; called by Hadrian, Verissimus, 236; different accounts concerning his adoption, 237; his beauty, 238; character, 238; meditations, 238; correspondence with Fronto, 238; stoicism, 239; love of his subjects, 239; his monumental column very much damaged, 242; goes to the East, 245; dialogista, 245; Avidius Cassius’ opinion on him, 245; his death, 246; he sells the valuable things of his palace, 248; his equestrian statue, a noble work, 275; writes very good Greek, 324.

M. Antoninus Magnus, son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254; see Caracalla.

T. Antoninus Pius, grandson of Arrius Antoninus, adopted by Hadrian, iii, 231; emperor, 236; married to Galeria Faustina, 236; a native of Nemausus, 236; his history little known to us, 236; his surname Pius, 236; his wars, 236; his character, 237.

357Antoninus Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus, iii, 260.

Antonius. See Primus.

C. Antonius, consul, Cicero’s colleague, iii, 24.

C. Antonius, brother of the triumvir, receives the province of Macedon, iii, 86; executed by Brutus, 96.

L. Antonius, brother of the triumvir, places himself at the head of the malcontents against Octavian, iii, 102; the Perusian war, 103; makes up with Octavian, 103.

M. Antonius, consul, ii, 339; orator, 349, 373.

M. Antony, tribune of the people, iii, 52; makes his passage to Illyricum, 59; quarrels with Dolabella; both of them equally bad, 70; offers to Cæsar the diadem, 76; his behaviour after Cæsar’s murder, 82; delivers a funeral oration for Cæsar, 83; is not among his heirs, 83; administers Cæsar’s property, 84; makes away with the greatest part of the money, 85; chooses Cisalpine Gaul for his province, 86; shows himself friendly to the optimates, 86; although a bad man he might be gained over, 86; incensed against Cicero, 87; besieges Dec. Brutus in Mutina, 87; goes to Gaul, 90; imperator, 90; triumvirate, 91; battle of Philippi, 97; his moderation after the war, 99; falls into the nets of Cleopatra, 101; peace of Brundusium, 103; marries Octavia, 104; gets the empire of the east, 104; unsuccessful attempt against Sicily, 105; of Misenum, 105; campaign in Media, 108; divorce from Octavia, 110; marries Cleopatra, 110; his fleet, 111; battle of Actium, 111; his death, 113.

Antonius Musa, physician of Augustus, iii, 146.

Antrodoco, the defiles of —, disgracefully abandoned by the Neapolitans in 1821, i, 477.

d’Anville, his maps of Italy to be recommended, i, 76; characteristics, 76; C. Niebuhr always spoke of him in the highest terms of acknowledgment, 77.

Anxur, i, 344; conf. Terracina.

Aous, river, ii, 153.

Apennines, geologically different from the mountain ranges of Southern Italy, ii, 8; ways leading through them to Italy, 52; roads through them, 89.

Aper. See Arrius.

Apollodorus of Damascus, his likeness is the most ancient of an artist which we have, i, 61; iii, 221; architect of Trajan, iii, 221.

Apollonia, dependent on the Romans, ii, 48, 153; iii, 58, 84.

Appeal to the people, done away with, ii, 297; it had only been allowed for judicium publicum, 297; source of the modern appeal, iii, 117.

Appia Aqua, i, 518.

Appian has borrowed from Fabius, i, 20; closely follows the track of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 20; his sources, 252; a jurist from Alexandria, lives in Rome during the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, greatly befriended by Fronto, 60; iii, 237; his history arranged after the Origines of Cato, i, 60; he knew well how to choose his sources, 60; his ignorance particularly of geography, 61; editions, 61; on the ager publicus, 252; the groundwork of his history of the second Punic war, is taken from Fabius, ii, 62; 358is the only source for the third Punic war, 240; has copied from Polybius, 240; otherwise below criticism, 240.

Appian road built, i, 517, 518.

Apuleius. See Saturninus.

Apuleius, to be placed among the first geniuses of his age, iii, 234; shows talent wherever he has a subject, 235.

Apulia, description of the country, i, 477; clothed in winter with fine and excellent grass, 478; joins Pyrrhus, 557; a mild, sunny district, ii, 95; a breeze rises there every afternoon from the east, (the sea), 102; part of it falls away from the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, 107; under arms in the Social war, but without having any share in the Italian state, 352.

Apulians of the same stock as the Opicans, i, 99.

Aqua Appia. See Appia.

Aqua Claudia, the finest Roman aqueduct, iii, 189.

Aqua Marcia, ii, 339.

Aqua Marrana, i, 188.

Aquæ Sextiæ, first Roman colony beyond the Alps, ii, 308; gets the Roman franchise in virtue of the lex Julia, 354.

Aqueducts of the emperors are of brick, with a cast of mortar in the middle, i, 138; of the Romans, 518; of Appius, 518.

Aquila, town in Latium, founded in the middle ages, i, 77.

Aquileia, besieged by Maximin, ii, 269; battles, 321; destroyed, 341.

Aquitanians are pure Hispanians, i, 367; of the Iberian race, in Guienne, iii, 42; conquered by Crassus, 46.

Arabia, vassal kingdom of Persia, iii, 253; Arabia Petræa, made a Roman province by Trajan, 220.

Aræ Flaviæ, on the military road from the Main to Augsburg, iii, 216

Aratus sacrifices Corinth and the liberty of Greece, not to let Cleomenes have the authority which was due to him, ii, 145.

Aratus, the poet, ii, 199; the paraphrase of the phænomena is by Domitian, 209.

Arbiter, one only was needed in criminal causes, ii, 297.

Arbogastes, a Frank general, commander of the army of Valentinian II., rises against him, iii, 321.

Arcadians, an essentially Pelasgian people, i, 96.

Arcadia, its position completely changed, i, 390; Achæan, ii, 151.

Arcadius, iii, 328.

Archelaus, commander of the army of Mithridates in Greece, ii, 369; defends himself in the Piræeus, 375.

Archidamus of Sparta employed by the Tarentines, i, 461; killed on the day of the battle of Chæronea, 463.

Archimedes builds a ship for Hiero, which is sent by the latter to Alexandria, ii, 17; defends Syracuse, 117.

Architecture, its different stages of development, iii, 222; its decline under Hadrian, 275.

Archytas, the Leibnitz of his age, i, 461; seven times called to the office of general, 461.

Ardaburius, iii, 336.

359Ardaschir, son of Babek, of the race of Sassan, king of the Persians, iii, 264; restores the old fire-worship, 264; sets up monuments in Persepolis, 264; is called by the Greeks Artaxerxes, 265; war against the Romans, 265.

Ardea, the war of Tarquin the Proud against Ardea is fabulous, i, 198; is of the same stock with Rome and Antium, 223; insurrection, 343; make head against the Gauls, 381.

Ardeates, the decision between them and the people of Aricia was pronounced by the Curies, i, 94.

Ardyæans in northern Illyricum, are under the protection of Rome, ii, 146; overcome by Philip, 146; their country ceded to him by the Romans, 147.

Arevaci, a Spanish people, ii, 220; a tribe of the Celtiberians, 260.

Argolis Archæan, ii, 151, 163.

Argos, a Pelasgian word, probably meaning town, i, 101; synonymous with Peloponnesus, 101; also for Thessaly, 101; the republican party calls in Pyrrhus against the aristocrats, 569; the latter summon Antigonus to their aid, 569; devastated by the Goths, iii, 280.

Argyrocastro, very important pass, ii, 147; the old Antigonea, 153.

Aricia, in a grove before its gates, was the sanctuary of the Latins, i, 186; Porsena defeated there, 213; after the Latin war it does not receive the franchise, but becomes an independent municipium, 448; laid waste by Marius, 372.

Ariminum, colony of, ii, 50; opens its gates to Cæsar, iii, 53.

Ariobarzanes, Persian governor of Pontus, ii, 360; king of Cappadocia, 363, 407.

Ariovistus, ii, 43; acknowledged by the Romans as a sovereign king, 43; defeated near Besançon, 43.

Aristænus, Achæan strategus, ii, 156.

Aristæus, a Pelasgian hero from Arcadia, i, 96.

Aristarchus, the period from him to Dio Chrysostomus is an intermediate one, which has no distinct character, iii, 228.

Aristides, Ælius, a most disagreeable writer, iii, 235; his declamation on the battle of Leuctra, 235.

Aristion, sophist, tyrant of Athens, ii, 364.

Aristippus, tyrant of Argos, i, 569.

Aristobulus, historian, i, 470.

Aristobulus, pretender to the crown of Judæa, made prisoner by

Pompey and led in his triumph, iii, 11.

Aristocracy, as it was in the earliest times in Rome, i, 164.

Aristocrats, their hypocrisy, ii, 87.

Aristonicus, a bastard son of Eumenes, usurps the throne of Pergamus, ii, 266; defeats Crassus, 267; overcome by Peperna, 267.

Aristotle, ii, 6; the text of his Politics is derived from a single MS. of the fourteenth century, 6.

Armenia, nature of the country, iii, 7; acknowledges the majestas populi Romani, 161; vassal kingdom of the Romans and Parthians, 240; recognised as a tributary dependency of Rome, 296.

Armenians, Gibbon’s remark on the change in their character, iii, 7; 360slight Tiberius, 170; their princes are Arsacidæ and Christians, 313.

Arminius, iii, 156; a Roman knight, 157.

Arnobius, his erudition is of great value to us, iii, 293.

Arpi, chief town of Apulia, i, 477; returns to the side of the Romans, ii, 110; taken by Hannibal, 120.

Arpinum conquered by the Samnites, i, 501; reconquered by the Romans, 504; municipal town, large and important; a Cyclopian town; birthplace of Marius and Cicero, iii, 15.

Arretinian vessels of baked red clay, i, 135.

Arretinus, Leonardus, i, 67.

Arretium makes peace with Rome, i, 509; governed by the Cilnians; besieged by the Gauls, 546; razed to the ground, ii, 383; military colony, 385.

Arria, wife of Thrasea Pætus, iii, 191.

Arrian, a distinguished man, iii, 239.

Arrius Aper, præfectus prætorio, iii, 290.

Arsacidæ, the younger branch of them on the Parthian throne in Armenia, iii, 191.

Arsia, the forest of, the battle there is purely mythical, i, 208.

Arsinoë, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, iii, 62.

Artabanus, king of the Parthians, iii, 258.

Artavasdes, king of Armenia, iii, 107.

Artaxata conquered, iii, 191.

Artillery, its masses mark the decline of intellectual spirit and humanity in warfare, ii, 17.

Art in Rome, i, 498; its decline in the third century, iii, 295.

Arulenus. See Rusticus.

Aruns, a common Etruscan name, i, 136.

Arvernians, have the principatus Galliæ at time of the second Punic war, ii, 125; defeated by the Romans, 308; they never raise their head again, iii, 42.

Arx of Rome climbed by the Gauls, i, 383.

Arymbas, prince of the Molossians, i, 552.

As, is worth one stiver and a half (²⁵³⁄₄₀₀ penny sterling), i, 181.

Asconius Pedianus, a writer of first-rate historical learning, ii, 385.

Asculum, battle, i, 564; massacre of the Romans, ii, 352; victory of the Romans, 356.

Asiatics were merely archers, i, 176.

Asia, kingdom of, ii, 183; province, 267; its division in the seventh century, 361; chastised by Sylla, 377; the name of Tiberius Claudius a general prænomen there, iii, 193.

Asinii are Marrucinians, ii, 300.

Asinius, Herius, father or grandfather of Asinius Pollio, iii, 107.

Asinius Pollio taxes Livy with Patavinity, i, 51; is said to have still been living after C. Cæsar’s death, 52; iii, 37, 60; in Spain, 87; his frankness, 92; his opinion on Cicero, 95; does not declare for Antony, though in his heart he is for him, 93; protects Virgil, 93; enemy to Sextus Pompey, 104; united with Domitius Ahenobarbus, 105; the motives his conduct, 107; his style very unequal, 129; 361forms the connecting link between two generations, 130; historian, 130; his opinion of Livy may have arisen from party spirit, 141.

Asclepieum, a hallowed place in Carthage, ii, 243.

Aspar, iii, 336.

Aspis, town in Africa, ii, 20; conf. Clupea.

Assignatio, i, 256.

Associations in the states of the ancients, i, 160.

Astapa rising against Rome, ii, 129.

Astronomy, flourishes, iii, 237.

Astura, river, the position of which is not known; battle, i, 447.

Asylum on the Capitol, i, 116; the old tradition of the asylum has reference to the clientship, 170.

Atella, i, 453; as periœcians of Capua conquered by Rome, ii, 114.

Atellan plays, ii, 194; extemporised, 194.

Athamania, Macedonian, ii, 203; the Macedonian garrisons driven off by Amynander, 203.

Athanasius, bishop, iii, 309.

Athens, the registers of mortgages very prolix there, i, 333; pay of the soldiers since Pericles, 351; alone raises itself to general Greek patriotism, 461; wishes for peace in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, ii, 475; its relations to its allies change about Ol. 100, after the battle of Naxos, 248; the character of the Demos much changed in the Peloponnesian war, 514; unfortunate expedition to Sicily, 574; had in the Peloponnesian war and immediately after no other ships but penteconters, triremes and lembi, ii, 12; fallen to the lowest ebb, 48; keeps aloof from all political activity, 146; alliance with Rome; isopolity, 148; cenotaphs, very likely referring to the second Illyrian war, 149; involved in hostilities with Philip, 149; temples pulled down, tombs demolished, 149; applies to its allies, especially to Rome, 149; has still some schools, but poesy and even the art of speech dead, 152; a separate state, 163; treated by the Romans, down to the times of Sylla, with particular favour, 163; receives Scyros, Delos, Imbros, Paros, 164; quarrels with the Oropians, 249; remains a libera civitas, 256; opens its gates to Mithridates, 364; the communication with the Piræeus seems not to have been free since the times of Antigonus Gonatas, 376; a small hamlet in the time of Pausanias, 376; anarchy, iii, 13; adorned by Hadrian, iii, 230; receives a theatre and an entire new town, 230; burned and sacked by the Goths, 280.

Athenagoras, iii, 235.

Atia, married to C. Octavius, iii, 83.

Atilius. See Regulus, Serranus.

C. Atilius, consul, goes to Sardinia, ii, 52; lands at Pisa, 54; killed near Telamon, 55.

A. Atilius Calatinus, ii, 16.

Atina, conquered by the Romans, i, 496; probably gets the rights of citizenship by the Lex Julia, ii, 354.

C. Atinius Labeo, Trib. Pleb., ii, 269.

Atintanians conquered by Philip, ii, 145; their country given up by the Romans, 147.

362M. Atius Balbus married to a sister of Cæsar, iii, 83.

Attalus of Pergamus conquers Lydia, ii, 146; allied with Egypt, 148; his fleet combined with that of the Romans, 155; defeats the Galatians, 182.

Attalus, brother of Eumenes, ii, 221.

Attalus, præfectus prætorio, proclaimed emperor by Alaric, iii, 383.

Attalus Philometor of Pergamus, ii, 266; bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans, 266; leaves a treasure, 283.

Atticus, T. Pomponius, his annals were only tables, i, 35; is also called Cæcilius, 39; friend of Cicero, iii, 18.

Attila, son of Rugilas, iii, 339; the main strength of his empire is in German tribes, 339; devastates the Eastern empire, 339; goes to Gaul, 340; lays siege to Orleans, 340; battle in the Campi Catalaunici, 340; in Italy, 341.

Attic law belongs to a later time when the forms were already very polished, i, 296.

L. Attius, author of prætextatæ, ii, 195; of tragedies, 393; form of his poems, 393; is not called Accius or Actius, 393.

Attius Navius, augur, i, 139.

Attius Tullius in Antiam, ii, 288.

Auerstedt, battle, ii, 91.

Cn. Aufidius, a contemporary of Cicero in his youth, wrote history in Greek, i, 23.

Aufidius Bassus, iii, 185.

Aufidus, river near Cannæ, ii, 99.

Αὐγούστειοι, iii, 130.

Augsburgh, the guilds are there the ruling power in the fourteenth century, i, 168; of fifty-one houses, thirty-eight become extinct in one hundred years, 446; the chambers (Stuben); the meetings of the houses, 539; founded, iii, 152.

Augural system, i, 256.

Augural divinations, an inheritance of the Sabellian peoples, i, 154.

Augurs, their number doubled by Numa, two Ramnes, and two Tities, i, 124; are to represent the three tribes, 130; later number, 130.

August, month of, its name, iii, 114.

Augustan age, not Augustean, iii, 130.

St. Augustine, one of the greatest minds, i, 224; exaggerates, 535; the Punic language is his mother tongue, ii, 5; as writer, iii, 325; his eloquence, 326.

Augustinus, Antonius, i, 312.

Augustus assigned to every region a certain number of vici without counting how many there were of them, i, 172; was an actor in all he did, iii, 32, 86; named, 115; his consulships, 116; wants to lay down his power as dictator, 116; Imperator as prænomen, 117; not altogether free from superstition, 117; proconsular power over the whole of the Roman empire given him, 117; censor, 117; tribune, 117; pontifex maximus, 118; purifies the senate, 119; princeps senatus, 119; has the control over the finances of the whole empire, 120; assigns fixed appointments to the governors of the provinces, 121; legati Augusti, pro consule, pro prætore, 121; 363new division of the city, 123; his division of Italy, 124; his private fortune, 124; his power absolute in the provinces, 125; founds military colonies, 125; his susceptibility towards Horace, 135; an uncommonly fine man; there are many busts and statues extant of him, 142; a remarkable man, 142; his courage, 142; a bad general, 142; his good qualities, 142; his domestic relations, 143; a thorough profligate, 143; Livia’s influence on him, 143; his physical constitution, 146; incensed against Tiberius, 147; his buildings, 148; campaign against the Dalmatians, 149; against the Cantabrians, 149; his memoirs little notice taken of, 150; poetry, letters, 150; shuts the temple of Janus, 151; German wars, 152; the defeat of Varus puts him utterly beside himself, 160; his death, 160; his burial, 161; not a close-fisted manager, 173.

Aurei, iii, 302.

Aurelian, emperor, yields Dacia to the Goths, ii, 147; general of Claudius Gothicus by whom he is recommended as emperor, iii, 284; obscurity of his history, 285; peace with the Goths, 285; war against Zenobia, 286; against the soldiers of Tetricus, 286; defeats the Germans near Fano, 287; murdered, 287; insurrection of a master of the mint, 302; fortifies Rome, 330.

C. Aurelius Orestes, Roman commissioner in Achaia, ii, 249.

M. Aurelius Antoninus. See Elagabalus.

Aureolus, pretender, iii, 284.

Auruncians, their invasion twice told by Livy, i, 222; Auruncians and Ausonians are the same, 223; advance as far as Latium, 224; subjected, 435; their cities destroyed by the Romans, 494.

Ausonius, tutor of Gratian, iii, 316; a bad poet, 323.

Auspices are valid for the plebes only in later times, i, 270; were taken for the centuries and curies only, 406.

Austerlitz, battle, false reports concerning it, i, 222, 531.

Autun lies in ruins until the reign of Diocletian, iii, 282.

Auxilia, iii, 125.

Aventine and Palatine hostile, i, 113; the city of the plebeians, 115; Latin settlement there under Ancus, 132; always occupied by the plebeians, 311; a sort of suburb of Rome, iii, 123.

Aventinus, John, quotes some verses from the Nibelungen (Waltharius), i, 13.

Avidius Cassius, iii, 241; his descent, 243; restores discipline, 244; victorious against the Parthians, 244; proclaimed emperor, 244; murdered, 244; his son murdered without the knowledge of M. Antoninus, 245; his letters, 245.

Avitus. See Elagabalus.

Avitus, Flavius Mæcilius, emperor, iii, 343; takes possession of the see of Placentia, 343.

B

Badajoz, founded, iii, 150; conf. Pax.

Bagaudæ, iii, 332.

Bagradas, river in Africa, iii, 21.

364Bahram, king of the Persians, iii, 290.

Balearic isles subject to the Carthaginians, ii, 5; subdued by the Romans, 307.

Ballistæ invented at Syracuse, i, 354.

Barbarians never fought in dense masses, i, 176.

Barbatus. See Horatius.

Barbié du Bocage, i, 76.

Barbula. See Æmilius.

Barkochba, iii, 230.

Bardylis creates in the days of Philip an empire in Illyria, ii, 46.

Barka, meaning lightning, the Syriac form, ii, 35.

Bartholomæus, i, 67.

Basbretons belong to the race of the Cymri, ii, 322.

Basilicæ, ii, 190; Basilica Æmilia, iii, 50.

Basiliscus, general of the eastern empire against Carthage, iii, 345.

Basques are still dwelling north of the Pyrenees, i, 367.

Basque poem on the Cantabrian war, iii, 150.

Basreliefs, the art of Basreliefs is at its height under Trajan, iii, 274; thoroughly bad on the triumphal arch of Severus, 275.

M. Bassianus, son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254. See Caracalla.

Bassianus. See Elagabalus.

Bassus. See Aufidius.

Bastarnians, i, 369; their abodes, ii, 204; their movements, 211.

Bastulans in Spain, Μιξοφοίνικες, ii, 59.

Bato, two men of this name leaders of the Dalmatians, iii, 155; one of them treacherously gives up Pinnes to the Romans, 156.

Battle, oblique line of, ii, 101; order of, i, 441.

Bautzen, battle, i, 428.

Bayle, i, 3, 70.

Beaufort, i, 3; his work on the Roman antiquities recommended, 72, 269, footnote; his Dissertation sur l’incertitude des quatre premiers siècles de l’histoire Romaine, 72; the war of Porsena and the time of Camillus beautifully handled by him, 211; shows that the peace of Porsena is quite a different thing from what the Romans would make us believe, 211; on Camillus, 382; on the Licinian laws, 396; on Regulus’ death, ii, 25.

Ul. Becker’s treatise on the history of the war of Hannibal is a valuable work, ii, 64.

Bedriacum, in the neighbourhood of Cremona, battle, iii, 197.

Beja founded, iii, 150; conf. Pax.

Belgians, not unmingled with Gaels, ii, 322; war against the Romans, iii, 44; they had no free population, 44; defeated in two battles, 44; conf. Cymri.

Belli, name of a tribe of the Celtiberians, ii, 261.

Bellovaci, iii, 48.

Bellovesus, leader of the Gauls, i, 368.

Benedict of Soracte, chronicle, i, 9; gives a detailed account of an expedition of Charlemagne to Jerusalem, 86.

Beneventum, battle, i, 568; Roman colony, ii, 106.

Beni Tai are ten thousand families who cannot all descend from Edid Tai, i, 159.

365Bentley ran down at Oxford, i, 42, 71.

Bergamo, a Rhætian town, ii, 32.

Bern. See Lucerne.

St. Bernard, the great, there is everlasting snow on it, ii, 78.

St. Bernard, the little, is the mountain over which Hannibal passed, ii, 78; has no glaciers, 78; is in summer a green Alp, 78.

Bernard, the holy, iii, 94.

Berosus, is genuine, ii, 1.

Besançon, battle, iii, 43.

Besieging, Greek art of, first applied by the Romans at Lilybæum, ii, 30.

Bestia. See Calpurnius.

Bibulus, Cæsar’s colleague, commander of Pompey’s fleet, iii, 58.

Biondo of Forli, iii, 114.

Bithyas, Carthaginian general in the third Punic war, ii, 241.

Bithynia, ii, 181, 377; the monarchy broken up, iii, 1.

Bituitus, king of the Arvernians, ii, 308.

Bledes, (Bledel,) son of Rugilas, iii, 339.

Blemmyans in Dongola, Trajan’s expedition against them, iii, 162.

C. Blossius, teacher of the Gracchi, ii, 270; author of Rhintonian comedies, 270 (conf. the footnote); anecdote of him, 287.

Boardingbridges, ii, 14, 17.

Bocchus, king of the Mauritanians, ii, 321.

Bochart, one of the last highly gifted French philologists, i, 94; his hypothesis concerning the influence of the Phœnicians is carried too far, 95.

Bœcler is to be reckoned among the ornaments of Germany, i, 70.

Bœotians, independent in appearance only, under the supremacy of Macedon, ii, 151; drawn by Flaminius into a league with Rome, 156; a separate state, 163; kill the leader of the Macedonian party among them, 172; join the Achæans in their war against the Romans, 253; pay a tribute to Rome, 256.

Boëthius, iii, 348.

Bogud, king of Mauritania, iii, 67.

Bohemund, his conduct in the crusades, ii, 65, footnote.

Boians, defeated near the lake Vadimo, i, 547; in Italy, ii, 51; submit to the Romans, 56; beat a Roman legion and keep the survivors shut up in Modena, 83; extent of their territory, 83; they seize three Romans of rank, 83; send ambassadors to meet Hannibal, 83; defend themselves against the Romans with distinguished bravery, 164; destroy Placentia and Cremona, 165; are probably exterminated, 165; desertum Boiorum, 165; are said to have had a hundred and twelve cantons in Italy, 165; independent, iii, 3.

Bolæ or Bola, i, 344.

Bolingbroke, Lord, i, 281.

Bolivar, ii, 369.

Bologna has a palatium civium and a palatium communis, i, 168; conf. Bononia.

Bona Dea, her festival is only celebrated by women, iii, 27.

Boniface, iii, 336; seems to have been an Italian, 336; recalled from Africa by the influence of Aëtius, 336; calls the Vandals into Africa, 337.

366Bononia, the colony has the obligation to serve in war, ii, 384; conf. Bologna.

Bononia (Boulogne sur Mer), iii, 296.

Bosporus, kingdom of the, conquered by the Goths, iii, 278.

Bosporus, Thracian, lay open since the destruction of Byzantium, iii, 278.

Bostra, in Arabia Petræa, iii, 271; colonia Romana, 271; in the neighbourhood of Pella, 272.

Boudicea, (Bunduica), queen of the Britons, iii, 191.

Bourg, i, 167.

Bourgeois, i, 167.

Bourges, taken by Cæsar, iii, 47.

Bovianum, the most thriving town of the Samnites, taken by the Romans, i, 500; in Strabo’s time a small place, 500; battle, 504.

Bozra (Βύρσα), original name of Carthage, ii, 2.

Brabant, the towns there neutral in the war between Spain and the Netherlands, i, 391.

Brandenburg, the Vandal (Wendish) tongue forbidden on pain of death, i, 145.

Brandy, there was none except in Egypt; the process of distillation depicted on the walls of Thebes, ii, 86.

Brass is only of late invention, iii, 45.

Bremen, duchy of, the equestrian body there dwindled within fifty years to half its number, i, 140.

Brenin means in Welsh and Bas Breton a King, i, 366.

Brescia, Rhætian town, ii, 52.

Bretagne, the immigration from Britain in the fifth century is fabulous, iii, 42.

Britain, is according to a tradition one of the most ancient seats of the Celts, i, 366; thought inaccessible, iii, 45; neither gold nor silver found there, 45; Claudius’ expedition, 134; province, 134; insurrection under Nero, 191; wall against the Caledonians erected by Hadrian, 230; the two elements of the population preserved, 230; rising under Antoninus Pius, 236; war of Septimius Severus, 254; revolt of Carausius, 296; casts itself off from the Roman empire, 331; the usurper Constantine, 334.

Britannicus, son of Claudius of his first marriage, iii, 183.

Britomaris, chieftain of the Sennonian Gauls, i, 546.

Britons, their name transferred to the English, i, 143.

Bronze is met with in the temple of Solomon, and even in the tabernacle of Moses, iii, 45.

Bructeri reduced by Drusus, iii, 153; defeat the legate M. Lollius, 153; subdued by Tiberius, 154; rising under Vespasian, 242.

Brundusium, Roman fortress, i, 571; Roman colony, ii, 106; faithful to the Syllanian interest, iii, 55; peace, 103.

Bruttians, the Oscan part of them sprung from the Sabine stock, i, 120; their insurrection, 153; their origin, 419; league themselves with the enemies of Rome, 545; acknowledge Rome’s supremacy, 571; fall off again, ii, 107; gain over Locri, 107; are deprived of their constitution, 186; nearly the whole country under Honorius was pasture land, 264.

367Dec. Brutus, general of Cæsar, conspires against him, iii, 79; entices him into the curia, 80; withdraws to Cisalpine Gaul, 83; besieged in Mutina, 89; the war of Mutina, 89; murdered, 91.

Brutus, Dec. Junius Callaicus, peace with the Lusitanians, ii, 260.

Brutus, L. Junius, legends concerning him, i, 82, 198; the name is Oscan, 198; given him because he was a plebeian, 199; Tribunus Celerum, 199; plebeian, 200; the statement that plebeians had been introduced by him into the senate, 334.

Brutus, M. Junius, the father, brings forward a motion concerning the colony of Capua, iii, 34.

Brutus, M. Junius, i, 200; beloved by Cicero, iii, 26; prætor, 76; prætor urbanus, 78; nephew of Cato, 76; marries Cato’s daughter, 77; introduced by him into the Stoic philosophy, 77; his character, 77; fights at Pharsalus, 78; is intrusted by Cæsar with the government of Cisalpine Gaul, 78; goes to Greece, 88; outlawed, 91; makes himself master of Macedonia, 95; battle of Philippi, 97; sees the vision, 95; victory of his fleet, 98; defeated; takes his own life, 99; his age, 99.

M. Brutus carries on the business of a sycophant, iii, 77.

Bubulcus. See Junius.

Bunduica. See Boudicea.

Burgundians cross the Rhine, iii, 331; remain in Gaul under Roman supremacy, 332.

Burning glasses, the destruction of the Roman fleet by means of them, doubtful, ii, 117.

Burrhus, Nero’s tutor, præfectus prætorio, iii, 189.

Busta Gallica near the Carinæ were still shown in Cæsar’s times, i, 384.

Busts, after the time of Caracalla no busts were made, iii, 275.

Buxentum, it is uncertain whether it became Roman after the Samnite war, i, 505; conf. Pyxus.

Byng, admiral, shot by the English, ii, 109.

Bysacene belonged to Carthage as early as in the days of the Roman kings, ii, 229.

Byzantines, fought in their most brilliant days with very small ships, ii, 17.

Byzantium allied with Chios and Lesbos, ii, 145, 151; with Egypt, 148; destroyed by Septimius Severus, iii, 252; conf. Constantinople.

C

Caia Cæcilia, wife of Tarquinius Priscus, i, 37; her image in the temple of Semo Sancus, 37; filings from the girdle of her brazen image were used as remedies, 37.

Cæcilius mentioned by Strabo is very likely Dionysius of Halicarnassus, i, 39.

Cæcilius, see Atticus, Metellus, Statius.

Cæcina, Etruscan historian, i, 191.

Cæcina is a gentile name, ii, 403, footnote.

Cæcina, iii, 195, 197; killed by the order of Titus, 208.

368Cæculus, founder of Præneste, i, 137.

Cædicius, iii, 158.

Q. Cæditius, ii, 16.

Cæles Vibenna, i, 88, 118, 129; condottiere, 155; an historical person, 191.

Cælius joins Romulus in his war against the Sabines, i, 117.

Cælius, Mount, foundation of the town on it, i, 129.

Cælius Antipater. See Cœlius.

Cælius Rufus, judicious, ii, 379; beloved by Cicero, iii, 26; his insurrection, 65; his language like that of Cicero for excellence, 127.

Cæpio, proconsul, ii, 259.

Cæpio, proconsul, his army destroyed by the Teutones and the Cimbri, ii, 325.

Cæpio, Q. Servilius, proconsul, murdered at Asculum, ii, 351.

Cære, formerly called Agylla, i, 147; gets isopolity, 152.

Cærites, according to Diodorus, conquer the Gauls, i, 383; give up part of their territory to Rome, 416.

Cærite citizenship (sympolity), i, 535.

Cæsar, C. Julius, his fondness for Marius, ii, 327; his consulship to be looked upon as the beginning of the civil wars, iii, 28; married to the daughter of Cinna, 29; does not stoop to Sylla, 29; the greatest general of his age, 30; declares for Marius’ party, 30; consul, 31; his character, 31, 58; had no military schooling, 31; his work on analogy, 32; his style, 33; not one witty saying of him is recorded, 33; gets Gaul as a province, 34; founds a colony in Capua, 34; estrangement between him and Cicero, 34; his province belonged to him for five years, 37; congress at Lucca, 39; his commentaries, 39; much to be expected from the MSS. for his bellum Gallicum, 40; the MSS. de bello civili to be traced to one single family, not so those de bello Gallico, 40; the other books, 40; war with the Helvetians, 41; against Ariovistus, 43; victory near Besançon, 43; conquers the Belgians, 44; his conduct to the Usipetes and Tenchteri, 44; victorious against the Veneti, 45; goes to Britain, 45; second expedition thither, 46; crosses the Rhine twice, 46; puts down the insurrection of Vercingetorix, 46; made prisoner by the Gauls, 47; has Vercingetorix put to death, 48; is required to lay down the imperium, 51; crosses the Rubicon, 53; reaches Rome, 54; to Brundusium, 55; acts in Rome as a sovereign, 55; goes to Spain, 56; siege of Massilia, 56; defeats Afranius and Petreius near Lerida, 56; dictator, 57; his law of debts, 57; goes to Illyria, 58; fails in his attempt against Dyrrachium, 58; his bold march to Gomphi, 60; battle of Pharsalus, 61; the numbers which he gives are exaggerated, 61; buries Pompey, 63; the Alexandrine war, 64; enslaved by Cleopatra, 65; marches against Pharnaces, 65; returns to Rome, 65; meeting of the troops, 66; surrounded in Thapsus, 67; his victory, 67; his Anti-Cato, 68; goes to Spain, 70; battle of Munda, 70; his triumphs, 71; regulates the calendar, 72; plans a war against the Parthians, 73; other plans, 73; his places of honour, 74; aspires to the title of king, 76; want of courtesy to the senate, 76; loves Brutus, 77; pardons almost all his enemies, 78; murdered, 80; 369divine honours conferred upon him, 82; his will, 83; the finish of his style to be attributed to Cicero, 127; his aim as a law-giver, 162.

C. Cæsar. See C. Agrippa.

C. Cæsar, called Caligula, son of Germanicus, conspires against Tiberius, iii, 177; not born on the banks of the Rhine, but at Antium, 177; his madness, 177; favourable reception from the Romans, 178; the name of Caligula is not to be met with among the ancient writers, but was only given him by the soldiers when a child, 178; his sleeplessness, 179; his waste, 179; his war against the Germans, 179; murdered, 180.

Cæsar, L. Julius, consul, author of the lex Julia concerning the franchise of the Italians, ii, 354.

Q. Cæsar. See L. Agrippa.

Cæsar augusta (Saragossa), colony founded, iii, 150.

Cæsarea, a bashaw there forbids to speak Greek, i, 145; destroyed by the Persians after a noble defence, iii, 281.

Cæsetius Flavus, tribune of the people, takes the diadem from Cæsar’s statue, iii, 76.

Calabria, nearly the whole of it under Honorius is pasture land, ii, 265.

Calagurris, siege of, ii, 403.

Calatinus. See Atilius.

Calendar in Cæsar’s times, more than eighty days behind hand, ii, 344; iii, 23; regulated, 72.

Cales, colony, i, 455; ii, 106; occupied by the Romans, i, 497.

Caligula. See C. Cæsar.

Callicrates, Roman party-leader in Achaia, ii, 209, 216.

Callimachus, ii, 198.

Callicula, mount, ii, 96.

Calones, i, 178.

Calpurnius, his eclogues, iii, 292.

L. Calpurnius Bestia, ii, 314; condemned, 316.

M. Calpurnius Flamma, ii, 16.

Calpurnius. See Piso.

Camarina conquered by the Carthaginians, i, 575; destroyed, ii, 4.

Calvus, C. Licinius, poet and orator; Quinctilian’s and Tacitus’s opinion of him, iii, 127; conf. Licinius.

Cameria, a colonia Romana, forms a separate community, i, 279.

Camers, treaty with Rome, i, 509; Umbrian name of Clusium, 528.

Camillus, L. Furius, compelled by the Curies to go into exile, i, 94; fictitious victory of his, 222; his alleged condemnation by the tribes, 304; appointed dictator, 356; general against the Faliscans, 361; accused of having enriched himself from the Veientine booty, 362; goes to Ardea, 363; probably condemned by the centuries, 363; dictator, 380; his appearance in Rome whilst the money was weighed to the Gauls, fictitious, 382; a second Romulus, 385; dictator, to counteract Manlius Capitolinus, 394; at the age of eighty appointed dictator against the Licinian rogations, 402; makes a vow to build a temple to Concordia, 402.

Campanians, their people is formed, i, 343; Campanian legion at Rhegium, 573; overpowered, 574; properly speaking, in rank equal to the Romans, 572. See Capua.

370Campania, extent of the country, i, 424; has a large ager publicus, ii, 282.

Campanus, Campas, appellatives derived from Capua, i, 161, 424.

Campbells, five thousand of them looked upon the Duke of Argyle as their cousin, i, 159.

Campi Catalaunici, Champagne, not Chalons, iii, 340.

Campi Raudii, battle, ii, 332.

Camunians, are of Etruscan race, i, 145; stand their ground against the Gauls, 369.

Candidati Cæsaris, iii, 118.

Candidus, historian, iii, 327.

Canidius, lieutenant of Antony in the battle of Actium, iii, 112.

Cannæ in Apulia, destroyed by earthquake, ii, 92; battle, 99; seems to have been fought before the second of August, 99; the first satisfactory description given by Swinburne, 100; fifty to sixty German miles distant from Rome, 103; the surviving soldiers have to stay a long time in Sicily, 377.

Canosa, Prince of, witty but eccentric, ii, 298.

Cantabrians, are according to the ancients of different race from the Turdetanians, according to Humboldt of the same, ii, 60; a free nation, iii, 1; Augustus’ war against them, 149.

Canusium, chief town of Apulia, i, 477.

Canvassing, for the first time met with under the second decemvirate, i, 299.

Capellianus, lieutenant of Maximin in Mauritania, iii, 268.

Capena, its situation, i, 348, footnote; disappears entirely, 362.

Capenates, hasten to the help of the Fidenates, i, 347.

Capital punishment, i, 316.

Capite sensi, i, 178.

Capitis deminutio, i, 177.

Capitol, i, 378; burned to ashes under Sylla, under Vitellius, iii, 201.

Cappadocia, kingdom of, ii, 361; iii, 121; quarrels about the succession decided by Mithridates, ii, 360, 362; given up by Mithridates, 377; not completely surrendered, 407; kingdom under Roman supremacy, iii, 161.

Capreæ, the most paradise like spot in the world, iii, 160.

Capua, founded in the year 283 by the Etruscans, i, 148, 342, 419; history of the Etruscan colony, 420; the Campanians ask for the help of the Romans, 420; equites Campani, 420, 453; shuts its gates from Pyrrhus, 560; Hannibal master of it, ii, 104; enjoys isopolity with Rome, under its own government, 104; wealthy, 104; effeminate, 104; separates from Rome and forms a league with Hannibal, 104; three hundred Campanians serve with the Romans in Sicily, 104; put the Romans to death in overheated bath rooms, 105; besieged by the Romans, 111; taken, 113; colony founded by Jul. Cæsar, iii, 34.

Caput, the place where the liver is grown to the midriff, in Italian capo, i, 440.

Caracalla, eldest son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254; this appellation is so generally bestowed on him only by the moderns, in the Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ it is Caracallus, 254; emperor, 256; murders his brother, 256; 371his cruelty, 256; travels through the provinces, 257; massacre at Alexandria, 257; grants the right of citizenship to all the subjects of the Roman empire, 257; his taste for gladiatorial arts, 258; war against the Parthians, 258; his fondness for Alexander the Great, 258; murdered, 259; fine busts of his age, 275.

Carausius, revolts against Diocletian, iii, 296.

Carbo, E. Papirius, an unworthy disciple of Tib. Gracchus, ii, 288; his character, 288; leaves his party, 306; consul, 306; takes away his own life, 306.

Carbo, Cn. Papirius, consul, defeated near Noreia by the Cimbrians, ii, 324.

Carbo, Cn. Papirius, joins Sylla, ii, 371; consul, tyrant, 375; consul, 380; war in Etruria, 382; flies to Africa, 383.

Carchedon, ii, 2.

Caria, belonging to Egypt, ii, 145; to the Rhodians, 183; taken from the latter by the Romans, 219.

Carians, after the destruction of Troy, push forward from the interior country to the coast of Asia Minor, i, 144; had attained to a considerable degree of civilization, even before they were hellenized, ii, 2.

Carinus, son of Carus, profligate, iii, 290.

Carmen, formula, i, 93.

Carmentalis Porta, i, 263, footnote.

Carnians, i, 369; attacked in Noricum by the Cimbrians, ii, 323.

Carnot, opposes masses to the thin lines of the enemy, ii, 14.

Caroline, Queen of Naples, iii, 102.

Carpenters, i, 177.

Carseoli, Roman colony, i, 505.

Carthage, Carthaginians, oldest alliance with Rome, i, 195; renewed several times, 573; ii, 3; spreads in Sicily, i, 566; inclined to conclude peace with Pyrrhus, 566; attack Pyrrhus on his passage to Italy, 567; alliance with Rome, 574; fleet of one hundred and twenty ships before Ostia, 574; fleet appears in the roadstead of Tarentum, 574; conquer Gela, Camarina, and other towns, and encamp before Syracuse, 575; peace with Dionysius, 575; is a colony of Tyre, ii, 1; date of its foundation, 1; origin of the legend of the bullock’s hide, 2; was originally called Kartha chadta, new town, 2; dependence upon the Libyan peoples and Tyre, 2; makes its first appearance as a power about the middle of the third century of Rome; conquered by Malcus, 3; against Gelon of Syracuse and Theron of Agrigentum, 3; chronological objections to this statement, 3; confined in Sicily to Motye, Panormus, and Solois, 4; after the defeat of the Athenians, Carthaginians send a considerable army over to Sicily, 4; besiege Syracuse under Agathocles, 4; peace on the basis of the river Himera forming the boundary, 4; extent of their rule in the beginning of the first Punic war, 4; factories on the coast of Algiers, 5; constitution, 5; the Hundred and Four, 6, 168; mode of taxation of the subjects, 7; they keep mercenaries, and have only a cavalry of their own, 7; they were probably drawn up in a phalanx, just like the Greeks 10; 372they had family-names and bye-names, 10; their generals are very bad at the beginning of the war, 11; reverse near the Liparian isles, 15; had pulled down the walls of all the towns from fear of rebellions, 20; treatment of the subjects, 20; never employed their citizens as soldiers, but only as officers, 30; try to get a loan from Ptolemy, 35; their distress after the first Punic war, 44; war of the mercenaries, 44; new peace with Rome, 46; their rule deeply hated in Africa, very easy in Spain, 59; their weakness is this, that they have no national army of their own, 59; their empire in Spain, 61; their generals not only keep their office for life, but they also bequeath it at their death to others as an heir-loom, 61; are at the beginning of the second Punic war in possession of Andalusia and the greater part of Valencia, 70; boundaries of their empire there, 70; their fleet makes its appearance off the coast of Etruria, 70; have commissaries in the camp of Hannibal, 73; have no fleet of any importance in the beginning of Hannibal’s war, 73; their army encamps in the neighbourhood of Syracuse, to relieve it, but is destroyed by the unwholesome air, 117; they make proposals of peace, 137; take a Roman fleet during the truce, 139; the democratical element is considerably on the increase after the second Punic war, 168; Ordo judicum, the Hundred and Four to be compared with the state-inquisition of Venice, 168; war with Masinissa, 229; extent of territory, 230; their arms given up to Rome, 233; last demands previous to the third Punic war, 233; despair, 233; topography, 234, 239; siege, 241; they build a new fleet, 241; conquest of the town, 243; colony of C. Gracchus, 301; their library given to the Numidian kings, 310; conf. Hamilcar, Hannibal, etc.

Carthage, Roman, its situation, ii, 240; colony established by Cæsar, iii, 74; the second city of the Western Empire, 234, 338; literary opposition to Rome, 234; many Christians there, 273; profligacy of the people, 338.

Carthagena, Carthago nova, founded by Hamilcar or Hasdrubal on account of the silver mines, ii, 59; important place of arms, 124; taken, 124.

Carthalo, Carthaginian ambassador not received by Rome, ii, 106.

Carus, præfectus prætorio, raised to the throne, iii, 289; descent, 289; war against the Persians, 290; his death, 290.

Carvilius, Sp., completes the reduction of Samnium, i, 569.

Carvilius, Sp., brings forward a motion during the war of Hannibal, to complete the Roman senate, i, 342.

Casca, iii, 80.

Cascans, name of the conquering people in Italy, i, 104; cascus, quaint, 105.

Casilinum. See Casinum.

Casinum, town of the Samnites, i, 480; fortified, 497; confounded with Casilinum, ii, 96; Roman colony, 106.

Casperius, præfect, iii, 215.

Cassander expels Æacidas from his kingdom, 553.

Cassius, prætor, iii, 76; his character, 78; quarrel between him and Brutus, 78; demands the death of Antony, 81; spoke Greek, 84; goes to Greece, 88; 373outlawed, 91; in possession of Syria, 95; battle of Philippi, 97; death, 98.

Cassius, Dio. See Dio.

C. Cassius Hemina wrote a history of Rome, i, 26.

C. Cassius Longinus, honoured as the justest man, goes as commissioner of inquiry to Africa, ii, 314; patrician, 315.

L. Cassius Longinus, defeated by the Cimbrians and Teutones, ii, 324.

Sp. Cassius, his league with the Latins, i, 220, 246, 248; his agrarian law, 256; executed for high treason, 257; question of his guilt or innocence, 257; his family goes over to the Plebs, 258; a son or grandson of his is tribune of the people, 325.

Cassius of Parma, one of the murderers of Jul. Cæsar, iii, 113.

Cassius Severus, his opinion on Cicero, iii, 95.

Cassubians are Sclavonians, speak Wendish to this day, i, 367.

Castes in the ancient states remained always exclusive, i, 158.

Castra Cornelia, ii, 135.

Castrum prætorianum, iii, 125, 175.

Catalaunici. See Campi.

Catamitus, Latin form instead of Ganymedes, ii, 194.

Catana, an ally of Carthage, i, 578; opens its gates to the Romans, 581; Roman, ii, 116.

Catapults invented in Syracuse for Dionysius, i, 354.

Catiline, become a popular character, iii, 12; his character, 13; his object, 13; Cicero’s saying of him, 14; an action repetundarum brought against him, 14; Cicero’s attack on him in the senate, 22; he leaves Rome, 22; in Etruria, 22; his death, 24.

Cato, M. Porcius, Censorius, his Origines, i, 26; treated the Roman history ethnographically, 26; plan of his work, 26; fragment de sumtu suo, ii, 190; his character, 191; conquers the heights which command the Thermopylæ, 173; carries on wars in Spain, 201; his cunning, 201; interests himself for the Rhodians, 219; brings an impeachment against Galba, 224; urges in the senate that Carthage should be destroyed, 231; learned Greek only late in life, 191.

Cato, M. Porcius, of Utica, his vote in Catiline’s affair, iii, 23, 68; dreams of olden times, 32; votes for having Cæsar given up to the Germans, 45; leaves Sicily where he was prætor, 56; in Africa, 66; takes the command of Utica, 66; his character, 67; death, 69.

Cato, Valerius, his Diræ are very doubtful, iii, 129.

Catullus means by gens Romulique Ancique the Populus and the Plebes, i, 171; Cicero’s kindness to him, iii, 26; is the greatest poet Rome ever had, 128, 136; his superiority not acknowledged until the end of the eighteenth century, 133; in independent circumstances, 139.

Catulus, Q. Lutatius, consul, defeats the Carthaginians near the Ægatian islands, thereby putting an end to the first Punic war, ii, 39.

Catulus, Q. Lutatius, consul, a fair author, left memoirs in Greek, ii, 328; falls back upon the Po, 331; victory near Vercelli, 332; death, 373.

374Catulus, Q. Lutatius, head of the aristocracy, ii, 395; an honest man, 396; wants to have steps taken against Cæsar, iii, 30.

Cavalry, always the worst part of the Roman army, i, 440, 559; Thessalian cavalry excellent, 559; the Roman was in the battle of Zama superior to that of the Carthaginians, ii, 141.

Cavalry service, the terms belonging to it of Celtic origin, iii, 156.

Cauca, its horrible fate, ii, 223.

Caudinians, sprung from Sabine stock, i, 120; seem to have declared for Hannibal, whilst he was still on his march to Capua, ii, 107; carry on the Marsian war, 358.

Caudium, i, 421; the capital of the Caudine Samnites, 487; battle in the Caudine passes, 488; what the yoke was, 490; the peace ratified in Rome, 490; broken, 491; the town razed to the ground, 534.

Caulonia, i, 458.

Celer slays Remus, i, 115.

Celeres, the patrician knights, i, 199.

Celtiberians, mixture of Celts and Iberians, i, 367; a brave people, ii, 60; their country, 202; peace of Gracchus, 60; won over by Viriathus, 258; war with the Romans, 260; their tribes, 260; seem to have had republican institutions, 260; oppose the Cimbrians, 325.

Celtiberian war, ii, 223.

Celts, some of their tribes keep their ground in Spain longer than others, i, 146; had Greek letters, 366; according to tradition, Britain one of their most ancient seats, 366; met with in Britain, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, 366; possessed once the whole of Spain with the exception of Andalusia, besides southern France, Ireland, and part of England, 367; driven by the Iberians across the Pyrenees into Aquitain, ii, 60; barbarians, 71; destroyed south of the Po, 164.

Cenis, (Mount,) there was, in times of old, no road over it, ii, 77.

Cenomanians, place themselves under the protection of the Romans, ii, 52; between the Adda and the Lago di Garda, 55.

Censors would place a plebeian in the equestrian body as a mark of distinction, i, 179; are already elected in conformity with the law of the twelve tables, 328; the first censors are not mentioned as consuls either in the Fasti or the libri magistratuum, but only in one of the libri lintei, 328; have jurisdiction, 332; the consuls are said to have formerly had their functions, 332; their office, 333; their registers are double, 333; deprived of their arbitrary sway, 335; their power had no reference to the patricians, 335; they had also a moral control, 336; two plebeians are censors, ii, 266.

Censorinus. See Marcius.

Censorship established, i, 328; plebeians first entitled by law to hold it, 446.

Census in Rome required very extensive book-keeping, i, 4; affected realized property only, 179; was not a property-tax, but a land-tax, 179; before the Gallic calamity, 375; the Attic census was a real property-tax, 179; the census disturbed, ii, 344; the census senatori is raised to a million sesterces, iii, 119.

375Centenius, ii, 93.

Centesimæ, i, 388.

Centoripa, independent after the first Punic war, ii, 41.

Centumcellæ, (Civitavecchia,) harbour built, iii, 222; baths at the hot springs, 223.

Centumviri, judges in questions of MEUM and TUUM, i, 404; plebeian judges to decide in all cases concerning Quiritary property, 313.

Centuria, a square in assignations, i, 256.

Centuries and tribes, originally the same thing, i, 140; the centuries of Servius Tullius, 174; they could not vote on any subject which had not been laid before them by the senate, 184; no one could get up and speak in them, 184; could legally transact business on the dies comitiales only, 269; a grand national court of justice, 303; decrees of the senate are laid before them, as late as in Tiberius’ times, iii, 119.

Centurions, non-commissioned officers, i, 434.

Cephalenia, laid waste by the Romans, i, 175.

Ceraunian rocks, sudden squalls there, i, 556.

Ceres, bread distributed at her temple, i, 183; ii, 295.

Ceremonial of the East, transplanted by Diocletian into the Roman court, iii, 295.

Cerinthus, iii, 138.

Cethegus, P. Cornelius, ii, 200; outlawed with Marius, surrenders to Sylla, ii, 382.

Cetræ, linen coats of mail, ii, 10.

Chæreas writes a history of the first Punic war, spoken of with censure by Polybius, ii, 62.

Chæronea, the battle there, and the downfall of the Latins takes place in the same year, i, 457; battle in which Sylla defeats the Asiatics, 375.

Chalcedon, destroyed by the Goths, iii, 278; oracle concerning its foundation, 296.

Chalcis, pillaged, ii, 155; evacuated by the Romans, 163; joins the Achæans in the war against Rome, 253; destroyed, 255.

Chalcis, name of Cleopatra’s empire in Asia, ii, 108.

Champagne, has calcareous soil, ii, 99.

Charilaus, i, 473.

Charisius, encyclopedist, iii, 323.

Charles, Archduke of Austria, his military talent, i, 553.

Charles XII., his march to Pultawa, iii, 60.

Charlemagne, fabulous accounts of his expedition to Jerusalem, across the Alps, and others, in the chronicles, i, 86; is stated to have driven all the Lombards out of Italy, 222; in his laws the period is fixed, during which the people are bound to service, 350.

Charops, a chieftain of the Epirote republic, betrays Philip, ii, 154; brought up in Rome, 209.

Chateaubriand neither more nor less than a bad Lucan, iii, 186.

Chatti, in the country about the Mayne, Domitian’s expedition against them, iii, 211; defensive war of the Romans, 242.

Chauci, iii, 156.

376Chersonesus, belonging to Egypt, ii, 145; fortified by the Romans, ii, 167; situation, 176; abandoned by Antiochus, 176.

Cherusci reduced by Drusus, iii, 153; by Tiberius, 154.

China, the old books are destroyed, but restored from the memory of old men and the supplements of the astronomers, i, 7

Chios, in confederacy with Byzantium, ii, 145; allied with Egypt, 148; sea fight, 148; free, 151; in a league with Attalus, 152.

Choiseul, Duc de, iii, 72.

Christian VII. of Denmark, his insanity shown by his sleeplessness, iii, 179.

Christian literature, iii, 325.

Christian religion taken up by many like any other theurgy, iii, 251.

Christians, persecution of, iii, 273; by Diocletian, 297.

Christianity, its spread unjustly reproached with having driven out the fine arts, iii, 224; Severus’ reign favourable to it, 252; increase of the number of Christians, 273; in the west in towns only, not in the country, 273; in the east in minority, but with life and energy, 312; its working, 338.

Chronographies of the Greeks, i, 5.

Chronology of the earliest Roman history made according to a system of numbers, i, 84; in the first thirty years of the republic there are wanting in Livy three pairs of consuls, given by Dionysius, 306; the war of Porsena is to be dated ten years later than is generally stated, 215; no fixed date for the battle at the Regillus, 219; the story of Coriolanus placed in a wrong time, 244; irregularity in the Fasti at the tribuneship of Lucinius and Sextius, 399; the conquest of Rome by the Gauls is thought by the ancients to have happened under Archon Pyrgion (Ol. 98, 1), 400; chronology is very unsettled towards the end of the fourth century on account of the uncertain change of the magistrates, 407; Cato’s chronology is followed by Livy, 407; and likewise by Polybius, 533; that of Cato to be preferred to that of Varro, 533; a perfectly satisfactory Roman chronology possible only from the time of the first Punic war, 533; according to Cato the birth of Christ happens in the year 752, 546.

Chrysogonus, ii, 390; iii, 17.

Chrysostomus, Dio, see Dio.

St. Chrysostom appeases the emperor Theodosius, iii, 322.

Cibalis, battle, iii, 300.

Cicero, M. Tullius, the MSS. of the books de legibus have all of them, in the fifteenth century, been copied from one single MS, i, 8; the books de Divinatione exist only in bad MSS, 21; little versed in Roman history, 21; incorrect sometimes with regard to the prænomens, 21; the books de Oratore and Brutus are corrupted in many little passages, 28; the MSS. of Brutus do not date higher than 1430, 28; speaks unfavourably of Licinius Macer, 33; was unsuited for the task of writing history, 36; a revolution in literature has been brought about by him, 172; seems to have seen the tablets of Sp. Cassius, 220; the old writers not to his taste, ii, 196; the introduction of the Somnium Scipionis not historical, 239; taken in by the hypocrisy of those in power with regard to the affair of the Gracchi, 283; 377is to be blamed as the author of erroneous opinions on many subjects, 285; explanation of the duodecim coloniæ in the oration pro Cæcina, 302; as a youth of seventeen introduced by his father into the presence of the statesmen of the age, 313; mistaken with regard to L. Opimius, 316; his love for Marius, 327; does not allow himself to be overawed, 337; oration de imperio Cn. Pompeii, not pro lege Manilia, iii, 9; defended Catiline before a court of justice, 14; his youth, 15; had in poetry all his life long the old Roman tinge, 16; unwarlike, 16; his knowledge of the law, 16; the inward struggle of his mind, 17; orations pro Roscio Comædo, pro Quinctio, pro Roscio Amerino, and others, 17; goes to Rhodes, 17; defects of his education, 17; his wit, 18, 33; his friendship with Atticus sprung up only in later years, 18; his marriage, 18, the source of his boastfulness, 19; accusation of Verres, 19; orations for and against Vatinius, for Gabinius, for Rabirius Postumus, 20; answer of the Delphian oracle on him, 21, footnote; consul, 21; orations against Rullus, 21; his sensibility, 24; oration for Murena, 26; attaches young men to himself, 26; not a weak character, 26; against Clodius, 27; tacks between the two parties, 32; speaks against a colony in Capua, 34; estranged from Cæsar, 34; leaves Rome, 36; his house pulled down, rebuilt by the emperor Claudius, burnt down again in Nero’s fire, 36; recalled, 36; oration for Flaccus, 37; speaks for the assignment of the provinces to Pompey, Crassus, and Cæsar, 37; loses his presence of mind in pleading for Milo, 38; proconsul of Cilicia, 39; tries to mediate the peace between Cæsar and Pompey, 39; in his books, de Republica, his conviction of the want of a king distinctly to be remarked, 75; his affection for Brutus, 77; for Virgil, 77; slander against him, 79; his Greek has a foreign air about it, 84; allows himself to be entrapped by Octavian, 85; de Officiis, de Divinatione, de Fato, Topica, de Gloria, 85; stops at Rhegium, 86; opposition against Antony, 86; second Philippic, 87; the question of the letters to Brutus being genuine or forged, 88; oration pro Marcello, 88; his death, 94; his literary character, 94; his oration pro Cælio, 95.

Cicero, M. Tullius, the son, iii, 94.

Cicero, Q. Tullius, a worthless man, iii, 18; with Cæsar in Spain, 35; nearly destroyed by the Eburones, 46.

Ciceroniani, iii, 94.

Cid, the romances of him have more historical matter in them than many others, i, 85.

Cilicia, iii, 8; well suited for pirates, 9; hardly the rudiments of Greek learning to be met there, 69.

Cilnii, iii, 144.

Cimber, C. Tillius, iii, 80.

Cimbrians did not come from Jutland, but from the East, i, 370; their first appearance in the Roman empire, ii, 308.

Cimbri and Teutones on the frontiers of Italy, ii, 322; their descent, 322; on the middle of the Danube, 323; march into Gaul, 324; defeat the Romans, 324; turn towards Spain, 325; go round the northern range of the Alps, 328; 378burst upon Italy, 330; remarks on their passage over the Adige, 331; defeated at Vercelli, 332; destroyed, 333.

Ciminia silva, i, 506, 508.

Cincinnatus L. Quinctius, alleged cause of his poverty, i, 281; the poem on his dictatorship, 282; brings about the condemnation of Volscius, 284; dictator, 338.

C. Cincius Alimentus wrote Roman history in Greek, i, 22; made prisoner in the second Punic war, 22; had from Hannibal an account of his passage over the Alps, 22; called maximus auctor by Livy, 22; wrote de Potestate Consulum, and on the Roman Calendar in Latin, 22; made researches on the monuments of ancient times, 108; the second Punic war formed the exclusive substance of its work, ii, 62; excellent, 63.

Cineas goes to Tarentum, i, 555; his character, 555; how far he might be called a pupil of Demosthenes, 555; comes to Rome, 561; his uncommon tact and extraordinary memory, 561.

Cinna, L. Cornelius, consul, attached to Marius, ii, 369; heads the democracy, 369; aims at absolute power, 370; at the head of the Italians, 370; deprived of his consulship, 370; returns to Rome with Sertorius, 371; defeats Cn. Pompeius, 372; consul for the second time, 373; killed by his soldiers, 375.

Cinna. See Helvius.

Circeii, colony of Tarquin the Proud, i, 197; at the time of Sp. Cassius still a Latin town, 246, 344; the colony restored, 345.

Circus Flaminius was for the plebeians what the Circus Maximus was for the patricians, i, 312.

Circus Maximus. See Circus Flaminius.

Cirta, capital of Syphax, ii, 131.

Cité, i, 167.

Cities, large cities are always a proof of immigration, i, 103; spring up in Germany, particularly after the tenth century, 167.

Citizens sine suffragio were not received in plebeian tribes, i, 174.

Citizenship, its rights and obligations probably ceased at the sixtieth year, i, 181.

Cittadini, corresponding to Populus, i, 166.

Civilis, rebellion, iii, 204.

Civitas sine suffragio, i, 448.

Civitates fœderatæ, in the provinces, ii, 41.

Civitates liberæ, in the provinces, ii, 41.

Clans of the Highlanders are called after individuals, i, 159.

Clapperton and Denham hear, in the interior of Soudan, of the insurrection in Greece, i, 469; meet among the Tuarics with an alphabet which is quite distinct from the Arabic, ii, 310.

Classes in the Lombard towns, i, 161.

Classis, a host of heavy armed men, i, 177, footnote.

Clastidium, battle, ii, 56; between Piacenza and Alessandria, 57.

Claudian of Alexandria, a true poetical genius, iii, 324.

Claudian family, the character for insolence hereditary in it, ii, 34.

Ap. Claudius, consul, 233; his opposition against the Plebes, 272.

379Ap. Claudius, the decemvir president of the senate, i, 307; his crime against Virginia, 309; dies in prison, 316.

Ap. Claudius, goes over to Sicily, i, 580.

Ap. Claudius, proconsul, his forbearance at Capua, ii, 113; prætor, negotiates with the Syracusans, 115.

Ap. Claudius, father-in-law of Tib. Gracchus, ii, 279.

Ap. Claudius Cæcus, the grammarians still knew his moral maxims, i, 16; Cicero read a speech of his against Pyrrhus, 16; his character, 512; places freedmen in a mass among the tribes, 514; enters them on the rolls of the senate, 516; his list was never made use of, 517; claims the censorship during five years, 517; makes the Appian road, 517; cuts a canal through the Pontine marshes, 517; brings an aqueduct to Rome, 518; is said to have undertaken his works without any authority from the senate, 519; opposes Volumnius, 527; turns the scales with regard to the proposals of Cineas, 561.

Claudius, Emperor, writes history, i, 87; fragment of a speech of his on the Lugdunensian tablets, 87; his stupidity, 88; honest, 191; without any sort of criticism, 192; hides himself, iii, 180, brother of Germanicus, 180; character, 181; writes memoirs of Augustus, 182; consul, 182; unfortunate in marriage, 182; ruled by slaves and freedmen, 183; his buildings, 183; expedition against Britain, 184; his death, 184.

M. Claudius Glycia, son of a freedman, appointed dictator by P. Claudius, ii, 33; resigns his dignity, 34.

P. Claudius, son (grandson?) of Claudius Cæcus, leads reinforcements to the Romans in Sicily, ii, 31; his defeat near Drepana, 32; is condemned to severe punishment for having appointed the son of a freedman dictator, 33; his sister condemned, 34.

Q. Claudius. See Quadrigarius.

Claudius, M. Aurelius Gothicus, emperor, a great man, iii, 284; defeats the Goths, 284; his death, 284.

Clavus knocked in by the dictator on the Ides of September, i, 237.

Cleanthes, iii, 68.

Clement of Alexandria, iii, 235.

Cleomenes, ii, 145; destroys Megalopolis, 248.

Cleonymus, in the pay of Tarentum, i, 461; forces the Lucanians to make peace, 510; taken into pay by one of the Sicilian parties against Agathocles of Syracuse, 511; seizes upon Corcyra, 511; marches to Venetia and against Padua, 511; dies in Sparta at an advanced age, 511.

Cleopatra, sister of Ptolemy Philometor, ii, 221.

Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, iii, 62; flies to Syria, 63; declared Queen by Cæsar, 65; goes to Cilicia to join Antony, 101; receives Cœlesyria, Judæa, and Cyprus, from Antony, 108; married to Antony, 110; takes to flight in the battle of Actium, 111; tries to gain over Octavian, 113; her death, 114.

Clientes (cluentes), from cluere, to hear, i, 170.

Clientship, earliest origin of it, i, 117; its nature, 263; different causes of its origin, 170; its dangerous character, ii, 42.

380Clients, are in the curies, i, 226; enter into the tribes, 304; appear in the centuries, 327.

Clisthenes, takes the Ager Atticus as the basis for the division of the Athenian people, i, 172.

Clitarchus, historian, i, 469; ii, 392.

Clivus Publicius, leads from the Circus to the Aventine, i, 305.

Cloaca maxima, i, 138; equal in extent and bulk to the pyramids, 138; of hewn Alban freestone, 138; uncertain whether built by Tarquinius Priscus, or by his son Superbus, 138; described, 188.

Clockius, i, 55.

Clodia, Antonius’ stepdaughter, betrothed to Augustus, iii, 143.

Clodius. See Albinus.

P. Clodius, brother-in-law of Lucullus, plays the mutineer against him, iii, 8; his descent, 27; his profligacy, 27; adopted by a plebeian and made tribune, 28; sells the government of the provinces, 35; impeaches Cicero, 35; slain, 38.

Clœlia, her flight, i, 214.

Clovis not allowed to appropriate to himself any exclusive share in the booty, i, 204.

Cluilia Fossa, i, 108, 127.

Cluilius, general of the Albans, i, 127.

Clupea (Aspis), town in Africa, ii, 20; taken by the Romans, 20; rises against Carthage, 44.

Clusium, in the war of Porsena, the chief town of the Etruscans, i, 131; Gauls before the town, 372; destroyed, ii, 383.

Cluver, Philip, his Italia Antiqua and Sicilia, i, 75.

Cocceius, iii, 103.

Cœlesyria detached from Egypt, ii, 221.

Cœlius. See Cælius.

L. Cœlius Antipater, i, 36; lived in the middle of the seventh century, many things in Livy, particularly the romantic accounts to be traced to him, ii, 63; Cicero speaks slightingly of him, 63, 308.

Cohortes urbanæ, iii, 123.

Coins, of Sybaris preserved, i, 4; are very good guides of history since the time of Hadrian, iii, 242.

Cologne, there were there three orders, each of fifteen houses, i, 161; the second and third order were admitted to offices later than the first, 162; seat of the government of Gaul, iii, 283; devastated, 308; chronicle of Cologne excellent, i, 13, 125, 202.

Collatinus, chronological impossibility of the accounts of him, i, 81; goes to Lavinium, 136; patrician consul, 202.

Collin, battle, the employment of the oblique line of battle dangerous, ii, 101.

Colline gate, its locality, i, 411; battle, ii, 382.

Colonia Ulpia, iii, 219.

Coloniæ Romanæ, exclusively Roman colonies, i, 346; in southern Italy, ii, 106.

Colonial system of the Romans, i, 417; of the Greeks, 417; of the Samnites, 418; of the Spaniards in Mexico, 420; development of the Roman system, iii, 274.

Colonies, Latin, i, 104; their history, ii, 384; conf. i, 452; twelve out of thirty had furnished no contingent during the expedition of Hannibal, ii, 187; 381south of the Po, 200; twelve of M. Livius Drusus, 302; Julian, iii, 101.

Colonies sent into conquered towns, how it was done, i, 250.

Colosseum built by Vespasian, iii, 207; its dedication celebrated by Titus, 208.

Colossus on the Capitoline hill, i, 498.

Columna rostrata, the general representations quite unauthentical, it was perhaps cast from the beaks of conquered ships, ii, 15; the inscription is not the original one, but restored by Germanicus, 16.

Comana, temple of Anaitis, ii, 407.

Comedy had quite gone down in the time of Augustus, iii, 129, 141.

Comitia tributa have the initiative in passing laws, i, 201.

Comitium, junction of the Roman and the Sabine senates, i, 118.

Commentarii pontificum, i, 10; are not as old as they would have us believe, 10.

Commercium, explained, i, 171.

Commodus, emperor, iii, 247; his character, 247; his prodigality, 248; calls himself Hercules, 248; murdered, 249.

Commune, Italian for Plebs, i, 166, 168.

Communication was much easier in ancient times than in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, i, 469.

Communism, iii, 326.

Community, right of, i, 165.

Companies of trade traced back to Numa, i, 177.

Compsa in the country of the Hirpinians destroyed, ii, 406.

Conciliabula, i, 450.

Concilium populi equivalent to curies, i, 395.

Concio advocata could take place at any time, i, 270.

Concordia, temple of, i, 403.

Concubinage, iii, 163, 187.

Confederacy, the northern, declares for the Samnites, i, 501.

Congiarium given to the Roman people, iii, 231.

Connubium did not exist between patricians and plebeians, i, 171, 280; not allowed by the Twelve Tables, 300.

Conquered place themselves, according to Asiatic custom, under the protection of the conqueror, iii, 105.

Consacramentales, i, 266.

Conscripti, i, 334.

Conscription, i, 181.

Consecrations for death a well known Roman custom, i, 379.

Consistorium Principis, put on a surer footing by Hadrian, iii, 231.

Constans, son of Constantine, iii, 304; gets the præfecture of Italy and Illyricum, 305; conquers the West, 305; his death, 305.

Constantia, Constantine’s half-sister, married to Licinius, iii, 300.

Constantina, daughter of Constantine, wife of Gallus, iii, 307.

Constantine, emperor, son of Constantius, had a confused sort of faith, had the god of the Sun on his coins, iii, 272, 303; a great man, 295, 298; proclaimed emperor, 298; son of Helena, 298; not a barbarian, 298; acknowledged by Galerius as Augustus, 298; 382marries Fausta, daughter of Maximinian, 298; his war against Maxentius, 299; triumphal arch, 299; defeats Maxentius, 299; war with Licinius, 300; victory near Adrianople, 300; wars against the Goths and Sarmatians, 300; weight of taxation, 301; character of his reign, 302; his Christianity, 302; his increasing irritability, 303; causes his son Crispus to be executed, 303; founds Constantinople, 303; his buildings, 327.

Constantine, JUNIOR, son of Constantius, iii, 304; emperor of the præfectura Galliæ, 305; dies, 305.

Constantine, an usurper, proclaimed Augustus in Britain, iii, 334.

Constantinople, the great fire in the fifth century had a most ruinous effect on Greek literature, iii, 190; its foundation, 303.

Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, ii, 251.

Constantius, Cæsar in the West, iii, 295; the name of Chlorus is not to be found in contemporary writers, 295; Augustus, 297; his wife Helena, 298; marries Theodora, daughter of Maximian, 298.

Constantius, Julius, half-brother of Constantine, iii, 303.

Constantius, son of Constantine, iii, 304; receives the præfectura Orientis, 305; war with Sapor, 305; the most bearable of the three brothers, but swayed by his eunuchs, 305; victorious against Magnentius, 306; war against Julian, 309; dies in Cilicia, 309; his persecution of the Homoousians, 309.

Constantius, general of Honorius, iii, 334; marries Galla Placidia, 335.

Consualia were kept in August, i, 117.

Consulars under Hadrian appointed to the jurisdiction of Italy, iii, 255.

Consular armies, their strength in the war of Hannibal, ii, 98.

Consular election by the centuries not absolutely certain, i, 207.

Consuls were first called prætores, i, 203; etymology, 203; the candidates in the earliest times proposed by the senate, 205; had absolute sway extending from one mile beyond Rome, 235; inaugurated on the first of August, 238; elected by the curies, 242; one of them elected by the centuries, 243, 260; their office suspended during the rule of the decemvirs, 298; their title introduced instead of that of prætors, 312; their election restored to the centuries with the reservation of its being confirmed by the curies, 313; had the power of inflicting fines, 339; one plebeian and one patrician consul, 403; enter their office regularly in spring only after the Punic wars, and in the last years of the republic in August, 407; both might have been chosen from the plebeians, according to a law, passed in the war of Hannibal, which was not acted upon, 432; carried out only in the year 580, 432; during the second Samnite war they enter upon their office in September, 493; had the power of deciding the number of auxiliaries, which the allies had to furnish, 572; have the right of appointing a dictator, ii, 33; might freely dispose of the manubia, 184; the privilege that one of the consuls should always belong to one order, done away with in the war of Perseus, 190; arrested by the tribunes, 226; under Sylla a patrician and a plebeian, 387; do not leave Rome during their year of office, owing perhaps, to a regulation of Sylla, 396; 383have the JUS RELATIONIS, iii, 119.

Consus, the god of counsel, i, 117.

Copais, lake, its drains choked up, i, 357; at present merely a marsh, 358.

Cora and Pometia fall into the hands of the Auruncians, i, 222, 223; Cora retaken, 344.

Corbulo, carries on war successfully against the Parthians, iii, 191; executed, 192.

Corcyra, besieged by the Illyrians, ii, 47.

Cordova, Gonsalvo de, formed the Spanish infantry, ii, 259.

Corfinium, in the country of the Pelignians, under the name of Italica, chief town of the Italian state, ii, 352; takes its old name again, 358.

Corinth, well affected to Macedon during the war of Hannibal, ii, 145; dependent on Macedon, 145; the most flourishing of all the Greek towns, 153; given up by the Achæans to Philip, 155; restored to the Achæans, 162; separated from Achaia, 250; taken by Mummius, 255; colony established there by Cæsar, iii, 74; plundered and burnt by the Goths, iii, 280.

Coriolanus, placed in a wrong time, i, 244; Cn. or C. Marcius, 244; cannot have conquered Corioli, 244; very likely of the lesser clans, 287; his story as commonly told, 287; his presenting himself to Attius Tullius entirely copied from the visit of Themistocles to Admetus, 288; centre of the emigrants, 291.

Corioli destroyed, i, 275; at first Latin town, afterwards Volscian, 288.

Corneille forms the link between the antique and the classic in French literature, ii, 292.

Cornelia, daughter of the elder Scipio, mother of the Gracchi, ii, 270.

Cornelians, Sylla’s body guard, ii, 390.

Cornelius. See Alexander, Cethegus, Cinna, Merula, Rufinus, Scipio, Severus, Sylla.

Cn. Cornelius, general of the Romans, at a great disadvantage near the Liparian isles, ii, 15.

A. Cornelius Cossus, consul, i, 425; surrounded, 429.

A. Cornelius Cossus, military tribune, conquers Lars Tolumnius, i, 348.

Cornelius Nepos, a native of the country beyond the Po, i, 365; his chronological accounts very highly valued, 365; we have of him but the life of Atticus, iii, 126.

Corn magazine established by C. Gracchus, ii, 296.

Cornu does not mean wing, but half, i, 440.

Coronea, burned to ashes, ii, 210.

Corporales res, i, 179.

Corporations come, in Italy, into the place of municipal constitution, i, 120.

Correctores, iii, 255.

Corridors, in the Roman houses without windows, lit up with candelabras, ii, 349.

Corsica, settlements of the Carthaginians, ii, 5; given up to the Romans, 46, 220.

384Cortez, Ferdinand, iii, 64.

Cortona, its inhabitants not at all different from the neighbourhood, i, 143; peace with Rome, 509.

Ti. Coruncanius, the first plebeian pontifex maximus, i, 523; enjoyed the reputation of profound wisdom and knowledge of law, 348; his son, ambassador to Illyria, murdered, ii, 47.

Cossus. See Cornelius.

Cothon, harbour of Carthage, ii, 240.

Cotta, Roman consul, defeated by Mithridates, iii, 5.

Cotton, manufactures of, iii, 237.

Council of state, iii, 120; under Hadrian, 231; completely organized under Alexander Severus, 262.

Court, its exclusiveness begins to show itself under M. Antoninus, iii, 246.

Court days, there were thirty-eight of them in the year of ten months, i, 520.

Craftsmen, excluded from the tribes, i, 177.

Crassus, Roman governor, war in Mœsia, iii, 151.

Crassus, M. Licinius, consul, conqueror of Spartacus, ii, 404, 406; reconciled to Pompey, 404; victory near Petilia, 406; not unlikely that he used Catiline for his own ends, iii, 14; his connexion with Catiline very likely, 22; has a bitter spite against Cicero, 35; consul for the second time, 37; finds his death in the war against the Parthians, 37; congress at Lucca, 39.

Crassus, P. Licinius, general against Perseus, ii, 208; defeated by him, 208.

Crassus, P. Licinius, father-in-law of C. Gracchus.

Crassus, P. Licinius, arises against Carbo, ii, 303; his talent as an orator, 303; goes over to the senate, 303; put to death, 373; is the first who sent for marble pillars from Greece, 395.

P. Crassus, son of M. Crassus, very intimate with Cicero, iii, 36.

Crassus, P. Licinius Mucianus taken prisoner by Aristonicus, ii, 267; his rapacity, 267.

Cremera, the settlement of the Fabii on its banks an ἐπιτειχισμός against Veii, i, 262.

Cremona, Roman colony, ii, 57, 75; destroyed by the Boians, 165; Latin colony, then a municipium, and at last a military colony, 101; victory of Antonius Primus over the troops of Vitellius, 200.

Crete, independent, torn in factions, applies to Philip for his mediation, ii, 148, 151; its inhabitants were at all times robbers by land and by sea, iii, 9.

Crimen majestatis, iii, 173.

Criminal causes had to be tried before the prætor, i, 404.

Criminal law, its principles among the ancients, i, 318.

Crispians, T. Quinctius, consul, defeated by Hannibal, killed, ii, 119.

Crispus, son of Constantine, executed, iii, 303.

Critolaus at the head of affairs in Achæa, ii, 252; his death, 254.

Crixus, leader in the Servile war, ii, 406.

Cromwell, a great question whether he was an honest fanatic or an impostor, ii, 123; iii, 12; the title of king had a great charm for him, 76; wanted always to be guessed, 168.

385Croton, i, 459, destroyed by the Romans, 567; taken by Hannibal, which completes its ruin, ii, 107; head-quarters of Hannibal, 134.

Crustumeria, i, 216.

Ctesiphon, near Seleucia, capital of the Parthian kings, iii, 108; taken by Trajan, 220; built by the Parthians to humble Seleucia, ii, 254; taken and sacked by Severus, 254; by its conquest the empire so much shaken, that its subjects thought of freeing themselves from its yoke, 263; centre of the Persian empire, 264; is said to have been taken by Carus, 292; strongly fortified in Julian’s time, 313.

Cumæ, i, 453; its earliest history very obscure, 149; was looked upon as wonderfully old, 150; Etruscans throw themselves upon it, 214; destroys the naval power of the Etruscans with the help of Hiero, 342.

Cuman traditions, i, 213.

Cumberland has its name from the Cymri, traces of the Cymric language were found there as late as a hundred years ago, ii, 322.