INDEX. (continued 2)

Curia Hostilia, the sunset was seen from its steps, i, 270.

Curies condemned Manlius to death, pronounced the disgraceful decision between the Ardeates and the people of Aricia, compelled Camillus to go into exile, i, 94; receive their names from the thirty ravished Sabine maidens, 117; in Greek φράτραι, unions of clans in certain numerical proportions, 119; intermediate link between the clans and the tribes, 161; their turn decided by lot, 162; it was permitted to get up and to speak in them, 184: condemn Cassius, 257; could transact business only on the dies comitiales, 269; voted VIVA VOCE, 266; no previous notice needed to be given, 269; could not do business without a SENATUS CONSULTUM, 269; meet for the last time, 542; give their sanction beforehand to the decrees of the centuries, 446; had originally the right of declaring war and peace, 340.

Curies & Centuries could be convoked only on certain days, i, 322.

Curio, C. Scribonius, highly gifted, is in vain led to better ways by Cicero, iii, 26; tribune of the people, 49; bought over by Cæsar, 50; takes the command in Sicily, 57; killed in battle in Africa, 57; falls out with the senate, because he wanted to have a month intercalated for himself, 72; Cicero assigns to him a high rank as a writer, 127.

M. Curius Dentatus, Roman general against the Sabines, i, 535; quarrels with the senate, 537; his poverty, 538; refuses to take a greater share in the booty, 537; draining of the lake Velinus, 538; goes to Etruria, 546; Roman general in the battle of Beneventum, 568.

M. Curtius belongs to the time of Severus and Caracalla, writes in imitation of Livy, iii, 276, 283.

Curule Dignities, no one should hold two of them at the same time, i, 433; one could only be re-elected to it after the lapse of ten years, 433.

Curulis magistratus, who was allowed to make use of a carriage, i, 326; curulis Juno, 329; CURULIS TRIUMPHUS, 329.

Cyclades, formerly belonging to Egypt, in an unsettled state, ii, 151.

386Cyclic poems, iii, 132.

Cyclopian walls, i, 146.

Cymri, or Belgians, not a mixture of Celts and Germans, as Cæsar has it, i, 367; probably the oldest inhabitants of Britain, 368; their migration, 368; ii, 322; in Basse Bretagne, iii, 42; their original abodes, 42.

Cynoscephalæ, situation, ii, 157; battle, 158.

Cynthia, mistress of Propertius, her true name is Hostia, iii, 137.

St. Cyprian, iii, 292.

Cyprus, the Phœnician settlements there are of very early date, i, 1; Egyptian, 221; iii, 3.

Cyrene, colonized from Thera, i, 102; Egyptian, ii, 221; inscriptions in three languages found there, 310; Cæsar there, iii, 66.

Cythera, the Phœnician settlements there later than those of Cyprus, ii, 1.

Cyzicus, true to the Romans in the war of Mithridates, ii, 364; besieged by Mithridates, iii, 6; destroyed by the Goths, 284.

D

Dacians, war under Domitian, iii, 212; the same race as the ancient Getæ, 212; are rich, no barbarians, 212; constitution, 212; first war with Trajan, 218; second war, 219; freed by Maximin from the inroads of the barbarians, 268; given up to the Goths, 285.

Dagalaiphus, iii, 315.

Dalmatians subdued, ii, 220, 307; campaign of Augustus against them, iii, 149; reduced by Tiberius, 150; revolt, 154.

Dalmatius, half-brother of Constantine, iii, 303.

Dalmatius, son of Dalmatius, iii, 304.

Damasippus, prætor, causes all the partisans of Sylla to be put to death, ii, 381.

Damaratus. See Demaratus.

Dante feels for the men of the Roman era, as an old Roman would have done, i, 79; iii, 94.

Daphnis, a true Sicilian hero, iii, 131.

Dardanus, i, 96.

Daughters could not convey gentilician rights, i, 112.

Daun, by no means an inferior general to Fabius, ii, 68.

Dauphin, son of Louis XV., iii, 172.

Death, the black death, iii, 241; famine after it, 292.

Debt, bondage for debt without nexum, i, 233.

Debt, the Roman system of debts in later days entirely borrowed from the Greek law, i, 388.

Debtors, law of debtors of Servius Tullius, Tarquinius Superbus, and Valerius, i, 228; that of Servius not contained in the Jus Papirianum, 228; that of the patricians liberal, that of the plebeians strict, 228; it was the general law of antiquity, that the borrower could pledge himself and his family for debt, 228; law of debtors of P. Licinius, 398.

Debts regulated, i, 413.

Decebalus, greatness of his character, iii, 212; peace with Domitian, 212; 387first war with Trajan, 219; his empire, 219; conquered, 219; second war, 219; falls, 219.

Decem primi taken from the Ramnes, i, 124; held the government when there was no king, 124.

Decemviri consulari potestate legibus scribundis, i, 298; five of the second decemvirs are plebeian, 299; the first represented the decem primi of the senate, 299; the second a συναρχία after the pattern of the archons of Attica, 299; their composition, 299; those of the second year were probably chosen for several years, 306; keep a guard of an hundred and twenty lictors, 307.

Decemviri stlitibus judicandis first appointed in the century, i, 313.

Decemvirs for the Sybilline books are half of them plebeians, i, 401.

P. Decius Mus, tribune, saves by his boldness the arm of Cn. Cornelius Cossus, i, 429; devotes himself to death in the battle near Veseris, 443.

P. Decius Mus, consul, in the third Samnite war, i, 525; devotes himself to the infernal gods, 530.

Decius Q. (C.), Messius (Quintus) Trajanus, born in Illyricum, iii, 272; overcomes Philip in the neighbourhood of Verona, 273; considered by the heathen writers a hero, hated by the Christian ones, 273; persecution of the Christians, 273; relieves Nicopolis, 278; defeated, loses his life, 278.

Decuries, i, 120.

Decurions, town magistrates, i, 120; in Gaul, iii, 331.

Deditionem facere, i, 212.

Deguigne’s opinion on the earlier times of the Huns incorrect, iii, 317.

Delia, in Tibullus, her real name Plania, iii, 137.

Delictum manifestum, no trial required in case of one, ii, 297.

Delos, given up to Athens, ii, 164; conf. Delphi.

Delphi and Delos, the centre of union of the Hellenic world, i, 97; the sending of the sons of Tarquinius thither a later invention, i, 198.

Damaratus brings the fine arts to the Tyrrhenians in Etruria, i, 116; a Bacchiades from Corinth, i, 133.

Demesne in the occupation of the patricians, i, 227.

Demetrias occupied by the Romans, ii, 163; evacuated by them and occupied by the Ætolians, 171; taken possession of by Philip, remains Macedonian until the fall of that empire, 172.

Demetrius II., father of Philip, ii, 144.

Demetrius, son of Philip, hostage in Rome, ii, 161; ambassador to Rome, 203; favourable to the Romans, 203; poisoned, 205; delivers Andriscus to the Romans, 245.

Demetrius, the false, not an impostor, ii, 245.

Demetrius Pharius, governor of Corcyra, gives up the island to the Romans, ii, 47; guardian to the king whilst a minor, 57; conspires against Rome, 57; commits piracy against the Cyclades, 57; escapes to Macedon, 57.

Demetrius Poliorcetes, i, 198; a great genius spoiled, 553; allied with Ptolemy Soter, 553; put in possession of the throne of Macedon, 554.

388Democracy established in Rome by the Hortensian law, i, 322.

Δῆμος equivalent to plebes, i, 166; afterwards the whole mass of the people, 169.

Demosthenes, i, 248; slander against him, iii, 79; in him oratory is at its height, 275.

Dempster, led astray by Annius of Viterbo and Inghirami, i, 141.

Denham. See Clapperton.

Diæus at the head of the affairs at Achaia, ii, 252, 254, 255.

DETERIOREM PARTEM SEQUI, i, 280.

Dexippus, his fragments, iii, 277; heroism against the Goths, 280.

Diadumenianus. See Antoninus.

Diana. See Janus.

Diceneus, iii, 212.

Dictator, law UT EI EQUUM ESCENDERE LICERET, i, 330; formerly selected by the patricians out of a number of candidates proposed to them, i, 415; appointed by the consul, ii, 33.

Dictatorship, properly a Latin magistracy, i, 221; the imperium for six months only, 221; probably referred to a league with Latium only 221; its object, 235; fallen into disuse, ii, 303.

Diderot Essai sur le règne de Claude et de Néron, iii, 186.

Dies diffisus, i, 270.

Dimalus, (double mountain,) capital of the Illyrians, ii, 57.

Dinon, ii, 219.

Dio Cassius Cocceianus, his careful language derived from Fabius, i, 20; ii, 63; MSS., iii, 152; Dio Chrysostom, probably his grandfather on the mother’s side, i, 61; lives forty years in Rome and then retires to Capua, 62; writes the history of Commodus, 62; twice consul, 92; spends twelve years in collecting materials, and ten in writing his history, 62; had a true vocation for writing history, 62; draws from the very fountain-head, 62; his character, 62; no friend to tyranny, 63; his style not free from faults, 63; how much is still preserved of his works, 64; Venetian MS. of the last books, 64; editions, 66; the seventieth book lost when Zonaras, and Xiphilinus made their extracts, iii, 236; his opinion of Seneca has much truth, but is exaggerated, 186.

Dio Chrysostom has started the question of the existence of Troy, i, 94; a native of Prusa, an author of uncommon talent, iii, 227; his pure Atticism, 227; character, 227.

Diocles, an unknown Greek writer i, 111.

Diocletian, emperor, murders Aper, iii, 290; conquers Carinus, 291; takes Maximinian as his colleague, 293; cannot himself have been a slave, 293; derivation of his name, 293; his character, 294; his system of government, 294; resigns his dignity, 295; resides in Nicomedia, 296; reduces Egypt, 296.

Diodorus Siculus contains many notices concerning Roman history, which he can only have taken from Fabius, i, 20; the later ones from Polybius, 38; then from Posidonius and others, 38; the Roman history is to him only a secondary affair, 47; writes the ancient history in synchronistical order, 37; concludes before the civil war to avoid giving offence, 37; writes his history after Cæsar’s death, 38; Scaliger’s opinion concerning the time in which it was written, 38; 389his writings falsified, 38; the halves of two books entirely wanting, 65; uses Roman sources in the Greek language, 373; his account of the Samnite war perhaps borrowed from Fabius or Timæus, 493; the Etruscan war from Fibius, 508; his notices of Carthage probably from Timæus, ii, 2; from Philinus of Agrigentum, 26; has not read Nævius, 26.

Diœceses of the Roman empire, iii, 294.

Diomedes, grammarian, iii, 323.

Dion, i, 575.

Dionysia, the feast of the vintage, i, 550.

Dionysius of Helicarnassus, publishes his history in the year 743, i, 39; his rhetorical writings excellent, 39; he is probably the person mentioned by Strabo under the name of Cæcilius, 39; his history comprises the period from the earliest times to the first Punic war, 39; Ἐκλογαὶ Διονυσίου, 39; makes himself abridgment of his works, 39; MSS. in existence of the first ten books, 39; the eleventh book, 39; editions and translations, 41; character of his works, 43; does not know Livy, 45; the account of Naples falling into the power of the Romans, taken from Neapolitan Chronicles, 46; conf., iii, 141; an accomplished critic and historian, 227; at the time of the consuls he has more materials than he gives, i, 124; observes that the Etruscan has no resemblance to the Latin, 142; is mistaken as to the relative positions of the plebs and the populus, 172.

Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, i, 575; peace with Carthage, 575; and ii, 4.

Dionysius the younger, i, 575; ii, 4.

Diophanes of Mitylene, friend of Tib. Gracchus, ii, 287.

Dioscuri appear in the battle at the Regillus, ii, 217.

Directory, French, in the year 1799, ii, 379.

Disproportion in the division by numbers avoided by the ancients, i, 46.

Dittmarsch, 3 × 10 houses, i, 161; example from its history, 291; the chronicles begin about a hundred and fifty years before the conquest of the country, 202; sudden wealth, ii, 189.

Dium, part of it set fire to by Perseus, ii, 211.

Documents had no legal validity among the Romans, unless the accurate date was affixed to it, i, 5.

Dodona, centre of union for the Pelasgian races, i, 97.

Dodwell very seldom hits upon the right conclusion, i, 45; often spoils by his subtleties what he has well begun, 106.

Doges of Venice, forty in five hundred years, i, 83.

Dolabella, son-in-law of Cicero, iii, 65; quarrels with Antony, both of them equally bad, 70; holds the province of Syria, 86.

Dolabella, P. Cornelius, i, 546; falls upon the country of the Sennonian Gauls, 546.

Dolopians, Ætolian, ii, 151; Macedonian, 203.

St. Domingo, insurrection under Jean François, ii, 205.

Domitia, wife, of Domitian, iii, 214.

Domitianus, T. Flavius, Vespasian’s younger son, iii, 200; usurps the government in absence of his father, 201; takes upon himself the command of Gaul, 204; 390seeks the life of his father and brother, 209; a very accomplished man, 209; the paraphrase of the Phænomena of Aratus ascribed to Germanicus is by Domitian, 209; takes the name of Cæsar Germanicus, 209; establishes the endowment for rhetoricians, 210; institutes the Agon Capitolinus, 210; raises the pay of the army, 210; his expedition against the Chatti, 211; war against the Dacians, 212; defeat, 212; peace, 212; takes the name of Dacius, 212; his cruelty, 212; stabbed, 214; his buildings, 214.

Domitius, Cato’s brother-in-law, iii, 37.

Domitius Ahenobarbus commands the fleet of Brutus and Cassius, iii, 96; carries on the war under his own auspices, 105; unites himself with Asinius Pollio, 105; reconciled to Antony, 105.

Domitius Ahenobarbus crosses the Elbe for the first time in Bohemia, iii, 152.

Cn. Domitius, ii, 308.

Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus transfers the nomination to the pontificate and other priestly offices from the Colleges to the tribes, ii, 342.

Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Nero’s father, iii, 189.

L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, general of Pompey, iii, 53; besieged by Cæsar in Corfinium, 54.

Donatists support the Vandals in Africa, iii, 337.

Donativum, the first to the soldiers given by the emperor Claudius, iii, 182; the custom given up, 315.

Donatus, father of the Latin grammar, iii, 323.

Double state in Rome, i, 122.

Drakenborch, i, 57.

Drepana, excellent harbour, ii, 30; discomfiture of the consul Claudius there, 32.

Droit d’Aubaine, i, 167.

Druids, rulers of the Gauls, i, 575; and iii, 44.

Drusus, Nero Claudius, younger son of Livia, iii, 145; wars in Germany, 153; unfortunate for Germany, 153; his death, 153; his monument on the Rhine, 153; a first-rate general, 156; is said to have asked Augustus to restore the republic, 171.

Drusus, son of Tiberius, iii, 160; delivers the funeral oration for Augustus, 161; suppresses the mutiny of the troops on the Rhine, 169; his wife Livilla, 175; poisoned, 175.

C. Duilius, naval victory of Mylæ, ii, 15; his triumph and honours, 15.

M. Duilius, tribune, proclaims an amnesty, i, 319; refuses in the name of the tribunate to accept any votes, 325.

Duker, i, 57.

Duris of Samos, i, 532.

Duumviri navales, i, 498; this dignity abolished, 549, note.

Dyme taken by the Romans, ii, 146.

Dyrrachium, iii, 58.

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Earthquake, i, 536; in the year of the battle at the Trasimenus, ii, 92.

Ebb and flow of the tides almost unknown to the Romans, iii, 45.

Eburones rise against the Romans, iii, 46.

Ecbatana, iii, 265.

Ecetræ, the south-eastern capital of the Volscians, i, 274.

Echetus, prince of the Sicilians in Epirus, i, 100.

Eckhel, his worth as a critical historian, iii, 265.

Eclipse, in Cicero de R. P., fifteen years before the Gallic conflagration, seen at Gades, i, 7; from it, all the preceding ones are calculated backward, 8; that in the year 350, the first one really observed, which occurred in the annals, 83.

Ecnomus, battle, ii, 19.

Ecthlipsis, ii, 198.

Edetanians, inhabitants of Valencia, ii, 71.

Edicts, imperial, iii, 231.

Edictum perpetuum, iii, 231.

Edocere plebem, i, 270.

Egeria, wife of Numa, melts in tears at his death, and gives his name to a well, springing from them, i, 125.

Egnatius Gellius, leads the Samnites to Etruria, i, 527; falls, 532.

Egnatius Rufus, tumult, iii, 118.

Egypt, the eighteenth dynasty of Manetho is historical, i, 7; had a white population before conquered by the Æthiopians, ii, 5; extent of the empire in Asia and Europe, 145, 147; at war with Syria, 145; retains Cœlesyria, 145; on friendly terms with Rhodes, 148; its extent at the end of the seventh century, iii, 2; its manufactures very flourishing under Hadrian and the Antonines, 237.

Egyptian towns, in Asia Minor, abandoned by Philip, apply to Antiochus for aid, ii, 167.

Elagabalus, god of the sun, iii, 260.

Elagabalus, corruptly Heliogabalus, iii, 260; bore also the names of Avitus, M. Aurelius Antoninus, Bassianus, 260; priest of the god Elagabalus, 260; character, 260; adopts Alexianus (afterwards Alexander Severus), 261; killed, 261.

Elatea besieged by Flaminius, ii, 155.

Elbe, Roman armies go up the Elbe, iii, 154.

Elections, transferred from the people to the senate, iii, 169.

Elective princes, Newton assigns seventeen years as an average for the reign of each, i, 83.

Eleans, independent and leagued with the Ætolians, ii, 151; separate state, 163.

Elephants opposed by burning arrows, i, 568; may have been introduced from India, ii, 23, note; brought to Rome, 28.

Elis, the history of its constitution offers a close parallel to that of Rome, i, 306, note.

Embassy to Athens to collect the Greek laws, ii, 295, note.

Embolon, ii, 18.

392Embratur (imperator), the highest magistrate of the confederation, i, 422.

Emesa, aerolites which fell in the neighbourhood worshipped, iii, 260; battle, 286.

Emigrations, if not too extensive, will not weaken a country, iii, 42.

Emissarius of Alba still preserved, i, 108.

Empresses exercised a baleful influence upon morals, iii, 218.

Enchelians, about the fortieth olympiad, burst into Greece, and plunder Delphi, i, 146.

England, the war against France in the year 1793 popular again, then unpopular, then again, in the years 1798 and 1799, popular in the highest degree, i, 475.

English, the English in the colonies learn English, after having in childhood spoken the language of the creoles, iii, 232.

English government claims a veto in the election of the Irish (Roman Catholic) bishops, i, 242; the Chancellor decides in Equity, 255.

English Rebellion, the Irish Papists and Scotch Presbyterians, overpowered by Cromwell, join the old cavaliers, living abroad with the royal family, i, 225; the liberties of the Dissenters greater immediately after the revolution than they were twelve or fifteen years before, 225.

Enna, the community slaughtered by the Romans, ii, 116.

Q. Ennius, composes his annals about the commencement of the war with Perseus, i, 23; division of his work, 23; accompanies M. Fulvius Nobilior into the Ætolian war, 24; born in 513, and died 583, 24; his vanity, 24; fragments extant bespeak a poetical spirit, 24; his history of the kings taken from Livy, 24; his fragments collected by Hieronymus Columna, and Paul Merula, 25; a Roman citizen, ii, 197; friend of Scipio Fulvius Nobilior and the first men, 197; his metres, 198; introduces the hexameter, 198.

Epagathus, the ringleader of the mutiny against Ulpian, iii, 263.

Ephesus falls to the lot of Syria, ii, 148; the residence of Antiochus, 167.

Epictetus, a truly great man, iii, 239.

Epicydes, emissary to Hieronymus from Hannibal, ii, 114; the chief power placed in his grasp, 116.

Epidamnus, dependent on the Romans, ii, 48.

Epidaurus, embassy to the temple of Æsculapius, i, 537; snakes kept there, 537.

Epidius Marcellus, one of the tribunes, takes the diadem from the statue of Cæsar, iii, 76.

Epipolæ, a quarter of Syracuse, ii, 117.

Epirotes, their conjunction with the Pelasgians, i, 96; less skilled than the Greeks in steering their ships, 556.

Epirus, Pelasgian, but hellenized, i, 458; the power of the kings very much limited, as in Lacedæmon, 552; very likely fallen into the hands of Neoptolemus, a son of Alexander the Molossian, 553; the Æacidæ extirpated, ii, 151; republic, 151; revenge of the Romans against the Epirotes, 215.

Ἐπιτείχισις, i, 349.

Epitaph of the Scipios, i, 91.

Epitome of Livy, perhaps nothing more than a collection of the heads which were written in the margin, i, 58; 393bears the name of Florus, inappropriately, 58; conf., iii, 323.

Epos, conditions of its success, iii, 132.

Equestrian centuries, i, 180.

Equestrian order, its census, i, 298.

Equites, the statement of their pay having been lowered improbable, i, 435; probably they got a fixed pay, 435; bankers, 515.

Era of the beginning of the consulship originates undeniably with Gracchanus, i, 34.

Eratosthenes, ii, 199.

Erbessus, the arsenal of the Romans, ii, 11.

Erinna, poem on Rome, i, 110, note.

Ernesti, i, 73.

Erythræ, a free town, i, 183.

Eryx, (Monte San Giuliano,) ii, 9; mastered by the Romans, 35; by Hamilcar, 36.

Etesian gales, in the Mediterranean, blow from fifty to sixty days until the dog days, iii, 64.

Etruscans have two sorts of sæcula, i, 83; monuments, 141; an indigenous people, call themselves Rasena, 142; traditions of Herodotus and Hellanicus concerning them, 142; had an aristocratical constitution, 145; came down from the Alps, 145; part of them subject to the Romans, 186; absurd to think that they were forced by the Gallic conquest to retire from the plain into the Alps, 145; are said to have taken three hundred Umbrian towns, 146; have once inhabited Switzerland and the Tyrol, 146; settle first in twelve towns in Lombardy, 147; found or enlarge twelve towns in the Apennines, 147; the extension of their sway belongs to the age of the last kings of Rome (Olymp. 60 to 70), 148; found Capua, 148; decline in the beginning of the fourth century, 148; their war against Cumæ is mythical, 150; passage over the Tiber, 250–280, 150; a king reigns in each of their towns, 151; assembly of their towns near the temple of Voltumna, 151; in common enterprises a king chosen, whose supremacy all the others acknowledged, 151; one city often usurped the leadership, 151; the twelve cities send to Tarquinius Priscus the insignia of leadership, some say, to Servius Tullius, 151; they have all the distinguishing features of an immigrating people, 152; the oligarchical form of government makes them powerless against Rome, 152; territorial aristocracy with vassals, 152; unfavourable accounts of them in circulation among the Greeks, 153; a people of priests, devoted to soothsaying, especially from meteorological and astronomical phenomena, 153; show themselves unwarlike, 154; their luxury, 154; their books dated too early, 192; king of each town had a lictor, 221; their naval power destroyed by the people of Cumæ, 342; fighting against the Gauls, 390; the Etruscan league dissolved, 390; declare against Rome, 499; the good faith with which they keep their truces, 505; armed after the Greek fashion, 507; take the Gauls in their pay, 526; defeated near the lake Vadimo, 547; probably get favourable conditions from Rome, when the latter is threatened by Pyrrhus, 561; 394have a law of their own, 572; are during the Social war a short time under arms, ii, 350, 358; get the franchise, 358; their connection with the Romans, 358; Sylla takes away from them the right of citizenship, 382.

Etruscan fortifications, i, 147.

Etruscan inscriptions are all found in the interior of the country, i, 144.

Etruscan literature, decidedly older than that of the Romans, i, 155; the value of their books known only from the Veronese scholia on the Æneid, 191.

Etruscan language, entirely different from Latin, i, 136; explained in the most arbitrary manner, 142.

Etruscan vases, i, 134.

Eubœa, well affected to Macedon during the war of Hannibal, ii, 145; dependent on Macedon, 151; a separate state, 163.

Eucheir and Eugrammos accompany Damaratus from Corinth, i, 135.

Eucherius, son of Stilicho, iii, 332.

Eudamidas, a son of his is nominal king of Sparta, ii, 145.

Eudoxia, wife of Valentinian, forced to marry Petronius, iii, 342; invites Genseric to Rome, 342.

Eudoxia, daughter of Valentinian, iii, 341.

Euganeans, friendly to the Romans, ii, 56.

Eugene, Prince, reads the order, not to fight, after the battle only, i, 508.

Eugenius, Tribunus notariorum, Emperor, iii, 321.

Eugrammos. See Eucheir.

Eumenes, son of Attalus, ii, 163; rules only over Pergamos and some Ionian and Mysian towns, 178; becomes a great king, 183; hostile to Philip, 203; complains of Perseus to the Romans, 207; comes to Rome, 207; attacked by assassins at Delphi, 208; espouses the interests of Perseus, 211; his brother implores for him the mercy of the Romans, 221.

Eunapius, iii, 327.

Eunuchs, iii, 305.

Eunus, leader of the slaves in Sicily, ii, 265.

Eutropius seems to have made an epitome of an abstract of Livy, i, 59; iii, 323.

Eutropius, eunuch, iii, 329.

Evander, the founder of learning and civilization among the Italians, i, 110; inventor and teacher of the use of letters, 111; has his palatium on the Palatine, 116.

Excerpta de Legationibus, de Virtutibus et Vitiis, de Sententiis, i, 65, 66.

Exile is no punishment, does not imply the loss of citizenship, i, 305.

Eximere diem, i, 270.

Extravagance of Titus’s times has something whimsical and repulsive in it, iii, 208.

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Faber, Tanaquil, i, 57.

Fabian family, very accomplished, i, 15.

Fabii, represent the Tities, i, 259; reconciled to the plebeians, 262; declare that the agrarian law must be granted to the plebeians, 262; their settlement on the Cremera, 262; their destruction, 262; have a gentilician sacrum on the Quirinal, 264; three Fabii sent as ambassadors to the Gauls, and afterwards chosen as military tribunes, 373.

Fabius, Cæso, elected consul by the plebeians, i, 262.

Fabius Dorso, is said to have offered in the sight of the Gauls a gentilician sacrifice on the Quirinal, i, 381.

Q. Fabius Gurges, son of Rullianus, i, 533.

Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogricus, ii, 308.

Q. Fabius Maximus, commander in the second Punic war, ii, 62; his character, 67; dictator, 94; saves Minucius, 97; Hannibal’s opinion of him, 110; his opposition to Scipio, 132; conf. 67.

Fabius Maximus Rullianus, seems to have written his own history, i, 15; his character, 482; conquers the Samnites, 483; condemned to death by Papirius Cursor, 484; victorious as consul, 485; unfortunate in the battle of Latulæ, 494; proclaims Papirius Cursor dictator, 501; gains a victory near Allifæ, 501; relieves Sutrium, 508; march through the Ciminian forest, 509; conquers the Etruscans at Perusia, 509; combines the Libertini into four tribus urbanæ, 522; takes from thence his surname Maximus, ii, 67; conducts the war in Samnium, i, 525; proceeds to Sentium, 529; his strategy, 530; obtains permission to go out as legate to his son, 534.

Fabius Maximus Servilianus, an annalist of note, i, 21.

Fabius Pictor, his history written in Greek, i, 15; was ambassador to Delphi, 18; wrote the history of the war of Hannibal, 19; Polybius taxes him with partiality to the Romans, 19; writes against Philinus, 19; his work held in exceedingly high estimation, 19; one of the sources of Ennius, 24, 518, ii, 199; his work a summary of the two first Punic wars, 62; wrote Ol. 148, 1 (565 A. U. C. according to Cato), i, 400; statements in Appian, taken from Fabius, ii, 62.

Fabius Pictor, the painter, painted the temple of Salus, i, 18, 498; must have been familiar with the Greek language and manners, 19; his son ambassador to Alexandria, 19.

Fabius Pictor, Numerius, spoken of by Cicero, i, 21.

Fabius Pictor, Servius, mentioned by Cicero, i, 27; probably ought to be Sextus Fabius Pictor, 28.

Fabius Rusticus, i, 58; iii, 186.

Fabius Valens, iii, 195, 196.

C. Fabricius Luscinus, the first instance of a Greek town (Thurii) having raised a statue to a Roman, i, 546; taken by the Samnites, 550; friendship of Pyrrhus, 563; consul, 565.

Fabricius, Fr., Life of Cicero, iii, 83.

Fabricius, Poetæ Christiani, iii, 325.

396Factio Barcina, ii, 61.

Factio forensis, i, 516.

Fadilla, sister of Commodus, iii, 248.

Φαίσολα, ii, 353.

Fæsulæ, ii, 383.

Falerii, a Tuscan town, i, 121; destroyed, ii, 44.

Faliscans, come to the aid of the Vaientines, i, 348; are Volscians, 361; had a language of their own, 361; war of the Romans against them, ii, 44.

Families, exclusive families become quickly extinct, i, 140.

Family principles and characters hereditary, ii, 280.

Family records, i, 93.

Family events noted in Bibles, i, 5.

Family policy, iii, 107.

Famine, breaks out in Rome, i, 337.

Fannius, i, 36; his memoirs, ii, 309.

C. Fannius, ii, 271; consul, 303.

L. Fannius, envoy of Sertorius to Mithridates, ii, 408.

Fano (Fanum Fortunæ), defeat of the Germans, iii, 287.

Farnese, Pietro Luigi, i, 198.

Fasti, the Romans had an era, A REGIBUS EXACTIS, i, 5; gap in them, 206; interpolated, 206.

Fasti Capitolini, i, 9, 68, 69.

Fasti triumphales, i, 9.

Fausta, daughter of Maximian, wife of Constantine, iii, 298; the report of her having been suffocated in a bath is untrue, 303.

Faustina, the daughter of Antoninus Pius, wife of M. Antoninus, iii, 240; her share in the rebellion of Cassius a fiction, 244; her letters, 244; takes advantage of the weakness of M. Antoninus, 246.

Faustulus, i, 113.

Fehmern, law of inheritance there, i, 302.

Female sex, its degeneracy and profligacy in Rome, iii, 187.

Fenestella, i, 34.

Feragosto, iii, 115.

Ferentarii, i, 441.

Ferentina, her grove the place of assembly for Latin towns, i, 129.

Ferentines, seem to have declared for Hannibal, whilst on his march to Capua, ii, 107.

Ferentinum, a place formerly Hernican, i, 344.

Ferentum, a Hernican town, i, 247.

Ferguson, not capable of any deep inquiry, i, 4, 72.

Feriæ Augustæ, iii, 115.

Feriæ Latinæ do not originate with a Tarquinius, but with the Latini Prisci, i, 185; afterwards an assembly of all the Latin nations, 196, 451; the whole of the Roman magistracy present at the solemnity, ii, 351.

Feronia, feast of the Ausonian peoples at her temple, i, 350.

Ferucci, Francesco, his achievements at the siege of Florence by Charles V., ii, 235.

Festus, very trustworthy on the subject of Roman antiquities, as he makes extracts from Verrius Flaccus, i, 130; iii, 323.

397Fetiales, form of their demand, i, 126; their number twenty, 131

Feudal system, i, 252; in the kingdom of Marbod, iii, 55.

Fezzan, under Trajan, was Roman, iii, 221.

Ficanians, i, 171.

Ficulea, i, 391.

Fidenæ, holds out against the Sabines, i, 121; a Tyrrhenian town, expels the Roman COLONI, 347; throws itself into the arms of Veii, 347; destroyed, 348.

Fidenæ and Ficulea send out armies against Rome, i, 391.

Fides, a goddess of great importance among the Romans, i, 229.

Fides Punica cannot be entirely denied, i, 579.

Fiducia, i, 522.

Fimbria, C. Flavius, legate to Valerius Flaccus in the Mithridatic war, murders him, ii, 376; destroys Ilium, 376; takes away his own life, 377.

Finance department, its place in the Forum Ulpium, iii, 223.

Fir-Bolgs, in Ireland, not old Belgians, but a Danish colony, i, 99; form the third immigration in Ireland, 99, note; the Cyclopian walls in Ireland attributed to them, 99.

Flaccus. See Valerius.

Flaccus, Etruscan historian, i, 193.

Flaccus, M. Fulvius, chosen tribune, ii, 288; appointed triumvir for the establishing of colonies, 301; takes resolute steps, 305; killed, 306.

Flaccus, M. Fulvius, consul, hinders Hannibal from surprising the city, iii, 112; his cruelty to Capua, 113.

Flamininus, L. Quinctius, brother of Titus, his cruelty, ii, 190; Cato expels him from the senate, 190.

Flamininus, T. Quinctius, consul, marches against Philip, ii, 153; well imbued with Greek learning, 154; conquers by means of the treason of Charops near the Fauces Antigoneæ, 154; unites with the Ætolians, 155; besieges Alatea, 155; battle of Cynoscephalæ, 157; is too irritable, 161; peace with Philip, 161; freedom granted to the Greeks at the Isthmian games, 162; sullies his fame, 172; lends himself to the office of demanding from Prusias the giving up of Hannibal, 194.

Flaminian highway lengthened, ii, 200.

C. Flaminius, tribune, his bill for the division of the Ager Gallicus Picenus, ii, 50; gains a battle against the Insubrians, for which he is unjustly reproached with bad generalship, 56; consul, 87; his law concerning the owning of ships by senators and their sons, 88; charges against him, 88; battle of Trasimenus, 92; falls, 93.

Flamma. See M. Calpurnius.

Cn. Flavius, Scriba, i, 516, 520; inscribes the days on which legi agi posset, on a tablet of plaster (ALBUM), 520; publishes the FORMULÆ ACTIONUM, 521; ædile, 521; reconciles patricians and plebeians, 521.

Flavius. See Fimbria.

Flavius. See Sabinus.

Fleury, ecclesiastical history, iii, 309.

Florence, before the revolution in 12th century, there were hundred BUONI UOMINI, i, 120; 398has three times four and twenty houses, 161; its seven old guilds, 168; the guilds the ruling power in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, 168; the coat of arms of the city and of the commonalty placed side by side, 168; Capitano di parte and capitano del popolo, 168; the Guelphs and the Ghibellines fight against each other in the streets, 237; the freemen of the district of Florence before the year 1530, 448; Ordinanza della giustizia, 542; very likely risen as a military colony out of old Fæsulæ, ii, 384; besieged by Radagaise, iii, 331.

Florianus, brother of the emperor Tacitus, iii, 288, note.

Florus, Roman history, i, 58; speaks of the earlier wars with derision, 349; is a homo umbraticus, 331; lives in the reign of Trajan, 227; opinion of his works, 227.

Flue, Nicholas von der, i, 125.

Fœderati, iii, 344.

Fœnus unciarium, i, 388; contradiction between Livy and Tacitus cleared up, 388.

Fog during the battle of the Trasimene lake, ii, 92; common there at that time of the year, 92.

M. [C.] Fonteius, murdered in Asculum, ii, 351.

Formiæ, to be derived from ὅρμος, i, 110, 453; severely punished by the Romans, 466.

Fortes and Sanates, the clause referring to them in the Twelve Tables applies to Tibur, i, 279.

Fortifications of two kinds in central Italy, i, 146.

Fortunes in Rome, ii, 192.

Fortuna muliebris, corresponds to the Fortuna virilis, her temple in the Via Latina, i, 244; belongs to an earlier period than that of Coriolanus, 287.

Forum, was originally a marsh, i, 188; the province of a præfect called forum, 450.

Forum Appii, i, 518.

Forum Nervæ, more correctly Forum Augustum, iii, 148.

Forum Olitorium, lay low on marshy ground, i, 518.

Forum Palladium, built by Domitian, iii, 214.

Forum Ulpium, iii, 223.

Fossa Quiritium, i, 188.

Fox, negotiation with Napoleon in the year 1806, i, 565.

Franchise, the system of its being given to the lowest slaves, put a stop to by Augustus, iii, 122; not always attended with exemption from taxes, 162; the right extends over millions in the East, 235.

France, time of prosperity under Henry IV., i, 345; the right side in the Chamber of Deputies, 516; the national development, which always renews itself from the time of Julius Cæsar, never understood by the French, iii, 286.

Frankish kings, their power consisted of the comitatus, i, 204.

Franks, their origin, iii, 277; break into the Roman territory, 279; their kingdom on the Lower Rhine, 280; Probus wages war against them, 288; settled in Northern Brabant, 308; acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, 308; dwell from Belgium to the Saone, 340.

Freedmen, in the tribes and the senate through Appius Claudius Cæcus, i, 516; 399combined by Fabius in the four tribus urbanæ, 522; number of them, iii, 163; had much to do with the demoralized state of the Roman world, 194; very often mentioned in inscriptions until the middle of the third century, 274.

French army on its retreat from Russia, ii, 80; that of 1812 inferior to that of 1807, 106.

French literature, difference between Paris and Geneva, iii, 234; marked difference between the literatures of Northern and Southern France, 287.

French restoration, state of feeling in France at its beginning, i, 308.

Fregellæ, colony, i, 456, 467; importance of the place, 491; in possession of the Samnites, 491; conquered by the Romans, 496; fortified by them, 497; Pyrrhus takes it by storm, 562; Roman colony, ii, 106; the people very brave, 112; destroyed, 291.

Freinsheim, John, his supplements to the books of Livy, i, 70; to be reckoned among the ornaments of Germany, 70; lives entirely in his books, ii, 347.

Frederic II., emperor, his will to be traced in his laws, i, 301.

Frederic the Great after the battle of Kunersdorf, i, 560; iii, 278; eight and twenty years old when he conquers Silesia, ii, 64; has an aversion to sieges, 93; writes his memoirs in French, 328; has never served any military apprenticeship, iii, 30.

Frena, the curbs and bits of the Romans exceedingly cruel, i, 484.

Frentanians, i, 419; separate themselves from the Samnites, 476; true to the Romans in the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109.

Freret, his scepticism, i, 4.

Friesland, the landed estates rated according to pounds, i, 179; the seven maritime provinces, 110.

Frisian tribes, subdued under Tiberius, become afterwards free, iii, 216.

Fritigern, leader of the Visigoths, iii, 318.

Fronto, tutor of M. Antoninus, iii, 233, 245; correspondence, 238; importance of his letters, 245; the year of his death, 247.

Frusino, a Hernican town, i, 247, 502; receives a Roman provost to administer justice, 503.

Fucinus, Lake, called at present Celano, i, 103.

Fuffetius Mettius, general of the Albans, i, 127; traitor to Rome, 128.

Fulvia, wife of M. Antonius, iii, 102; withdraws to Asia, 103.

Cn. Fulvius, i, 528, 529.

Cn. Pulvius, proconsul, defeated by Hannibal near Herdonia, ii, 119.

M. Fulvius Flaccus. See Flaccus.

Q. Fulvius Flaccus. See Flaccus.

C. Fundanius, a Roman general, his deportment towards Hamilcar, ii, 37.

Fundi, i, 453; joins with the Privernates against Rome, i, 466; severely punished by Rome, 466.

Furius Bibaculus, iii, 129.

Furius. See Camillus.

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Gabii, Tarquinius Superbus takes it by stratagem, i, 197; alliance with Rome, 197; devastated in Dionysius’ time, 275.

Gabinius, Cicero’s defence of him, a sacrifice made to the republic, iii, 20; consul, 35; ἀλιτήριος, 35; buys the province of Syria of Clodius, 35; routed by Octavius, 59.

Gades, older than Carthage, ii, 1; treated as a dependent, 5; treachery against Mago, 128; alliance with the Romans, 128.

Gæsati, from gæsum, a javelin, ii, 55.

Gaius, his error, ii, 41; iii, 237.

Galations, i, 370; called Gallo Grecians, ii, 181; live in thirty free towns, 181; defeated by Antiochus Soter, 182; attacked and defeated by Attalus, 182; besieged by Cn. Manlius, 182; retain the Celtic language down to the time of Augustus, 182; their origin, 322.

Galba, Sulpicius, his conduct towards the Lusitanians, ii, 224; impeached by Cato, 224.

Galba, P. Sulpicius, devastates Dyme, Oreus, and Ægina, ii, 150; consul, conducts the war against Philip, 150.

Galba, Servius Sulpicius, proclaimed emperor in Spain, iii, 193; light thrown on Galba by Tacitus’ Historiæ, 194; he was old and under the influence of unworthy people, 194; marches against Gaul, 194; his covetousness, 195; adopts Pisa, 195; murdered, 196.

Galenus, his name was, without doubt, Tiberius Claudius Galenus, iii, 193; lived in the times of the Antonines, iii, 235, 237.

Galeria Faustina, sister of the elder Annius Verus, iii, 236.

Galerius, the Cæsar in the East, iii, 295; his surname Armentarius, 295; campaign against Persia, 296; marches against Maxentius, 298.

Galla, sister of Valentinian the second, iii, 321.

Galla Placidia. See Placidia.

Gallia Cisalpina appears too large on the maps, i, 371.

Gallia Cispadana, united by the Lex Julia as to political rights with Italy, ii, 165; iii, 52.

Gallienus, P. Licinius, son and colleague of Valerian, iii, 279; a worthless prince, 281; acknowledges the empire of Palmyra, 282.

Gallo Grecians. See Galatians.

Gallus, son of Julius Constantius, iii, 304; holds the name of Constantius, and the dignity of Cæsar, 306; prisoner in Cæsarea, educated, 306; executed, 307.

Gallus Ælius, iii, 162.

Gallus, Cornelius, governor of Egypt, Virgil introduces his praise in the fourth book of Georgics, iii, 138.

Gallus Trebonianus. See Trebonianus.

Garamantes, inhabitants of Garama in Fezzan, iii, 162.

Gauda, iii, 3.

Gaudentius, son of Ælius, iii, 341.

401Gaul dreadfully devastated by the Cimbri and Teutones, which accounts for its weakened state in the time of Cæsar, ii, 324; rebellion in Cæsar’s time, iii, 41; an exhausted country, 42; much money in circulation, 45; Gallia Transpadana receives the franchise from Julius Cæsar, 87; registration of land changed, 125; their fine cavalry, 156; the surname of Julius given to all who bore the Roman franchise, 192; condition under the first emperors, 202; abandoned by Constantius to the Alemanni and the Franks, 307; literary importance, 326; misery, 326; Roman possessions in the north, 346.

Gaul, a Gaul and a Gallic woman, a Greek and a Greek woman sacrificed, i, 150.

Gauls, Roman citizens, presented by the emperor Claudius with the right of admission into the senate, i, 87; Gauls and Ligurians less like than Gauls and Cymri, 99; the Gallic migration in the time of Tarquinius Priscus, 364; their friendly reception among the Ligurians, 364; can only have passed the Little St. Bernard, or over the Simplon, 365; the Cymri distinct from the Celts but of the same stock, 367; their migrations, 368; in the inmost recesses of the Adriatic, 369; in Sirmium, 369; origin of their war with Rome, 373; their resemblance to the Highlanders of the present day, 374; already changed in the time of Cæsar, 374; their appalling cruelty, 374; have the feudal system and a priestly government, 375; the account of their wealth exaggerated, 375; the whole army not in Rome, but some in the country, 381; try to storm the capital, 381; called back by an insurrection of the Alpine peoples into Lombardy, 382; willing to withdraw on payment of a ransom, 382; march into Apulia from Rome and offer aid to Dionysius, 384; the Gallic conquest must be placed four years later than it has been, 400; the Sennonian Gauls appear in the year 393, 408; migrate as far as the Anio, 409; wander even to Apulia, 409; appear before the Colline gate, 411; third invasion in the year 405, 414; retire to the Alban hills, the Monte Cavo, 414; must have gone more than once to Apulia, 468; peace with Rome, 499; peacefully settled in the Romagna, 526; their impetuosity, 531; the Sennonian Gauls defeat Metellus, 546; their land devastated by Dolabella, 546; the whole nation exterminated, 547; their migrations no more turned against Italy but against Thrace and Macedon, 547, 565; fight in great masses, ii, 10; the Sennonian territory, 50; war with the Romans, 52; conquer near Φαίσολα, 53; their armour, 55; conquered near Telamon, 55; routed near Clastidium, 56; leagued with Hannibal, 75; rebellion of the Gauls, 83; march to Thrace, 181; in Asia, 181; war in the Alps with Rome, 220; the Cimbri not Gaels, but akin to the Cymri, 322.

Gaurus, a mountain near Nuceria not far from Cumæ and the promontory of Misenum, i, 427; Valerius encamps there, 429.

Gela, conquered by the Carthaginians, i, 575; destroyed, ii, 4.

Gellius. See Egnatius.

A. Gellius, a very clever man, enjoying the literature of the earlier times, i, 32; refutation of his errors, iii, 112; his book must be dated from the reign of M. Antoninus, 233; 402ignorance of his own age and of antiquity, 233; writes after the death of Fronto, 247.

Cn. Gellius, a credulous, uncritical writer, should be placed in the second half of the seventh century, i, 28, 117.

Gelon, in 262, at most only prince of Gela, i, 286; comes to the throne of Syracuse after the battle of Salamis, ii, 3; son of Hiero, 114.

Genabum, the present Orleans, iii, 47.

Γένη in Attica, their number 360 is in imitation of the solar year, i, 82.

Geneva, the heart of the town is the cité, the bourg the suburbs, its inhabitants bourgeois, i, 167; its institutions, 437; constitutional struggles, ii, 347.

Genitives of -um, instead of -orum, come from an old contracted nominative, i, 160; in -i, of words of the third declension, 270, note.

Genseric, Gonderic’s brother, king of the Vandals, iii, 337; faithless, 337; conquers Rome, 342; burns the Roman fleet at Carthagena, 344; treachery, 344.

Gentes (γένη), national division with the ancients, i, 157, 158; definition by Pollux, 159; by Cicero, 159; had lost much of their consequence in Cicero’s days, 159; their number always fixed, 161; all the families in it were not noble, 165; send their representatives into the senate, 300.

Gentes minores, i, 162.

Genthius, king of Illyricum, ii, 211; imprisoned, 215.

Gentile names, Etruscan in -na, ii, 403, note.

Cn. Genucius, a tribune of the people, arraigns the former consuls and is murdered, i, 267; his law, 517.

Genus and GENS, the same word, i, 160.

Geography, mathematical geography flourishing, iii, 237.

Gepidæ, a tribe of the Goths, iii, 317; in Illyricum, 329.

Gergovia above Clermont, iii, 47.

Germans, the first mention of them doubtful, ii, 56; mentioned in the Servile war among the rebellious slaves, 405; had not, in earlier times, a geographical but personal distinction of rights, i, 228; in Phrygia, ii, 182, note; confederation, 248; style of literature at the time of the seven years’ war, 392; extent of the nation, iii, 3; cross the Rhine, 43; probably had their dwellings as far as the Alps before the Gallic conquest, 43; wars in the time of Augustus, 152; divisions, 154; had no towns, 156; their cavalry better than the Roman, 156; conquered by Germanicus, 170; Caligula’s enterprise, 179; lose all longing for an offensive war after the time of Caligula, 198; war against Domitian, 211; tribes dwelling in Franconia, the Upper Palatinate, Hesse, and Westphalia, 216; in general commotion in the time of M. Antoninus, 242; war of Maximian, 268; war with Decius, 278; their manners approaching those of the Romans, 288; their tribes overrun Gaul, 331; pay homage to Attila, 339.

Germany, general prosperity before the thirty years’ war, i, 345; population and frontiers, 370.

Germania superior, Alsace and Suabia, iii, 213.

403Germanicus, son of Drusus, sent against the Germans, iii, 159; lives with Agrippina in domestic happiness, 160; a first-rate general, 166; puts down the mutiny of the troops on the Rhine, 169; his wars in Germany, 170; called back by Tiberius, 170; meets with an enthusiastical reception from the Romans, 171; dies, 171; the paraphrase of the Phænomena of Aratus, ascribed to him, is by Domitian, 209.

Gerontius, iii, 334.

St. Gervais. See Geneva.

Gesner, John Matth., i, 71.

Geta, second son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254; murdered, 256.

Getæ and Goths, often mistaken for the same people, i, 99, 369; spread in Thrace, iii, 73, 212.

Ghadames, divided by a wall into two parts and connected by a gate, i, 188.

Gibbon, iii, 285.

Gisgo, ii, 142.

Glabrio, M. Acilius, consul, appears in Thessaly; battle near Thermopylæ, ii, 173; turns against the Ætolians, encamps near Heraclea, 173.

Glareanus, startled at the contradictions in the old history, i, 3, 56; examines Livy freely, 68.

Glass manufacture, iii, 237.

Glass windows, not used in old times, i, 154.

Glaucia Servilius, his wit, ii, 335, note; killed, 340.

Glaucias, prince of the Taulantians, i, 553.

Glosses, collection of, iii, 234.

Glycerius, emperor, iii, 346.

Goethe’s opinion of the murder of Cæsar, iii, 79; his off-hand style, 140; his remarks on the extravagant luxury of the Roman empire, 208.

Gomphi, iii, 60.

Gonderic, leads the Vandals, iii, 337.

Gordianus I. and II., rival emperors of Maximin, iii, 268; both of them lose their lives, 268; acknowledged by the senate, 269; belong to the family of the Antonii, 270.

Gordianus III., Cæsar, iii, 270; Augustus, 270; defeats the Persians, 271; murdered, 271.

Gothinians, spoke Gallic, i, 370.

Goths migrated, according to some, from Scandinavia to the South, according to others the reverse, i, 102; under Vitigis they were cowards, 374, 468; their devastations in the time of Belisarius, 519; their slothfulness, ii, 182; uncertainty on the subject of their migrations, iii, 277; their empire in the beginning of the third century in the South-east of Europe, 277; they invade the Roman empire, 277; conquests, 278; besiege Nicopolis, 278; take Philippopolis, 278; combat with Decius, 278; treaty with Gallus Trebonianus, 278; break into the Roman empire, 279; burst in by Propontis, destroy Cyzicus, 284; appear in Macedon, 284; met by Claudius, 284; peace with Aurelian, 285; Constantine’s war against them, 300; invade the Roman empire under Hermanric, 317; 404divided into three tribes, 317; beseech the Romans to receive them into the empire, 317; conf. Getæ, Ostrogoths, Visigoths.

Governors, their tyranny was far less under the emperors than it had been in the times of the republic, iii, 188.

Gracchanus takes his description of the constitution from the Commentarii Pontificum, i, 15; unlimited confidence may be placed in his history, 34.

Gracchi, family of the, their mildness and kindness, i, 270, 280.

Gracchus, C. Sempronius, his influence on younger men, i, 34; many passages of his speeches quoted, ii, 291; Cicero’s opinion of him as a writer, 292; triumvir, 284, 292; quæstor in Sardinia, 293; goes without permission to Rome, 293; tribune, 293; his legislation, 294; establishes a corn magazine, 296; constructs high roads, 296; founds a colony at Carthage, 301; begs the consulship for C. Fannius, 303; his death, 306; unjustly called a demagogue, 320; wrote prose in measured periods, 394.

Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, puts Hanno to the rout near Beneventum, i, 110.

Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius, speech quoted by Livy, ii, 184; wishes to have L. Scipio arrested, 185; becomes consul and goes to Spain, 202; son-in-law to Scipio, 202; concludes a peace with the Celtiberians, 202.

Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius, at the head of the popular party, ii, 261; saves the Roman army, 262; opposes Great Phrygia’s being given to Mithridates, 268; is the first to mount the wall of Carthage, 271; becomes quæstor, concludes peace with Numantia, 271; the first thought of amending the condition of Italy occurs to him in Etruria, 275; Cicero calls him sanctissimus homo, 276; his laws, 277; moves for the deposition of M. Octavius, 281; sends the treasure of Attalus to Rome, 283; declared a traitor, 286; murdered, 287.

Gradi, Stefano, iii, 276.

Granada, in the possession of Carthage, ii, 5; Phœnician settlement, 59.

Grassatores, iii, 122.

Gratian, son of Valentinian, iii, 316; emperor, 316; calls Theodosius in to be his colleague, 319; sinks into inactivity, 321; slain, 321.

Grecian history, even of the middle ages, free from fabrications intended to disguise defeats, i, 223.

Grecian inscriptions in Egypt barbarous, iii, 231.

Grecian names to Latin places, i, 110.

Grecian nationality established in the East, iii, 164.

Grecian language in Southern Italy, Campania, Apulia, etc., i, 18; common among the Romans in the eighth century, iii, 84; kept itself more alive than Latin, 232.

Greece, a Roman province, ii, 256; remains a wilderness to the time of Trajan, iii, 187.

Greeks, their constitution, i, 164; their joining the Achæan league, the only instance of a nation sacrificing its individual will to preserve its nationality, 422; relations of Rome to them, 457; not happy in agricultural pursuits, except the culture of the olive and the vine; 405the Greek a cheerful fisherman and capital sailor, 460; the inhabitants of conquered towns not sold by them as slaves, 462; intercourse with the Sabellian peoples, 489, note; have a great contempt for the Opicans, 489; their wars not interesting, 530; ships of war furnished to the Romans by the Greek towns in Lower Italy, 571; Grecian literature dies at the time of the loss of the Piræeus, ii, 48, note; Greeks in Carthage do not cease to be Greeks, 114; their intellectual life fallen, 152; very temperate, 189; their literature not unknown to the Romans, 194; decline of literature in the time of Augustus, iii, 142; new era in their literature, 228.

Greek fire, ii, 176.

Gröningen, the district placed on the same footing as the town, i, 216.

Gronovius, John Fred., i, 56.

Gross Görschen, battle, i, 428.

Grumentum taken and sacked, i, 406.

Guilds, the ruling power in Italy in the thirteenth century, in Germany in the fourteenth, i, 168; in Rome to be placed as far back as the time of Numa, 177.

Guischard, i, 440, note; ii, 325.

Gulussa, Masinissa’s youngest son faithless to Carthage, ii, 230; suspicions of the Romans, 236, 307.

Gundobald, king of the Burgundians, iii, 346.

Gustavus Adolphus, ii, 66.

H

Hadrianople, the Greek language spoken there, iii, 267; victory of Constantine, 300; battle with the Visigoths, 319.

Hadrian, Emperor, his predilection for the Greeks, i, 160; iii, 233; gives up the conquests of Trajan in the East, ii, 147; iii, 229; restores the statue of Pompey, iii, 63; adopted by Trajan, 221; had little taste for the fine arts, 224; under him, the Greek language again becomes prevalent, 228; married to the daughter of Marciana, 229; uncertain whether he should be reckoned among the good princes or the bad, 229; looks upon himself first as the emperor of the whole Roman empire, 229; the first emperor that gives subsidies to the border nations, 229; remission of taxes, 229; travels over his empire, 230; erects a wall in Britain, 230; his love for Athens, 230; invested with the dignity of Archon Eponymus, 230; melancholical in the last years of his life, often cruel, 230; adopts Ælius Verus, 231; at his death chooses T. Antoninus Pius, 231; his council of state, 231; his preference for ancient literature, 232; writers of his reign, 234; his villa two miles from Tibur, 235; fond of an artificial style of architecture, 275.

Hagen, Gottfried, his poem on the feud of the bishops, paraphrased in prose in the chronicle of Cologne, i, 14.

Haliartus, burnt to ashes, ii, 210.

Halycus, river, boundary of the Carthaginian and Sicilian settlement in Sicily, ii, 4.

Hamilcar, Barcas, almost greater than his son, ii, 35; occupies Hercte, 36; devastates the Italian coast, 36; takes possession of the town Eryx, 36; 406negociates a peace, 39; rejects the demand to lay down arms, 39; thwarted by a faction, 44; the war of the mercenaries put down, 45; to Spain, 58; first introduces a system in working the mines of Spain, 59; stays eight years there, 61.

Hamilcar, remains behind from Mago’s army, organizes the Ligurian and Gallic forces, ii, 164.

Hannibal, Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, posts himself in Agrigentum, ii, 10; makes a sally, 11.

Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barcas, did not speak Latin in the beginning of the second Punic war, i, 22; marries a Spanish woman of Castulo, ii, 59; the story of the oath rests on his own authority, 64; born about 507, 64; personal character, 65; well acquainted with Grecian literature, 66; the irresistible charm of his manners, 66; his position to his army compared to that of Cæsar to his, 70; his artifices to kindle the war, 71; is wounded at the siege of Saguntum, 72; passes the Ebro, 73; probably sets out in May, 74; tale of the demon, 75; passage over the Pyrenees, 75; mutiny in his army, 75; in Gaul, 76; passage over the Rhone, 76; over the Alps, 77; never let himself to be deceived, 79; conquers Turin, 83; battle at Ticinus, 83; his tactics to go round the enemy and to cut off his retreat, 84; strengthens his army, 85; battle at the Trebia, 86; makes the very most of his victories, 87; resolves to go through the marshes, 89; battle at the Lake of Trasimenus, 92; changes the arms of his troops, 92; generosity to the Italians, 93; his aversion to sieges, 93; why he did not besiege Rome, 94; composition of his army, 95; in Campania, 95; the guide leads him to Casilinum instead of Casinum, 96; his retreat cut off near Mount Callicula, 96; defeats Minucius, 97; battle of Cannæ, 99; Maharbal calls upon Hannibal to follow him to Rome, 103; in Capua, 103; his troops become effeminate there, 105; reckons upon support from Carthage, 106, 107; driven back by Marcellus, near Nola, 107; his object to gain a seaport, 107; tries to relieve Capua, 109; appears before the gates of Rome, 112; his generosity to the Sicilians, 114; negotiations with Hieronymus, 115; keeps possession only of south-eastern Lucania and Bruttium, 134; returns to Africa, 139; tries to negotiate with Scipio, 140; the battle of Zama, 140; conduct to Gisgo, 142; turns himself towards Antiochus, 166; made suffete in Carthage, 168; turns his attention to the financial abuses, 168; the Romans demand that he should be given up to them, 168; his advice to Antiochus, 169; offers hospitality to Scipio, 170; leads the fleet of Antiochus, 175; sent by Antiochus to Pamphylia, 176; his death, 193.

Hannibalianus, half-brother of Constantine, iii, 303.

Hannibalianus, son of Dalmatius, iii, 304.

Hanno, Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, ii, 11; goes to the aid of Hannibal near Agrigentum, 11; conquered by the Romans, 11, 38; his conduct after the war, 58.

Hanno, Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, routed near Beneventum by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, ii, 109; taken prisoner, 136.

Haret, king of the Nabathæan Arabs, iii, 11.

407Harvest in Thessaly, about the middle of June, ii, 157.

Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, defeated by Metellus near Palermo, ii, 27; conquered, 28.

Hasdrubal, Hamilcar’s son-in-law, murdered after nine years’ administration, ii, 64.

Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, whether he is older than the latter is doubtful, ii, 65; his treaty with Rome, in which the Ebro is fixed upon as the boundary, 69; goes to Italy, 124; defeated near Sena Gallica, 126.

Hasdrubal, Gisgo’s son, ii, 123; his armies driven back to the Atlantic, 128; goes over to Africa, 128; meets with Scipio at the same banquet, 131.

Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general in the third Punic war, ii, 230; defeated by Masinissa, 230; appointed general out of the town, 234.

Hastati, i, 441.

Heilbronn, guilds in the fourteenth century, i, 168.

Heineccius, i, 387.

Helena, mother of Constantine, iii, 298.

Helena, wife of Julian, iii, 306.

Helena, see Illiberis.

Heliogabalus, see Elagabalus.

Hellespont, belongs to Egypt, ii, 145.

Helvetians, i, 370; their inroads, iii, 41; under the Romans, 151.

Helvidius Priscus, iii, 202; a Stoic, his opposition to Vespasian, 206; put to death, 206.

Helvius, see Pertinax.

C. Helvius Cinna, iii, 128.

Hemsterhuys, iii, 235.

Heræa, well-affected to Macedon during the war of Hannibal, ii, 145.

Heræan Mounts, ii, 8.

Heraclea, attacked by the Lucanians, i, 463; battle, 558; treated with particular favour, 571.

Heraclea, in Sicily, ii, 11.

Heraclea, on the Thessalian side of Thermopylæ, belonging to Ætolia Epictetus, ii, 174; taken by storm, 174; having isopolity with the Achæan league, 250.

Heraclea, in Thrace, battle, iii, 300.

Hercte, Monte Pellegrino, ii, 8, note; must have been a state prison, 35; Hamilcar gains possession of the height, 36.

Herculanum, its destruction, iii, 209.

Herdonia, battle, ii, 119.

Herdonius, Appius, attacks Rome at the head of four thousand Sabines, i, 283.

Hereditary governments, not to be met with in Italy, i, 151.

Hermæum, headland over against Carthage, ii, 20.

Hermann, see Arminius.

Hermann, Gottfried, i, 73.

Hermanric, leader of the Goths, iii, 317; whether belonging to the time in which Jornandes places him uncertain, 317.

T. Herminius, i, 206, 210.

408Hermodorus of Ephesus, his advice said to have been asked by the decemvirs, i, 296; friend of Heraclitus, 297; banished from Ephesus because he was too wise, 297, 461.

Hermogenianus, a mere compiler, iii, 275.

Hermunduri, peace with the Romans, iii, 242.

Hernæ, Sabine word for mountain, i, 247.

Hernicans, enter into isopolity with the Romans and Latins, i, 220, 246; league with the Latins and Romans, 246; dwell in five towns, 247; are said to have sprung from the Marsians and Sabines, 247; severed from Rome, 390; union with Rome, 410; take part with the Samnites, 501; the prisoners treated as guilty of high treason by the Romans, 502; receive the right of citizenship through the Lex Julia, ii, 354.

Herod, ii, 390; his will, iii, 124.

Herodes Atticus, teacher of M. Antoninus, iii, 238.

Herodian, a stranger and a frivolous writer, iii, 250; his account of the war of Alexander Severus borne out by its intrinsic probability, 265; in all that he really knows, a writer of much judgment, 266.

Herodotus, his superiority, i, 52.

Hexameter, introduced by Ennius into Roman literature, ii, 198; those of Ennius clumsy and full of faults, 198; of Ennius and Lucilius, 393; of the Augustan era, iii, 129.

Heyne, i, 73, 251.

Hiempsal, son of Micipsa, ii, 310; murdered by Jugurtha, 311.

Hierarchy, iii, 338.

Hiero of Syracuse, alliance with Rome, i, 574; his origin, 577; is said to have had Theocritus put to death on account of a satire, 578; peace with Carthage, 578; treachery to his mercenaries, 578; undertakes a war against the Mamertines, 579; beaten by the Romans, 581; makes peace with Rome, 581; assists the Romans at Agrigentum, ii, 11; remains independent from the first Punic war, 41; dies at the age of ninety, 114; his whole family murdered, 116; his assertion respecting the Romans, 354.

Hieronymus of Cardia, one of the sources of Ennius, i, 24; has written from Pyrrhus’ own memoirs, 564.

Hieronymus, grandson of Hiero, ii, 114; conspiracy discovered, 115; murdered, 115.

Highroads paved with basalt, i, 518; their excellent condition, iii, 197.

Hilary, Pope, the greatest Christian poet, iii, 326; takes Lucretius for his pattern, 327.

Hilary, St., iii, 326.

Hildebrand and Hadubrand, their song of more ancient date than Charles the Great, i, 13.

Himera, the Carthaginian and Sicilian boundary in Sicily, ii, 4.

Himera, the battle cannot have been fought on the same day as the battle of Salamis, ii, 3.

Himilco, commander of the Carthaginians at the siege of Lilybæum, ii, 30.

Himilco conducts the Carthaginian fleet to Sicily in the second Punic war, ii, 116; makes himself master of Agrigentum, 116.

409Himilco, Phameas, general of the Carthaginians in the third Punic war, ii, 235; his conduct at the end of the war, 235.

Hippo rises against Carthage, ii, 45.

Hippocrates, emissary of Hannibal to Hieronymus, ii, 114; obtains the dominion of Syracuse, 116; dies there, 117.

Hipponium, i, 458.

Hirpinians, i, 419; declare for Hannibal whilst on his march to Capua, ii, 107; continue the Marsian war, 358; their country laid waste by Sylla, 385.

A. Hirtius, a most accomplished man, author of the eighth book de bello Gallico, and of the book de bello Alexandrino, iii, 40, 64; advises Cæsar to be cautious, 80; consul, 87; the war of Mutina, 89; his death, 89; an elegant writer, 130.

Hispania Bœtica, quite Latinized, iii, 215.

Hispanicus Senatus, in the time of Sertorius, ii, 400.

History has not the effect of weakening man’s belief in Providence, ii, 49; importance of Roman history, i, 78.

Historical annals, some existed before the burning by the Gauls, i, 5.

Historical literature of the Germans, the oldest is written in poetry, i, 16.

Hoche, general, ii, 14.

Holidays of the senate during September and October, iii, 119.

Holland, after the peace of Münster there arose there a wild sort of life and differences between William II. and the city of Amsterdam, i, 308; takes the lead among the seven Dutch provinces, 386; the hereditary Stadtholder Captain General and High Admiral, iii, 119.

Holstein, bondage abolished, i, 251.

Holy Scriptures, books restored after the destruction of the temple, i, 7.

Homerides, a genos in Chios, of no relationship to Homer, i, 159.

Homoousians, their persecutions, iii, 309, 315.

Honoria, Justa Grata, iii, 335.

Honorius, Emperor, iii, 322; holds his court at Milan, 330; hemmed in at Asti, 330; flies across the Alps, 330; triumphal arch, 330; Stilicho’s son-in-law, 332; his death, 335.

Hooke not capable of deep enquiry, i, 4, 72; iii, 94.

Horatii and Curiatii, their combat poetical, i, 81; unknown which of them were Romans, and which Albans, 128.

Horatii belong to the gentes minores, i, 206.

M. Horatius, elected in the place of Collatinus, i, 205.

M. Horatius Barbatus, requires the decemvirs to resign their power, i, 308.

Horatius Cocles, i, 210.

Q. Horatius Flaccus, i, 277; loving mention of his father, ii, 292; ignorant of the history of his own people, 312; not to be compared with Virgil in his knowledge of the Greek writers, 312; turns up his nose at Lucilius, 393; his part in the battle of Philippi, iii, 99; his journey to Brundusium, 104; his most poetical time, 104; his sayings concerning Octavian, 112; his father not foreign, but of Italian origin, 134; his earlier history, 134; does not deserve the reproach of being called a flatterer, 134; 410chronology of his works, 135; fictitious names, 135; opinion of him, 135.

Von Hormayr, his work on the Tyrol, iii, 151.

Horse, of the equestrian statue of M. Antoninus, belongs to a race which does not seem to us beautiful, iii, 275.

Q. Hortensius, dictator, i, 540.

Q. Hortensius, the orator, not free from envy, ii, 394; ready to sell his convictions for money, 395; iii, 26; his son put to death, iii, 99.

Hostia, mistress of Propertius, iii, 137.

Hostilianus, nephew or son of Decius, colleague of Gallus Trebonianus, iii, 279.

Hostilius, Tullus, with him appears a new era in history, i, 126; the legend of his death, 128; one of the Ramnes, 131.

Hostilius, his cruelty to the Greeks, ii, 210.

Hudson opposed to Bentley by the university of Oxford, i, 42.

Hugo, i, 387.

Humbert, Colonel, his excavations in Carthage, ii, 239, 310.

Von Humboldt, William, maintains that the Iberians were all of the same stock, ii, 60; believes the poem on the Cantabrian war to be genuine, iii, 150.

Hume, ii, 53.

Huns, a nomadic tribe of Mongolian race, iii, 317; push on the Goths, 317; their abodes, 338; their wars, 339.

Hyksos, under them the old records must have been lost, i, 7; their age forms the boundary of real history, 7.

Hyrcanus, king of Judæa, iii, 11.

I

Iberians, break into Spain from Africa, i, 367; in Southern Spain, the Balearic Isles, Sardinia, Corsica, western Sicily and Africa, 367; driven by the Celts to the Garonne, 368; send an embassy to Alexander the Great, 469; their personal attachment to their princes, ii, 64.

Iberians, on the Caspian sea, brought into subjection by Sapor, iii, 313.

Icelus, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

Idumæi, cohort of the, iii, 271.

Ignominia, i, 335.

Ilia, mother of Romulus, i, 111.

Ilia, name of Jerusalem according to the Arab writers, iii, 230.

Ilium, destroyed by C. Flavius Fimbria, ii, 373.

Illiberis, (also called Helena,) in Roussillon, iii, 305.

Illiturgis, near Cordova, ii, 120.

Illyria, as far as Scutari, a country of low hills, on the east it has a high ridge of mountains, ii, 152.

Illyrian empire, its spread before the Peloponnesian war, ii, 47; war with Rome, 47; peace, 47; second war, 57.

Illyrians, see Enchelians; waste the coast of Greece, ii, 46.

411Illyricum, extensively colonized, iii, 272; there are still some pure descendants of the Goths there, 320.

Imbrivium, not Imbrinium, near Subiaco, i, 481.

Imbros, Athenian, ii, 164.

Imperator, surname of the Emperor, iii, 117.

Imperia Manliana, i, 343.

Incorporales res, i, 179.

Indibilis, a Spanish prince, enters into an insurrection against Scipio, ii, 130.

Indictions, iii, 301.

Informers, under Tiberius, iii, 173; under Domitian, 213.

Inghirami, his forgeries, i, 141.

Insanity of several princes, iii, 179; no means were known in ancient times for its treatment, 179.

Inscriptions, under Hadrian, in barbarous Latin, iii, 231; most of the sepulchral inscriptions are from the end of the first to the beginning of the third century, P. C., 274; written characters of a barbarous shape, 276.

Instinct of substituting the fallen off members of political organizations, i, 109.

Insubrians, in Italy, ii, 52; conquered by Flaminius, 56; ready for rebellion, 83; declare for Hannibal, 87; in arms against the Romans, 164; submission after two campaigns, 164.

Insula Batavorum, iii, 203.

Interamnium built, i, 497; Roman colony, ii, 106.

Interdict, possessory, i, 254.

Interest, it is forbidden in Rome to take interest, i, 541; ii, 192.

Interreges, were only patricians, i, 454.

Invading peoples not to be found in scattered spots, i, 367.

Ionia, with the exception of some towns, comes into the possession of Eumenes, i, 185.

Ipsus, battle, i, 553.

Irak Ajemi, has in all probability preserved the language of the Medes, iii, 264.

Ireland, after the peace of Limerick, under William the third, ii, 264; the Roman Catholics sacrificed at the time of the Union, 283.

Ἰσηγορία, i, 279.

Ἰσονομία, i, 279.

Isopolity, i, 220.

Issa, delivered by the Romans, ii, 47.

Isthmus of Corinth, Cæsar wishes to cut it through, iii, 74.

Istrians, subjected even before the war of Hannibal, ii, 57.

Itali, name of the Pelasgians in Italy, i, 97; principle of the Italians, that the complaint of the breach of treaty was to be made before the injured people, i, 266.

Italia, originally the country south of the Tiber or south of Latium, iii, 97; once bounded on the north by a line from the Garganus to Terracina, 97; the name afterwards extended to a wider range, 97.

Italian towns, Rome exacts from them military service, i, 571.

Italians, begin in the fifteenth century to consider themselves the heirs of the ancient Romans, i, 67, 222; apply themselves to history, 68; 412their different laws in the middle ages, 228; their tillage, 234; their peasantry worthy and respectable, the herdsmen and townspeople good for nothing, 460; ii, 265; unfit for a sea life, i, 460; make beasts of themselves when they have an opportunity of feasting, ii, 189.

Italica. See Corfinium.

Italica, in the neighbourhood of Seville, iii, 216; birth place of Trajan and Hadrian, 216.

Italy divided with reference to taxation, i, 573; southern Italy takes the form of a province, owing to the war with Hannibal, ii, 186; the large estates there more profitable than the smaller ones, 272; condition during the Servile war, 405; divided into a number of regions, iii, 124; aversion to military service, 159; fields cultivated by slaves, and the population changed, 187; free from the land-tax, 299; the spirit of bravery died away, 330.

Ituræi, iii, 271, note.

Itzig, iii, 302.

J

Jacobi, F. H., compared with Cicero, iii, 26.

Janiculum, the existence of an old town there, i, 121; probably Roman, whilst the territory on the other side of the Tiber was Etruscan, 214.

Janus and Jana (Diana), the heavenly lights, i, 169.

Janus, two different ones on the Roman gates, i, 263, note.

Janus, his temple closed, iii, 151.

Janus, Quirini, i, 187.

Janus’ head, symbol of the double state.

Jerome, St., iii, 325; his wit, 326.

Jeremiah, ii, 252.

Jerusalem, under Ezra and Nehemiah, i, 391; conquered by Pompey, the temple plundered, iii, 11; a military colony founded under the name of Ælia Capitolina, 230.

Jews, their last struggle with the Romans, ii, 252; rebellion under Claudius, iii, 199; under Hadrian, 230; not allowed to approach Jerusalem, 230; outbreak under Antoninus Pius, 236; divided into Jews and Proselytes, the latter into two classes, the Proselytes of Righteousness, and the Proselytes of the Gate, i, 164.

Jewish tribes, i, 163.

Johannes, the first emperor with a Christian name, iii, 335.

Johannes Saresberiensis, quotes from Livy, i, 67.

Josephus, his notice against Apion from Phœnician chronicles, ii, 1; his book one of the most interesting historical works, iii, 199; throws light on the tactic of the Romans, 199; is a Pharisee, 199.

Jovian, emperor, cedes a tract of country to the Persians, ii, 147; becomes emperor, iii, 315; concludes a peace with Persia, 315; gives an edict for freedom of belief, 315; his death, 315.

Jovinus, usurper, iii, 333.

Juba, ii, 322; king of Mauritania, and client of Pompey, iii, 57; presented by Augustus with the realm of Bocchus, 162.

413Dec. Jubellius, leader of the Campanian legion at Rhegium, i, 573.

Jubellius Taurea, his death, ii, 113.

Judices equivalent to centumviri, i, 313; delegated by a prætor, 404; elected from the senate, 404.

Jugera, five hundred, as much as seventy rubbii now, ii, 277.

Jugurtha, son of Mastanabal, ii, 310; sent to Spain, 310; adopted by Micipsa, 311; bribery in Rome, 311; surrenders himself for appearance sake to the Romans, 314; comes to Rome on the strength of Cassius’ word of honour, 315; causes Massiva to be murdered in Rome, 315; his behaviour towards Metellus, 317; goes to Bocchus, 321; given up to Marius, 321.

Julia, Cæsar’s aunt, married to Marius, iii, 83.

Julia, Cæsar’s daughter, married to Pompey, iii, 39.

Julia, Cæsar’s sister, wife of M. Atius Balbus, iii, 83.

Julia, Augustus’ daughter, first married to Marcellus, then to Agrippa, iii, 143; her shameful depravity, 146; transported to Pandataria, 147.

Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus, iii, 252, 254, 259.

Julia Emerita (Merida), a colony, iii, 150.

Julian, emperor, taken in by any one who called himself a philosopher, iii, 245; son of Julius Constantius, 304; kept prisoner in Cæsarea, 306; called by the Christian writers apostata, extolled by the Heathen ones, 307; Cæsar, 306; marries Helena, 307; proclaimed emperor by the soldiers, 308; his ostentation, 309; character, 309; Misopogon, 311; war against Persia, 311; his death, 314.

Julianus, Claudius, Cæsar, his letter to Maximus and Balbinus, iii, 270.

Julianus Didius, Emperor, iii, 250; character, 250; put to death, 251.

Julii, an Alban clan, belonging to the gentes minores, iii, 29; not to be found in the Fasti from the fourth to the seventh century, 29; sided with the popular party, 29.

July, month, origin of its name, iii, 114.

Julius. See Cæsar.

C. Julius, decemvir, summons the people to pass judgment on one who was not reus manifestus, i, 307.

Juniores, i, 180.

Junius. See Brutus.

Junius. See Pennus.

C. Junius Bubulcus, consul in the Samnite war, vows to Salus a temple, i, 498.

L. Junius, consul, his fleet destroyed by a storm, ii, 34; surprises Eryx, 35.

Juno, the worship of Juno on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

Jupiter, his worship on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

Jurisdiction in Italy after the Lex Julia is obscure, iii, 255.

Jurisprudence, the study of, becomes the province of the French, i, 68; revival in the eighteenth century, 73; has two sides, 388; history of the emperors indispensable for it, iii, 164; foundation of its system under Hadrian, 231; its progress under Antoninus Pius, 237.

414Jury, in ancient Rome, instituted after the laws of Gracchus, ii, 297.

Jus agrarium, i, 252; the Romans stand alone with regard to it, 253.

Jus Cæritum exulandi, i, 210.

Jus Flavianum, a sort of “Complete Lawyer,” i, 521.

Jus gentium, had, perhaps originally a much wider meaning than is generally believed, i, 161.

Jus Papirianum, i, 184, 226.

Justina, wife of Valentinian the first, iii, 321.

Justin, a careless writer, ii, 2.

Justin, the Martyr, iii, 235.

Juthungi, the reigning dynasty of the Lombards, iii, 280; pass the Po, 287.

Juvenal, reproached with having in his writings chiefly described depravity, iii, 178; his opinion of Otho, 197; one of the greatest minds, 210.

P. Juventius Thalna, beaten by Andriscus, ii, 247.

K

Kant assails the eloquence and profession of advocate, iii, 21.

Kent, iii, 45.

Kinburn, iii, 71.

Kinna, a place now unknown, i, 495.

Klopstock, his hexameters, ii, 198.

Kunersdorf, battle, i, 560; iii, 278.

L

Labeo. See Atinius.

Laberius, ii, 16.

Laberius, Dec., composer of Mimes, iii, 129, 141.

Labici. See Lavici.

Labienus, in the battle of Munda, iii, 71; his conduct, 106; goes to the Parthians, 106.

Lacedæmon, one revolution follows another; Machanidas seizes the government, ii, 145; lose their ancient constitution, 151; a separate state, 165.

Lacedæmonians, the general population of Sparta, ii, 249.

Laco, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

Lactantius, his work a reproduction of Cicero, iii, 293, 325.

Lælianus. See Ælianus.

Lælius, supports Masinissa in his attack against Syphax, ii, 137.

C. Lælius, gets the surname of Sapiens, ii, 275; fragment of a speech, 292, 394.

Lænas. See Popillius.

Lætorius, friend of C. Gracchus, ii, 305.

Lætus Pomponius gives an impulse to the study of archæology, i, 67.

Lætus, præfecto prætorio under Commodus, iii, 249.

Lævians, a people on the Ticinus, i, 365.

Lævinus, M. Valerius, restores Agrigentum, ii, 119; takes out, as prætor, a fleet against Philip, 143; 415his fleet a curse for Greece, 146.

Lævinus, P. Valerius, consul, against Pyrrhus, i, 558; battle near Heracles, 558; follows Pyrrhus on the Appian road, 562.

Lamennais, iii, 51.

Lamia, on the Thessalian side of Thermopylæ, belongs to Ætolia Epictetus, ii, 174; besieged by Philip, 174; the siege given up, 174.

Lampadius, C. Octavius, divides Nævius’ history of the Punic war into books, i, 17.

Lamponius M., ii, 382.

Land tax, Savigny has done a great deal for its elucidation, iii, 229.

Language, Polish and Lithuanian, their relationship, i, 95; that of a conquered people often becomes extinct, 144; the Western part of the Roman empire preserves a kind of unity of language, iii, 163.

Languedoc, ii, 308.

Lanuvians, full citizenship granted to them, i, 448.

Lanuvium devastated by Marius, ii, 372.

Lanzi supposes Etruscan to have been a sort of Greek, i, 142.

Larinum, ii, 126.

Larissa, a Pelasgian word signifying borough, i, 101.

Lars, probably signifies king or God in Etruscan, i, 136, 208, note.

Sp. Lartius, i, 206, 210.

Latin language, a medley of Oscan, and Siculo-Pelasgian, i, 105; degenerates, iii, 232.

Latin form of Greek proper names, ii, 194.

Latins, had a number of towns, from Tibur to the river Tiber, i, 101; Latins and Sabines settle on the Aventine, 165; the hegemony over them acquired by Tarquin the Proud, not by Servius Tullus, 185; the feriæ Latinæ established on the Alban mount, 185; the sacrifices on the Aventine offered in the temple of Diana, afterwards in a grove near Aricia, 186; bind themselves ad majestatem populi Romani comiter colendam, 195; leagued under Octavius Mamilius with Porsena, 210; break the alliance with Rome after the Etruscan calamity, 216; peace concluded in the year 259, 219; receive isopolity, 220; league of Sp. Cassius in the year 261, 220; receive isopolity jus municipii, 243; league with the Romans and Hernicans, 246; defeated by the Volscians and Æquians in the valley of Grotta Ferrara, 276; after the spread of the Volscians again subject to the Romans, 293; free themselves after the Gallic calamity from the Roman rule, 386; part of them unite with Velitræ and Antium in hostility against Rome, 390; friendship with Rome restored, 410; the new federation, 411; has for its chiefs two prætors, 412; continue the war against the Samnites alone, 436; their constitution, 437; proposals for a union with Rome, 437; war with Rome, 438; fight near Veseris, 439; battle near Trifanum, 444; conditions of their subjection, 444; last insurrection, 445; battle on the river Astura, 447; the people are born husbandmen, 460; revolt, 480; opposed to the agrarian law of Ti. Gracchus, ii, 283; C. Gracchus wishes to extend to them the full right of citizenship, 299; meaning in the time of Livius Drusus, 346; 416receive the full franchise by the Lex Julia, 354.

Latini, iii, 258.

Latin fortifications, i, 146.

Latin towns, thirty in number, i, 109; have all of them a council of a Hundred, 120.

Latium extends as far as Campania, i, 102; suffers dreadfully in the war with Cinna, ii, 372.

Latteen sails of the ancients, ii, 39.

Laudationes funebres, i, 11; owing to them falsifications creep into Roman history, 11; a tissue of repetitions like the λόγοι ἐπιτάφιοι, 261.

Laurentum alone retains the old fœdus, i, 451.

Lautulæ, insurrection, i, 430; quelled by Valerius Corvus, 431; battle, 494.

Lavici, not Labici, 344; Roman colony, 345.

Lavinium founded by thirty households, i, 109; a general name for Latium, central point of the Prisci Latini, 109; keeps faithful to Rome, 390.

Lays, historical, in Roman history, i, 88.

Leagues, a clause in those of the ancients, wherein the contracting parties prescribed to each other the bounds of their intended encroachments upon other nations, i, 412.

Leave of absence, purchased by the Roman soldiers, iii, 157.

Legati Augusti, pro consule, pro prætore, &c., iii, 121.

Legati pro prætore in the imperial provinces, often remained the whole of their lives in the same province, iii, 244.

Leges, the resolutions of the patricians, i, 241.

Leges annales, suspended during the second Punic war, ii, 132; lex Villia annalis rigorously observed, 239; those in force in Cicero’s days, dated from the age of Sylla, 239.

Leges Liciniæ, (Licinian Rogations,) i, 205, 396; violated in the year 412 for the last time, 425; enlargement of it, 432.

Leges Pompeiæ, iii, 38.

Leges Porciæ, iii, 35.

Leges Publiliæ, i, 447.

Leges sacratæ, he who violated them was to be sold as a slave at the temple of Ceres, i, 290.

Leges Semproniæ, ii, 277, 294.

Leges Valeriæ, i, 207.

Legio Martia, iii, 89.

Legion, in the war of Hannibal, consisted of 4,200 men and 200 horse, ii, 98.

Legions, the country and city, at the time of the Gallic calamity, i, 375; the country legions armed with pikes, 376; consisted half of Latins and half of Romans, 376; three thousand men strong, 376; their arrangement in the war against the Latins, 441; their division in Cæsar’s time, ii, 326; their time of service, iii, 126; their camps on the frontiers in which they were stationed until superannuated, 169; outbreak in Illyricum and on the Rhine, 169; their degeneracy in the East, 243.

417Legislations, of old, did not only comprise civil and criminal law and judicial procedure, but political law and transient measures also, i, 278; should be independent of magistracy, 278.

Lembi, the lightest ships, ii, 17.

Lentulus, consul, prætor, accomplice of Catiline, iii, 22.

Leo the Great, iii, 327.

Lepidus, M. Æmilius, head of the democracy, ii, 395; sets himself up as the avenger of Rome, 396; dies in Sardinia, 397.

Lepidus, M. Æmilius, in Gaul, iii, 87; triumvir, 91; confined to Africa, 105; Pontifex Maximus, 110, 118.

Lepontians, on the Lake of Como, of Etruscan race, i, 145; stand against the immigrating Gauls, 368.

Lerida in Catalonia, battle, iii, 56.

Lesbos, allied with Chios and Byzantium, iii, 145.

Lessing, endowed with a most philological spirit, i, 73; ii, 245; German literature reaches perfection through Lessing, iii, 127; connecting link between two generations, 130; has no equal among German prose writers, 226.

Letronne, ii, 78.

Letters, their use known in the earliest times among the Romans, i, 4; a common use not to be thought of previous to the use of the Egyptian papyrus, 4; have a threefold root, 4, note; of more ancient date in Europe than Homer, 4.

Leuco-Syrians, ii, 360.

Levesque, i, 73.

Lex Ælia et Fufia, ii, 225; repealed by Clodius, 226.

Lex Ælia Sentia, iii, 122, 163.

Lex Agraria of Sp. Cassius, i, 256; probably accepted, 257; lex agraria TRIBUNICIA, 346.

Lex Aternia Tarpeia, i, 339.

Lex Aurelia judiciaria, iii, 4.

Lex Cassia not to be regarded as an innovation, ii, 285.

Lex Cornelia de ambitu, ii, 227.

Lex Flaminia, ii, 87.

Lex Furia testamentaria may be placed about the year 450, i, 303.

Lex de Gallia Cisalpina, ii, 165.

Lex Genucia, i, 517.

Lex Hortensia, i, 322, 542.

Lex de Imperio, ii, 41.

Lex Julia, i, 120, 172, 311; unites Gallia Cispadana to Italy, ii, 165, 354.

Lex Julia de adulterio, iii, 187.

Lex Julia de judiciis, iii, 124.

Lex Julia Norbana, iii, 119.

Lex Junia, i, 280; dated by Dionysius thirty years too early, 280.

Lex Mænia, made the confirmation by the curies a mere form, i, 406, 539.

Lex Mensia, i, 173.

Lex Mucia Licinia, ii, 344.

Lex Ogulnia, i, 130, 523.

Lex Ovinia tribunicia, i, 335.

418Lex Papia Poppæa, iii, 163, 187.

Lex Pedia, iii, 91.

Lex Publilia, of the dictator, Q. Publilius Philo, i, 321.

Lex Servilia, ii, 345.

Lex Terentilia, i, 278.

Lex Thoria, ii, 290.

Lex Trebonia, iii, 37.

Lex Valeria, i, 235.

Lex Valeria Horatia, i, 320.

Lex Voconia, ii, 225.

Leyden inhabited only about the centre, ii, 108.

Libanius appeases the emperor Theodosius, iii, 322.

Libertini and their descendants excluded from the gentes, i, 160. See Freedmen.

Library of Ptolemy Philadelphus burnt, iii, 64.

Libri augurales, i, 11, 238.

Libri fatales, of Etruscan origin, i, 151.

Libri legem, i, 9.

Libri Magistratuum, i, 9.

Libri Pontificum, i, 10.

Liburnæ, light ships, ii, 17.

Liburnians, the name of the earlier inhabitants of the North of Italy, i, 98.

Libyans, oppressive neighbours of the Carthaginians, ii, 2; mingle only gradually with the Phœnician settlers, 2, 4; do not differ in their constitution from the inhabitants of Southern Europe, 5; the relation between the Libyans and Pœni analogous to that of the Lettish and the Lithuanians to the Germans, 6; take arms against Carthage, 44; have an alphabet of their own, 310.

Licinian family, defends the rights of the plebeians, i, 402.

Licinius’ laws are in fact only a repetition of former ones, ii, 402; conf., ii, 270.

Licinius. See Crassus, Lucullus, etc.

Licinius, Augustus in Illyricum, iii, 298; war with Maximinian Daza, 300; war with Constantine, 300; married to Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, 300; conquered near Adrianople, executed, 300.

P. Licinius Calvus, plebeian senator, i, 340.

C. Licinius Macer, writes history from documents, i, 33; one of Pliny’s sources, 33; Cicero speaks unfavourably of him, 33.

C. Licinius Stolo, tribune of the people, i, 396; accused of having evaded his own law, ii, 272.

Lictors, among the Tuscans the king of each town has a lictor, i, 221; twelve Latin and twelve Roman lictors given to the common dictator, 221; represent the curies, 539.

Lightnings, flashing forth from the earth, the fact already known to the Etruscans, i, 154.

Ligue sharpened the wit and quickened the mind of the people, ii, 395.

Ligurians in South of France, Piedmont, and Lombardy, i, 368; pushed on by the Iberians as far as Aix in Provence, 368; a warlike race, 371; 419war against Rome, ii, 51; new war against Rome, 200; did not extend beyond the borders of Provence, 200; fifty thousand Ligurians led from their homes into Samnium, 200.

Ligurian peoples in Piedmont, ii, 57.

Lilybæum, besieged by Pyrrhus, i, 566; its fortifications one of the wonders of the ancient world, 567; siege raised by Pyrrhus, 567; the survivors of Motye become the founders of Lilybæum, 575; besieged by the Romans, ii, 29; etymology of its name, 29; had a good harbour, 29; Roman, 116.

Limes, made road, iii, 157.

Limigantes, a Sarmatian colony, iii, 301.

Linen manufactures, iii, 237.

Lingua rustica, or vulgaris, iii, 232.

Lipariotes, the guardians of the Tyrrhenian sea against the pirates, i, 428.

Liparian isles, sea fight, ii, 15.

Lipsius, Justus, i, 240; does not distinguish between the different ages, 240.

Lis vindiciæ and lis vindiciarum, i, 123.

Lista, chief town of the Opicans, i, 103.

Liternum, a Latin colony, or colonia maritima, between Cumæ and Minturnæ, ii, 185.

Literature, Christian, iii, 325.

Literature, Grecian, ruinous effects of the great fire at Constantinople, iii, 190.

Literature, Roman, under Augustus, compared with that of the French under Louis XIV., and the latter with that under Louis XV., i, 31; the division into golden, silver, &c., ages very preposterous, iii, 185.

Livia, mother of M. Cato, iii, 76.

Livia Drusilla, wife of Augustus, iii, 143; her sway over Augustus, 143; accused of poisoning C. Cæsar, 148; hatred to Germanicus 160; daughter of Livius Drusus, 165; Tiberius’ fear of her, 174; her death, 174; treated Claudius with particular harshness, 181.

Livilla, daughter of the elder Drusus, wife of the younger, iii, 175.

Livius Andronicus, ii, 195; makes an abridgment of the Odyssey in the Italian measure, 196; his tragedies, 196.

M. Livius Drusus, tries to undermine the popularity of C. Gracchus, ii, 301; founds twelve colonies, 302; whether they were really founded, 302.

M. Livius Drusus, son of the former, tribune, ii, 344; his probable aim, 345; his legislation, 345; goes over to the opposition, 348; murdered, 349; denounces the conspiracy of the Italians against the senate, 351.

Livius Drusus, father of Livia Drusilla, his real name Appius Claudius Pulcher, iii, 165.

T. Livius Patavinus (Livy), liable to the censure of having made the earlier Roman history into disrepute, i, 4; his statements concerning the booty, etc., are taken from the Triumphal Fasti, 10; his carelessness with regard to making use of historical records, 11; took his description of the time of the kings from Ennius, 24, 80; 420anachronism with regard to the Origines of Cato, 26; in his first books borrowed many things from Valerius Antias 33; began to write in 743, 45; born in 693 at Patavium, died 772, 45; grounds for fixing the period at which he began to compose his history at so late a date, 45; traces found in the last books of the first decade, that Livy had known Dionysius, 45; died before he had finished his work, 45; the division in decades an original one, 47; in the later decades he paraphrases Polybius, 47; becomes prolix in his old age, 47; the old grammarians reproach him with tautology and palilogy, 48; the preface belongs to the worst parts of the work, 48; was, when he commenced his work, entirely deficient in general historical knowledge, 48; dictated the whole of his work, 49; always took one annalist as his ground work, 49; his talent for description and narration, 50; deficient in comprehensiveness of view, 50; was in early life a Pompeian, 50; iii, 92; reproach of Patavinity, i, 51; the perfect correctness of his style, 51; his amiable disposition, 52; his influence on the later ages, 52; all the MSS. of the first decade may be traced to a single one, 53; missing books of Livy sought for in different parts of the world, 54; fragments of the ninety-first book, 55; condition of the text, 55; commentaries and editions, 56; no quotation from him since Priscian, during the whole of the middle ages, except in Joannes Saresberensis, 67; his account the most unadulterated source for the earlier times, 81; not to be supposed that he had written from the old heroic poems, 92, 136; gives his sources without understanding them, 216; the account of the war of the Auruncians occurs twice in him, 222; does not generally alter the materials which he finds, but merely drops part of them, 241; was, with all his genius, no more than a rhetorician, 327; mistakes, in the second Punic war, a certain Heraclitus for the philosopher of the same name, 329; makes use of Dionysius, perhaps as early as in the fifth book, 364; looks upon earlier Roman history with a sort of irony, 383; wrote history not to give an account of facts, but for the sake of the narrative, 397; is very exact in his histories of the Fabian house, 507; did not think of making any use of Hannibal’s memoirs, ii, 62; the romantic in him may be traced to Cœlius Antipater, 63; in his accounts of the war of Hannibal we may distinguish the different sources, 63; all the speeches of Hanno and others are rhetorical trifles, 68; the description of the siege of Saguntum certainly from Cœlius, 72; opinion on Cicero, iii, 92, 95; literary character, 141; takes pity on Claudius, and encourages him to write history, 182; influence of the rhetoricians on him, 185; whenever he wants to be argumentative he is infinitely harder than Tacitus, 226; stands forth as a great man in his age, 228.

M. Livius Salinator, near Ariminum, ii, 126.

Lixæ, i, 178.

Loans, earliest system of them, i, 387; loan from the rich in Rome ii, 37.

Locks, known to the ancients, brought to perfection by the Netherlanders in the fifteenth century, iii, 74.

421Locrians, Ozolian, Ætolian, ii, 151.

Locri, i, 459; taken by the Bruttians, ii, 107; the first Greek town which declares for Hannibal, 107; taken from Hannibal by Scipio, 133.

Locris, well affected to Macedon during the war of Hannibal, ii, 145; subject to the rule of the Macedonians, 151; a separate state, 163.

Locupletes, i, 182; locupletes testes, 182.

Logau’s poems at the end of the thirty years’ war, iii, 340.

M. Lollius, legate, defeated by the Bructeri, iii, 153.

Lombards, carried on the money trade in medieval Italy, i, 227.

Lombards, fearing rebellions, pulled down the walls of all the conquered towns in Italy, ii, 20; pass the Po, iii, 287; see Juthungi.

Lombardy, the cold there not less severe than in Germany, ii, 86.

Louis XIII., conspires against one of his subjects, iii, 333.

Louis XIV., the devastation of the Palatinate under him is the last war of horrors, ii, 119.

Luca, colony founded, ii, 165; congress between Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus, iii, 39.

Lucanians, sprung from the Sabine stock, i, 122; not in a position of equality with the Œnotrians, 153; war against them decided by a miraculous apparition, 219; come from the Samnites, 419; attack Heraclea and Metapontum, 463; send ambassadors to Alexander the Great, 469; hostile to the Greek, but partake of Greek civilization, 472; called a Samnite colony, 478; are Œnotrians become Samnites, 479; never strong, 479; union with Rome, 479; independent, 505; war with Tarentum, 510; with the Samnites, 524; again turn their arms against Rome, 544; send ambassadors to Pyrrhus to Epirus, 557; acknowledge the supremacy, 571; in the service of Agathocles, 577; fall away from Rome after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 107; not trustworthy, 111; hardly dealt with after the war of Hannibal, 187; revolt in the Social war against Rome, 352.

Lucania, nearly the whole country under Honorius was pastureland, ii, 264.

Lucan, the Pharsalia wretched, iii, 132; immensely read during the middle ages, 186; the Lucanian school, 186.

Luceres, Lucertes, the third tribe of the earliest Roman population, i, 129; in the same relation to the two older tribes, as Ireland was to Great Britain to the year 1782, 130; introduced into the senate by Tarquinius Priscus, 141; are called factio regis, 194.

Luceria, originally a Samnite town, taken from them by Apulians, besieged by the Samnites, i, 486; the conquest happened very likely in the year 439, 493; receives a colony, 497; ii, 106.

Lucerne and Berne, insurrection in the year 1657, i, 237.

Lucerum, name of the town on the Cœlius, i, 129.

Lucian’s Lexiphanes, iii, 234; overrated for some time, 234; his style calls forth our admiration, 234.

Lucilius, from Suessa Aurunca, his verses, ii, 393.

Lucilla, sister of Commodus, iii, 248.

Lucretia, ii, 198; her marriage with Collatinus belongs to poetry alone, 204.

422Lucretius, Roman prætor, particularly notorious by his cruel deeds against the Greeks, ii, 209.

T. Lucretius Carus, his eminence, iii, 128.

Q. Lucretius Ofella, besieges Præneste, ii, 381.

Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, belongs to the Ramnes, i, 200; princeps Senatus, 201.

Lucullus, historian, i, 36.

L. Lucullus, general in Spain, ii, 223; opinion of him, iii, 6; outbreak against him, 8; retreats to Cappadocia, 8; recalled, 8.

Lucumo, joins Romulus in the war against the Sabines, i, 117; title of an Etruscan king, 136.

Lucus Petelinus, place of assembly for the populus outside the town, i, 269.

Ludi Romani, after the Licinian rogations a fourth day is added to them for the plebeians, i, 405.

Luneburg, only one house left, i, 140.

Lugdunensian tables, i, 87, 190.

—LUS, adjective-termination, had a diminutive meaning given it at a later period, i, 341.

Lucitanians, their dwelling-place, ii, 223; Galba’s treachery to them, 224; peace, 260.

Lutatius. See Catullus.

Lycia, civilised, even before it was hellenized, ii, 2; under Egyptian rule, 147; conquered by Syria, 148; Rhodian, 183; taken from the Rhodians by the Romans, 219; iii, 3.

Lyciscus, partisan of the Romans in Ætolia, ii, 209.

Lycortas, father of Polybius, ii, 209.

Lydians, under Atys emigrate to Tyrrhenia, i, 142; after the destruction of Troy, they push forward nearer the coast and subjugate the Meonians, 144.

Lydia, given to Eumenes, ii, 183.

Lydus, Joannes, makes use of excellent materials, i, 205; was a heathen, iii, 335, note.