INDEX. (continued 3)

Lygdamus is very likely not the name of the author of the poems in the collection of Tibullus, iii, 137.

Lysimachia, destroyed by the Thracians, ii, 167; fortified, 167; its situation, 176.

Lysimachus, obtains the whole of Macedon after having shared it with Pyrrhus, i, 554; a curse on his house, 576.

M

Maccabees, iii, 2.

Macedon abandons Antigonus Gonatas, proclaims Pyrrhus emperor, leaves the latter again, and sides with Antigonus, i, 569; extends in Philip’s times as far as the Nestus, ii, 161; division of the country after the defeat of Perseus, 218; province, 247; favoured by Caracalla, iii, 238.

Macedonians, originally Pelasgians, i, 96, note; their system of fighting in masses, 559; their true home the mountains east of Illyria, ii, 152; 423formerly under their own liege lords, then dependent on Philip, 153; were no barbarians, 157.

Macer. See Licinius.

Machanidas siezes upon the government of Sparta, ii, 145.

Machares, son of Mithridates, makes a separate peace with Pompey, iii, 10.

Macchiavell, i, 251.

Mack, general, capitulates near Ulm, iii, 280.

Macrianus, Gessius, husband of Mamæa, iii, 260.

M. Macrinus, præfectus prætorio, iii, 259; emperor, 259; tries to restore discipline among the soldiers, 259; rebellion, 259; his death, 250; was not, perhaps, of noble race, 266.

Macro, favourite of Tiberius, præfectus vigilum, iii, 176.

Macrobius, refuted, iii, 112; flourished at end of the fourth century, 323.

Mæcenas, C. Cilnius, iii, 103, 134; character, 154; his ancestors on both sides seem to have been raised to the highest magistracies at Arretium, 145.

Sp. Mælius affords help during a famine, i, 337; murdered by Servilius Ahala, 338.

C. Mænius, conquers on the river Astura, finishes the Latin war, i, 447; prætor rei gerendæ causa, 496.

Mæsa, sister of Julia Domna, iii, 259; forms a conspiracy against Macrinus, 260.

Maestricht, sacked in 1576, i, 577.

Maffei, proposes a union of the nobility of Venice and of the terra firma, i, 512, 542.

Magalia, or Megara, suburb of Carthage, ii, 240.

Magdeburg, the number of its inhabitants, after its destruction, reduced from thirty thousand to three thousand, i, 386, 500.

Magister, warden of the Vicus or pagus, i, 174; iii, 123.

Magister equitum, his office a continuation of the dignity of tribunus celerum, i, 199; not necessarily a patrician, 199.

Magister populi, i, 221.

Dec. Magius, allowed by Hannibal to leave Capua, ii, 67; advises to remain true to the Romans, 105.

Magnentius, rebellion, iii, 305; defeated by Constantine, 306.

Magnesia, constituted as an independent state, ii, 163.

Magnesia, on the Sipylus, battle, ii, 164, 178.

Magnus, surname of Caracalla, iii, 258.

Mago, brother of Hannibal, ii, 65, 123; driven back to the Atlantic, 128; goes to the Balearic isles, and from thence to Liguria, 128; his progress in Italy, 139; recalled, dies, 139.

Maharbal, commander of the Carthaginian cavalry, calls upon Hannibal to follow him to Rome, ii, 103.

Mai, Angelo, his vanity, i, 40.

Majorian, emperor, iii, 343; his high character, 344; his undertakings and his death, 344.

Malaga, Phœnician settlement, ii, 59.

Malchus, historian, iii, 327.

Malcus conquers Carthage, ii, 3.

424Cn. Mallius, consul, his army destroyed by the Cimbri and Teutones, ii, 325.

Malta, its evacuation demanded of the English after the peace of Amiens, but not executed, i, 467.

Maltese dialect still retains some Punic elements, ii, 5.

Malthinus, in Horace instead of Mæcenas, iii, 135.

Mamæa, younger daughter of Mœsa, iii, 260; mother of Alexander Severus, 261; her avarice, 262; murdered, 267.

Mamertines, get possession of Messana by treachery, i, 566, 567; common name for the Oscan mercenaries, 577; apply to the Romans, 579; independent after the first Punic war, ii, 41.

Mamertus, Claudius, iii, 326.

L. Mancinus, consul, ii, 237.

Mancinus, C. Hostilius, defeated by the inhabitants of Numantia, ii, 262; delivered up to the Numantines, but not accepted, 262.

Mandonius, Spanish chief, joins an insurrection against Scipio, ii, 129.

Manichæism, iii, 316.

M’. Manilius, consul, ii, 232; a highly distinguished jurist, ii, 234.

Maniple, i, 197.

Manlius Capitolinus, condemned to death not by the people, but by the Curies, i, 94; befriends the sufferers, 392; condemned by the concilium populi, 395; thrown from the Tarpeian rock, 395.

Manlius drives back the Gauls, i, 382.

C. Manlius Torquatus, his duel with a Gaul seems to be historical, i, 409.

C. Manlius, general of Catiline in Etruria, iii, 23.

Cn. Manlius, killed in the Veientine war, i, 261.

Cn. Manlius, consul, his campaign against the Galatians, ii, 181; conquers them, 183.

L. Manlius, consul, with Regulus to Africa, ii, 20; recalled, 21.

T. Manlius, consul, his declaration against the Latins, i, 438; has his son executed for disobedience, 440.

Mannert’s work on ancient Italy can only receive very qualified recommendation, i, 75.

Mantua, iii, 101.

Manutius, his commentary to Cicero’s epistles indispensable, i, 269, note; iii, 94; his researches on Roman jurisdiction, ii, 299.

Maps, disadvantage of the want of them, ii, 95.

Marble, its first introduction into Rome, ii, 394; Carrara marble first brought into use by Augustus, iii, 149; foreign, 222.

Marbod, his kingdom, iii, 154, 159.

Marcellinus, prince of Illyria, iii, 344.

Marcellinus, see Ammianus.

C. Marcellus, consul, iii, 49; cancels the decree of Curio, 51.

Marcellus, M. Claudius, distinguished captain, slays Viridomarus, ii, 56; gains a victory near Clastidium, 56; drives Hannibal back near Nola, 107; Hannibal’s opinion of him, 110; conquers Syracuse, 117; his alleged humanity, 118; is the first to carry works of Grecian art in mass to Rome, 118; enriches the temple of Virtus and Honor, 119; defeated by Hannibal, dies of his wounds, 119.

425Marcellus, M. Claudius, thrice consul, his generous conduct in Spain, ii, 222, 257.

Marcellus, M. Claudius, general in the Cimbrian war, ii, 330.

M. Marcellus, consul, annoys and offends Cæsar, iii, 49, 78.

M. Marcellus, son of Octavia, iii, 143; differences between him and Agrippa, 146; dies, 146.

Marcellus, Sextus Valerius, husband of Soæmis, iii, 259.

Marcia, concubine of Commodus, iii, 248, 249.

Marciana, Trajan’s sister, iii, 217.

Marcianopolis, in the neighbourhood of Schumla, iii, 318.

Marcius, see Ancus, Philip.

C. Marcius Rutilus, first plebeian censor and dictator, i, 415.

L. Marcius, according to Livy retrieves the losses of the Romans, an improbable story, ii, 121.

L. Marcius Censorinus, consul, 232.

Marcomanni, iii, 155, 211; cross the Danube, 240; mentioned for the last time, 242; the war against them had two different epochs.

Mardia, battle, iii, 300.

Marforio, iii, 211, note.

Maria, daughter of Stilicho, wife of Honorius, iii, 332.

Marinus, proclaimed emperor, soon after murdered, iii, 272.

C. Marius, his descent, ii, 318; the name is Oscan, 318; must have made some money, 318; superstitious, 319; consul, 320; demagogue, 320; disdained the refinement of his age, 320; a first-rate general, 320; gets the chief command in Numidia, 321; ends the war with Jugurtha, 321; further consulships, 322, 325; author of the great change in Roman tactics, 325; takes every able-bodied man into the army, 326; defeats the Ambrones, 329; the Teutones, 330; fifth consulship, 331; victory near Vercellæ, 333; sixth consulship, 333; triumph, 333; his weakness, 333; his conduct at the legislation of Saturninus, 337; declares against Saturninus and Glancia, 339; distinguishes himself in the Social war, 356; his relation to Sylla, 359; sinks in his later days in moral worth, 365; outlawed together with his son and partisans, 368; hides himself in a marsh, 368; escapes to Africa, 368; recalled by Cinna, 371; consul for the seventh time, 373; dies, 374; married to the sister of Cæsar’s father, iii, 29.

C. Marius, son or nephew of Marius, consul, ii, 380; defeated by Sylla near Sacriportus, 381; flies to Præneste, 381, 383.

L. Marius, ambassador of Sertorius to Mithridates, ii, 408.

Marius, armourer, emperor, iii, 283.

Marius Gratidianus, cousin of Marius, ii, 373.

Markland, Jeremy, the first who speaks without prejudice of Virgil, iii, 133.

Maronea, Macedonian, ii, 203.

Marrana, canal, five miles from Rome, which carries the water of the low ground at Grotta Ferrara into the Tiber, i, 289.

Marrucinians, of Sabine stock, i, 120, 419; side with the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109; revolt against the Romans in the Social war, 352; make a separate peace with Rome, 357.

El Marsa, the ancient Magalia, ii, 240.

426Marsala, the ancient Lilybæum, ii, 30.

Marsians, of Sabine stock, i, 120, 419; allies of Romans, i, 505; side with Romans after battle of Cannæ, ii, 109; had a share in the Apulian pastures, ii, 282; equal to the Romans in refinement, 352; revolt against Rome in the Social war, 352; had a language of their own, but Latin letters, 353; make a separate peace with Rome, 357; their relation to Rome, 358.

Marshes near Pisa, ii, 89; the Pontine marshes drained by Trajan, as far as they can be drained, iii, 223.

Marsicum bellum, ii, 365.

Martha, Syrian soothsayer, ii, 319.

Martial, his flatteries, iii, 211.

Mascov, i, 33; iii, 127.

Masinissa, prince of the Massylians, ii, 135; goes over to the Romans, 136; against Syphax, 136; conquers Cirta, 137; lays claim to Bysacene, 229; war with Carthage, 230; defeats Hasdrubal, 230; his faithfulness to Rome wavers, 233; makes Scipio executor of his will, 309.

Massesyles, ii, 5.

Massilia, transactions with Rome, probably on account of the fisheries, i, 458; besieged, iii, 36; had always been a staunch ally to the Romans, 36.

Massilians, get from Rome a strip of country for protection against the Ligurians, ii, 307.

Massiva, descendant of Masinissa, murdered by Jugurtha, ii, 315.

Massylians, people on the frontiers of what is now Tunis, ii, 135.

Mastanabal, son of Masinissa, ii, 309; imbued with Greek learning, 309.

Mastarna, name of Servius Tullius in Etruscan annals, i, 88, 154, 190.

Mastrucæ, sheepskins of the Sardinians, ii, 5.

Maternus, iii, 213.

Mausoleum, iii, 148.

Maxentius, son of Maximian, Cæsar, iii, 297; his conduct to his father, 299; war with Constantine, 299; the taxes raised, 299; defeated near Turin, and then near Ponte Mollo, 299.

Maximian, colleague of Diocletian, iii, 293; his coarseness, 294; resigns his dignity, 295; lives at Milan, 296; returns to Rome, 296; goes to Gaul, differences with Constantine, his death, 299.

Maximin, the first barbarian adventurer who rose to the imperial throne, iii, 266; born in Thrace, 266; earlier history, 266; did not even understand Greek, 267; his son an amiable and well-bred young man, 267; his cruelty, 267; his wars, 268; insurrection in Thysdrus, 268; insurrection in Italy, 269; murdered, 270; chronology, 270.

Maximinus Daza, nephew of Galerius, Cæsar in the East, iii, 279; Augustus, 298; war with Licinius, death, 300.

Maximus, L. Appius, puts down the insurrection of Saturninus in Germany, iii, 213.

Maximus, M. Clodius Pupienus, emperor, iii, 269; murdered, 270.

Maximus, revolt in Britain, emperor, iii, 321; marches against Valentinian II., 321; defeated near Aquileia, 321.

427Maximus, proclaimed emperor by Gerontius, iii, 335.

Maxyes, ii, 5.

Mazzochi, i, 68.

Mecklenburgh, the Vandal (Wendish) language vanished, i, 145.

Medes, have Persian language, iii, 264.

Medicis, Cosmo of, plots in his family, iii, 167.

Media, the king beseeches the protection of Antony, iii, 108; Persian vassal kingdom, 253.

Mediterranean, the Sirocco increases in summer often into the most dreadful hurricanes, ii, 25; southern gales there are most dangerous, north winds harmless, 27; north-easterly winds dangerous at the meeting of the currents of the Adriatic and the Pontus, 27.

Megara, given up to Philip by the Achæans, ii, 155; Achæan, 163.

Megara. See Megalia.

Melas, general, bungling and stupid, ii, 84.

Melians, among them the government placed in the hands of the men above sixty, i, 181.

Melpum, in the country of the Insubrians, said to have been destroyed on the same day with Veii, i, 364; must have stood near the spot where Milan is now, 365.

Melville, general, his researches on the march of Hannibal over the Alps, ii, 77.

C. Memmius, tribune of the people, moves for an inquiry against Calpurnius Bestia, ii, 314; opposes Saturninus, 335, 337; consul, 339; murdered, 339.

Mena, commander of S. Pompey, iii, 109.

Menalcidas, general of the Achæan league, ii, 249; bribed by the Oropians, 249.

Menander, his tone compared to that of Horace, iii, 136.

Menecrates, commander of S. Pompey, iii, 109.

Mentz, devastated, iii, 308.

Meonians are Tyrrhenians, distinguished from the Lydians, i, 144.

Mercenaries, war against Carthage, ii, 44; rising in Sardinia against Carthage, 45.

Mericus, Spanish general of the mercenaries before Syracuse, bribed by Marcellus, ii, 118.

Merida, down to the Arabian times a first-rate town, its foundation, iii, 150.

Merobaudes, iii, 324, 325.

Merovæus, king of the Franks, iii, 340.

Merula, Paul, has perhaps committed a fraud in his edition of the fragments of Ennius, i, 25.

Merula, L. Cornelius, chosen consul in Cinna’s stead, is again deposed, ii, 373; his death, 373.

Mesomedes, a lyric poet, had a pension from Hadrian, iii, 233.

Mesopotamia under Roman supremacy, iii, 254.

Messala, Valerius, surnamed from Messana, i, 581.

Messala, M. Valerius, spoke Greek, iii, 84, 98; prose writer, 130; orator of about the same standing as Virgil, 130.

Messana, conquered by the Mamertines, i, 566; massacre, 573, 577; besieged by Hiero and the Carthaginians, 581.

428Messapians, Grecian name for Sallentines, i, 46; hellenized, ii, 355.

Messenians, separated from the Ætolians and Achæans, ii, 151; independent, 163.

Metapontum, i, 459; attacked by the Lucanians, 463; taken by Cleonymus, 510; goes over to Hannibal, ii, 110.

Metellus, tribune of the people, iii, 55.

Metellus, C. Cæcilius, prætor, against the Sennonian Gauls, i, 546; defeated, 546.

Metellus, L. Cæcilius, besieged by Hasdrubal near Palermo, defeats him, ii, 28.

Q. Metellus Celer against Catiline, iii, 24.

Q. Metellus Macedonicus, conquers Andriscus, ii, 247; scatters the Achæans near Scarphea, 253; all his four sons consulars, 307.

Metellus, Q. Cæcilius Numidicus, ii, 307; goes to Africa, 316; character, 316; war against Jugurtha, 317; conduct towards Marius, 317; opposes the laws moved for by Saturninus and goes into exile to Rhodes, 338; recalled, 340.

Q. Metellus Pius ends the Nolan war, ii, 374; in the Romagna, 380; against Sertorius, 401.

Μετεωρία, iii, 1.

Metres, anapæsts of the modern Greeks, and those among the Sclavonic nations, ii, 198.

Mexicans, their name transferred upon the Spaniards there, i, 143.

Mezentius, probably the Etruscan conqueror of Cære, and also of Latium, i, 147.

Micali, i, 73.

Micipsa, son of Masinissa, ii, 309.

Middleton, life of Cicero, iii, 94.

Miguel, Dom, his most intimate confidant is his barber, iii, 183.

Milan, residence of Maximian, iii, 296.

Military colonies of Sylla, ii, 384; of Augustus, iii, 125.

Military service, the obligation for it lasted in Sparta until the sixtieth year, i, 180; regulated by general laws, 572.

Military tribunes, law, that he who had been military tribune should no more become a centurion, i, 434; appointed part of them by the tribes and part by the consuls, 434.

Military tribunes with consular power, i, 327; inferior to the consuls, 329; their number changes, 330; their election seems to have passed from the centuries to the tribes, 331, 347, 416; were almost without any exception patricians, 401.

Milo, general of Pyrrhus in Tarentum, i, 568; character, 570; sells Tarentum, 570,

Milo, T. Annius, iii, 38, and note; insurrection, 65.

Mimes, consisted very much of improvisation, iii, 129, 141.

Minerva, her worship on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

Minervina, Constantine’s first wife, iii, 298.

Minority decides in the constitution of Servius Tullius, i, 183.

Minturnæ, Roman fortress, i, 510.

Minucius, consul, surrounded by the Æquians on the Algidus, i, 282.

Minucius, magister equitum, defeated by Hannibal, ii, 97.

L. Minucius Augurinus, præfectus annonæ, i, 337.

429Misenum, peace, iii, 105.

Misitheus, præfectus prætorio of young Gordian, iii, 270; others call him Timesicles, or Timesitheus, 270, 271; father-in-law of Gordian, 271; is said to have owed his death to the arts of Philip, 271.

Mithridates of Pontus, gets Great Phrygia, ii, 268; by bribery, 268.

Mithridates, king of Pontus, descent, ii, 360; his earlier history, 361; outbreak of the war with Rome, 363; conquers, 363; brought up in the Greek manner, 364; on his coins there is the sun and the moon, 364; received with rapture in Greece, 364; accepts the peace, 376; second war, 407; third war, 408; iii, 5; extent of his empire, iii, 1; overrated in history, 5; besieges Cyzicus, 6; flies to Tigranes, 7; breaks into Cappadocia, 8; conquered by Pompey, 10; his death, 11.

Mitylene, free, ii, 151.

Mnaseas, pupil of Aristarchus, i, 100.

Modena, probably fortified after the battle of Clastidium, afterwards lost again, ii, 57; Roman colony, 165; must have been of very great extent, iii, 89; war of Mutina, 89.

Mœsia, war of Crassus, iii, 151.

Möser, Justus, i, 175; his remark concerning the ancient Germans, iii, 154.

Mohammed, an inspired enthusiast, or a crafty impostor, ii, 123.

Mohocks, in the times of Queen Anne, i, 281.

Moles Hadriani, iii, 235; the tower still existed in the middle ages, 235.

Molossians, their empire first rising from insignificance in the Peloponnesian war, i, 552; their princely race branches into two lines, that of Arymbas and that of Neoptolemus, 552.

Mons sacer, i, 236.

Montbeliard, in its neighbourhood there are magnificent ruins of a place, iii, 203.

Monte Sasso di Castro, i, 414, note.

Monte Testaccio, iii, 330.

Montesquieu, sur les causes, &c., a masterly work, i, 71, 186, 251; mistaken with regard of the struggle of the optimates and the equites, ii, 341.

Moors, disturbances under Hadrian, iii, 229; under Antoninus Pius, 236; invade Spain under M. Antoninus, 268; have never been quite subject to Roman rule, 268.

Moreau, was general of division already in his first campaign, iii, 30.

Morelli, abbate, i, 64, 279.

Morgetians of the same stock as the Pelasgians, i, 116.

Mortgage, the Roman law of mortgage borrowed from the Athenian, i, 229.

Mosaic, its rise, iii, 275; peculiar to the West, 327.

Mosheim, iii, 126.

Motye, conquered by Dionysius, i, 575; Carthaginian, ii, 4; Phœnician settlement, 4; destroyed, 4.

Movement, trochaic or iambic, of native use among the Romans, ii, 198.

Mucianus, Licinius, in Parthia, against Vitellius, iii, 198; of noble birth, 200; character, 200.

430Mucias Scævola, i, 211; the Mucii Scævola plebeians, 211; Mucius was, in the old poems, certainly called only C. Mucius, 211.

P. Mucius, a tribune, causes his nine colleagues to be burnt alive, i, 294; criticism on this statement, 294, 325.

P. Mucius Scævola, consul, ii, 279; called upon by Scipio Nasica to take strong measures, 286; a great lawyer, iii, 16.

Q. Mucius Scævola, in great danger of being condemned guiltless, ii, 342; pontifex maximus, murdered, 381.

Von Müller, Johannes, i, 165, 214.

Mulcta, regulations concerning its amount, i, 339.

Mummius, novus homo, ii, 255; takes Corinth, 255.

Mummius, tribune of the people, ii, 285.

Munatia Plancina, daughter of Munatius Plancus, wife of Piso, iii, 172.

Munatius Plancus, iii, 37; in Gaul, 87; a native of Tiber, a man of distinguished intellect, a Cæsarian, 107; a flatterer, 117; a skilful orator, 130.

Municipia, i, 449.

Murcia, dependent on Carthage, ii, 5.

L. Murena, general against Mithridates, ii, 407.

Mursa, the present Essek in Slavonia, iii, 306.

Musicians, i, 177.

Mutina. See Modena.

Mutines, a Numidian Captain, treacherously goes over to the Romans, ii, 119.

Mylæ (Milazzo), naval victory of Duilius, ii, 15; battle, iii, 109.

Myonnesus, sea fight, ii, 175.

Mysia, in the possession of Eumenes, ii, 183.

Mysians, push forward after the destruction of Troy to the coast of Asia Minor, i, 144.

N

Nabis, tyrant of Lacedæmon, ii, 151; peace with Rome, 163; slain in a riot, 163.

Cn. Nævius, his bellum Punicum in Saturnian rhythm, i, 16; ii, 196; the year in which he first brought out a play undecided, i, 16; libellous verses against the Metelli, 17; cannot have died in Utica, 18; Varro places his death at a later period than others did, 18; gives the legend of the Troian settlement, 105; has himself served in the first Punic war, ii, 21; has written tragedies and comedies, 196; an eminent poet, 196.

Names, too great a stress should not be laid on their resemblance, i, 99; those ending in -ing and -ung, names of dynasties, iii, 280.

Naples, saying of Prince Canosa, ii, 298; butchery of 1799, 306; the dregs of the populace armed in 1799, 386.

Napoleon, negotiation between him and Fox in the year 1806, i, 565; twenty-seven or twenty-eight years of age when he undertook the Italian campaign, ii, 64; battle of Marengo, 84; his plight after the battle of Borodino, 106; in the Russian campaign the Italian troops suffered less than the northern nations did, 330; falls into the hands of an Austrian patrol, iii, 47; 431his opinion of Tiberius, 174; knew Roman military history very well, 174; sometimes sick of war, 220; charge of cowardice unfounded, deficient in moral courage, 294; should have died at Waterloo, 294.

Narbo acquires the Roman franchise by the lex Julia, ii, 354; colonia civium Romanorum, 354.

Narcissus, iii, 183.

Narni, conf., Nequinum.

Nasidienus in Horace, means Salvidienus, iii, 135.

Nasos, of Syracuse, ii, 117.

National Convention, iii, 173.

Naupactus, siege, ii, 174.

Navius. See Attus.

Navigation laws, first traces of them among the Romans, ii, 45.

Neapolis, founded, i, 470; of Chalcidian origin, 470; situation, 471; receives Samnite auxiliaries, 472; betrayed to the Romans, 473; obtains a favourable alliance, 473.

Neapolis, suburb of Syracuse, ii, 117.

Nebrodian mountains, ii, 8.

Negotiatores, bankers, i, 515; bloodsuckers in the provinces, ii, 297.

Nemesian, poem on the chase, iii, 292.

Nemi, its lake higher than that of Alba, i, 359; aqueduct made by Augustus, iii, 149.

Neniæ, i, 91; two of them still preserved in the tombs of the Scipios, 91.

Neodamodes in Sparta, ii, 22.

Neoptolemus, prince of the Molossians, father of Olympias, i, 552.

Nepet. See Sutrium.

Nepheris, ii, 237.

Nepos, Julius, emperor, iii, 346.

Nequinum, Latin colony under the name of Narnia, i, 509, 524.

Nero, emperor, in his time the style of architecture first changed, iii, 148; son of Agrippina by her first marriage, 183; adopted by Claudius, 183, 184; mannerism of his writing, 186; emperor, 188; his parents, 188; pupil of Seneca and Burrhus, 189; his profligacy, 189; uncertain whether he set Rome on fire, 190; builds the golden palace, 190; seems to have been insane, 192; strolls about Greek towns, 192; kills himself, 194.

Nero, C. Claudius, sent to Spain, ii, 122; opposes Hannibal, 126; his bold expedition against Hasdrubal before Sena Gallica, 126.

Nero, Ti. Claudius, husband of Livia, tries to get up an insurrection in favour of the proscribed, iii, 99, 102; compelled by Augustus to give up to him Livia, 142; quæstor with Cæsar, 156; flies to Naples, 156.

Nerva, M. Cocceius, his history imperfectly known, iii, 214; character of his government, 215; adopts Trajan, 215; dies, 217.

Nervians, seems to have had no serfs, iii, 44.

Nestor, Russian chronicle of the eleventh century, i, 14.

Netherlands, their growing prosperity at the time of the thirty years’ war, i, 459; horrors of year 1576, 577; constitution, ii, 248.

432New-Platonism, iii, 293, 310.

Newton, Sir I., assigns seventeen years as an average to each king, i, 83.

Nexum and Nexus i, 230; done away with, 522.

Niall, the Great of Ireland, fabulous tales concerning him, i, 86.

Nibelungen, existing only in the form in which the poem was composed in the thirteenth century, i, 13; interpreted as an historical war of the Burgundians, 29; historical characters appear in it, but nothing of the whole poem belongs to history, 85; it cannot be chronologically placed anywhere, 214; originally Gothic, iii, 317.

Nice, council, iii, 303.

Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, ii, 181.

Nicomedes, son of Prusias, hostage in Rome, ii, 221; his territory enlarged, 267.

Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, ii, 362; leaves his kingdom to the Romans, iii, 1.

Nicomedia, destroyed by the Goths, iii, 278; residence of Diocletian, 296.

Nicopolis, besieged by the Goths, relieved by Decius, iii, 278.

Niebuhr, B. G., his attention directed to Roman history by political affairs, i, 74; relied too much on Varro’s authority, wherefore he arrived only late at clear views, 103, note; searches for the old churches in Rome, 122, note; deemed at first Rome to be an Etruscan colony, 148; first led to critical researches on Roman history by the jus agrarium, 250; his researches on Roman topography arisen from the discovery of the spot of the Curia Hostilia, 270, note; retracts his opinion, first expressed in the first edition of his Roman history, that three envoys had been sent to Athens to collect the Greek laws, 295; understands the first Punic wars from the campaign of the English in 1812, ii, 9; takes much trouble to become acquainted with farming in Italy, 273; makes out the place on the Palatine where Cicero’s house stood, iii, 36; puts up Cæsar’s Commentaries as subjects for a prize essay, 40; intended to continue his Roman history down to the institution of the Feriæ Augustæ, 115; keeps the laurel from the grave of Virgil as a dear relic, 133; lived in Rome beside the theatre of Marcellus, 149; on Petronius, 276.

Niebuhr, Carsten, meets in Arabia with positive news of the seven years’ war, i, 469; conf. d’Anville.

Night marches, people always arrive later than is calculated, i, 568,

P. Nigidius Ficulus, iii, 127.

Nisibis, the ancient Zobah, iii, 8; border fortress of the Romans against Persia, 8.

Nissa, on the borders of Bulgaria and Servia, battle, iii, 284.

Nizza, taken, ii, 220.

Nobility, ii, 268.

Nola, Samnite colony, i, 426; hellenized, 472; conquered by the Romans, 496; taken by Papius Mutilus, ii, 355; destroyed, 406.

Nolanum bellum, ii, 365.

Nomen dare, abnuere, i, 233.

Nomentans, acquire the full right of Roman citizenship after the Latin war, i, 448.

433A. Nonius, elected tribune, murdered by the influence of Saturninus, ii, 336.

Nonius Asprenas, iii, 158, 159.

Nonius Marcellus, iii, 323.

Norba, i, 344.

C. Norbanus Balbus, consul, democrat, ii, 378; defeated by Sylla near Canusium and the Mount Tifata, 380.

Noricans, i, 369; of Celtic descent, 370.

Normandy, the excavations there betoken towns of great extent, iii, 203.

Normans, gain settlements in Neustria, ii, 181; devastations in the ninth and tenth centuries, iii, 280.

North America, hardly any homebred population, i, 163; there are in the United States similar sentiments said to prevail as in Carthage, ii, 7.

Notarii, see Scribæ.

Nota censoria, i, 336.

Nubia becomes a Roman province under Trajan, iii, 221.

Nuceria, yields itself up to the Romans, but afterwards falls off again, i, 479; reconquered by the Romans, 504; the story of the murder of the senate unauthenticated, ii, 65; conquered by Papius Mutilus, 355.

Nuremberg, the guilds crushed, i, 168.

Numa Pompilius, poetical account of him, i, 80; born on the day of the foundation of Rome, 84; first sæculum at Rome ends with his death, 84; belongs, as husband of Egeria, to the cycle of the Gods, 85; the account of his election merely a representation taken from the books of rituals, 123; compromises the dissension between the Romans and Sabines, 124; doubles the number of augurs and pontiffs, 124; all the spiritual law traced back to him, 156; imagined to have been a Pythagorean, a truly Sabine tradition, 489, note.

Numantia, town of the Arevaci, ii, 260; situation, 260; the peace with Pompey not approved by Rome, 261; delivers up Mancinus out of regard for Ti. Gracchus, 262; destruction by Scipio, 263.

Numeri, original meaning, i, 81.

Numerian, son of Carus, well educated, but unwarlike, iii, 290.

Numerical systems, two different ones in the Roman legends, i, 106.

Numidia, united with the province of Africa, most of it an independent kingdom, ii, 321.

Numidians, ruthless and reckless, ii, 66; excellent for foraging, reconnoitring, harassing the enemy, by no means fitted to stand the shock of the battle, 101; have an alphabet of their own, 310; extent of their kingdom, 310.

Numidian kings receive the Carthaginian library, ii, 310.

Numidian horsemen, the Cossacks of the ancients, ii, 11.

Numitor, prænomen, i, 112.

Nummi restituti of Trajan, i, 403.

Numonius Vala, iii, 158.

Nundines are no more to be the same as court-days, i, 520.

Nursia, Val di Norcia, constitution anterior to the French revolution, ii, 397; its inhabitants of the present day, 398; in Cicero’s times, 398.

434Nursina durities, ii, 397; iii, 200.

Nymphius, i, 473.

O

Obrecht, one of the ornaments of Germany, i, 70.

Obsessio, i, 354.

Obtorto collo, i, 267.

Oceanus, statue on the Forum Martium, iii, 211.

Ocellus, the Lucanian, has hardly written all the works attributed to him, i, 18.

Ὄχλος, the mass of the poor, i, 169.

Octavia, half-sister of Octavian, widow of Marcellus, marries Antony, iii, 104; divorce, 110; the most respectable of all the Roman matrons, 143.

C. Octavianus, (conf. C. Octavius,), makes particular advances to Cicero, iii, 85; gets prætorian power, 88; the war of Mutina, 89; suspected of having caused the death of Hirtius and Pansa, 90; consul, 91; triumvirate, 91; battle of Philippi, 97; accused of not having taken the least share in the battle, 98; his cruelty after the war, 99; the Perusian war, 103; peace of Brundusium, 103; receives the West, 104; peace of Misenum, 105; war against S. Pompey, defeated near Taurominium, 108; his fleet, 111; battle of Actium, 111; to Egypt, 113; conf. Augustus.

C. Octavius, grandson of the sister of Julius Cæsar, his heir ex dodrante, iii, 83; of the equestrian order, 84; his age, 84; sent to Apollonia, 84; from Velitræ, 147; conf. Octavian and Augustus.

C. Octavius, C. F., a worthy man, dies early, iii, 83.

Cn. Octavius, consul, colleague of Sylla, ii, 367, 368; opposes Cinna, 370; murdered, 373.

M. Octavius, tribune of the people. friend of Ti. Gracchus, ii, 281; turns against Gracchus, 281; deposed 281.

M. Octavius, Pompey’s best general, iii, 58, 59.

Octavius Mamilius, son-in-law of Tarquinius Superbus, i, 210, 216, 218.

Odenathus, king of Palmyra, justly reckoned among the great men of the East, iii, 281; princeps Saracenorum, 281.

Odoachar, iii, 347.

Œnomaus, leader in the servile war, ii, 406.

Œnotrians, earliest inhabitants of Southern Italy, i, 98.

Œnotria proper, the present Basilicata and Calabria, i, 143.

Ofella. See Lucretius.

Ofellus in Horace, ii, 396; iii, 134.

Officers, the class of officers one of the best things in the Roman military system, i, 434.

Olybrius, emperor, iii, 345.

Olympiads, the reckoning by them very late among the Greeks, i, 149.

Olympiëum, iii, 230.

Olympus, Mount, ii, 212.

Opicans, crush the Siculians in Central Italy, i, 98; in Samnium and Campania, 98; held in great contempt by the Greeks, 489, note.

435L. Opimius, prætor, destroys Fregellæ, ii, 292; consul, 303; persecutes the partisans of C. Gracchus, 305; declares for Jugurtha, 311; condemned, 316.

Oppidum, town wall, also a town surrounded by walls, i, 330, note.

C. Oppius, author of the book, de bello Africano, iii, 40; Cæsar’s friend, 40.

Sp. Oppius, decemvir, president of the senate, i, 307; becomes obnoxious, 308; dies in prison, 316.

Orbi, orbæque, pay a tax for the equites, i, 351.

Orchomenes, in the power of Philip, ii, 155.

Orchomenus, in Arcadia, ii, 250.

Orders in Cologne, i, 161.

Ordinanza della giustizia in Florence, i, 542.

Orestians, well inclined to the Romans, ii, 153; free, probably united with Thessaly, 163.

Orestes. See Aurelius.

Orestes, a patrician, iii, 346.

Oreus, taken by the Romans, ii, 146.

Oricum, situation, iii, 58.

Origen, addresses letters to the emperor Philip, iii, 272.

Orkney islands, visited by Agricola, iii, 211.

Orleans, besieged by Attila, relieved by Aëtius, iii, 340; conf. Genabum.

Oropians, quarrel with the Athenians, ii, 249.

Orosius seems to have written from an abstract of Livy, but assigns dates which clash with him, i, 59; exaggerates, 553; an unadulterated source for the history of the Cimbri and Teutones, ii, 329.

Osca, (Huesca,) town in Northern Spain, academy there, ii, 400.

Oscan, histories of Italy, not written in the Oscan but in Greek, i, 18; Oscan language distinguished from the Sabine by Varro, 99; Oscan language still existing in some monuments, 105; Oscan people receive isopolity, 572; Oscans in the service of Agathocles, 577.

Osroëne, Persian vassal kingdom, iii, 253; Roman province, 258.

Ossaja, the name does not refer to the battle of the Trasimene lake, but was formerly called Orsaria, ii, 91.

Ostia, founded by Ancus, i, 132; holds out against the Gauls, 381; devastated, ii, 372; the harbour bad, iii, 73; filled with silt, 222.

Ostrogoths, iii, 317; rush into the places left by the Visigoths, 318; in Illyricum, 329.

Otho, M. Salvius, his person, iii, 195; proclaimed emperor, 196; war against Vitellius, 197; battle near Bedriacum, 197; puts an end to his life, 197; character, 197.

Otho, emperor, makes a question rising out of the law of inheritance to be decided by an appeal to the judgment of God, i, 132.

Ottilienberg in Alsace, the heathen wall there evidently an Etruscan work, i, 146.

Ovid, the greatest Roman poet after Catullus, iii, 139; influence of his age on him, 140.

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Pacuvius, nephew of Ennius, composes only in imitation of Æschylus and Sophocles, ii, 199; tragic writer, 392.

Pacuvius, tribune of the people, iii, 118.

Padua, see Patavium.

Pæstum, Roman colony, ii, 106; conf. Posidonia.

Pætus, Thrasea, iii, 190.

Paganism, the attempt of Julian to revive it a downright absurdity, iii, 310.

Pagi, subdivision of the tribes in the country, i, 174.

Paix of Fexhe, i, 243.

Palæopolis, a Cuman colony, i, 470; its situation, 471; receives Samnite auxiliaries, 472; betrayed by Rome, disappears from the face of the earth, 473.

Palazzo Savelli, iii, 149.

Palatine and Aventine hostile to each other, i, 113; Palatine, seat of the noblest patrician tribe, 115.

Palestrina, see Præneste.

Pallas, iii, 183.

Palmerius, see Paulmier.

Palmyra, makes head against Sapor, iii, 281; the empire acknowledged by Gallienus, 282; its extent, 283; protects the eastern frontier, 284; destroyed, 286.

Pamphylia, whether, after the peace of Antiochus with the Romans, it remained under the rule of Antiochus, uncertain, ii, 180; Roman, iii, 3.

Panætius, ii, 238.

Panegyrists, iii, 324.

Pangæus, gold mines, iii, 97.

Pannonia, subjected, iii, 151.

Pannonians, of Liburnian race, called by the Greeks Pæonians, had a language of their own, iii, 151; revolt, 155; had Roman manner, 155.

Panormus, (Palermo,) Carthaginian, ii, 4; taken by the Romans, 27; a thoroughly Greek city, 29; Roman, 116.

Pansa, a generous and wise man, iii, 80; a commonplace soldier, 85; consul, 87; the war of Mutina, 89; wounded, 89.

Pantheon of Agrippa, the finest relic of ancient Rome, iii, 144, 148.

Panvinius, Onuphrius, elucidates the Roman antiquities, i, 68; weak in Greek literature, 68.

Paphlagonia, ii, 376.

Papinian, murdered by Caracalla, iii, 263; a great jurist, 275; excellent with regard to language, 275.

Papirius, see Carbo.

L. Papirius, a written law attributed to him, i, 5.

L. Papirius Cursor, dictator, character, i, 482; consul, 493; appointed dictator by the consul Fabius, 501; defeats the Samnites, 501.

L. Papirius, the younger, completes the reduction of the Samnites, i, 569; takes Tarentum, 570.

437Papius Brutulus, the life and soul of the Samnite campaign, i, 485; makes away with his own life, 486; the Samnites send his corpse to Rome, 486.

C. Papius Mutilus, a Sabine, consul in the Italian state, ii, 353, 355; coins existing with his likeness, 354.

Papus, see Æmilius.

Parætonium in Libya, iii, 113.

Parentationes, see Laudationes.

Parma, colony founded, ii, 165.

Paros, Athenian, ii, 164.

Parthamasiris, king of Armenia, pays homage to Trajan, iii, 219.

Parthamaspates, made king of the Parthians by Trajan, iii, 220.

Parthians, foundation of their empire, ii, 222; spread, 267; iii, 2; are not without Greek learning, ii, 310; war against them, iii, 105; commanded by Labienus, driven back by Ventidius, 107; hostages of theirs among the Romans, 161; expel a king given to them by Tiberius, 171; war against them in Nero’s times, 191; Trajan’s war against them, 219; deserve but little our esteem, 220; hostilities under Antoninus Pius, 236; burst into Armenia, 240; peace, 241; had excellent cavalry, 244; defeated by Avidius Cassius, 244; war of Septimius Severus, 253; of Caracalla, 259; downfall of the Parthian dynasty, 263; their light cavalry seldom spoken of in later times, 263; vanish, 264; the downfall of their empire commemorated by a bas relief and an inscription, 264.

Pasion in Athens, i, 227.

Patavium, (Padua,) capital of the Venetians, ii, 56; destroyed by the Huns, iii, 341.

Patres, synonymous with the patricians, i, 224, note; ambiguous use of the word, 330.

Patres conscripti, i, 104.

Patricians are in the centuries, i, 174; do not belong to the classes, i, 183; were tenants in capite, not freeholders, 183; forbidden by Servius Tullius to dwell on the Esquiline, 193; their money trade, 227; cannot have possessed such immense moneyed resources, 227; had different civil rights from the plebeians, 227; in cases of difficulty their clients or kinsmen had to step in, 231; their proceedings, 236; usurpatores agri publici, 255; origin of this matter, 255; go over to the plebes, 315; in the tribes since the time of the second censors, 315; connubium with the plebeians sanctioned by law, 326; coëunt ad interregem prodendum, 340; the appeal from the dictator to the curies open to them, 484; relations to the plebeians in the fifth century of the city, 512; in the times of Dionysius there are not more than fifty patrician families left, ii, 268; their number increased by Julius Cæsar, iii, 75.

Patrician falsifications of history, i, 287.

Patriots, the so called, in the times of George I. and II., intrigue and secretly correspond with the Pretender, i, 63.

Paul, Vincent de, iii, 24.

Paullus, not to be spoken of in the same breath with Papinian and Ulpian, iii, 275.

Paullus, see Æmilius.

438Paulmier de Grentemesnil, (Palmerius,) his criticism on the end of Regulus, ii, 25.

St. Paul, church of, built by Ricimer, iii, 347.

Pausanias writes in the days of the Antonines, very useful and important, iii, 235.

Pavia, was not Etruscan, i, 147.

Pax Augusta, (Badajoz,) founded, iii, 150.

Pax Julia, (Beja,) iii, 150.

Pay of the soldiers raised by Cæsar and Augustus, iii, 126; by Domitian, 210.

Peace of the patricians and plebeians, i, 238.

Peasants, their landed property could not pass to the noblemen, i, 171.

Peasants’ wars in Gaul, iii, 332.

Pecuniary embarrassments of the plebeians only to be understood of the mortgages which encumbered the landowners, i, 169.

Q. Pedius, iii, 91.

Pelasgians, dwell from Italy to Asia Minor, i, 96; on the other hand as far as Liguria, Sardinia, and Corsica, 97; vanish in the age of history, 97; their migration, 98; settle at the mouth of the Po at Spina, from whence they cross to Etruria, 142; their old abodes, 418.

Pelasgus, son of Palæchthon, rules in Argos, i, 143.

Pelignians, from Sabine stock, i, 120, 419; faithful to the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109; revolt against Rome in the Social war, 352; make a separate peace with Rome, 357.

Pella, destroyed, ii, 247.

Pella, the real centre of the Jewish-Christians, ii, 272.

Pennus, M. Junius, tribune of the people, his decree concerning the allies, ii, 290.

Pentalides in Mitylene, i, 281.

Pentameter, the Roman poets have peculiarities in its construction, iii, 129.

Penteconters, manned with fifty men, open, ii, 12, and note.

Pentrians, i, 419; carry on the Marsian war, ii, 358.

Peregrini, may be received in the gentes, i, 160.

Peregrinitas, abolished, iii, 258.

M. Perennis, præfect under Commodus, iii, 247; death, 248.

Perinthus, acquired by Syria, ii, 148.

Peripatetics, fallen to nothing in the times of the emperors, iii, 239.

Perizonius, Jacob, historical criticism, i, 3; his animadversiones historicæ, a thoroughly classical work, 71; a real genius for history, 71; conf. 88, 111, 263, 282.

M. Peperna, defeats Aristonicus, ii, 267.

M. Peperna, an Italian, becomes consul and censor, ii, 343, and note.

M. Peperna, lieutenant of M. Lepidus, ii, 397; conspires against Sertorius, 403; conquered by Pompey, 404.

Perrhæbia, detached from Thessaly, ii, 163.

Persepolis, iii, 264.

Persians, insurrection against the Parthians, iii, 264; Tadjicks (inhabitants of towns) of the Iran race, 264; their later worship very different from the former one, 264; 439war of Gordian, 271; peace, 271; burst into the Roman empire, 279; defeat Valerian, and overrun Asia Minor and Syria, 280; their relations with their eastern neighbours hidden from us, 281; peace with Rome, 286; war with Carus, 290; campaign of Galerius, 296; wars of Constantius, 305, 306; war of Julian, 312; peace, 315.

Perseus, son of Philip, ii, 205; maddened against the Romans, 205; character, 206; wins the hearts of the Greeks, 206; marries the daughter of Antiochus Epiphanes, 207; war with Rome, 208; defeats Crassus, 208; allows himself to be taken in by Marcius Philippus, 210; successful in the second and third years of the war, 210; battle of Pydna, 213; flies, 214; made prisoner, 214; declension of his name, 215, note; a prisoner at Alba on the Lake Fucinus, 245; his son becomes a clerk at Alba, 245.

Persian families, seven noble, ii, 360.

Persona, in its legal meaning, i, 227.

Pertinax, Helvius, distinguished in the administration, iii, 247; emperor, 249; murdered, 249; not of noble birth, 266.

Perusia, (Perugia,) concludes a peace with Rome, i, 509; breaks it, 526; fate of the town, iii, 103; rebuilt as a Julian military colony under the name of Perusia Augusta, 103.

Perusian war, iii, 103.

Peruvians, their name transferred upon the Spaniards, i, 143.

Pescennius Niger in the East, iii, 246; proclaimed emperor, 250; defeated near Issus by Septimius Severus, 253.

Pestilence, in the Volscian war, i, 276; after the Samnite wars, 536. See Plague.

Petelia, i, 479; the only place which remained faithful to the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109; destroyed by the Carthaginians, and the other Lucanians, 109.

Peteline grove, i, 395, 435.

Petilia, battle, ii, 406.

Petrarch, read the war of Hannibal in Livy, and also Cæsar’s Commentaries with passionate fondness, i, 67; felt for the old Romans as an old Roman himself would have done, 79; iii, 94.

M. Petreius, against Catiline, iii, 24; general of Pompey in Spain, 54; defeated near Lerida, 56; in Africa, 66; his death, 67.

Petronius Arbiter, witty but profligate, lived in the reign of Alexander Severus and Gordian, iii, 276; the greatest poetical genius of Rome since the days of Augustus, 276.

Petronius Maximus, emperor, iii, 342.

Peucetians i, 98.

Φαίσολα in Polybius, must have been situated in the neighbourhood of Aquapendente, ii, 54.

Phalanx, its meaning explained, i, 176; was not one compact mass, but advanced by smaller divisions, 569, note.

Phameas. See Himilco.

Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, iii, 11; peace with Pompey, 11; mixes himself up with the civil wars, 11, 65.

Pharsalus, battle, iii, 60.

Pherecydes, the philosopher, ii, 390.

440Philemon, poet, legend of him, ii, 48, note.

Philinus of Agrigentum wrote the first history of the first Punic war, highly exasperated against the Romans, i, 19; always represents the Carthaginians as generous, ii, 37.

Philip II. of Spain, ii, 390; plots in his family, iii, 167.

Philip, son of Amyntas, had crossed the Hellespont even before Alexander, ii, 176.

Philip III. of Macedon negotiates with Hannibal, ii, 111; we read the treaty in Polybius, 143; war with the Romans, 144; his character, 144; overcomes the Asintanians and Ardyæans, 146; invades Ætolia, 147; peace, 147; peace with the Romans, 147; allies himself with Antiochus the Great against Ptolemy Epiphanes, 147; conquers the whole of the Thracian coast, 148; applied to by Crete for his mediation, 148; second war with Rome, 150; defeated by Flaminius near the fauces Antigoneæ, 155; flies, 155; keeps Orchomenus, without asking leave of the Achæans, 155; defeated near Cynoscephalæ, 160; concludes peace with the Romans, 161; a pretender opposed to him by Antiochus, 169; seizes the fortress of Demetrias, 172; must have had a secret treaty with the Romans, 172; union with Rome, 173; besieges Lamia, 174; left in the lurch by the Romans, 174; reduces the Athamanians and Dolopians, 174; supports Scipio, and receives for his reward the towns on the Thracian coast, 177; extent of his empire, 203; his death, 205.

Philip, M. Julius, emperor, præfectus prætorio under Gordian, murders him, iii, 207; from Bostra in Arabia Petræa, 207; called an Arabian, 207; peace with the Persians, 207; is assumed to have been a Christian, 207; his coins bear heathen emblems, 272; tradition of his having done penance, 272; rebellion in Pannonia, 272; is killed in a fight near Verona, 273.

Philippi, battle, iii, 96.

Philippus, consul, enemy of Livius Drusus, ii, 348; ὅρκος Φιλίππου, 348; plot to murder him, 351.

Philippus, Q. Marcius, Roman general against Perseus, ii, 210; crosses Olympus, 210.

Philocles, Macedonian governor of Corinth, takes Argos, ii, 156.

Philology, blighted in Germany by the Thirty Years’ war, i, 70; grammatical, 73.

Philopœmen, ii, 156, 162, 209; his hatred against Sparta, 248.

Φιλοστοργία, iii, 26.

Phintias, prince of Agrigentum, i, 576.

Phlius, Achæan, ii, 151.

Phocæa, free, ii, 183.

Phocæans, beaten by the Agyllæans and the Carthaginians in Corsica, i, 147.

Phocis, during the war of Hannibal, well-affected to Hannibal, ii, 145; dependent on Macedon, 151; a separate state, 163, 256.

Phœnicians had settlements on Cyprus, ii, 1; may have frequently emigrated under the Persian to Carthage, 3; subjected by Pompey, iii, 11; did not fetch their tin from India, 45.

441Phœnician chronicles known to the Romans, after the destruction of Carthage presented to the Numidian kings, ii, 1.

Phraata, town in Media, iii, 108.

Phraortes, king of the Parthians, iii, 108.

Φράτραι, i, 161.

Phrygia, on the Hellespont, and Great Phrygia (afterwards made one under the kingdom of Asia) falls to Eumenes, ii, 183, 377.

Phthiotis, for the greater part Ætolian, ii, 151, 163.

Phthiriasis, ii, 390.

Piali, Stefano, iii, 148.

Picenians, from Sabine stock, i, 120.

Picentians, i, 418; acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, 571; faithful to the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109.

Picenum, the commotion in the Social war fiercest there, ii, 351; revolt against Rome, 352; had to suffer most grievously, 356.

Pictor, mentioned in Cicero as a Latin annalist, i, 21; de jure pontificio in Macrobius, 21.

Picts, of Cimbrian stock, ii, 322.

St. Pierre, Bernardin de, iii, 186.

Pighius, Steph., historical criticism, i, 3; his annals a chimerical undertaking, 69.

Pilani in the Roman army, ii, 326.

Pillars, colossal pillars, formerly thought to have been portions of the temple of Jupiter Stator, belong to the Curia Julia, iii, 148.

Pilum, its practice not easy to learn, ii, 92.

Pindar sings the achievements of Gelon and Theron, ii, 3.

Pinnes, son of Agron, ii, 47.

Pinnes, leader of the Pannonians, iii, 155; treacherously given up to the Romans, 156.

Pirates, iii, 8; encouraged by Mithridates to make prizes, 9; land at Ostia, 9; reduced by Pompey, 9.

Pisa, the valley there was at one time a great marsh, ii, 53; is now inhabited only in the centre, 108.

Pisidia, Roman, iii, 3.

Piso, C. Calpurnius, conspiracy under Nero, iii, 192.

Piso, Cn. Calpurnius, his conduct to Germanicus, iii, 172; will not give up Syria, 172.

Piso, L. Calpurnius, author of a work De continentia veterum poëtarum, i, 25; doubts on it, 25.

Piso, L. Calpurnius, Frugi Censorius tries to bring consistency into the earliest history, i, 29; historicises the birth of Romulus, 81; ii, 121.

Piso, L. Calpurnius, consul, ii, 237.

Piso, L. Calpurnius, consul, ἀλιτήριος, iii, 35; buys the province of Macedonia from Clodius, 35; Cæsar’s father-in-law 82; not among his heirs, 83.

Piso, L. Calpurnius, præfectus urbi, iii, 123.

Piso, L. Calpurnius adopted by Galba, iii, 195.

Pitt, after the loss of America, with redoubled courage undertakes the task of infusing new strength into his country, ii, 58.

442Placentia, Roman colony, ii, 57, 75; destroyed by the Boians, 164; colony or municipium, 385.

Placidia, sister of Honorius, married to Adolphus, iii, 334; flies to Constantinople, 335.

Plague in the Peloponnesian war, i, 176; iii, 241; in Greece at the time of Antigonus Gonatas, i, 536; iii, 241; epoch in literature owing to it, 241; not in Africa, 246; its intensity, 246, 284; ceases, 289.

Plancius, quæstor, his conduct to Cicero when outlawed, iii, 36.

Plania, mistress of Tibullus, iii, 137.

Platen, count, his metrical art, ii, 198; iii, 24; the tomb in Busento, 334.

Plato, his letters old but not genuine, i, 576; attached to the uncle of his mother, iii, 29; his Phædon does not give the faith of immortality, 69.

Platonists had sunk into thaumaturgi and theurgi, iii, 239.

Plautus and Terence, in their iambic and trochaic verses, observed the rhythmical measure only, and not the quantity, i, 90; P. is one of the greatest poetical geniuses of ancient times, ii, 196; his irony, 196; very poor, 197; his metres by no means Greek, 197.

Plebeians, in the tribes, i, 174; constitute a fourth order, 190; oppressed by the patricians, 225; had different civil rights from patricians, 227; were no rabble, 234; in possession of the Capitol, conquerors, after the downfall of the decemvirs, 312; connubium with the patricians, 326; may become military tribunes, but the election always foiled, 330; have a share in the senate, 334; in the consulship, 397; ii, 269; curule ædiles, i, 405; prætors, 454; add to their names those of their fathers and grandfathers, 513; their distinguishing character is that of being landowners, 513.

Plebs sincera, 516; sedition, 540; two plebeians for the first time censors together, ii, 268.

Plebeian forgeries of history, i, 226.

Plebeity, the notion of it changed, ii, 97.

Plebes, its origin, i, 133; does not by any means consist of the poorest classes of the people, 169; existed even before the reign of Ancus, 173; sciscit, 269; assembles in the forum, afterwards in the Area Capitolina, 269; ii, 285; votes tabellis, i, 269; plebs urbana distinguished from the tribes, ii, 295.

Plebiscita, rules at pleasure, i, 241; had not at first any authority over the whole community, 241; the spelling, plebisscita, incorrect, 270, note; acquire general validity, 320; ut omnes Quirites tenerent, 447; there is no longer any mention made of them under Augustus, iii, 118.

Plebiscitum Canuleium, i, 326; that a tribune could be elected two years running, ii, 293.

Pleias, Alexandrine tragedy, iii, 138.

Pleminius, his cruelty against Locri, i, 445.

Pleuron in Ætolia has isopolity with the Achæans, ii, 250.

Pliny, the elder, mentions Licinius among his sources, i, 33; his excerpta little weighed by him, 98; has seen the treaty of Porsena, 212.

443Pliny, the younger, mentioned along with Tacitus, iii, 226; vain, 226; his letters most instructive, 226; striking likeness to the Parisian writers of the eighteenth century, 226.

Plotina, wife of Trajan, an excellent woman, iii, 217; has perhaps only spread the report of Hadrian’s adoption, 221.

Plutarch, made, like Montaigne, for quiet and cheerful contemplation, i, 59; his lives most delightful reading, 59; no critic, 59; follows at one time one authority and at another time another, 60; understood little Latin, 60; conf. 175; had a keen perception of individual character, ii, 191; wrote the life of the Gracchi without any knowledge of the state of affairs, 271; very detailed on the Cimbric war, 329; has made use of Sylla’s memoirs, 367; his life of Cæsar is ἀκέφαλοι, iii, 29; life of Antony, 108; the only writer of eminence since Polybius from old Greece, 142; his defects, 228; character, 228.

Plutei, i, 354.

Poetical traditions, source of the early Roman history, i, 12.

Poggius, the letters to him most affecting, i, 67.

Police in Rome, iii, 122.

Πόλις, its original meaning, i, 166.

Πολῖται, i, 166.

Πολιτεία, union of the clans and the community, i, 166.

Political views hereditary in certain families, i, 401.

Political delinquencies, for many of them no penalty fixed, i, 318.

Politorians, i, 171.

Pollentia, in Montferrat, battle, iii, 330.

Pollnumber, the ancients never voted according to accidental pollnumber, i, 421, and note.

Polyaratus, ii, 219.

Polybius, i, 36, 133; a very good officer, 530; does not mention the first misunderstanding between Rome and Carthage, 574; his list of the Roman reserve in the war with the Cisalpine Gauls wrongly written, ii, 52; has made use of a brass tablet of Hannibal in the temple of Juno Lacinia, 62; his work leaves nothing to desire, 62; his account of the battle of Cannæ, 63; two editions of his work, 69; acquitted of the charge of partiality for the Romans, 71; his clear exposition of the state of political affairs, 209; taken to Rome, 217; the second edition added the war against Corinth and the third Punic, besides an introduction, 220; tutor of Scipio, 238; obtains fair conditions for his countrymen, 256; his share in framing the constitution of Achaia, 256.

Polybus, or Polybius, very likely not as contemptible as he is generally represented, iii, 183.

Pomerania, extinction of the Vandal (Wendish) language, i, 145.

Pometia, i, 222, 223.

Pomœrium of Romulus, i, 187.

Pompæ, in connexion with the prætextatæ, ii, 195.

Pompædius, (Poppædius,) Silo, consul in the Italian state, ii, 353.

Pompeia, wife of Julius Cæsar, iii, 27.

Pompeii, conquered by Papius Mutilus, ii, 355; the so-called barracks there a ludus gladiatorius, 405; destruction, iii, 209.

444Pompeian race, iii, 109.

Cn. Pompeius Magnus, (Pompey,) in Picenum, ii, 380; character, 401; held in particular esteem by Sylla, 402; against Sertorius, 402; ends the war, 403; consul, 404; reconciled with Crassus, 404; restores the tribuneship, iii, 5; war against the pirates, 9; against Mithridates, 10; had Mithridates buried with kingly pomp, 11; against Tigranes, 11; goes to Egypt, 11; dismisses his army, 11; his surname of Magnus conferred on him by Sylla, 12; his indifference to Cicero, 25; sets on Clodius against Cicero, 28; falls out with Clodius and friend with Cicero, 37; consul for the second time, 37; his laws, 37; congress at Lucca, 39; marries Cæsar’s daughter, 39; dangerously ill, 51; receives the command in Italy, 52; goes to Brundusium, 54; tyranny of the Pompeians, 55; betakes himself to Illyricum, 55; defeats Cæsar near Dyrrachium, 59; battle of Pharsalus, 60; flies, 62; goes to Egypt, 62; murdered, 63; his statue, 63.

Cn. Pompeius, Cn. F., a by far more able general than his father, iii, 70; cut down, 71.

Cn. and Sex. Pompeius in Spain, iii, 70; battle of Munda, 70.

Cn. Pompeius Strabo, father of Magnus, prætor with proconsular power, is the first who had any brilliant success in the Social war, ii, 356; victory near Ascalum, 356; Cicero’s opinion of him, 369; ambiguous, 372; defeated by Sylla, 372; dies of the plague, 372.

Q. Pompeius, A. F., consul, in Spain chief of the aristocracy, ii, 261; brought to great straits by the Numantines, offers peace, 261; hand and glove with Scipio Nasica, 279.

Q. Pompeius, Sylla’s colleague, receives the command in Italy against Cinna, ii, 369; murdered, 369.

S. Pompey, hides himself among the Celtiberians, iii, 71; master of Sicily, 104; peace of Misenum, 105; sermone barbarus, 105; war with Octavian, 109; battles near Mylæ and Taurominium, 109; murdered, 109.

Pomponius, friend of C. Gracchus, ii, 305.

Pomponius, see Atticus, Lætus.

Pondemate, (Pound-mead) i, 179.

Ponte di Sanguinetto, wrongly referred to the battle of the Trasimene lake, ii, 91.

Ponte Mollo, iii, 300.

Pontifex Maximus, lived below in the town, i, 7.

Pontifices, their number doubled by Numa, two Ramnes, two Tities, i, 124; number at a later period, 130, 523; their number is increased by Sylla from nine to fifteen, ii, 389; their jurisdiction must have been done away with, iii, 27.

Ti. Pontificius, tribune of the people, puts a veto to the levy of soldiers, i, 260.

Pontian isles, Roman colony there, i, 489.

Pontine marshes, Ap. Claudius cuts a canal through them, i, 517; object of it, 517.

C. Pontius, general of the Samnites, one of the greatest men of ancient times, i, 487; victory in the Caudine passes, 488; gives to the departing Romans beasts of burden for the wounded 490; 445sends back the prisoners, 492; the account of his having been conquered in Luceria, 493; put to death, 534.

Pontius, Herennius, father of Caius, friend of Archytas, i, 489; occurs as a speaking personage together with Archytas in a philosophical dialogue of a Pythagorean, 489, note.

Pontius Glaucus, a poem written by Cicero in his youth, iii, 16.

C. Pontius Telesinus, ii, 353; against Rome, 382; battle at the Colline gate, 382.

Pontus, population, ii, 361.

Poor, the poor received corn in the temple of Ceres, ii, 259; care taken by C. Gracchus for them, 259.

M. Popillius, ambassador of Rome to Antiochus Epiphanes, prevents him from the conquest of Egypt, ii, 221.

P. Popillius Lænas, consul, persecution of the adherents of Gracchus, ii, 287; goes into exile, 294.

Popillius Lænas, iii, 93.

Popolanti, in the middle ages, no Romans but Albanians and Illyrians, i, 236, note.

Popolo, in Italian, union of the clans and the community, i, 168.

Poppæa Sabina, wife of Nero, iii, 189.

Poppædius, see Pompædius.

Populonia destroyed, ii, 383.

Populus Romanus Quirites, i, 104, 123.

Populus, πολῖται, citadini, i, 166; etymology, 166; populus and plebes without a doubt in all the towns of Italy, and also in the Greek colonies of Lower Italy and Sicily, 171; assembles in the comitium and in the Lucus Petelinus, 269; jubet, 269.

Porcia, wife of Brutus, iii, 77, 80.

Porcius, see Cato.

Porsena, Martial’s incorrect scansion of the name, i, 208, note; his mausoleum at Clusium, 209; his war is fabulous, 210; his peace quite a different thing from what the Romans would make us believe, 211; acquires the septem pagi agri Veientium, 213; seems to have failed against Aricia, 213; his goods symbolically sold before every sale by auction, 213; his war very likely happened ten years later than is generally presumed, 215, 232.

Porta Carmentalis, i, 263, note.

Portico of Octavia, the entrance still standing, iii, 149.

Portogallo, i, 384.

Portugal, down to the times of Pombal, had many negro slaves, wherefore also many Mulattos there, ii, 274.

Portus Julius, iii, 144.

Posidonia, i, 458; see Pæstum.

Posidonius, i, 36; not inferior to Polybius, 252; history of the Gracchi, 252.

Posidonius, contemporary of Perseus, has described the war of Perseus, ii, 214.

Possessio and property distinguished, i, 254.

Postumius, see Albinus.

Postumius Regillencis, dictator in the battle at the Lake Regillus, i, 217; an interpolation, 219; consul, according to some, 219.

446L. Postumius, consul, given up to the Samnites, i, 492; insults old Fabius, 543; impeached by the tribunes, 543; head of an embassy to Tarentum, 550; mocked by the Tarentines, 550.

A. Postumius Tubertus, dictator, conquers the Æquians and Volscians, i, 343.

M. Postumius, military tribune, slain by the soldiers, i, 346.

C. Postumius Megillus, ii, 272.

Postumus, M. Cassianus, (Cassianius) Latinius, severs Gaul, Spain, Britain, from the Roman empire, iii, 282; an eminent man, 282; loses his life, 282.

Pothinus, eunuch, guardian of Ptolemy, iii, 63; wishes to overpower Cæsar, 64.

Potitii, extinct in the times of Appius Claudius, i, 140.

Pouilly, i, 3.

Pound of the Romans weighed about twenty-three half-ounces of Cologne, i, 382.

Præfectura annonæ, seems to have been a temporary magistracy, i, 337; præfectura explained, 450; præfectures with Cærite rights, ii, 185; præfectura ærarii, iii, 123; præfectura Galliæ, 282, 295.

Præfectura Urbi, his office abolished during the decemvirate, i, 299; has jurisdiction, and probably likewise the presidency in the senate, 330; Latinarum causa, ii, 351; under Augustus, iii, 123; has since Hadrian a district of a hundred Italian miles round Rome, 255.

Præneste, disappears in the Volscian war, i, 275; independent since the Gallic invasion, 384; seems to have been united with Tibur, 390; together with part of the Æquians hostile to Rome, 390, 451; the citadel occupied by Pyrrhus, 562; receives Roman citizenship by the Lex Julia, ii, 354; declares for Marius, 372; the present Palestrina is a part only of the ancient arx, 381; reduced by hunger by Q. Lucretius Ofella, 381; fate after the conquest, 383; military colony, 385.

Prærogativa, decided by lot, i, 162; ii, 366.

Prætextatæ, native tragedies in Italy, ii, 195; historical pieces in the manner of Shakspeare, 393.

Prætor urbanus, a new magistracy instead of the præfectus urbi, patrician, i, 403; is not so called merely in contradistinction to the prætor peregrinus, 403; his functions, 403; was called collega consulum, six lictors, 404; appointed by the centuries, 406; the office accessible to the plebeians, 454; the office of prætor peregrinus created, ii, 42; the phrase is a barbarism, 42; the prætor not limited to civil jurisdiction, 42; their number raised from four to six, 186; the patrician privilege done away with, 190; their number increased by Sylla, 389; raised to ten, and again to sixteen, iii, 74.

Prætores, the original name of the consules, i, 203.

Prætorians, their increase by Sejanus is the most momentous event in the later Roman history, iii, 175; their despotism, 179; tale of their having offered the empire for sale, 249; cowardly, 251; transformed by Septimius Severus into a guard, 257; accompany Severus and Caracalla in their expeditions, 257.

447Prætorian cohorts, iii, 125.

Prætura urbana, honourable and lucrative, iii, 78.

Priestly offices, the nomination for them transferred upon the smaller half of the tribes, ii, 342; co-optation restored by Sylla, 388.

Primus, Antonius, tribune, excites the Mœsian legions to rebellion against Vitellius, iii, 198; is victorious near Cremona, 200; conspires against Vespasian, and thereby loses his life, 206.

Principes, i, 441.

Prisci, name of the Cascans, i, 104.

Prisci Latini, i, 104.

Priscus, quaint, i, 104; a common name with the Romans, 136.

Priscus, see Helvidius.

Priscus, Statius, iii, 240.

Priscus, historian, iii, 327.

Privernum, Volscian town, i, 353; seems not to have entered into the league of the Latins, 444; rises against Rome, 466; receives the citizenship and constitutes the tribus Ufentina, 466.

Privilegia, laws against individuals abolished by the laws of the Twelve Tables, i, 303.

Probus, emperor, iii, 288; wars, 288; his popularity, 289; came from the neighbourhood of the Limes Illyricus, 289; murdered, 289.

Proconsular power, its origin, i, 473.

Proconsuls, in the senatorial provinces, iii, 244.

Procopius, general of Julian, iii, 312.

Proculeius, an officer of Octavian, iii, 113.

Procuratores Cæsaris, iii, 125.

Prodigality never became rife again among the Romans since Vespasian, iii, 206.

Profuturus, Renatus, historian, iii, 325.

Proletarii, i, 178; paid no taxes, 182.

Propertius, mentions patres pelliti, i, 120; his poems imitations of the Alexandrian school, iii, 139.

Property tax, ii, 37.

Property, different from possession, i, 254.

Proscribed, the sons of the proscribed by Sylla, persuaded by Cicero to renounce recovering their honours, iii, 22; the jus honorum restored to them by Cæsar, 74.

Proscriptions, ii, 383; iii, 91.

Prose, in olden times always developed by oratory, iii, 130.

Proselytes of the gate and of the temple, i, 164.

Provence, its inhabitants were during the whole of the middle ages in possession of the coral fisheries of Africa, i, 458; is called Italia altera, iii, 122.

Province, explained, ii, 41; Roman province in Gaul, 308; senatorial and imperial, iii, 120; proconsular and pro-prætorian, 121; provinces less heavily oppressed than Italy, 257; the difference between senatorial and imperial provinces done away with, 274.

Provinces distributed in the senate previous to the election of the magistrates, ii, 300.

Provincials of the west much sooner assimilated themselves to Roman manners than those of the east, i, 61; 448the ownership of the provincials not according to Roman but to provincial law, ii, 41.

Prudentius, iii, 326.

Prusa destroyed by the Goths, iii, 278.

Prusias, king of Bithynia, ii, 193; marries Perseus’ sister, 207; connexion with Perseus, 211; goes to Rome, 221.

Prussian army of 1762 much inferior to that of 1757, ii, 105.

Pseudophilip, ii, 237; an impostor, 245; given up by Demetrius to the Romans, 245; routs the Macedonians, 246; defeated by Scipio Nasica, 246; beats P. Juventius Thalna, 247; conquered by Q. Metellus, 247; put to death, 247.

Ptolemy Auletes, driven from Alexandria, comes to Rome to be reinstated, iii, 28; restored by Gabinius, 62; his death, 62.

Ptolemy Epiphanes, son of Ptolemy Philopator, against him Philip III., Antiochus the Great united, ii, 147.

Ptolemy Euergetes, war against Seleucus Callinicus, ii, 182.

Ptolemy Euergetes II., (Physcon,) ii, 221; receives Cyprus and Cyrene, 221.

Ptolemy Ceraunus, i, 556; succumbs under the invasion of the Gauls in Macedonia, 546.

Ptolemy Lagus, historical writer, i, 470.

Ptolemy Philadelphus, in alliance with Rome, ii, 13, 50.

Ptolemy Philometor, ii, 221.

Ptolemy Philopator, an unworthy king, under him the empire falls into utter decay, ii, 148.

Ptolemy, son of Ptolemy Auletes, iii, 62.

Ptolemy Soter, friendly with Seleucus, enemy to Cassander, quarrels with both of them about the spoil of the battle of Ipsus, i, 553.

Publicani, farmers of revenue, i, 253; ii, 193.

Public debt in Rome during the war of Hannibal, ii, 187.

Public works in Rome done by contract, ii, 38.

Publicius, see Clivus.

Publicum, chest of the patricians, i, 233; after the Licinian laws very likely the general exchequer of the country, 408.

Q. Publilius Philo, dictator, his laws, i, 445; first plebeian prætor, 454; conquers Naples as first proconsul, 473; consul, 493.

Vol. Publilius, insult offered to him by the patricians, i, 268; elected tribune, 268; his rogations, 269.

Pulcheria, iii, 335.

Pullani, descendants of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, become unwarlike, ii, 166.

Pulsare, to violate the law of nations, ii, 251.

Punic, spoken in the provincial towns of Africa, iii, 234.

Punic wars, periods of the first, ii, 9; the ideas of the Romans quite changed by the taking of Agrigentum, 12; peace, 39; the first Punic war one of the causes of the degeneracy of the Roman people, 42; no war in ancient history to be compared to the second Punic, 61; division, 68; peace, 142; the third Punic war, 227.

Puteus, cistern, i, 518.

Puzzuoli, dyke across the harbour, iii, 180.

Pydna, battle, ii, 213.

449Pyrgi, Roman fortress, i, 571.

Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, i, 551; compared to Charles XII., 552; brought up by Glaucias, prince of the Taulantians, 553; goes to the court of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and of Antigonus the One-eyed, 553; restored by Demetrius, king of the Molossians, 553; in his service, 553; sent to Ptolemy, 553; marries Antigone, daughter of Berenice, 554; acquires Ambracia, Amphilochia and the Epirote provinces, 554; war with Demetrius Poliorcetes, 554; unites with Lysimachus, and shares with him Macedon, 554; a mighty master in the method of battle array, 555; treaty with Tarentum, 555; sails to Italy, 556; raises a levy among the Tarentines, 556; the only barbarian king fraught with the brilliancy of old Hellenism, 557; offers his mediation between Rome and Tarentum, 558; battle of Heraclea, 558; advances against Rome, 560; sends ambassadors, 561; takes Fregellæ by storm, 562; resolves upon turning back, 562; embassy of the Romans to him, 562; has left memoirs, 563; gives leave to the prisoners to go to Rome to the Saturnalia, 563; an enthusiastic admirer of the Romans, 563; battle near Ascalum, 564; always placed alternately an Italian moveable cohort and solid battalion of the phalanx, 565; the attempt at poisoning by his physician seems to have been a preconcerted farce, 565; exchange of prisoners, 566; goes to Sicily, 566; his son becomes king of Syracuse, 566; drives out the Carthaginians from Sicily, except from Lilybæum, 566; conquers the Mamertines, 566; siege of Lilybæum, 567; returns to Italy, lands near Locri, 567; attacked by a Carthaginian fleet, 567; battle of Taurasia, (Beneventum,) 567; leaves Milo behind in Tarentum, 568; returns to Epirus, 569; proclaimed king of Macedonia, 569; soon forsaken again, 569; expedition against Sparta, 569; marches to Argos, 569; his death, 569.

Pythagoras, uncertain whether an historical person, i, 458; the Pythagorean philosophy known at an early period to the Romans, 458; to be sought for among the Pelasgians, 472.

Pyxus, i, 458.

Q

Quadi cross the Danube, iii, 240, 242.

Quadratum saxum, flagstone, i, 518.

Quadriremes, ii, 12.

Quadrigarius, Q. Claudius, his history is brought down to about the time of Cicero’s consulship, i, 31; unwieldiness of his language, 31.

Quæstiones perpetuæ, analogous to the modern jury courts, ii, 345; assigned by Sylla to the prætors, 389; gave the verdict of innocence or guilt, and also had the right of pardoning, iii, 21.

Quæstor, his office ceases during the decemvirate, i, 298; chosen by the centuries, 325; Quæstores parricidii and Quæstores classici to be distinguished, 325; quæstores parricidii synonymous with the duum viri perduellionis, 325; the office thrown open in the year of the town 346 to both orders, 335, 340; quæstors appointed for Italy, 572; their number increased to eight, 572; by Sylla to twenty, ii, 389; by Cæsar to forty, iii, 74.

450Quæstura Ostiensis, ii, 335.

Quatremere de Quincy, i, 209.

Quatuorviri, i, 406.

Quinctilian, his saying on Cicero, iii, 94; on Cornelius Gallus, 138; restorer of good taste in Rome, 186, 228; on Domitian, 210; has a pension from him, 210.

Quinctilis, month, called July, iii, 114.

Quinctilius, brother of Claudius Gothicus, iii, 288, note.

Quinctius, see Cincinnatus, Crispinus.

Quinctius, Cæso, son of Cincinnatus, offers the most violent resistance to the lex Terentilia, i, 280; prosecuted on the Lex Junia, 281; leaves the town, 281; his death, 284.

Quinqueremes in the Macedonian, Sicilian, and Punic fleets, ii, 12; manned with three hundred rowers, and hundred and twenty marines, 13.

Quirinal Hill, iii, 223.

Quirites, the name wrongly adopted as a common one of the united Romans and Sabines, i, 123.

Quirium, name of the Sabine town, i, 129.

R

C. Rabirius, iii, 106.

Radagaise besieges Florence, iii, 331; forced back by Stilicho into the Apennines, 331.

Rafaelle, iii, 299.

Ramnes, name of the Latin tribe, i, 124.

Ranks, their line of demarcation formed by landed or moneyed property, iii, 4.

Rape of the Sabines, i, 117; their number, 117.

Rasena, original name of the Etruscans, i, 142, note.

Rastadt, murder of the French ambassadors, ii, 139.

Raudii, see Campi.

Ravenna, built on islands, iii, 333.

Rea Silvia, mother of Romulus, i, 112; Rea is a cognomen, 112; changed into a goddess, made the wife of the god Anio, 112.

Rebellio, instead of rebellis, iii, 245.

Regifugium, i, 198.

Regillus, battle, the account of it poetical, i, 218; its date not fixed, 219.

Regillus, M. Æmilius, at the head of a fleet against Antiochus, ii, 175; battle of Myonnesus, 175.

Regions of Servius Tullius, i, 173.

Regions of Rome, iii, 123; of Italy, 124.

Regulus, M. Atilius, consul, goes to Africa, ii, 20; battle of Adis, 21; takes Tunis and encamps near the river Bagradas 21; character, 21; conquered by Xanthippus, 23; legends concerning his death, 25; seem to have been taken from Nævius, 26.

Reichardt, his map of Italy thoroughly bad, i, 77.

Reimarus, Herm. Sam. editor of Dio Cassius, i, 66; iii, 127.

Reiske, J. J., his qualities, i, 42; his edition of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 42.

451Reiz, F. W., i, 73.

Remi, the most distinguished people among the Belgians, iii, 44; seem to have intrigued with the Romans, 44.

Removal, from the tribus rusticæ to the urbanæ, a nota ignominiæ, i, 174.

Remuria, a hill three miles south of Rome, i, 114; town on that hill, 114; Pelasgian, 116.

Remus, i, 113; according to some on the Aventine, according to others on the Remuria, 114; his end, 115; personification of the plebeians, 129.

Reno, river, iii, 91.

Representation, based on districts of towns, i, 157.

Republic, has the duty of providing for its members, ii, 295; restored in Rome after Caligula’s death, iii, 180.

Republics, in confederate republics similarity of constitution has no influence whatever on their mutual support, i, 237; drawbacks, 259; their forms sometimes a mere phantom, 279.

Resolutions of the people were to be carried before sunset, i, 270.

Responsa prudentum, given in the name of the emperor acquire real authority, iii, 231.

Revenue, tenths and fifths, i, 254.

Rhætians, of Etruscan race, i, 145, 370; iii, 151; their abodes, 151; stand their ground against the Gauls, i, 368.

Rhegium, i, 459; occupied by a mutinous Campanian legion, 567, 572; massacre, 573; besieged by the Romans, 573; conquered, 573.

Rhetoricians, Greek, their influence upon Roman literature, iii, 184, 227; in the second century, 235.

Rhianus, in his poem on Messene, clashes with Pausanias and Tyrtæus, i, 13.

Rhine, the population along its banks German, iii, 203.

Rhodes free, friend of the Romans, ii, 145; friend with Alexandria, 148; defends Ptolemy Epiphanes, 148; great and powerful, 151; against Antiochus, 167; their fleet defeated by the Syrians, 173; has the best seamen of the age, 173; its wealth, 183; thoroughly respectable, 183; tries to mediate between Rome and Perseus, 212; peace with Rome, 219; faithful to the Romans in the war of Mithridates, 364; besieged by Mithridates, 364; taken by Cassius, iii, 96; earthquake, 237.

Rhone, has its mouth choked up with silt, iii, 327.

Ricimer, iii, 342; a Sueve of royal race, 343; treachery to Marjorian, 344; conquers Rome, 346; dies, 346.

Rienzi is said to have read all the books of the ancients, i, 79.

Right of community, i, 165.

Robespierre, very likely had no purpose whatever, ii, 236.

Roche Blanche, ii, 78.

Rollin’s Roman history, i, 72.

Roma, a small place on the Palatine, i, 110; its name Greek, place of strength, 110; Pelasgian, 116.

Romances on Charlemagne, i, 87.

Roman empire, its extent at the end of the seventh century of the town, iii, 1.

452Roman history, existed from about the period of the secessio, i, 203; its sources destroyed by the Gallic conquest, 202; the same events very often recur again, 216; becomes general history, ii, 251.

Roman law distinctive with regard to the rights of persons and things, i, 295.

Romans by no means barbarians previous to the time when they learned from the Greeks, i, 15; unite with the Sabines, 118, 122; pay tithe to the Etruscans, 212; their laws not borrowed from those of Athens, 295; their hypocrisy, 424; their practice in sieges still in its very infancy, 473; fight with the pilum and the sword, 507; tactics, 530; treat their allies with more honour than other peoples, 572; never served in foreign armies, 577; their perseverance, ii, 11; build a fleet after the model of a Carthaginian quinquereme, 13, 38; their fleet destroyed in the Mediterranean by storm, 25, 27; always learn from their enemy, 30, note; lose a large merchant fleet, 34; embassy to the Achaians and Ætolians, 48; to Athens, 48; to Corinth, 48; get a part in the Isthmian games, 48; receive from the Athenians isopolity and admission to the Eleusinian mysteries, 49; awful liars when they want to lay the blame upon their enemies, 65; show themselves unskilful at the beginning of every great war, 74; in many respects slaves established usage, 82; example of their discipline, 84; their system of tactics the worst when the troops were not well trained, the best with practised soldiers, 88; would not ostensibly deviate from their principles, 118; their religion was not mythology, but theology, 194; universally hated, 204; their policy truly Macchiavellian, 207; their laws did not apply to the allies, 282; their art of war in Cæsar’s time, 326; conduct the Social war with troops of all nations, 353; murdered in Asia Minor, 363.

Rome, sister town to Antium and Ardea, i, 116, 223; the commemoration of the foundation of the city held in April, 117; formerly supposed to have been an Etruscan colony, 148; was under the last kings the capital of a mighty empire, 152; consisted originally very likely of three tribes, of a hundred clans each, 161; all the primary agencies in nature and in the world of intellect designated as male and female, 169; the liberties of the old town extended about one German mile on the road leading to Alba, 170; the oldest town consists of about a thousand households, 175; the boundary in the second period of the Volscian war on the other side of Tusculum, 275; census at the period of the Gallic calamity, 375; conquest by the Gauls, and fire of the town, 380; the summer in Rome pestilential, 380; pays its ransom to the Gauls probably from the treasure on the Capitol, 382; advantages of its situation, 386; tradition of the weakened state of Rome, 309; census after the first Punic war, dispute about it between Hume and Wallace, ii, 53; difficulty of besieging Rome, 94; unhealthy air, 94; after the war of Hannibal freedmen received as citizens, 187; standing army, 188; language in Rome at the end of the Republic, iii, 106; division in fourteen regions, 123; fire under Nero, 190; under Titus, 209; literary opposition to Carthage, 234; the thousandth anniversary of the city, 271; a great number of Christians among the middle classes, 273; 453fortified by Aurelian, the walls in a very bad state under Honorius, 330; besieged by Alaric, 333; laid in ashes, 334; conquered by Genseric, 342; taken by Ricimer, 345.

Romulus, his wondrous birth an historical impossibility, i, 81; the same his removal from the earth during an eclipse of the sun, 81; belongs, as son of Mars, to the cycle of the gods, 85; a personification of Rome, 85; legends, 111.

Romulus Augustulus, emperor, iii, 346.

Rorarii, i, 441.

Rostra stood between the comitium and the forum, i, 270; vetera and nova, iii, 162.

Royal races, of the Greek are dissolved into γένη ἀρχικὰ, i, 204.

Royalist party in Rome continued long time after the expulsion of the Tarquinii, i, 225.

Royal dignity, its abolition decreed by a Lex curiata, i, 201.

Rubicon, very likely in the neighbourhood of Cesena, iii, 53.

Q. Rubrius, tribune, ii, 285; very likely triumvir for the establishing of colonies, 301.

Rufinus, P. Cornelius, covetous, removed from the senate, i, 548.

Rufinus, præfectus prætorio, favourite of Theodosius, iii, 322; receives the government of the East, 328; murdered, 328.

Rufus, see Cælius.

Rullus, Servilius, moves for establishing a colony in Capua, iii, 34.

P. Rupilius, consul, puts an end to the servile war in Sicily, ii, 265.

Russia and Persia make war against each other for a couple of months every year on the frontiers of Georgia, i, 350.

Rusticus, Arulenus, writes the life of Pætus Thrasea, iii, 218.

Rusticus, see Fabius.

Rusticus, Junius, tutor of M. Antoninus, iii, 239.

Rutilius, i, 36.

F. Rutilius, legate of Metellus in Africa, ii, 321; an honest man, but condemned by the evidence of false witnesses, 341.

P. Rutilius Lupus, general against Pompædius Silo, killed in battle, ii, 356.

Rutilus, see Marcius.

Ryckius, Theodore, treatise on Æneas, i, 94.

S

Sabellus and Sabinus, synonymous, except that according to usage the name of Sabellians is given to the whole nation, and that of Sabines to a small district, i, 341; Sabines in the last half of the third century often seen as enemies of the Romans, 342; victory of Valerius and Horatius, 342; isopolity established between them, 342; emigration towards the South leaves off, 343; take no active share in the contest of the Romans and Latines, 438; isopolity, 572; great part of them receive the full right of citizenship, ii, 185.

Sabines, call themselves aborigines, push on the Opicans, i, 98; come according to Cato from Amiternum, 99; unite with the Romans, 118, 122; 454become one of the greatest peoples of Italy, 120; very likely they came only at a later period into the country afterwards occupied by them, 121; leagued with Rome under Servius Tullius, 186; allied with Rome under Sp. Cassius, 248; war against them, 323; declare for the Samnites, 534; conquered, 535.

Sabines, rape of the S., poetical, i, 81.

Sabine chapels on the Quirinal, i, 122.

Sabine town on the Quirinal and Capitolinus, i, 121.

Sabine element in the Roman worship, i, 122.

Sabinus, T. Flavius, brother of Vespasian, præfect of Rome, iii, 200.

Sacchetti, Francesco, novel, i, 67.

Sacra familiarum, unknown to the Romans, i, 161.

Sacra gentilitia, i, 161; could only be offered in Rome, 263.

Sacramentum, i, 317.

Sacranians, name of the conquering people at the popular migration in Latium, i, 103; the name explained, 103; unite with the Siculians under the name of Prisci Latini, 104.

Sacriportus, battle, ii, 381.

Sacrovir, Julius, rising against Tiberius, iii, 202.

Sæcula of the Etruscans, two sorts of them, i, 83; astronomical ones of a hundred and ten years, 83; nearly correspond to a hundred thirty years of ten months, 84; physical sæculum, 84.

Sagax, his continuation of Eutropius, i, 66.

Saguntum, Livy fancies that it lay East of the Ebro, ii, 69; Polybius knows nothing of the fact that it was to remain independent, 69; its siege did not happen in the year 534, but in 533, 71; was perhaps not purely Iberian, but Tyrrhenian, 71; the derivation from Zacynthus probably originated only from its name, 71; conquered, destroyed by the inhabitants themselves, 72.

Sailors, levied from the capite censi, ii, 33.

Salapia, an Apulian town, taken by Hannibal, recovered by the Romans, ii, 120.

Salarian gate, iii, 334.

Salassians may have been a Gallic people, i, 365; Ligurians, 370; ii, 81; iii, 151.

Salernum, it is doubtful whether it was Roman after the second Samnite war, i, 504.

Salii, brotherhoods on the Quirinal, i, 131.

Salinator, Julius, ii, 399, note.

Sallentines, war against the Romans, i, 511; allied with the Romans against Cleonymus, 511; acknowledge Rome’s supremacy, 571; fall off after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 107; conf. Messapians.

Sallust, writes detached parts of Roman history, i, 36; the histories begin from the time after Sylla’s death, 37; had an uncommon acquaintance with the old constitution, 224; his war of Jugurtha, ii, 307; reproached with malignity, but he is not sinning against truth, 313; historiæ, 391; the number of the books of the histories uncertain, 397; probably went down from the war of Lepidus to the end of the war of Pompey in Asia, 397; the historiæ were his last, Catiline the first, of his works, 397; has written the history of Catiline with great truthfulness, iii, 12; ill-treated by the soldiers 66; 455his style, 127; considerably younger than Cicero, 127.

Sallustius, præfectus prætorio, iii, 314.

Salluvians or Salyans, war against the Ligurians, ii, 307; conf. Salyans.

Salonius, i, 434.

Salvian, iii, 326; socialist views, 326; description of Carthage, 338.

Salvius, see Otho.

Salyans, war against them, ii, 200; see Salluvians.

Samaritans, iii, 230.

Sambre, battle, iii, 44.

Samnites, do not oppress the old Oscan people, but combine into one whole with them, i, 153; make conquests on the upper Liris, 410; league with Rome, 412; form a confederation of four peoples, Pentrians, Caudinians, Hirpinians, and Frentanians, 419; conquer Cumæ, 420; constitution, 421; their spread on the Liris was the cause which in 412 first engaged the Romans and Samnites in a war together, 422; attack the Sidicinians at Teanum, 423; peace, 436; allied with Rome in the battle of Veseris, 438; embassy to Alexander the Great, 469; friendly with the Greeks, 472; division of the second Samnite war, 474; had dependencies, 476; defeated by Fabius in the neighbourhood of Subiaco, 481; seek for peace, 485; conquered by Fabius, 485; again for peace, 485; looked upon by the Greeks as a Spartan colony, 489, note; ornament of their arms, 501; very likely had subsidies from Tarentum, 502; held Lucania in check, 502; lead a guerilla war, 503; the second war ended by the battle of Bovianum, 504; peace, 505; carry the war into Etruria, 526; end of the war, 534; peace, 534; embassy to Pyrrhus in Epirus, 557; their country laid waste, 560; conquered by Sp. Carvilius and L. Papirius, 569; peace, 569; in the service of Agathocles, 577; fall off from Rome after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 107; revolt in the Social war, 352; the Oscan the prevailing language among them, 353; end of the war, they receive the right of citizenship, 374; all but exterminated by Sylla, 385, 394.

Samnite people sprang from Sabine stock, i, 120; tradition of the founding of their country, 121.

Samos belonging to Egypt, ii, 145.

Samothrace, metropolis of Ilium, i, 96; their mysteries a gathering point of many men, 96; their worship akin to that of the Penates at Lavinium, ii, 214.

Sanchoniathon, his fragments genuine, ii, 1.

Sancus, Semo, his temple, i, 137.

Sandwich-islanders, their poetical traditions, i, 12, note.

Sannio, Pulcinella, earliest mention of this mask, ii, 352.

Santafedists in Naples were Lazzaroni, i, 513.

Sapor, king of Persia, iii, 279, 305, 307, 309.

Saracens, etymology, iii, 281; the name occurs long before Mohammed, 281.

Saragossa, founded, iii, 150.

Sardinia, subject to the rule of the Carthaginians, except the highlands, ii, 5; 456the way of living of the inhabitants the same to this day, 5; on the coast the Punic language and manners spread, 16; attack of the Romans, 16; submits to the Romans, 46; given up by the Carthaginians to the Romans, 46; refuse obedience, 52.

Sarmates, i, 370; break through the Roman frontier, iii, 242; uncertain whether they dwelt on the middle, or the lower Danube, 268; war of Maximin against them, 268; that of Probus, 288; their abodes, 300; Constantine’s wars, 300.

Sarmatian peoples, great move among them on the Dniepr, ii, 204; driven back over the Danube, iii, 151.

Sarsinates, acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, i, 571.

Sarti, i, 240.

Saticula, in the neighbourhood of Capua besieged by the Romans, i, 494; fortified, 497.

Satricum, i, 494.

Saturn, with him the first step of civilization begins, i, 110; Saturnus and Ops, deities of the generating powers, 169.

Saturnia, Siculian town on the Capitoline, i, 121.

Saturnian verse, i, 90; examples of it in Charisius, 90, and note; worked up in Plautus to a high degree of beauty, 90.

Saturnian year, consisted of thirty common years, i, 106; hundred Saturnians a grand year, 106.

Saturninus, L. Antonius, rising against Domitian in Germania Superior, iii, 213.

Saturninus, L. Apuleius, character, ii, 335; deposed from the quæstorship, 335; becomes a tribune of the people, 335; behaves in the most savage manner, 335; his legislation, 336; flatters Marius, 336; demands that the senate should swear to his Lex agraria, 337; killed, 340; his laws seem to have been repealed, 340.

Saturninus, Sentius, against Marbod, iii, 155.

Savigny, i, 73, note, 120; on land-tax, iii, 229, 301.

Saxo Grammaticus, tries to change the Danish Saga into history, i, 13.

Saxons, according to Wittikind, come out of Britain into Germany, according to the usual account from Germany to Britain, i, 102.

Scævola, interpreted, the left handed, means in the family of the Scævola, amulet, i, 211.

Scævola, see Mucius.

Scaliger, Joseph, receives without any hesitation the details of ancient history, i, 2, 38, 170; great philologist, iii, 235.

Scansion, by long and short syllables is Greek, ii, 197.

Scarphea, defeat of the Achæans, ii, 253.

Scaurus, historian, i, 36.

Scaurus, defeated by the Cimbrians and Teutones, ii, 324.

Scaurus, M. Æmilius, ambassador to Jugurtha, his character, ii, 312; Cicero holds him in great respect, 313; becomes quæsitor in Africa, 316; Cicero’s apostrophe to him, iii, 19.

Schärtlin von Burtenbach, ii, 394.

Schilhas, ii, 5.

Schiller, the great characters in Mary Stuart reviled, i, 461; struggles with the form, iii, 140.

457Schlegel, Friedrich, iii, 339.

Scholiast to the Ibis of Ovid, i, 578.

Schoolmen, iii, 348.

Schools, grammatical, existed in Rome until beyond the seventh century, in Ravenna even down to the eleventh, i, 53.

Schottus, Andreas, finished the annals of Pighius, i, 69.

Schrader, i, 387.

Von Schütz Major-General, a distinguished general, ii, 85.

Schubert, misled by Pighius, i, 69.

Schulting, i, 387.

Schwytz had its government and its territory not according to its subdivision, i, 157; the country people divided into four quarters, afterwards into six, 173, note.

Scepticism of the seventeenth century, i, 71.

Scindere vestem, i, 268.

Cn. Scipio, killed in Spain, ii, 121.

Scipio, L. Cornelius, brother of Africanus, consul, ii, 176; most insignificant, 177; conquers near Magnesia, 178; impeached, 184; found guilty, 185.

Scipio, L. Cornelius, consul, democrat, ii, 378.

Scipio, P. Cornelius, father of Africanus, consul, puts in at Marseilles, ii, 76; arrives at the Po whilst Hannibal was descending the Alps, 82; battle on the Ticinus, 83; wounded, 83; joined by Sempronius, 83; slain owing to the faithlessness of the Celtiberians, 121.

Scipio, P. Cornelius, Africanus, is the first to get a surname from a place which he had conquered, i, 217; not fully equal to Hannibal as a general, ii, 62; his letter to Philip of Macedon on his achievements, 62, 199; forgets himself after the victory, 66; well acquainted with Greek literature, 66; is said to have rescued his father from the battle on the Ticinus, 83; offers to go to Spain, 122; compels the young Romans after the rout of Cannæ to take an oath not to go away, 122; surnamed the Great, 122; his character, 122; takes Carthago nova, 123; puts down an insurrection in his camp, 130; goes over to Africa to visit Syphax, 131; consul, 132; is to be made consul and dictator for life, 133, and note; receives Sicily as a province, 133; supported by the Etruscan and Umbrian states, by the Sabines, Picentines, and Marsians, and others, 133; stays in Sicily, 134; crosses over to Africa, 135; gains, with the assistance of Masinissa, an advantage over the Carthaginians, 136; attacks the camp of Hasdrubal and Syphax, 136; conditions on which he first proposes to conclude the peace with Carthage, 138; battle of Zama, 140; opposes the demand for the extradition of Hannibal, 168; sent to treat with Antiochus, 170; conversation with Hannibal, 170; legate of his brother, 177; censor, 177; sick in Elæa, 177; his son taken prisoner, 177; the year of his death uncertain, 184; charges against him, 184; goes to Liternum, 185; his death, 193; goes as Roman commissioner to Carthage, 229.

Scipio, P. Cornelius, Paulli F., ii, 236; is not called Æmilianus, 237, note; character, 237; consul, 239; destroys Carthage, 243; against Numantia, 262; 458his cruelty, 263; declares against Tib. Gracchus, 289; his death, 290.

Scipio, Q. Cornelius, Pompey’s father-in-law, iii, 66.

Scipio Nasica, has written the history of the war of Perseus, ii, 199; son-in-law of Scipio Africanus, 213; did not wish Carthage to be destroyed, 231; is son of him who was called “the Best,” 231; conquers Andriscus, 246.

P. Scipio Nasica, grandson of “the Best,” heads the coalition against Tib. Gracchus, ii, 279; encourages consul Mucius Scævola to take strong measures, 286.

Scipio Serapio, origin of his surname, ii, 336.

Scipiones, P. and Cn., duo fulmina belli, ii, 35, 121; sent to Spain, 120; establish themselves in Tarragona, 120.

Scirians, i, 371.

Scordiscans, overrun Greece, ii, 308; their dwellings, iii, 3.

Scotland, sailed round by Agricola, iii, 211.

Scribæ, their class, i, 515; do the work of the officials, 515; minutes of the prætors kept by them, 515; did services for the bankers, 515.

Scribonia, wife of Augustus, mother of Julia, iii, 143.

Scriptores historiæ Augustæ, iii, 236; their incapacity, 245, 250; it is impossible to separate the several vitæ, 245.

Sculptures, on the arch of Antonine far inferior to those of the time of Trajan, 224.

Scuta introduced, i, 352.

Scutari, (now Scodra,) residence of Genthius, ii, 211.

Scyros, Athenian, ii, 164.

Scythed chariots, an Asiatic invention, found among the Celts, especially in Britain, ii, 179.

Scythians, i, 369.

Sebastian of Portugal, one of them very likely the true king, ii, 245

Sebastian, Julian’s general, iii, 313.

Σεβαστός, translation of Augustus, iii, 117.

Secessio of the Plebes, i, 236; said to have lasted four months, but cannot have lasted longer than a fortnight, 238; its result by no means a decisive victory of the plebeians, 243; under the rule of the decemvirs, according to some on the Mons Sacer, according to others on the Aventine, 311.

Secretaries, imperial, the statutes detestably drawn up by them, iii, 276.

Sedulius, Cælius, iii, 326.

Segestæans, Pelasgian or Doric people at the foot of Mount Eryx in Western Sicily, i, 575; betake themselves to the Carthaginians as their refuge, 575; boast of Troian descent, ii, 15; relieved by the Romans, 15.

Segida a town of the Celtiberians, ii, 222.

Segur, Marshal, his regulation, that only nobles were to hold commissions, i, 543.

Seius Strabo, of Vulsinii, father of Sejanus, iii, 174.

Sejanus, Ælius, friend of Tiberius, iii, 174; præfectus prætorio, 174; his character, 174; aims at supreme power and wishes to root out the whole of the emperor’s family, 175; his downfall, 176.

459Selden, i, 164, note.

Seleucia, reduced by Trajan, iii, 220; conquered by Avidius Cassius, 241.

Seleucidæ, poor in great men, Seleucus himself hardly deserves to be so called, ii, 165.

Seleucus Callinicus, suffers shipwreck, ii, 25; alliance with Rome, 50; war against Ptolemy Euergetes, 182.

Seleucus, brother of Antiochus, ii, 166.

Selinuntians, an Ionic people, i, 575.

Selinus, in Cilicia, afterwards Trajanopolis, iii, 221.

Selinus, in Sicily, destroyed by the Carthaginians, ii, 4.

Semo, see Sancus.

Sempronius, see Gracchus.

Ti. Sempronius Longus, consul at the outbreak of the second Punic war, ii, 73; sent to Africa, 74; lands at Malta, 83; returns, 83; dismisses his soldiers with orders to meet him again near Ariminum, they march to the Trebia and join Scipio, 84.

Ti. Sempronius Tuditanus, concludes peace for the Romans with Philip, ii, 147.

Sena Gallica, battle, ii, 126.

Senarius, may be Greek, iii, 198.

Senate, of one hundred persons, i, 118; the senate of the third estate was not consulted until the other two had voted, 163; had no authority by itself to declare war, 232; nothing could be taken to the Plebes direct from the senate, 269; sets up a bust to the wisest Greek, 296; becomes, towards the middle of the fourth century, an assembly chosen by the people, 335; its power increases, as that of the curies loses, 416; changed into a sort of elective council, its vacancies supplied from the quæstors, ii, 43; conduct towards Scipio, 130; had an unbounded power over the finances, 296; reorganized by Sylla, 386; enlarged, 389; never to be looked upon as a representative body, 389; its number increased by J. Cæsar, iii, 74, and note; purified by Augustus, 119; had its regular sittings three times a month, and holidays in the months of September and October, 119; is the supreme court to judge political crimes, 120; only a condemning machine in the hand of the tyrant, 173; was under Hadrian only a set of presumptuous people, 231; the senatorial dignity hereditary, 231.

Senators, are judges in all the causes which do not concern quiritary property, ii, 197; their census, iii, 4; no senator should be a general, which must have been different from what is generally believed, 289.

Senatus consultum de Bachanalibus, ii, 197, note.

Seneca, M., his Suasoria, iii, 59; Suasoria and Controversies, 185; writes his Controversies when upwards of eighty, 185.

Seneca, L. Annæus, the philosopher, his historical work probably one of the best, iii, 165; humbles himself before Polybus, 183; Ludus de morte Claudii, 184; remarkable character, 185; Dio Cassius’ opinion of him, 186; the similarity of his style to that of Rousseau and Buffon, 186; man of the world, Nero’s tutor, 189; enemy of Agrippina, 189; composes Nero’s speech after the murder of his mother, 190; executed, 191.

460Seneca, tragedies, iii, 139.

Senecio, Herennius, writes the life of Helvidius Priscus, iii, 213.

Seniores, limited to the defence of the walls only, i, 180; had as many votes as the juniores, 181.

Senonians, make their appearance in Gaul, i, 376; their territory, ii, 50.

Sentinum, battle, i, 529.

Septimius, see Severus.

L. Septimius, gives the advice to murder Pompey, iii, 63.

Septimuleius, from Anagnia fills the head of C. Gracchus with molten lead, ii, 306.

Sequani rise in Gaul, iii, 42.

Serena, niece of Theodosius, married to Stilicho, iii, 328; condemned to death, 330.

Serpent in the camp of Regulus, very likely borrowed from the Bellum Punicum of Nævius, ii, 21.

Serranus, Attilius, dictator, the same story told of him as of Cincinnatus, i, 282.