Front matter (continued 12)

I have anticipated a little in order to give some idea of the condition of things in Johnston's army, and will return to our interview with the general himself. He welcomed us with dignity, though there was a little reserve in his courtesy that was naturally due to the gravity of the responsibility and the duty imposed upon him. Hardee, as a subordinate, free from this burden, could afford to give way to a natural bonhommie, and the difference of situation emphasized the distinctive traits of the men. Johnston was a smaller man than Hardee, his uniform showed less care for appearances, his manner was quieter, but no one would for a moment fail to see that he was the commander. His quiet tones were clear, his gravity was full of conscious power, and the deference shown him by his subordinates was earnest and respectful.

The preliminary details of our task were soon settled. General Schofield had already promised rations to the Confederate troops whilst awaiting the issue of the certificates of parole, and on their way home; to give them railway transportation as far as railroads were running, and to carry out Sherman's offer to let the Confederate horses and mules be distributed as far as they would go, to assist the men on their way, and in putting in a crop for their families' support as soon as possible. When the necessary business was disposed of, the conversation became more general.

General Schofield inquired what was the number of officers and men to be paroled. Johnston replied that he could hardly be definite as he would like to be: his morning report of "effectives" gave only the men answering to their names with arms in their hands in the line of battle. It would not include stragglers or men detached or on special duty. His last return of effectives showed, as he said, about 16,000 men. Wade Hampton, with much of his cavalry, had refused to come in to Greensborough to be paroled with the rest, and were supposed to be either disbanded or to be making their way southward. Johnston thought the place of these might be made up by the classes not enumerated in the return of effectives, and that there might therefore still be about 16,000 in camp who would present themselves to be paroled. He then added that in this campaign their reports and returns had not been kept up promptly, and that he had relied for practical use upon a summary of the morning reports of "effectives." [Footnote: See pp. 424, 425, ante.] There could be no question as to his complete frankness and sincerity in this. The inquiry was put to make sure that we had enough printed blanks for the paroles, and it was a matter of mutual interest to get their issue completed with as little delay as possible. The Official Records, moreover, confirm his statement as to the abbreviated returns and the numbers they gave, while making clear their loose inaccuracy. [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. ii. p. 1382; pt. i. p. 1059; pt. iii. p. 839.] The most important fallacy in the Confederate return of "effectives" was that by giving only the arms-bearing men answering to the roll-call, it omitted the growing large class of stragglers hanging about the camps many of whom might be in line when an engagement occurred.

The number of officers and men actually paroled by us in the Carolinas turned out to be 39,012, which included men in hospitals, some naval officers and sailors, the quartermaster's and other special duty, detachments, etc. [Footnote: Id., pt. i. p. 1066.] Johnston's inspector-general reported on 3d May the number of "final papers" issued to the army proper at 27,749, and the number of men who received their share of the silver distributed on April 28th was 32,174, [Footnote: Id., pt. iii. pp. 850, 867.] the difference being in the cavalry, where 5000 men disbanded or went off with Hampton before the paroles were issued. The report of the paroles shows also that the Carolina troops had nearly all vanished during the campaign, the Western troops of Hood's old army making the great bulk of those who stayed with the colors.

Johnston was very warm in his recognition of the soldierly qualities and the wonderful energy and persistence of our army, and the ability of Sherman. Referring to his own plans, he said he had hoped to have time enough to collect a larger force to oppose Sherman, and to give it a more complete and efficient organization. The Confederate government had reckoned upon the almost impassable character of the rivers and swamps to give a respite till spring,--at least they hoped for this. "Indeed," said he, with a smile, "Hardee here" (giving a friendly nod of his head toward his subordinate) "reported the Salkehatchie swamps as absolutely impassable; but when I heard that Sherman had not only started, but was marching through those very swamps at the rate of thirteen miles a day, making corduroy road every foot of the way, I made up my mind there had been no such army since the days of Julius Caesar." Hardee laughingly admitted his mistaken report from Charleston, but justified it by saying that all precedent was against such a march, and that he would still have believed it impossible if he had not seen it done.

All the Confederate officers from Johnston downward were very earnest in impressing upon us their confidence that the army gave up the struggle without bitterness, and that we could rely not only upon their keeping their parole in good faith, but in their anxiety to become again good citizens of the United States in every sense of the word. The assassination of Mr. Lincoln was spoken of, as both an odious crime and an extremely great misfortune to the South, tending to involve the future in gloomy doubt by reason of the probable effect upon Northern public sentiment and upon the policy of Congress and the new administration. Hardee said that for himself he thought he should go abroad for a time, till the heated and exasperated feeling at the North should subside, and then return to his home and his private affairs. I do not remember that Johnston opened his mind on this point, and think he was gravely reticent, scarcely choosing to share with strangers, in our relation to affairs, the deep anxiety he must have felt. Hardee's means were understood to be more ample than most of the Southern officers possessed, and a course that was feasible for him was not so for most of them. The task of winning a mere livelihood was by no means a promising one for men left without a profession and without property, in a country that seemed to be irretrievably ruined.

When we closed the interview, I am very sure that we of the National side had already formed a very high opinion of the personal character of the distinguished officers we had met, and had begun to feel a sincere sympathy with them in their manifest purpose to meet honorably and manfully the demands of the new situation. I recorded at the time my own feeling that I had rarely met a man who was personally more attractive to me than General Johnston. His mode of viewing things was a high one, his thoughts and his expression of them were refined, his conscientious anxiety to do exactly what was right in the circumstances appeared in every word and act, his ability and his natural gift of leadership showed without effort in his whole bearing and conduct.

An incident which occurred at the time General Johnston left Greensborough is striking proof of the scrupulous exactness he was determined to exercise in carrying out the terms of the surrender. He had gone southward as far as Charlotte to superintend the last movement of his forces as a body and the final disbanding, and before parting with the members of his staff learned that one of them had preserved as a relic a little cavalry guidon of silk in the form of a national flag scarce larger than a handkerchief. The general immediately reclaimed it, and afterward sent it back under the provision of the surrender which agreed that all captured flags in the hands of the Confederates should be restored. He apologized for the staff officer, saying that he knew no wrong had been meant and the little flag had been regarded as a trifling but interesting relic; yet he felt that there should be no limitation on their part in carrying out strictly the terms agreed upon. The manner in which all this was done, quite as much as the thing itself, showed the earnestness and sincerity of his purpose to do everything in his power to enforce the spirit as well as the letter of every promise he had made for himself and his army. He had returned to his home at Danville, Va., before he had been able to send to us this flag with another that had been omitted, and his solicitude in regard to it, even in the midst of anxiety in regard to his family, was shown by a note which accompanied the parcel. It ran as follows:--

"DANVILLE, June 5th, 1865.

GENERAL,--I have requested Major Shackford, Provost Marshal of this post, to forward to you a small box containing the color, standard, and guidon which I mentioned to you in Greensborough.

I beg you to explain to Major-General Schofield that they were not in my possession when we were in Greensborough, nor until I reached Charlotte, and that they were not sent to him from that place because I expected to visit Raleigh and there deliver them to him. This visit was prevented by the condition of my family. You may remember that the same cause, as I explained to you orally, prevented my delivering them to you in person.

Most respectfully,

Your ob't serv't,

J. E. JOHNSTON.

MAJOR-GENERAL Cox, U. S. Army."

General Schofield and myself passed the night at the house of ex-Governor Morehead, who had urged us to do so. Our host had been one of the leading Whigs of North Carolina in the ante-bellum days, and with his friends and neighbors Gilmer and Graham had opposed secession at the beginning; but with the instinct of politicians, they had striven to lead the current they could not stop when once it had carried them away. The house was a comfortable villa in the Italian style, with a tower overlooking the rolling country for a long distance. The architecture was simple but effective, and the house had evidently been a home of comfort and ease in better times. We were frankly and cordially welcomed, and allowed to see the mixed feelings with which the reassembled family accepted the collapse of the Confederacy. Among the young people was a son of the governor who had been desperately wounded but had recovered. The rebellion had had their devoted support, but they said, "That is all past now," and seemed eagerly desirous to get into accord with the new order of things. The young man told of his army adventures, and compared notes with us as to camp life in the different armies. We were struck with the strong comparison he made in speaking of his wound. A bullet had entered his mouth and passed out at the back of his neck, and he said it felt, for all the world, as if a city lamppost with its cross-bar had been dragged through his head. I have no doubt this gave as good an idea of the sensation as possible, for I have often heard wounded men speak of the feeling of having received a terrible blow from some big and heavy thing, when hit with a musket-ball. The ladies entertained us with half-gay, half-pathetic stories of the way home-life had run on during the long campaigns, and of the ingenuity they were obliged to use to supply the place of tasteful articles of dress or adornment when the blockade had become stringent, and when each little community was thrown almost wholly upon its own resources. The head of the house discoursed more gravely of the situation of the country at large, and tried to forecast the future. Now that the surrender was made, he was anxious that the army should be disbanded and sent home as soon as possible, for the disposition of the Confederate soldiers to pay their arrears by pillage made him fear that his own farm would be stripped bare before they got away. There is no doubt that there was a good deal of cause for such anxiety, especially for leading men whom the private soldiers were disposed to hold largely responsible for all their woes. It was no slight test of character and good breeding, under such anxieties, for the family to pay delicate and courteous attention to the comfort of their guests, and to keep as far as possible in the background everything that might betray their own troubled feelings.

On Wednesday (3d May) General Schofield returned to Raleigh, leaving me in responsible command of the district. [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. pp. 394, 407.] By administering the parole to the troops by companies and regiments, keeping a number of officers at work and using abundant clerical assistance in verifying the copies of rolls, the task had been completed in a couple of days, and General Johnston began to move his men southward. General Cheatham with the Tennessee troops marched across the Great Smoky Mountains, but the others were ordered to rendezvous at West Point in Georgia, which was a central place for all who lived in the Gulf States, from which they could most readily reach their homes. While they remained together they were fed by us, and we furnished rations sufficient to sustain them on the journey. Our ration, too, was quite a different thing from theirs, and the men seemed more affected by this bestowal of unwonted and abundant supplies than by any other incident in the surrender. They said it seemed hardly possible that men who were but yesterday arrayed in deadly hostility to them, could now be supplying their wants so liberally.

Whilst they stayed they seemed never to tire of watching our men on duty and on the various parades. Our guard-mounting was particularly a show affair. From the moment the music struck up on the parade ground, and the detachments for the guard from the different companies began to file out and march into place, there was always a large concourse of the men in gray making a most interested body of spectators. The smart appearance of the men, the rapid inspection of arms, of haversacks and knapsacks, the march in review, the assignment to posts, the final marching off the field, all seemed to give them great enjoyment. They said they had not paid much attention to the formalities which so greatly relieve the drag and labor of military life even in the field, and they were ready with cordial and appreciative praise of the discipline and finish in drill which they saw.

As the Confederate troops left Greensborough, I concentrated my own corps there, [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. pp. 376, 384, 396, 502.] sending one of the infantry divisions to Salisbury, and Kilpatrick's cavalry division to posts still farther toward the southwest. A visit of inspection which I made to Salisbury gave me the opportunity of examining the site of the recent prison camp there. The treatment of our prisoners by the Confederate authorities is a repellent subject, and I would gladly pass it by and say nothing discordant with the tone of high honor and respectful good-will which marked the conduct of the leading officers of the Confederate forces in the field. We may fairly admit that the resources of the Confederacy had been so taxed that food and clothing were hard to procure, and that their armies in the field were ill-fed and in rags. There is, however, a limit beyond which a government calling itself civilized may not go, and as the public opinion of the world, crystallized into what we call international law, will not permit the wholesale decapitation of prisoners, as might be done by a king of Ashantee or Dahomey, so it forbids the herding of captive men in a mere corral, leaving them utterly without shelter of any sort through the sleet and rain of winter, near the North Carolina mountains. It forbids starving them to death or leaving them to rot with scurvy because they are not supplied with wholesome food and medicines. It is the plain duty of a civilized government to parole and send home military prisoners who cannot be fed or sheltered. If controversies as to exchange existed, such conduct would have been the surest way to shame us out of any position that was wrong, and the public opinion of the world would have been powerful in making it the more profitable way, as it was the only one not utterly barbarous. I speak with a solemn sense of the obligation to avoid every railing accusation when I say that it would have been humane and civilized in the comparison, if the prisoners at Andersonville and Salisbury had been shot down by fusillades or quickly poisoned by wholesale (as Napoleon was accused of doing at Jaffa) instead of subjecting them to death by starvation and exposure which swept them away at a rate no plague ever rivalled or approached. I have seen too much of the Southern people, in arms in the field and in their homes, to believe for one moment that they would knowingly approve the treatment our prisoners received. But their own reputation before the world makes it their duty to fix the responsibility for a great crime upon those whose commands or whose criminal negligence caused horrors which are among the most odious things in the world's history.

I had seen at Wilmington and Goldsborough the condition of train-loads of these released captives. Their situation has been surgically and medically recorded in the surgeon-general's official reports. There is no room for dispute. They were men reduced to idiocy and to the verge of the grave by the direct effects of hunger and exposure and the diseases necessarily connected with such suffering. They were not of the dregs of humanity, who might be said to fall into animality when the restraints of society and of discipline were removed. They were many of them men who had respected positions and refined surroundings at home. These were the victims who looked vacantly with glazed eyes and could mumble no intelligent response when asked their names, where was their home, what was the name of the mother that bore them.

At Salisbury the pen in which part of the prisoners had been kept was still to be seen. There were, as I remember it, two levels or "benches" in it, and in the little bluff or slope from one to the other were still to be seen the holes the poor prisoners had dug to make a little cave in the earth that would drain itself and give some shelter from the winter weather. I talked to women of the place who with tears upon their faces told of the efforts some of them had made to have the worst of the treatment corrected, or to procure some mitigation of the want and hardship. The evidence seemed conclusive that any marks of common sympathy or Christian pity were repelled by the officials in charge of the prisoners and treated as indications of disloyalty to the Confederate government.

The Confederacy was full of places where the almost limitless forest afforded timber without end, and the labor of the prisoners themselves under the same guards that garrisoned the prison would have comfortably housed and warmed them, and then the scant and wretched rations would not so soon have been the cause of emaciation and disease. The risk of escape would not have been great, and I doubt if as many would have got away as in fact managed to do so in the actual circumstances. The almost certainty of sickness and death nerved many a man to incredible exertions to be free, who would have waited more patiently for an exchange if his condition had been less intolerable or less sure of a fatal result. But even if there had been some more escapes, it would be no argument in favor of the horrible system which was adopted. There is no resemblance between the situation of prisoners in a pen, and that of soldiers in bivouac. The latter build shelters of rails or of brushwood, if they have no shelter-tents, and they are very rarely stinted in firewood. Their active life helps to preserve their vigor. To liken these to men without shelter of any kind and without fire enough to cook by, herded inside a ring-fence in winter weather, is an abuse of words. Enough of the shocking subject!

As soon as headquarters baggage could be brought up I established my own camp in the northern edge of Greensborough, in a grove which was part of the grounds attached to the mansion of Mr. Dick, since that time judge of the United States District Court. The first impression of the people was that all government was now in the hands of the army, and we had no little difficulty in correcting it. The policy of the government was to recognize the ordinary courts and local magistrates, and to support their authority in preserving the peace, punishing crimes, and determining ordinary civil rights. The political organization of the State was left subject to such changes or conditions of reconstruction as might be prescribed by national statute. The army, however, was the present palpable fact. The muskets and the cannon were physical engines of power that everybody could see, and everybody knew that the commandants of department and district could use them if need be. There was, therefore, a national tendency, both in civil magistrates and in the people, to refer all sorts of questions to the military authorities. I tried in good faith to make it understood within my own district that we were averse to meddling with local affairs, and wished the ordinary current of civil administration to run on in its accustomed channels till it should be replaced by that which should have the new authority of a reconstructed state under Acts of Congress. I not only promulgated this through the military channels, but I accepted several invitations to address the people at different points and explain our attitude and purpose during the interregnum, and to give them serious advice as to their conduct in the very trying circumstances in which they were. It need hardly be said that the gist of this advice was to recognize the absolute death of the system of slavery, to deal with the freedmen with perfect sincerity as free laborers who were at liberty to make the best bargain they could for their labor, and to confine for the present their political activity to the duty of keeping alive such local magistracies as would prevent the community from falling into anarchy. There was a wistful solicitude noticeable in people of all classes to know what was to become of them. Their leaders had educated them to believe that the success of the National arms would mean the loss of every liberty and subjection to every form of hateful tyranny. Yet they almost universally showed a spirit of complete resignation to what might come, and a wish to conform obediently to everything enjoined by the officers of the occupying army. It was the rarest thing in the world to meet with anything like sullen resistance or hostile or unfriendly utterances. [Footnote: The same disposition in the people was noticed elsewhere in the South. Halleck said, in a dispatch of April 22d, "From all I can learn, Richmond is to-day more loyal than Washington or Baltimore." (Official Records, vol. xlvi. pt. iii. p. 888.) Sherman sent similar reports from Savannah. (Id., vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 371.)] My own stay in North Carolina did not extend into the period of the provisional governments authorized by Acts of Congress, and I was not personally witness to the varying phases of sentiment among the people at that time.

The political character of North Carolina during the war had been different from that of the Gulf States. We found very few indeed who were known as "original Secessionists." The "old Whigs" had given the tone to public sentiment, and the community as a whole had sincerely desired that the Union might be preserved. Yet a society based upon slavery had such community of interest with the States further south that it was soon dragged into the secession vortex. When once war had begun, the growth of hostility against what was regarded as their public enemy was rapid, and in every State a war party in time of war has a great advantage over the opposition. The charge of "giving aid and comfort to the enemy" is too powerful a weapon against the minority, and the outward appearance was soon that of almost complete unanimity in the desperate struggle to make secession a success. Party leaders were borne along upon the current, and vied with each other in extravagant professions of devotion to the Confederacy.

In such circumstances the men who were at heart opposed to the war thought they were doing all that was wise or prudent in making what they called a constitutional opposition to the Davis government, professing to acquiesce in the Confederate organization, but urging the negotiation of peace on the best attainable terms. In the fever of actual conflict the following of such men was small, although it seemed plain to me that a majority of the people of the State sympathized with them at heart.

The outspoken Union men were, almost as a matter of course, treated as traitors, and lived under a reign of terror. In the mountains, where their numbers were considerable, they were the victims of a relentless guerilla warfare, as the same class was upon the other slope of the Great Smokies in East Tennessee.

Out of these classes came the elements of new struggles for political power. The minority naturally felt that their time had now come, and were not altogether patient with the principles of our democratic Constitution, which require that a majority shall not be disfranchised, and which therefore make it practically impossible that a minority shall rule. At the time I am speaking of, these elements were quiet in the first stunning effect of the collapse of the Confederacy; but we could see the tendencies to antagonisms that were to agitate the State during the next decade.

The negroes were, of course, of none of these parties. Very few of the whites were in favor of emancipation on principle, though all accepted it as the inevitable result of the war. Tacitly or avowedly, they all admitted that the fate of the "system" had been the real issue at stake, and that the surrender meant universal freedom. But the colored people were ignorant, and had cherished strange illusions as to the change which was to come to them. It was a common belief among them that the whites were to be stripped of all property, and the land to be given to them. We had heard curious discussions among them around the camp-fires, in which they had apportioned the real and personal property among themselves. The faith that they were each to have "forty acres and a mule" was of a little later growth. The first noticeable thing among them after the surrender was the almost universal disposition to quit work. It would have been very natural that they should wish for a great holiday, and try to realize their freedom by extending it at their own will, and thus prove to themselves that no man was their master. But in addition to this, they seemed to fear that any continuance of the relation of laborers for their former masters would cover some waiver of their right to freedom. Yet, as they had hopes that the real estate would be given to them by the National government, they were disinclined to leave the old home. The outcome was that for a time they occupied their old quarters and asserted a kind of proprietorship in them, whilst they "struck" from labor.

When it is remembered that the kitchen of Southern houses is a detached building of which the servants have exclusive occupation, it will easily be understood that the situation was anything but comfortable for housekeepers. Oftentimes they could neither hire cooks nor get access to the open kitchen fire and the rude utensils which the colored people appropriated as their own. According to my observation, the Southern white women were very systematic and thorough in the supervision of household work, but were necessarily ignorant of the actual manipulation. They knew what flour and other ingredients to weigh out for a batch of bread, but they had never done the baking. Some of them tried their first experiments over the open fire with "Dutch ovens" and other primitive implements, whilst a group of colored women sat around commenting drolly but most exasperatingly upon the results. As a temporary compromise, we were obliged to "clear the kitchen" by military authority, making it known that that was part of the "house," and that if the mistresses of the mansion had to do their own work, it was not necessary that it should be done before such an "audience." Such a social crisis is always short, but it is very severe. No doubt those who have gone through it look back upon it as one does upon the day after a fire, when the wretchedness of dirt and destruction seems hopeless, but, like other mundane things, soon passes away and is spoken of as all "part of a lifetime."

A delicate and amiable lady, whose fortune at her marriage had been of that ample sort which was measured in Southern parlance as "a hundred negroes," herself told me, with a mixture of tearful pathos and recognition of the comic side of it, of her own first efforts to make a batch of soda biscuit for her husband and children after she got possession of her kitchen. She knew all about the rule, but in new practice the rule didn't work. The ingredients got wrongly mixed; the fire was too hot or not hot enough; some biscuits were burnt to a crisp, some were not cooked, and none were eatable, and her heart was ready to break at the prospect of her family's condition till something could be done to remedy the trouble. In more than one household our officers' messes helped tide over the painful interval by giving camp hospitality and friendly assistance to their new neighbors. We frequently heard housekeepers say that if they only had the snug ranges of Northern kitchens within the house they would have made light of the labor; but their outdoor kitchens and primitive methods, which produced appetizing results in the hands of colored cooks who had been brought up to them, were killing upon those who had been delicately reared.

We saw more of the domestic form of this social anarchy than of farm labor, for the outdoor work could wait, whereas the indoor work could not. The same difficulty was everywhere, however, and the intelligence of the community soon hit upon temporary expedients. Such men as Mr. Gilmer and Judge Dick took the lead in advising the colored people to avoid their apprehended risk of compromising their freedom, by hiring out temporarily to work for others than their old masters. By thus changing about, the consciousness of working under a voluntary contract was stronger, and the uneducated brain was less puzzled to tell whether any change of situation had really come. We did our best to dispel the notion that wealth and idleness were to follow emancipation, and to encourage the freedmen to resume industrious labor as the foundation of real freedom and independence. [Footnote: See General Schofield's Order No. 46; Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 503.] The peaceful character of the colored people was shown even in what they supposed was a great revolution in their favor. There was no rioting or angry disturbance,--no effort to accomplish anything by force. They abandoned for the time their usual employments, and congregated in their quarters or in groups about the streets, waiting for some great thing to happen. There was, of course, plenty of talk and some excitement, but even this gradually diminished; and as they began to realize that without work there would be no food, they made such bargains as suited them, and the affairs of the plantation and of the house began to move on. The owners of property did not hope for profits; they expressed themselves earnestly as anxious only that such crops might be raised as would save the community, white and black alike, from absolute destitution. I know of prominent examples of well-known men offering the farm hands all that they could raise for that season if they would only go to work and plant something which could still ripen into food. The season was advancing, and a little delay was very dangerous. The last chance for a crop in that year would soon be gone. The influence and advice of sagacious and prudent men was never more useful, for society seemed to be resolved into its original elements when all authority but the military went for nothing. As soldiers, we refrained from meddling in civil affairs, but it was understood that we should preserve the peace and allow no force to be used by others. It was a time when everybody felt the need of being patient and conciliatory, and the natural authority of known character and wisdom asserted itself. Everybody soon went to work to make a living, and the burning problems of political and social importance were postponed.

A serious inconvenience was immediately felt in the lack of a circulating medium. The Confederate currency was at once made worthless by the failure of the rebellion, and there was nothing to take its place. The extent to which its depreciation had gone was amusingly shown by a printed notice and list of prices I found posted in a country tavern, already some months old. In it the price of a dinner was put at ten dollars, and other meals and accommodation in proportion. Still this currency had served for business purposes, and it being gone, the community had to go back for the time to primitive barter.

We had opportunity to notice to what great straits the people had been reduced for two years in the matter of manufactured goods of all kinds. Factories of every sort were scarce in the South when the war began, and resources of every kind were so absorbed in the war that there was no chance for new ones to spring up. Carriages, wagons, and farm implements went to decay, or could only be rudely patched up by the rough mechanics of the plantation. The stringent blockade shut out foreign goods, and the people were generally clothed in homespun. In many houses the floors were bare because the carpets had been cut up to make blankets for the soldiers. Ladies made their own shoes of such materials as they could find. They braided their own hats. They showed a wonderful ingenuity in supplying from native products the place of all the articles of use which had formerly been imported from foreign lands or from the North. Taste asserted itself, perhaps all the more in such discouraging circumstances, and feminine refinement and love of adornment worked marvels out of the slenderest materials. A home-made straw hat ornamented with feathers of barnyard fowls and domestic birds was often as jaunty and as pretty as any Parisian bonnet. Simple dyes were made to give to coarse cotton stuffs a lively contrast or harmony of pure colors as effective as the varied and elaborate fabrics from the European looms. In some respects this self-dependence heightened the personal advantages of those who excelled in ingenuity, in taste, and in skill; for the clothes indicated better the character of the wearer than those which are made on one pattern in the shop of a fashionable mantua-maker.

Adversity has such uses and such compensations that I should hardly reckon the poverty of the Southern States during 1864-65 as a burden greatly felt in private life. All such things are comparative, and where all the people undergo the same privations, the odious comparisons and jealousies between richer and poorer disappear in a measure. A simple life full of great enthusiasms is one a philosopher may find much satisfaction in, and has, many a time, been pictured as an ideal calculated to bring out the best qualities of men and women and therefore to make life more truly enjoyable. I greatly doubt if Southern people, in looking back on the war time, find anything to regret in the simple fare and plain dress of the enforced economy of that period. The real griefs and burdens, if I am not mistaken, came from other sources. Among thoughtful people there must have been from the summer of 1863 serious doubts of the possibility of a successful outcome of their struggle, and a growing and unhappy conviction that the fearful waste of life and treasure would be in vain. They must have had grave misgivings also as to the righteousness of a cause which championed an institution condemned by the whole world and in conflict with the general progress of Christendom. To see their best and bravest consumed in the fire of successive battles, and to be waiting only till the slaughter should make it impossible to keep armies in the field, must have been a grief and a suffering which made all physical deprivations seem small indeed.

I think I cannot be mistaken in the judgment I formed at the time, that to the great body of the Southern people it was a relief that the struggle was really over; that they breathed more freely and felt that a new lease of life came with peace. They had been half conscious for a good while that it must end so, and they were in the mood to be at least resigned, if not readily to profess the pious conviction that "it was all for the best." With the reactions and political exasperations that came later, I have here nothing to do. My purpose has been to reproduce, as far as my memory serves, the scenes and the surroundings of that last military duty of the great war. Why it was that the mellowness of spirit which seemed then so prevalent could not have ripened without interruption or check into a quicker and more complete fraternization, belongs to another field of inquiry. The military chronicler stops where he was mustered out.

A summer ride which a party of us took to the battlefield of "Guilford-Old-Court-House" may be worth noting as an encouragement to believe that our descriptions of the scenes of our own engagements need not become unintelligible even in the distant future. Among the combats of our Revolutionary War, Guilford Court House ranks high in importance; for the check there given to the invading British army under Lord Cornwallis by the Continental forces under General Greene was the turning-point in a campaign. Greensborough is the present county-seat of Guilford County, and the "Old Court House," a few miles distant, has disappeared as a village, a few buildings almost unused being the only mark of the old town. Natural topography, however, does not change its material features easily, and in this case a cleared field or two where the forest had formerly extended seemed to be the only change that had occurred in the past century. With General Greene's official report of the battle in our hands, we could trace with complete accuracy every movement of the advancing enemy and his own dispositions to receive the attack. We could see the reasons for the movements on both sides, and how the undulations of surface and the cover of woods and fences were taken advantage of by either commander. Military principles being the same in all times, we found ourselves criticising the movements as if they had occurred on one of our own recent battlefields. It brought the older and the later war into almost startling nearness, and made us realize, as perhaps nothing else could have done, how the future visitor will trace the movements in which we have had a part; and when we have been dust for centuries, will follow the path of our battalions from hill to hill, from stream to stream, from the border of a wood to the open ground where the bloody conflict was hand to hand, and will comment upon the history we have made. It pointed the lesson that what is accurate in our reports and narratives will be recognized by the intelligent critic, and that the face of the country itself will be an unalterable record which will go far to expose the true reasons of things,--to show what statements are consistent with the physical conditions under which a battle was fought, and what, if any, are warped to hide a repulse or to claim a false success. Nature herself will thus prove the strongest ally of truth.

NOTE.--General Cox was the spontaneous choice of the "Union Party" of Ohio for Governor, and was nominated at its Convention held in Columbus, June 21,1865, while he was still engaged in his military duties in North Carolina. At a ratification meeting, held in the evening after the Convention, Senator Sherman said, speaking of the ticket: "It is headed by a gentleman who is not only a soldier, but a statesman and scholar,--a man of the highest and purest character,--a man who, in all the walks of life, will be a model for us all. I thank you for that nomination,--although I believe the people made it before the Convention met." At a reception in honor of General Sherman given in Columbus, July 13, 1865, the general himself was called on to speak. After mentioning Grant, whose fame was secure, and McPherson, his beloved companion in arms, he said: "And here is General Cox, who is your candidate for Governor,--a man who did his whole duty from first to last and did it well and will do it to the end."

General Cox was elected by a handsome majority, served one term, returned to the practice of the law, and in 1869 was appointed Secretary of the Interior, by General Grant. Retiring to private life at the end of twenty months, he occupied many positions of trust and honor: President of the Toledo and Wabash Railroad, Member of Congress from the Toledo District, President of the Cincinnati University, Dean of the Cincinnati Law School, etc. His reading was extensive; his scholarship profound. In microscopic research he attained world-wide distinction and he received the Gold Medal of Honor at the Antwerp Exposition of 1891, for excellence in micro-photography.

He was thrice honored with the degree of LL.D., the last time by Yale College, in June, 1877. As an indication of the esteem in which he was held by those among whom he went as an armed invader, it should be mentioned that one of the degrees was conferred by the University of North Carolina, in June, 1870.

He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Royal Microscopical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, the Cobden Club, and a number of others.

His contributions to the magazines, historical, literary, and scientific, were numerous, and his series of critical and biographical reviews in "The Nation," from the beginning of its publication to the summer of 1900, constitutes a most valuable and interesting commentary on public men and affairs and military operations at home and abroad.

His public addresses, many of which were published in pamphlet form, were marked for their literary finish, their wealth of learning and suggestion, their deep philosophical insight, and their lofty patriotism.

He had little leisure for writing books, but has contributed to the literature of the war several articles in "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War"; the volumes on "Atlanta," and "The March to the Sea, Franklin and Nashville," in the Scribner War Series; "The Second Battle of Bull Run," in which he took issue with the findings of the Second Court of Inquiry in the Fitz-John Porter case; "Franklin," a detailed account of that battle, together with the events leading up to it and the controversies following it; the last half of Force's "Sherman" in the Great Commander Series; and the above "Military Reminiscences." However much men may differ with his conclusions, none who knew him personally ever questioned his candor and sincerity, and his disposition to be absolutely fair in his treatment of others.

W. C. C.

APPENDIX C

TESTIMONIALS OF COMMANDERS

Rosecrans, in his Report of the Campaign of 1861, Nov. 25, 1861. Official Records, vol. v.p. 259.

"It is a great pleasure to say to the commanding general that I have found General Cox prudent, brave, and soldierly, and I specially commend his prudence and firmness in occupying Cotton Hill, details of which are given in his report in the appendix."

Rosecrans, in Correspondence with McClellan, Nov. 19, 1861, asking for Changes in Officers, etc. Official Records, vol. v.p. 657.

"General Cox is the only reliable man here;" i. e., of the brigadiers with him at Gauley, Schenck having gone home sick.

McClellan, to Army Headquarters, after South Mountain and Antietam,Oct. 5, 1862. Official Records, vol. xix. pt. ii. p. 383.

"MAJOR-GEN. HALLECK, General-in-Chief.

In compliance with your instructions, General Cox has been ordered to report to you for duty on the Kanawha. General Cox's gallant services in the battle of South Mountain and at Antietam, during which, after Reno's fall, he commanded an army corps, contributed greatly toward our success in those hard-fought engagements. He has been recommended by General Burnside, his immediate commander, for promotion. Although I am now to lose the services of this valuable officer with this army, it is no more than an act of justice to him that I should concur in the recommendation of General Burnside, which I do most cordially and earnestly, and request that the promotion be made at once. (Signed) GEORGE B. McCLELLAN, Maj.-Gen."

Schofield to Sherman, after the Atlanta Campaign. Official Records, vol. xxxix. pt. ii. p. 366.

"HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF THE OHIO, DECATUR, GA., Sept. 12th, 1864.

MAJOR-GEN. W. T. SHERMAN, Commanding Military Division of the Mississippi.

GENERAL,--I have the honor to recommend for promotion the following named officers of my command for gallant and meritorious services during the campaign just ended:

Brigadier-General J. D. Cox is now the senior Brigadier-General of Volunteers in active service. He has held various important commands during the war and was appointed Major-General in 1862, but his name was withdrawn from the list sent to the Senate for confirmation, because of the limitation by law of the number of Major-Generals authorized to be appointed. General Cox commanded the 23d Army Corps for some time previous to the assignment of Major-General Stoneman to that command. During the summer's campaign he has commanded the third division of that corps under my immediate personal observation. I have no hesitation in saying that I have never seen a more able and efficient division commander. General Cox is possessed of a very high order of talent and superior education. As a commander he is discreet, energetic, and brave. As a just reward for long, faithful, and efficient service, and as an act of justice to the army and the country, I earnestly recommend that Brigadier-General J. D. Cox be appointed Major-General of Volunteers.

I earnestly hope all the appointments above recommended may be made. Should the number of vacancies in the grades of Major-General and Brigadier-General not justify the appointment of so large a number from this army, I respectfully request that the officers who may not be appointed may receive the Brevet of the rank for which they are recommended. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, (Signed) J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General Commanding."

Sherman to Halleck, after the Atlanta Campaign. Official Records, vol. xxxix. pt. iii. p. 413.

"HEADQUARTERS, MIL. DIV. OF THE MISS. IN THE FIELD, GAYLESVILLE, ALA., Oct. 24,1864.

GENERAL H. W. HALLECK, Chief of Staff, etc.

GENERAL,--I always designed to canvass the claims to promotion of all aspirants in the army, so as to save the President the invidious task of judging among so many worthy men, all of whom can only be known to him by the record. But events and movements have followed each other so rapidly that my army commanders have not been able to attend to the matter, but have sent into my office the detached papers of each. These I herewith inclose, indorsed with my own individual opinion. I have not General Thomas' list, but will instruct him to send it direct from Nashville, where he now is. If necessary [sic] to promote to divisions and brigades the officers now exercising the rank of major-general and brigadier-general, it be necessary to create vacancies, I do think the exigencies of the country would warrant the muster out of the same number of generals now on the list that have not done service in the past year.

The following persons should be promoted to the rank of major-general: . . .

Army of the Ohio: Brig.-Gen. J. D. Cox to be major-general....

All these are actual division commanders, men of marked courage, capacity, and merit, who are qualified to separate commands....

I am, with respect, your obedient servant, (Signed) W. T. SHERMAN, Major-General."

Schofield to Thomas, after the Battles of Franklin and Nashville. Official Records, vol. xlv. pt. ii. p. 273.

"HEAD QUARTERS, ARMY OF THE OHIO, FRANKLIN, TENN., Dec. 19, 1864.

MAJ.-GEN. GEORGE H. THOMAS, Commanding Dep't of the Cumberland.

GENERAL,--I have the honor to enclose herewith a letter to Maj.-Gen. Halleck, Chief of Staff, urging the promotion of Brig.-Gen. Cox, and to urge that it may be forwarded with your indorsement. Unless General Cox can obtain the promotion which he has so often earned, he will soon quit the service, which would be an irreparable loss to my command. I am, general, Very Respectfully, Your obed't serv't, (Signed) J. M. SCHOFIELD, Maj.-Gen."

Schofield to Halleck, after the Battles of Franklin and Nashville. Official Records, vol. xlv. pt. ii. p. 273.

"HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF THE OHIO, FRANKLIN, TENN., Dec. 19, 1864.

MAJOR-GENERAL H. W. HALLECK, Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, D. C. GENERAL,--I desire earnestly to ask your attention, and, through you, that of the President and Secretary of War, to the claims of Brigadier-General J. D. Cox to promotion. It is unnecessary to recite, in detail, the services of so distinguished an officer. He has merited promotion scores of times by skilful and heroic conduct in as many battles. He is one of the very best division commanders I have ever seen, and has often shown himself qualified for a higher command.

Permit me to say that in overlooking the merits of such an officer as General Cox, the Government has, unintentionally of course, committed an act of great injustice, and one which must soon deprive the country of his services. An officer cannot exercise for three years a command which he is universally admitted to be eminently qualified for, and yet be denied the corresponding rank, while his juniors, notoriously less deserving, are promoted, without feeling such mortification and chagrin as must drive him from the army.

Excuse, General, the earnestness with which I refer to this matter. I do not exaggerate the merits of the case; on the contrary, I do not half state it. I am, General, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General."

Thomas to Halleck, after the Battles of Franklin and Nashville. Official Records, vol. xlv. pt. ii. p. 274.

[Indorsement] "HEAD Q'RS, DEP'T OF THE CUMBERLAND. IN THE FIELD, TENNESSEE, Dec. 20, 1864.

Respectfully forwarded, earnestly recommending the promotion of Brig.-Gen. J. D. Cox to the grade of Major-General. His services on the Atlanta campaign entitle him to the promotion asked for, and at the battle of Franklin he was eminently distinguished for personal courage as well as for the skilful management of his command.

(Signed) GEORGE H. THOMAS, Maj.-Gen. Com'g."

Thomas to Halleck, Dec. 23, 1864, again recommending General Cox for Promotion. Official Records, vol. xlv. pt. ii. pp. 234, 235.

"HEADQUARTERS THIRD DIVISION, 23D ARMY CORPS. ON GRANNY WHITE PIKE, December 17, 1864.

MAJ. J. A. CAMPBELL, Ass't Adj't-Gen., Army of the Ohio.

MAJOR,--I have the honor to claim for my command the capture of eight pieces of the enemy's artillery, in the charge made by the first brigade last evening. The four pieces captured by the Eighth Tennessee Infantry, as stated by Colonel Doolittle in the accompanying dispatch, were not put under guard at the moment, and a guard was subsequently put over them and the pieces claimed by McArthur's division, Sixteenth Corps.

J. D. Cox, Brigadier-General Commanding."

[Inclosure] "H'DQ'RS, 1ST BRIGADE, 30 Div., 23d ARMY CORPS. IN THE FIELD, December 17, 1864.

CAPT. THEODORE Cox, Ass't Adj't-General.

SIR,--I have the honor to report that in the charge on the enemy's works yesterday, my brigade captured eight pieces of artillery, light twelves, instead of four as reported verbally. The four pieces claimed by McArthur's division, Sixteenth Corps, were taken by the 8th Tennessee, who drove the enemy from them. The 12th Kentucky took the other four pieces. CHAS. C. DOOLITTLE, Col. 18th Michigan Inft'y, Commanding."

[First Indorsement] "HEAD Q'RS, ARMY OF THE OHIO, FRANKLIN, TENN., Dec. 19th, 1864.

Respectfully forwarded to Head Quarters Department of the Cumberland.

(Signed) J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General."

[Second Indorsement] "H'DQ'RS DEP'T OF THE CUMBERLAND, DUCK RIVER, TENN., Dec. 23, 1864.

Respectfully forwarded to Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, recommending that Brig.-Gen. J. D. Cox be promoted to the grade of Major-General.

(Signed) GEO. H. THOMAS, Maj.-Gen. U. S. Vols., Commanding."

RECOMMENDATION FOR CORPS COMMAND

"HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA, WILMINGTON, N. C., February 24, 1865.

LIEUT.-GEN. U. S. GRANT, Commanding Armies of the United States. City Point, Va.

GENERAL,--I respectfully request that the troops in this department which do not belong to the Twenty-third Army Corps may be organized into an army corps, and that Maj.-Gen. Alfred H. Terry be assigned to its command. Also that Maj.-Gen. J. D. Cox may be assigned to the command of the Twenty-third Army Corps.

I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General." [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. ii. p. 559.]

[Letter of same date.]

"... I have asked for the assignment of General Cox and General Terry to corps commands, both because the strength of my command renders it desirable, and because it will enable me to leave either the one or the other in command of the column which I may not be with at any time." [Footnote: Ibid.]

"HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF THE OHIO, GOLDSBOROUGH, N. C., March 22, 1865. LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT, City Point, Va.

Near a month ago I wrote you a letter requesting that Maj.-Gen. J. D. Cox be assigned to the command of the Twenty-third Army Corps, and that the remaining troops in this department be organized into a corps in command of Maj.-Gen. A. H. Terry. Having received no reply, I presume that my letter did not reach you; therefore I beg leave to renew the request. But if it be not deemed advisable to organize a corps for General Terry, I nevertheless respectfully request that Major-General Cox may be assigned to the command of the Twenty-third Corps. J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General."

[Indorsement] "GOLDSBOROUGH, N. C., March 23, 1865.

I approve this. I know that General Cox is a good officer, and General Terry has the best possible reputation. General Schofield will want two corps organizations as soon as possible. W. T. SHERMAN, Major-General, Commanding." [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. ii. pp. 960, 961.]

"CITY POINT, VA., March 25, 1865.

HON. E. M. STANTON, Secretary of War, Washington.

General Schofield recommends and I approve the appointment of General Cox to the command of the Twenty-third Corps. He also asks the organization of the balance of the troops in his department into a corps under General Terry. This will be of great advantage to his command. I would suggest that Terry's corps be called the Tenth.

U. S. GRANT, Lieutenant-General." [Footnote: Id., pt. iii. p 18.]

"GENERAL ORDERS No. 49.

WAR DEP'T, ADJ'T-GENERAL'S OFFICE, WASHINGTON, March 27, 1865.

By direction of the President, the following assignments are hereby made:

I. Maj.-Gen. A. A. Humphreys, to the command of the Second Army Corps.

II. Maj.-Gen. J. G. Parke to the command of the Ninth Army Corps.

III. Maj.-Gen. J. D. Cox to the command of the Twenty-third Army Corps.

IV. All other troops in North Carolina not belonging to corps in General Sherman's army will constitute the Tenth Army Corps, of which Maj.-Gen. A. H. Terry is assigned to the command.

By command of the Secretary of War, E. D. TOWNSEND, Assistant Adjutant-General." [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 34.]

INDEX

NOTE. For economy of space the usual abbreviations for proper and geographical names are employed. Other abbreviations are:

A., army; a. a. g., assistant adjutant-general; a. d. c., aide-de-camp; adm., admiral; adm'n, administration; A. C., army corps; art., artillery; bat., battery; br., brevet; brig., brigade, brigadier; capt., captain; cav., cavalry; ch., church; ch'f, chief; C. H., courthouse; co., company; col., colonel; com., commodore; com'd'g, commanding; com'r, commander; conf., confederate; cr., creek; C. S. A., Confederate States Army; dep't, department; dist., district; div., division; gen., general; Gov., Governor; h'dqu'r's, headquarters; inf., infantry; insp., inspector; l't, lieutenant; maj., major; mt., mountain; pos., position; reg., regular; reg't, regiment; R., river; R. R., railroad; Sec'y, secretary; sta., station; U. S. A., United States Army; U. S. V., United States Volunteers.

The rank of officers is given as of the date when the events described in the text occurred.

ABBOTT, Jos. C., colonel 7th New Hampshire, commanding brigade, at Federal Point, North Carolina.

Aides-de-camp, intimate association with commanding officer; how appointed; duties of,

Ames, Adelbert, brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding division at Federal Point and Ft. Fisher, North Carolina; with General Cox's column on Cape Fear River.

Amnesty, approved by Lincoln; discussed by Sherman and Johnston; extended to all in arms at Lee's surrender; sustained by popular feeling.

Anderson, Adna, operates Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad.

Anderson, Chas., colonel 93rd Ohio; wounded at Stone's River; elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.

Anderson, Edw. L., captain 52nd Ohio, wounded at Jonesboro.

Anderson, Fred. Pope, lieutenant 181st Ohio.

Anderson, Geo. B., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at South Mountain.

Anderson, Geo. T., brigadier general Confederate States Army, assaults Ft. Sanders.

Anderson, Henry R., captain 6th U. S. Infantry

Anderson, Larz, brother of General Robt. Anderson, had five sons in Union army.

Anderson, Larz, Jr., aide-de-camp on staff of General North Carolina McLean.

Anderson, Latham, colonel 8th Cal.

Anderson, Nicholas L., colonel 6th Ohio, wounded at Stone's River and Chickamauga.

Anderson, Richard H., major general Confederate States Army, at Maryland Heights; at Antietam.

Anderson, Robt., lieutenant colonel 9th Pennsylvania, commanding brig, at Antietam.

Anderson, Thos. McA., captain 14th U. S. Infantry, later colonel same.

Anderson, Wm. M., brother of General Robt. Anderson, had two sons in Union army.

Anderson, Wm. P., captain and assistant adjutant-general at Cincinnati.

Andersonville, confederate treatment of prisoners at.

Ankele, Chas., major 37th Ohio, at Princeton, West Virginia

Andrews, Lorin, President Kenyon College, colonel 4th Ohio.

Anthony, Sister, hospital work at Camp Dennison.

Antietam, battlefield described; map of; fords of; battle on the right; battle on the left; conduct of, criticised; losses at.

Appointments, general officers U. S. A., laws regulating; practice concerning.

Army of the Potomac, shares in McClellan's errors as to enemy's strength and supports his views; its failures contrasted with success of western armies.

Army Corps, 1st, at South Mountain and Antietam; losses at Antietam; 2nd, at South Mountain and Antietam; 4th, marches to relief of Knoxville; at Blain's Cross-roads; privations in E. Tennessee; withdrawn to Knoxville; winter quarters between Kingston and Loudon; Wood's div in pursuit of Longstreet; returns to Army of the Cumberland; concentrates at Cleveland; connects Army of Cumberland with Army of the Ohio; at Tunnel Hill; Newton's division at Rocky Face; during Hood's Tennessee campaign; General Couch assigned to; dissatisfaction in corps; at battle of Nashville; in pursuit of Hood. 5th, at Antietam. 6th, at Alexandria; in reserve at Crampton's Gap; not at Antietam when fight began. 9th, Kanawha division attached to; at Fox's Gap, South Mountain; extreme left at Antietam; waiting for orders to advance; difficulties in carrying bridge and fords over the Antietam; overcomes them all and drives enemy into Sharpsburg; attacked in left and rear by A. P. Hill's division; maintains its position; losses at Antietam; moved by sea from North Carolina to Ft. Monroe; sent to Falmouth, Virginia, and Warrenton to join Pope; Kanawha division detached and sent to West Virginia; sent to Kentucky much weakened by malarial disease; recuperates in Kentucky; moves into E. Tennessee; movements in E. Tenn; at siege of Knoxville; at Blain's Cross-roads; Strawberry Plains; in winter quarters; ordered East again with Burnside in command. 12th, covers trains of Pope's army; at Antietam; losses at Antietam; in support of Sedgwick. 14th, at Tunnel Hill; at Resaca; deprived of Davis' division; reunited at New Hope Church; at Peachtree Creek; at Averasborough and Bentonville. 15th, at Villanow; at Dallas; at Roswell; at Atlanta; at Ezra Church; at Bentonville; on march to Raleigh. 16th, same as last. 17th moves from Decatur, Alabama, via Rome to Allatoona; and Ackworth; in North Carolina 20th, at Bridgeport and Wauhatchie, Tennessee; at Dug Gap; through Snake Creek Gap; at Resaca; off its beat; again, at crossing of the Etowah; assaults confederate lines at New Hope Church and is repulsed; in reserve; flanking movement near Ackworth; at Kolb's farm; at Peachtree Creek; holds Atlanta; at Averasborough and Bentonville; on march to Raleigh; marches through Raleigh. 23d, organized; pursuit and capture of Morgan raiders; scattered and fatigued by the chase; ordered back to Kentucky; advance into E. Tennessee; service in E. Tennessee; at Loudon; in battle of Campbell's Station; at siege of Knoxville; at Blain's Cross-roads; privations; unanimous re-enlistment; at Strawberry Plains; sufferings from intense cold; marches to Dandridge; back to Strawberry Plains; winter quarters at Knoxville; march to Morristown; good soldiers; at Rocky Face; at Resaca; reinforced by nine new regiments at the Etowah; at Burnt Hickory; swings to the left; forces crossing of Noyes's Creek; advances to Cheney's; at battle of Kolb's farm; forces crossing of Olley's Creek and gains threatening position beyond enemy's left flank; holds position while Sherman's army passes to rear and right; forces crossing of Chattahoochee at Soap Creek; extreme right flank of army southwest of Atlanta; Cox's division covers itself by field intrenchments in fifteen minutes; October campaign, 1864, General Cox in command; ordered to report to Thomas; march to Dalton; cars to Nashville; at Columbia, Tennessee; at Pulaski; race back to Columbia; at Columbia; at battle of Franklin; at battle of Nashville; follows Smith's corps in pursuit of Hood; recruited to 15,000; hard winter march from Columbia to Clifton, Tennessee; transported from Clifton to Washington: shipped to North Carolina; ascends right bank of Cape Fear River, captures Ft. Anderson, Town Creek, and compels evacuation of Wilmington; at battle of Kinston; losses at Kinston; dress parade at Goldsborough in honor of Sherman's arrival; march to Raleigh; at Raleigh; at Greensborough.

Army Headquarters, business centre for a large military population.

Army Pets.

Army Regulations, necessity for careful study of.

Atlanta Campaign; decisive importance of, recognized by Southern leaders.

Atlanta, Battle of.

"Atlantic," Collins line steamship used in transporting part of 23d army corps to North Carolina.

Audenreid, Jos. C., captain, and aide-de-camp on Sherman's staff, rides around enemy's lines into Knoxville.

Augur, Christopher C., appointed major general

Averasborough, North Carolina, battle of.

Badger, George E., ex-senator from North Carolina, joins Graham's peace delegation; mentioned.

Baker, Lawrence S., brigadier general Confederate States Army, in command of North Carolina militia at Kinston.

Ball, Hon. Flamen, attorny for Burnside in Vallandigham habeas corpus case.

Ballot, extension of, to soldiers in the field.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, importance of; Union forces collected on line of.

Banks, N. P., major general United States Volunteers, commanding forces in Shenandoah Valley; defeated by "Stonewall" Jackson; in charge of defences of Washington.

Barbarism, tendency of war to make men relapse into; efforts of officers to curb tendency; of Union armies exaggerated to keep up war spirit of Southern people.

Barker, C. W., major 12th Ill. cavalry, in West Virginia

Barlow, Francis C., colonel 61st New York, desperately wounded at Antietam.

Barnett, James, colonel 1st Ohio Artillery, in West Virginia

Barriger, John W., captain and commissary on General Cox's staff; good qualities.

Barter, Richard F., colonel commanding brigadier, in 23d army corps, at Olley's Creek

Bascom, Gustavus M., aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff; promoted to major; accompanies General Cox to E. Tennessee; transferred to Stoneman's staff.

Bates, Joshua H., brigadier-general Ohio Vol. Infantry, at Camp Dennison.

Batteaux, used for transportation of supplies from head of navigation to Kanawha Falls; more economical than wagon transportation.

Baxter, John, loyalist, lawyer at Knoxville, afterwards U. S. Circuit Judge for 6th Circuit.

Beauregard, P. G. T., lieutenant general Confederate States Army, suggested by Lee to succeed Bragg; Davis takes no notice of suggestion; ordered to reinforce Polk with 10,000 men; replies, impracticable; in command Western Department; confers with Hood; says latter departed from plans agreed on; criticised by Sherman; hears of Thomas' expected reinforcements and orders Hood to take aggressive immediately; commands forces in the Carolinas; orders Hardee to evacuate Charleston; confesses inability to resist Sherman's march; startles Davis; retreats into North Carolina; superseded by Johnston; estimates of forces contradicted by official returns; at Greensborough; declares further prosecution of war hopeless.

Becker, Gottfried, lieutenant colonel 28th Ohio, at South Mountain.

Beecher, Henry Ward, meeting with General Cox; correspondence with Stanton about photographs of Lincoln cortege.

Bell, T. S., Pt colonel 51st Pennsylvania, killed at Burnside bridge.

Benham, H. W., captain of engineers; consults about fortifying Gauley Bridge; appointed brigadier general; at Carnifex Ferry; Cross Lanes; near Gauley Bridge; ordered to move to rear of Floyd's position on Cotton Hill and intercept retreat; fails to do so; Rosecrans orders court-martial, but McClellan suppresses it; transferred to another department.

Benjamin, Judah P., attorny-general Confederate States Army, at Davis' last cabinet meeting; decides States alone can dissolve confederacy and return to their allegiance; escapes to Cuba.

Benjamin, Samuel N., lieutenant 2nd U. S. Artillery, at Antietam; at Ft. Sanders; reports cowardice of commanding officer.

Bennett, residence of, near Durham, North Carolina, where Sherman and Johnston discussed terms of surrender.

Bentonville, North Carolina, battle of; sound of battle heard fifty miles away.

Beverly, West Virginia, concentration of confederate troops at; importance of situation; abandoned after battle of Rich Mountain

Big Creek Gap, fine view through.

Big Sandy River, as transportation route to E. Tennessee

Big Sewell Mountain, reached by Cox's advance; occupied by General Cox; difficulty of hauling supplies to; compels retirement.

Birkhimer's "Military Government and Martial Law" cited.

Blair, Frank P., major general United States Volunteers, prefers command in Sherman's Army to seat in Congress; commands 17th army corps; marches from Decatur, Alabama, to Rome, Kingston, and Ackworth; his corps makes good Sherman's losses in Atlanta campaign; sent to Missouri to stump; wants to stop foraging in North Carolina

Blenker, Louis, brigadier general United States Volunteers, ordered to join Fremont; does not arrive in time to participate in advance.

Blizzard, fearful in E. Tennessee, Jan. 1864.

Blockhouses, construction and use in railroad defence.

Bloodgood, Edw., lieutenant colonel 22nd Wisc., captured with his command by Forrest.

Bloody Lane, at Antietam.

Bluestone River, West Virginia, operations on.

Bondurant, J. W., captain Alabama artillery, at South Mountain

Bonticou, Jos. C., lieutenant 2nd Kentucky, scout, mistakes McCook's tents for enemy's camp.

Boone courthouse, West Virginia, confederate militia routed at.

Boone, Thos. C., lieutenant colonel 115th Ohio, commanding Kemper Barracks, Cincinnati.

Border States, slavery question most troublesome in; military administration in; distasteful.

Boughton, Horace, colonel 143rd New York, commanding brig, at battle of Kinston.

Bounty Jumping, evils and extent of; arrest of deserters and efforts to prevent frauds.

Boyle, Jere. T., brigadier-general United States Volunteers, in Morgan raid; commanding 1st division 23d army corps

Bradley, D. C., lieutenant 65th Ill., aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff.

Bragg, Braxton, general Confederate States Army, invades Kentucky; sends large forces to Johnston's assistance in Mississippi; reinforced by Longstreet's corps before Chickamauga; forces of, opposing Rosecrans; weakened by absence of Morgan; losses at Chickamauga; unable to break line of supplies for Chattanooga; orders Longstreet to E. Tennessee; intends crushing Burnside and quick return; defeated at Chattanooga; Longstreet's return cut off; evil consequences; asks for investigation; want of confidence in; directed to turn command over to Hardee; quoted by Davis; correspondence with Johnston; with Hood; goes to Atlanta to examine condition of affairs and reports; exposes habitual underestimate of their forces by confederate generals; commanding department of North Carolina; headquarters at Wilmington; forced to evacuate by General Cox; forces of, Feb. 10th; serves under Johnston; concentrates all forces and attacks General Cox at Kinston; mistaken order; waits for reinforcements; final attack at Kinston; repulsed; forces of, at Kinston; at Chester, South Carolina; captured near Athens, Georgia

Brannan, John M., brigadier-general United States Volunteers; at Chickamauga.

Breckinridge, John C., Secretary of War Confederate States Army, admits slavery to be dead; takes part in Sherman-Johnston conference; at Davis' last cabinet meeting; decides Hampton's troops bound by capitulation but H. himself free to ignore; escapes to Cuba.

British Army, weak points revealed; not so apt in learning new lessons as our own.

Brough, John, Union Democrat, defeats Vallandigham.

Brown, Rev. Fred. T., chaplain 7th Ohio, trip from Sutton to Gauley through enemy's lines to bring Cox information.

Brown, Jos. E., Governor of Georgia, tenders 5000 militia for defence of Atlanta; urges reinforcements to prevent fall of Atlanta; exasperation with confederate government; bitter correspondence with confederate war department; mentioned.

Brownlow, James P., colonel 1st E. Tennessee Cav.

Brownlow, Wm. E., "Parson," leading loyalist at Knoxville.

Buckner, Simon B., major general Confederate States Army, commanding in E. Tennessee; joins Longstreet in siege of Knoxville.

Buell, Don Carlos, major general United States Volunteers, General Cox ordered to join; order countermanded on Rosecrans' protest; objects to invasion of E. Tennessee; sends Garfield to Big Sandy, and Morgan to Cumberland Gap; retreats before Bragg; ordered before military commission; why Rosecrans chosen to succeed.

Buford, Abram, brigadier-general Confederate States Army, commanding division Forrest's cavalry

Buford, N. B., appointed major-general United States Volunteers; not confirmed.

Bull Run, second battle of, guns heard at Washington; news of Pope's defeat reaches Washington.

Bull Run bridge, stout defence by Scammon.

Burbank, Sidney, major, mustering officer at Camp Jackson.

Burdsall, Henry W., commanding ind. Co. Ohio Cavalry.

Burnside, Ambrose E., twice declines command of Army of Potomac and urges McClellan's retention; commanding right wing; first impressions of; at South Mountain; sharp reply to Hooker's report; relations with McClellan; command divided at Antietam; leaves Cox in command of 9th army corps; understanding of McClellan's plans; practically without command; order to attack, when received; efforts to hurry advance; McClellan's true friend; heartily advocates emancipation and advises McC. on subject; forwards Porter's dispatches about Pope to Washington; held responsible by Porter for his court-martial; grieved by division of his command, and McC.'s withdrawal of confidence; and unjust reprimand; explains delay; fine appearance on field; cordial manners, popularity with his troops; sincerity and unselfishness; appointed to succeed McC. in spite of his protests; dispiriting effect of his defeat at Fredericksburg; ordered to Department of the Ohio; plans for occupying E. Tennessee; headquarters at Cincinnati; character and habits of; General Order No. 38; warns Cincinatti papers against publishing military information; causes arrest and trial of Vallandigham; suppresses "Chicago Times"; overruled by the President; plans campaign into E. Tennessee; efforts to agree with Rosecrans on plan of advance; directed to send 9th army corps to Vicksburg; departure with staff for E. Tennessee; recall; organizes raids into West Virginia, E. Tennessee, and S. W. Kentucky; efforts to catch Morgan; declares martial law in southern Ohio, during Morgan raid; imprisons Morgan and his officers in Ohio penitentiary; dramatic announcement of fall of Vicksburg; rejoices in return of 9th army corps; Halleck's unjust treatment of; concentrates forces and advances into E. Tennessee; captures General Frazer and 2500 men at Cumberland Gap; impossibility of co-operating with Rosecrans; congratulated by President and Halleck; asks to be relieved; organizes and arms E. Tennessee volunteers; directed to move toward Chattanooga and support Rosecrans; inability to reach River before battle of Chickamauga; explains to War Department; concentrates near Loudon; attacks confederate General Jones and drives him into Virginia; relations with Rosecrans; informs Grant of his situation and necessities of troops; opposes Longstreet; well-conducted retreat to Knoxville; relieved of command; habitual unfriendliness of Halleck; Congress passes resolutions of thanks; at his best in such commands; lack of system and other faults; offers General Cox corps command in E. Tennessee; recommends him for such appointment to General Foster; plans another expedition to North Carolina; not allowed to carry it out.

Burnside's Bridge, across the Antietam; least promising point of attack; carried by Cox's command; losses at.

Butler, Benj. F., major general United States Volunteers, relieved of command; criticises Grant in farewell order; further assignment to command opposed by Grant.

Butler, M. C., major general Confederate States Army, sent to assist Johnston in driving back Sherman; included in Johnston's capitulation.

Butterfield, Daniel, major general United States Volunteers, interferes with Schofield's advance; declines to act on his request; claims to outrank S. and disputes his authority.

Buzzard Roost, strong defensive position at Dalton, Georgia; attacks on, by Newton, and Geary.

Byrd, Robt. K., colonel E. Tennessee volunteers; commanding cavalry in E. Tennessee; at crossing of Olley's Creek

Cameron, Daniel, commanding brig, in Cox's division 23d army corps, carries bridge over Noyes' Creek; supports Byrd beyond Olley's Creek; intrenches between Byrd and Reilly.

Camp Dennison, Ohio camp of instruction; laid out by General Cox; huts built; floors laid; drilling of militia; water works; routine at; measles at; re-enlisting of three months men at.

Camp Jackson, near Columbus, Ohio, first depot of recruits.

Camp Lookout, West Virginia; amusing incident.

Campbell, John A., ex-justice U. S. Supreme Court, confederate peace commander.

Campbell, John A., major and assistant adjutant-general on Schofield's staff.

Canby, Edw. R., major general United States Volunteers, Grant plans movement by.

Cantey, James, brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Resaca.

Carnifex Ferry, West Virginia, map of; battle of.

Carrington, Henry B., brigadier general United States Volunteers, superseded by Hascall at Indianapolis; restored at Morton's request; active in prosecuting Knights of Golden Circle.

Carter, John C., captain U. S. steamer "Michigan"; aids in defeating plot to release rebel prisoners.

Carter, Samuel P., assists in re-occupation of Kanawha valley; commanding division of mounted troops; advance into E. Tennessee; joins 23d army corps; succeeds Meagher in command of division at Beaufort, North Carolina; in advance on Kinston; good conduct in first day's battle; again, on final assault; commanding division composed of Palmer's and his own; transferred to third (Cox's) division of 23d army corps, when latter assumes corps command.

Casement, John S., major 7th Ohio, brings 400 to Charleston after surprise at Cross Lanes; colonel of 103rd Ohio; recruits new brass band for his brigade; at battle of Nashville; on expedition to North Carolina; on advance up right bank Cape Fear River

Cavalry, activity of confederate; raids usually costly affairs; difficulties of mounting; enormous waste of horses; outpost and patrol duties more important than showy raids.

Cave Spring, Georgia, description of; rendezvous for Hood and Beauregard.

Chalmers, James R., brigadier general Confederate States Army, commanding division in Forrest's cavalry, at battle of Nashville.

Chantilly, battle of.

Chaplains, army.

Charleston, South Carolina, fall of, has depressing effect on Confederacy.

Charleston, West Virginia, strategic position; taken by General Cox; inundated; headquarters of General Cox winter of 1861-2; remissness of city officials; reoccupied by General Cox.

Chase, Salmon P., Secretary of Treasury; differences with President Lincoln: corresponds with Garfield; chief justice, entertains General Cox.

Chattanooga, Tennessee, siege by Bragg; line of supplies opened; lines of communication with Nashville and North; fortified and garrisoned.

Cheatham, Benj. F., major general Confederate States Army, controversy with Hood; at battle of Atlanta; succeeds to command of Hardee's corps; at battle of Nashville; joins Bragg's army in North Carolina; after capitulation, moves across Great Smoky Mountains with Tennessee troops.

Chickamauga, battle of.

Chief Command, strain of, as compared with subordinate position.

Chief of Staff, importance of position

Christ, B. C., colonel 50th Pennsylvania, commanding brigade at South Mountain; at Antietam.

Christian, Wm. A., colonel 26th New York, commanding brig, at Antietam.

Christie, S. L., captain and aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff; resigns on account of ill health.

Cincinnati, headquarters Department of the Ohio; in 1863 a centre for rebel sympathizers; refuge for Southern women; defended against Morgan raiders; enthusiasm over surrender of Vicksburg.

Claassen, Peter J., colonel 132nd New York, commanding brig at battle of Kinston.

Clarke, Melvin, lieutenant colonel 36th Ohio, at South Mountain

Clay, Cassius M., major general United States Volunteers, not assigned to duty; resigns and is appointed min. to Russia.

Clayton, H. D., major general Confederate States Army, at Kinston; falls on Upham's flank.

Cluseret, Gustave, colonel and aide-de-camp on Frémont's staff; amusing controversy with General Milroy; military chief of Paris commune in 1870.

Cobb, Howell, brigadier general Confederate States Army, at South Mountain

Coburn, John, colonel 33rd Indiana commanding brigade, captured by Van Dorn.

Cochrane, John, brigadier general United States Volunteers, war Democrat, consults McClellan about Emancipation Proclamation; publishes recollections of interview; attempts to bring McClellan and Chase into harmony.

Cockerill, Giles J., commanding battery D 1st Ohio artillery, at Kolb's farm.

Coffee, value of, in army rations; improvised coffee-mills.

Colburn, A. V., colonel and assistant adjutant-general on McClellan's staff, accompanies him on rides about Washington.

Coleman, Aug. H., lieutenant colonel 11th Ohio, leads charge up Cotton Mountain, West Virginia; at South Mountain; killed at Burnside bridge.

Coleman, D., colonel Confederate States Army, commanding brigade at battle of Nashville.

Colored Troops, excellent conduct in skirmish at Federal Point.

Colquitt, Alfred H., colonel Confederate States Army commanding brigade at Antietam.

Comly, James M., major 23d Ohio; repulses attack at Pack's Ferry, West Virginia

Comstock, C. B., lieutenant colonel engineers on Grant's staff; gets key to cipher dispatches; reprimanded by Stanton; accompanies Terry's expedition against Ft. Fisher; suggests flanking Hoke's position at Federal Point; plan adopted by Schofield, but fails on account of heavy gales and deep sands; explains Schofield's use of hospital steamer "Spaulding".

Confederate Army, dwindles as hopes of success vanish; disorders threatened on capitulation; complete submission to U. S. authority; paroled and sent home; manifest interest in drill and discipline of U. S. troops.

Confederate Currency, enormous depreciation of. 195.

Conine, Jas. W., lieutenant and aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff; appointed colonel of 5th U. S. Colored troops.

Connecticut Troops, 8th Infantry at Antietam; 11th Infantry at Antietam; 15th Infantry at Kinston.

"Contrabands," slaves of confederate officers coming into Union lines; term gradually applied to all escaped slaves; difficulties in treatment of.

Cook, Asa M., captain 8th Massachusetts Artillery, at South Mountain

Coon, Datus E., colonel United States Volunteers, commanding 2nd brigade Wilson's cavalry at Nashville; captures enemy's cavalry baggage train.

Cooper, Jos. A., colonel 6th E. Tennessee, promoted brigadier general and assigned to command 2nd division 23d army corps; at Johnsonville, Tennessee; ordered to Beard's Ferry; masterly retreat from.

Cooper, Samuel, adjutant and inspector general Confederate States Army, capitulates with Johnston's army; tries to preserve confederate archives.

Corps Commander, takes precedence over ranking major generals not assigned to corps command.

Corse, John M., brigadier general United States Volunteers, successfully defends Allatoona.

Cotton Mountain, West Virginia, overlooking Gauley, seized by Floyd; annoying fire from; Floyd's position on, carried by Cox and Schenck.

Couch, Darius N., major general United States Volunteers, at Yorktown; ordered to observe A. P. Hill at Harper's Ferry; should have come on field of Antietam not later than Hill; but did not appear; reports to General Thomas for duty, assigned to 4th army corps; owing to dissatisfaction in that corps assigned to 23d army corps; outranks General Cox and displaces him as second in command; at battle of Nashville; on march from Columbia to Clifton; commands 23d army corps en route from Clifton to Washington; sails with his division to Beaufort, North Carolina; commands two divisions 23d army corps left at Wilmington; ordered to support of Cox at Kinston; commands 2nd division 23d army corps under General Cox.

Coughlan, James, lieutenant 24th Kentucky and aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff; daring ride at Olley's Creek; captured near Atlanta, exchanged, and killed at Franklin.

Councils of War, why they never fight.

Cox, Jacob D., in Ohio Senate; assists Governor Dennison in enrolling and organizing State militia; appointed brigadier general O. S. V. April 23d, 1861; inspects State arsenal with McClellan; in command of Camp Jackson; inspects site with McClellan and lays out Camp Dennison; first lessons in camping out and brigade drill; extensive reading of military works; all but one of his regiments ordered away; ill effects of repeated change of command; appointed brigadier general United States Volunteers; confirmed; ordered to Kanawha valley with raw regiments not yet equipped; begins operations on a base 100 miles broad; with 3400 men ordered to drive out Wise, who had 4000; begins advance July 11th; wild rumors; affair at Scary Creek; turns enemy's flank at Tyler Mountain; captures Charleston; presuming colonels; quiet manner often led to similar difficulties; experience with newspaper correspondents; captures Gauley Bridge with 1500 stands of arms and munitions of war; congratulated by McClellan and Rosecrans; establishes post at Gauley, scouts in all directions, sends out detachments to deceive enemy; left with only 1800 men to oppose Wise and Floyd with 8000; suppresses mutinous excitement; meets Rosecrans at Cross Lanes; joined by McCook's brigade; at Camp Lookout; at Big Sewell Mountain; skirmish with Wise's legion; difficulty of obtaining supplies forces retirement to Camp Lookout; holds post at Gauley during occupation of Cotton Mountain by Floyd; carries Cotton Mountain by front attack up river face; commands District of Kanawha, headquarters at Charleston; ordered to report to Buell in Kentucky, countermanded on Rosecrans' protest; first military execution ordered; weeding out incompetents and improving drill and discipline of Kanawha division; scrutiny of correspondence between confederates and residents within the lines; dealing with non-combatants; disapproves of test oaths; policy with regard to escaped slaves; controversies with owners; prefers seasoned volunteers to regulars; rapid improvement of volunteer officers; rebuilds bridge at Gauley; uses batteaux for transportation on upper Kanawha; reports to Frémont 8500 seasoned troops under his command; pursuant to Frémont's plan of campaign moves to Princeton, West Virginia; affair at Princeton; retires to Flat Top Mountain, on advices that Jackson's defeat of Banks upsets campaign; ordered to Washington with his command; Kanawha division marches 90 miles in 3-1/2 days fully equipped, over mountain roads; impressions of Secretary Stanton; in defences of Washington under McClellan; meets Pope and McDowell retreating to Washington; commends general scheme of Pope's campaign; learns through his scouts of Lee's invasion of Maryland; methods of collecting and sifting information; condemns McClellan's spy system; ordered to report to Burnside; first impressions; attached to 9th Corps and takes advance; shocked at straggling in Army of Potomac; meets General Reno; good impression made by Kanawha division; at the Monocacy; at Frederick, Maryland; supports Pleasanton; commands in action at Fox's Gap, South Mountain; Reno arrives late in day, is killed almost immediately, and Cox succeeds to command of the corps; expresses his pride in the conduct of the Kanawha division; meets McClellan and principal officers of Army of Potomac at headquarters; retained in command of 9th Corps; part it was to take in the battle; carries Burnside bridge and fords in front and drives confederate right wing back to Sharpsburg; movement arrested by arrival of A. P. Hill's division from Harper's Ferry and flank attack; holds his position and sleeps on battlefield; gets hints of a project to make McClellan dictator; consulted by McC. as to how he should treat Emancipation Proclamation; warns him against putting himself in opposition to administration; accompanies Lincoln in ride over battlefield of Antietam; promoted to major general and command of 9th Corps; ordered to return to Kanawha valley, overrun by confederate forces in his absence; commands District of West Virginia; takes leave of 9th Corps; Stanton; and Chase; reports to General H. G. Wright at Cincinnati; impressions of; inspects commands of Morgan and Lightburn; contracts for wagons and transportation; reoccupies Kanawha valley, driving out Loring, Echols, and Jenkins; administration of affairs in West Virginia; headquarters at Marietta; staff reorganized; appointment as major general not confirmed; severe disappointment; evils of subjecting military appointments to political action; reports to General Schenck at Baltimore; ordered to Columbus to assist Governor in enrolling and organizing conscripts; commands Military District of Ohio, headquarters at Cincinnati; relations to Burnside; disinclined to arrest Vallandigham followers; District of Mich, added to his command; acting chief of staff for Burnside; transacts business of the Department of the Ohio, in Burnside's name; firm dealing with extreme Democratic partisans; nomination fails because it had support of neither regular army officers nor politicians; secures approval of immediate commanders; urgent to obtain field command; reads Kinglake's "Crimean War" and derives comfort from record of experiments and blunders in English Army; defeats plot to free prisoners on Johnson's Island; offered corps command in E. Tennessee by Burnside; investigates treatment of prisoners at Johnson's Island; ordered to report to commanding general in E. Tennessee; winter ride over Mountains; meets Burnside and staff coming out; assigned to command District of Kentucky; distaste for such commands; assigned to command 23d army corps; at Strawberry Plains; first meeting with Grant; reports to Sheridan at Dandridge, in; retreat to Strawberry Plains; drives back rebel advance toward Knoxville; threatened with pneumonia; winter quarters at Knoxville; yields command of 23d army corps to Major General Stoneman; asks for command of Sheridan's division 4th army corps; Major General Newton gets it; meets Schofield; acts as chief of staff for Schofield; amusing occurrence on grand rounds; at Newmarket, E. Tennessee; at Morristown; offers plan of campaign for Army of the Ohio; approved by Schofield; offered permanent position as chief of staff, or division in 23d army corps; takes latter; second in command to Schofield; ordered to join Sherman, drives enemy out of E. Tennessee and destroys railroad back to Knoxville; march to Dalton; first meeting with Sherman and Thomas; commands extreme left at Dalton; retires left wing in presence of enemy; movement praised by Sherman and Schofield; protects exposed flank by fallen timber; beginning of field intrenchments; marches through Snake Creek Gap and takes position on left of army; carries intrenchments on confederate right at Resaca; commands advance and extreme left on march from Resaca to Cassville; outflanks confederate army and forces abandonment of position before Cassville; follows confederate rearguard to crossing of Etowah River; privations when marching without baggage; on march to New Hope Church lines; assumes command of 23d army corps on Schofield's becoming disabled; turns confederate position at New Hope Church; closer relations with Sherman; unseen perils, narrow escape; heavy rains and discomfort; gloomy thoughts; occupies position on extreme right, separated a mile from rest of army; forces crossing of Noyes' Creek; supports Hascall at Kolb's farm, against Hood's attack; forces crossing of Olley's Creek, intrenches in commanding position beyond enemy's left flank; holds position gained, three miles from continuous lines of Sherman's army, for several days; effects crossing of Chattahoochee at Soap Creek; extreme right flank southwest of Atlanta; his division covers its front with intrenchments in fifteen minutes; at Decatur, Georgia; in command of Army of the Ohio during October campaign; mild reproof of brig, commander who prefers a cursing; in pursuit of Hood; Sherman plans to take 23d army corps on march to the sea with Cox in command; Schofield protests, Cox yields; resumes command of his own division; recommended for promotion by Schofield and Sherman, App. C; farewell to Sherman; march to Dalton; visits Chattanooga; and Nashville; votes for Lincoln, on train; pet lizard; at Franklin, Tennessee; at Columbia; at Pulaski; race back to Columbia; writes book on "Battle of Franklin;" at Nashville, after retreat from Franklin; position as second in command, reduced by appointment of Major General Couch to a division; at battle of Nashville; exposure on night after battle; pursuit of Hood; revisits Franklin and studies battlefield; also Spring Hill and Columbia; rebuilds bridges and improves roads; suffers from malarial poisoning; obtains sick leave; does not use it, as active campaigning is proposed; earnestly recommended for promotion by Schofield and Thomas, App. C; appointed major general as of Dec. 7, to fill vacancy caused by McClernand's resignation; hard march from Columbia to Clifton; still suffering from malaria; goes home while 23d Corps is transported from Clifton to Washington; rapid improvement in health, and new zeal; rejoins corps at Washington; interviews with Stanton, Chase, Garfield, Dennison, Schenck, Henry Ward Beecher, Henry Winter Davis, and others; sails with his division to Cape Fear River, North Carolina; at Federal Point; commands column ascending right bank of Cape Fear River, capturing Ft. Anderson and Town Creek, with two cannon and 400 prisoners, and compelling evacuation of Wilmington; uses discretion in not strictly obeying Schofield's orders; permanent assignment to command 23d army corps urged by Schofield, App. C; takes command of troops at New Berne, North Carolina, and advances on Kinston; two battles at Kinston; losses at Kinston, chiefly in Upham's brigade, which was surprised; hears sound of battle of Bentonville, fifty miles away; occupies Goldsborough; permanently assigned to command 23d army corps, App. C; march to Raleigh; vigorous measures to stop pillage and arson; precautions against soldiers wreaking vengeance for assassination of Lincoln; commands western district of North Carolina, with headquarters at Greensborough; interview with General Hardee; with Johnston; visit to Salisbury, confederate treatment of prisoners denounced; recognizes local courts and magistrates; notes complete submission on part of North Carolina people to results of the war; limits authority to preserving the peace; visits Guilford-Old-Court-House, and battlefield; sentiments inspired thereby.

Cox, Theodore, brother of above, vol. aide-de-camp, at South Mountain and Antietam; lieutenant in 11th Ohio and aide-de-camp by appointmentt; at skirmish before Knoxville; at Knoxville; adjutant general on General Cox's staff; accuracy and business system of; issues orders for good conduct of troops on shipboard.

Crane, Orrin J., major 7th Ohio, at Antietam.

Cranor, Jonathan, colonel 40th Ohio, in West Virginia

Crawford, Samuel W., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Antietam.

Creighton, Wm. R., lieutenant colonel 7th Ohio, comes in with Tyler after surprise at Cross Lanes; reproaches himself with cowardice; record of gallantry, until killed at Ringgold, Georgia

Crittenden, Eugene W., colonel commanding cavalry brigade in 23d army corps, reports to General Cox at Olley's Creek

Crittenden, Thos. L., major general United States Volunteers, in E. Tennessee.

Crome, G. L., lieutenant McMullin's battery; killed at South Mountain

Crook, Geo., captain 4th U. S. Infantry, colonel 36th Ohio, at Cross Lanes; Summersville; personal description of; captured at Cumberland; first vote; at Lewisburg, West Virginia; defeats Heth; attached to Kanawha division; reports to Pope at Warrenton, Virginia; commanding brig, in Kanawha division; supports Scammon; at South Mt; attached to Sturgis' division at Antietam; carries ford of Antietam above Burnside bridge; promoted brig, general; ordered to Clarksburg, West Virginia; commands Kanawha division; marches from Clarksburg to Gauley Bridge; at Gauley Bridge; transferred to Rosecrans' command in Tennessee; commends discipline of Kanawha division,

Cross Lanes, West Virginia, 7th Ohio surprised at and routed; consultation of Rosecrans and Cox at.

Cutler, Hon. Wm. P., M. C. from Marietta, Ohio, expresses popular distrust of Lincoln's ability.

DALTON, Georgia, geography of vicinity; impregnable to attack from north or west; operations about; strong character of defensive works.

Dana, Chas. A., Assistant Secretary of War; cipher dispatches to Stanton about Rosecrans and his officers; visits Burnside at Knoxville; reports to Grant; judgment of army officers at Chattanooga; advises Stanton concerning interview between Lincoln and confederate peace commanders; concerning prayers for the President in Episcopal churches at Richmond.

Dandridge, E. Tennessee, affair at; a surprise all around; both armies retreat.

Davis, David, Justice of U. S. Supreme Court, change in views regarding trial by military commissions in Indiana;

Davis, Henry Winter, M. C. from Maryland, dines with General Cox in Washington; opposes re-election of Lincoln; witty and scathing denunciation of L.

Davis, Jefferson, President Confederate States Army, advises with Lee about successor to Bragg; differences with Beauregard and Johnston; finally appoints Johnston; urges aggressive action; correspondence with Johnston; plans thwarted by long discussion; begs Johnston to retreat no further; receives no encouragement from him; sends Bragg to Atlanta to examine and report on condition of affairs; relieves Johnston and appoints Hood; convinced Hood needs intellectual guidance; urges Hardee to hold Charleston, and stop Sherman on line of Combahee River; startled by Beauregard's confession of inability to stop Sherman; notes difference between B.'s estimate of forces available and official returns; goes to Danville on fall of Richmond; thence to Greensborough, North Carolina; orders arrest of Governor Vance's peace commanders; advised by all his generals and cabinet that further prosecution of war was hopeless; authorizes Johnston to negotiate with Sherman; holds last cabinet meeting at Charlotte; unanimous decision that confederacy is conquered; assents to Johnston's surrender; reputed "plunder" nearly all paid out to Johnston's troops and his personal escort; tries to escape beyond Mississippi; captured S. E. of Macon.

Davis, Jeff. C., brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding division in Army of the Cumberland; movement on Rome; occupies Rome; attached to McPherson's command temporarily; assault on Kennesaw.

Dawes, Ephraim C., major 53rd Ohio, analysis of opposing forces in Atlanta campaign.

Dawes, Rufus R., lieutenant colonel 6th Wisc., at Antietam; "Service with the Sixth Wisconsin," cited.

Day, D. W. H., captain and assistant quartermaster, accompanies General Cox on winter ride to E. Tennessee; selects wagons and teams; marks fords; keeps teams moving; secures tents and flies for army headquarters; in charge of horses and mules sent from E. Tennessee to Kentucky for pasture; energy commended.

Dayton, Ohio, assaults on soldiers at, not punished by local courts; how punished.

DeCourcey, John F., colonel 16th Ohio, in West Virginia campaign fall of '62; moves on Cumberland Gap.

Defensive Tactics, generally better in rough country.

Dennison, Wm., Governor of Ohio, prepares State for war; appoints McClellan major general; sends two regiments to Washington; incessant work; urges McClellan to occupy West Virginia in force; at Washington; mediates between Lincoln and McClellan; supported by Cox in Ohio senatorial contest; postmaster general; entertains General Cox.

De Trobriand, P. R., colonel 55th New York, says New York 7th furnished 300 officers for Union army.

De Villiers, Chas. A., brigadier major on General Cox's staff; captured outside of lines at Scary Creek; escapes and reports for duty at Gauley; hazardous ride to report occupation of Cotton Mountain by Floyd; crosses New River, scales cliffs and assaults enemy on Cotton Mountain.

Devin, Thos. C., colonel 6th New York Cavalry, ordered to report to General Cox.