GENERAL INDEX (continued 8)

Water-bearing Strata, excavating through, v, 116-17

Water Birds, xii, 250-9;

feathers of, 244;

sleeping of, xi, 287

Water Boa, xii, 216

Water Boatmen (insects), xii, 114

Water Bugs, xii, 114

Water Chestnut, source, xiii, 266

Water Clocks, ancient, v, 59-63

Water-cooled Engines, v, 159-61

Water Cress, taste, xiii, 197

Water Dogs, xii, 171

Water-dripping Plants, xiii, 107-8

Water Drops, atmospheric, i, 91-2, 93, 95;

phenomena due to, 150, 166, 175, 177, 183

"Wateree," U. S. S., xiv, 337

Waterfalls, caused by Ice Age, iii, 242-3;

energy of, iv, 81;

in glacial valleys, xiv, 57;

in homogeneous rock, 132-3;

in old and new regions, iii, 33-4, xiv, 48, 49, 57, 159;

types, iii, 44-50

Water Gaps, xiv, 98

Water Glass, viii, 141

Water Hammer, in pipes, v, 84, vi, 254, 364

Water Hemlock, seeds, xiii, 201

Water Jets, digging with, v, 88;

dredging with, 258;

power, 80;

propulsion of boats by, 190;

vena contracta of, 89-90

Water Lilies, Amazon, xiii, 359-60;

class of, 196

Waterloo, Napoleon's indigestion before, ix, 238;

weather conditions, i, 307

Watermelon, xiii, 54, 227;

water content, viii, 365

Water Meters, v, 87-8

Water Organ, v, 110-11

Water Pipes, bamboo stems as, xiii, 183;

bursting of, iv, 151, xiv, 75;

electrical thawing, vii, 336-9;

electrolysis, 188;

rate of flow in, vi, 71;

water hammer in, 254, 364, v, 84

Watering Places, xiv, 145

Water Plethysmograph, xi, 284

Water Power, coal and, xiv, 31, 191;

compressing air with, v, 89-93;

discovery of, xv, 240-1;

early and present use, v, 75-6, 173, xiv, 31;

electricity from, vi, 162-3, 351-2, 361-70;

future possibilities, v, 83-4;

gravity the real power, 76-7, 139;

growing use of, viii, 267, 283;

high head importance, v, 77;

in mountain countries, xiv, 242;

use on farms, vii, 233-4;

"White Coal," v, 174

(see also Hydraulic Machinery, Hydroelectric Plants, Water Jets, Water Wheels)

Waterproofing, by rubber, xiii, 245

Water Ram, v, 84-6

Water Scorpions, xii, 114

Watersheds, Atlantic-Pacific, xiv, 189-90;

in young and old regions, 158, 161

Water Snakes, xii, 217-18

Water Solubles (vitamines), x, 260, 261, 262

Waterspouts, i, 138, 384;

cores, 299;

lifting power, 356;

superstitions, 335

Water Supply, common sources, viii, 317-18;

from wells, iii, 118, viii, 317-18, xiv, 139-40;

of American cities, viii, 317, 318, 320, 322, xiv, 140-1;

pollution and purification, viii, 41, 317-24, xiv, 139-41;

purification by chlorine, viii, 86, 321;

purified by compressed air, iv, 130-1;

snow sources, i, 118;

typhoid contamination of, x, 287

Water Table, iii, 113, 118, xiv, 136;

rise of, i, 355

Water-tube Boilers, v, 140

Water Turbines, v, 82-3, vi, 361-2, 363-4;

efficiency, v, 170;

at Keokuk Plant, 81-2, 82-3;

of Niagara Power Plant, vi, 372-3, 374-5

Water Vapor, atmospheric, i, 10, 11, 14-15, 76, iv, 183;

precipitation, i, 90-6, 113, 115, 120, 121;

need of nuclei for condensation, viii, 113;

saturated pressure of, iv, 168, 169

Water Wheels, early use, v, 19, 75, 76;

energy used by, iv, 181;

former and modern types, v, 76-7;

invention of, xv, 240-1

(see also Pelton Wheels, Water Turbines)

"Waterwitch," steamboat, v, 190

Water Witches, iii, 123, 124

Water Yam, xiii, 89-90

Watkins Glen, iii, 44, 243

Watson, Sir Thomas, x, 112

Watson, Prof., asteroids of, ii, 256-7

Watt, James, power unit named for, iv, 285;

steam engine, v, 44, 47, 144-6, 376, 377, xvi, 125

Watt, Sir George, book on Indian plants, xiii, 266

Watt, power unit, iv, 80, 285, 310, 312, vi, 84-5, vii, 376;

method of ascertaining, vii, 166;

value in candlepower, iv, 352

Watt-hour, iv, 312, vi, 82;

erg and calorie equivalents, vii, 382

Watt-hour Meters, vii, 174-7

Wattmeters, vii, 172-4, 376;

electromagnetic, 171

Watt-second, vi, 82, 84, 85

(see also Joule)

Wave Length, iv, 196, 213, 214 (fig.), 384

Wave Meters, vii, 292-5

Waves, Ocean (see Ocean Waves)

Waves (vibrations), defined, iv, 196, 384

(see also Light Waves, Sound Waves, etc.)

Wax Candles, viii, 246, 247

Waxes, viii, 245-6, 350

Weak-Mindedness, facial expressions of, xv, 63, 64 (fig.)

"Weaning" Treatments, xi, 248

Weapon Salve, x, 79

Weapons, evolution of, v, 12-13, xv, 102-10, 190-2, 205-21

Weariness, indigestion from, ix, 241

Weasel Family, xii, 347-51

Weasels, xii, 348-9;

storing of food by, 292

Weather, aeronautics and, i, 284, 285;

atmospheric pressure and, 237-8, 241-2;

business dependence on, 261-70;

climate and, 199;

clothing in relation to, x, 309-10;

"comes from west," xiv, 350;

control of animal and plant life, i, 254;

correlation studies, 253;

crops and, 245-50, 252-3;

cycles, 242;

elements and how observed, 70-89;

heights of phenomena, 17, 18;

human effects, 316, 323-4, 330-1;

military importance, 306-15;

modern commenting on, 66;

moon's influence, ii, 201;

predictions for future eclipses, 217;

pressure areas and, i, 135, 218, 237-8, xiv, 349-50;

"recurrence," i, 363;

solar radiation and, 218-19, ii, 186-7, iv, 194;

sun-spots and, i, 16, 242, ii, 186;

variety in relation to efficiency, xiv, 357;

world-wide interrelations, i, 218, 241-2

Weather Bureau (see U. S. Weather Bureau)

Weather Forecasts and Forecasting, i, 224-6, 236-44;

advertising and, 265-6;

aeronautical, 18, 304-5;

agricultural, 256-7;

basis, 135;

frost, i, 260;

history of, xvi, 102, 177;

kites and balloons in, i, 22;

"odds," 314;

rainbows in, 177;

small progress in art, 382;

sunrise and sunsets in, 166;

United States, 216-17

(see also Weather Predictions)

Weather Glass, i, 70

Weather Instruments, i, 68-89

Weather Insurance, i, 269-70

Weather-Making, i, 332-45

Weather Maps, i, 225-36;

"flat," 239, 372;

marine, 273-6;

shipboard, 281;

winds on, 125-6, 134

Weather Observations and Reports, i, 66-89, 213-23;

aeronautical, 304-5, 314;

earliest instrumental, 201;

humidity in, xiv, 353-4;

marine, i, 274-6, 280-2;

used in crop forecasting, 251-2;

World War, 310, 314

Weather Predictions, long range, i, 241-4;

value to farmers, 249-50

Weather Prophets, distribution, i, 243

Weather Proverbs, i, 106, 177

Weather Vanes, ancient, i, 68;

common and scientific, 82

Weather Wells, i, 354, 384

Weathering of Rocks, iii, 22, 384, viii, 194-5, 338;

agencies and processes, iii, 22-9, xiv, 41-3, 62-4, 75-9, 105-6;

determined by character and arrangement of rocks, 44, 79, 130, 133;

in deserts and arid regions, iii, 23, 72, xiv, 41-2, 62, 69, 77-9;

on mountains, iii, 23-4, xiv, 40, 233;

plutonic rocks, 105-6, 107, 110, 112-13

Weaving, historical development of, xv, 243, 244-7;

pattern-making, v, 280-2;

threads, 276, 278-80

Weber's Law, xi, 184-5

Webs, of spiders, xii, 94, 95-6

Webster, Daniel, brain weight, xv, 39

Wedding Presents, xv, 285

Weddings, attendants at, origin of, xv, 282

Wedge, v, 37;

discovery of use, 15;

form of inclined plane, iv, 90;

friction in, 93

Wedge (meteorology), i, 238, 384

Weeds, origin in U. S., xiii, 353-4

Weedy Plantain, xiii, 88

"Weeping Trees," i, 351

Weeping Willow, xiii, 271-2

Weft Threads, v, 278, 280

Wegener, Dr. A., i, 192

Weight, iv, 58, 74, 99, 101;

defined, vi, 81, xvi, 130;

diminished by earth's rotation, iv, 74-5;

errors in perception of, xi, 184-5;

latitude and, ii, 69, iv, 101, 102, xvi, 130;

loss of, in fluids, iv, 104, 105, 106, (fig.), 107;

mass and, 84-5, 110, xvi, 130;

measured by spring balance, iv, 102;

measurement of, by displacement, 103-4, 105;

of gases, gram-molecular method, viii, 109;

units of, iv, 46, 283-4, viii, 28

Weight (bodily), at different ages, ix, 31, 32 (diagram);

metabolism in relation to, x, 271, ix;

reduction of, 302;

rate of reduction by fasting, x, 275

Weight Arm, in machines, v, 22, 26, 31, 32, 33

Weights and Measures, British and metric units, iv, 45-6, 69-70;

practical units, 283-4;

scientific standards, xvi, 129-30

(see also Units)

Weismann, germ plasm theory, x, 230;

on adaptations, xvi, 152

Welding of Metals, i, 33;

electric, iv, 312;

Goldschmidt method, viii, 155

Wells, airlifts in, iv, 130;

artesian, iii, 118-19, xiv, 12, 138;

blowing, i, 353-5, 368;

drilling of deep, iii, 119-21;

drying of, xiv, 136;

gases and minerals in water, 141-2;

Green's drive, v, 380;

locating of, iii, 123-6;

pumping systems for deep, v, 114-15;

sanitary aspects, iii, 121-3, xiv, 139-40;

source of, 138-9;

sunk in granite, 137;

water supply from, iii, 118-19, viii, 317-18

Wells, E. I., on railroads, i, 267

Wells, Horace, x, 124, 125, xvi, 185

Wells, Spencer, xvi, 184

Welsbach Gas Mantles, vi, 264, viii, 252;

invisible rays, xvi, 192

Welsh Language, xv, 162

Welsh People, in Mediterranean Group, xvi, 49;

mountain isolation of, xv, 130

Welts, hypnotic production, xi, 317

Welwitschia Mirabilis, xiii, 380-1

Wentletraps, xii, 71

West Africa, beetles of, xii, 124;

crocodiles of, 199-200;

coast of, xv, 136;

forests of, xiv, 366, 368-9;

hanging valleys in, 58;

harmattan of, i, 134;

monkeys of, xii, 379;

monsoons, i, 131;

python of, xii, 214;

river shrew of, 367;

sleeping sickness, x, 169;

tornadoes of, i, 137

Western American Volcanic Belt, xiv, 315

Western Forest (U. S.), xiv, 373-4

Western Pacific Volcanic Belt, xiv, 315-16

Western Union Telegraph Co., vii, 107-8, 112;

early weather forecasts, i, 216

West Indies, boa constrictor of, xii, 215;

clove production, xiii, 262;

coffee in, 233;

concordant coasts of, xiv, 249;

coral reefs in, 305;

earthquakes in, 331;

hurricanes, i, 136, 375;

hurricane reports, 280-2, 309;

mongooses in, xii, 352;

nutmeg production, xiii, 262;

poisonous snakes, xii, 234;

sea-shells of, 73;

sharks of, 143;

sponges of, 32;

spurge, xiii, 30-1;

vanilla production, 259;

volcanoes of, xiv, 316

Westerly Winds, region of prevailing, i, 128, 129

Westinghouse, George, air-brake, v, 130, 380

Westinghouse Electric Co., machinery for Niagara Plant, vi, 374, 375, 376

Westminster Abbey, weathering effects, iii, 22

West Virginia, natural gas, iii, 355

Wet Bulb Thermometer, i, 78-9, 318, 384

Wetness, exposure to, effects of, x, 239;

sensation of, xi, 128

Wet Steam, v, 140

Whalebone, xii, 298

Whales, xii, 297-9;

sawfish and, 149;

squids and, 80

Whale's Food, xii, 19

Whaling Industry, aerial patrol in, i, 48

Wheat, ancestral home, xiii, 182, 221;

economic importance, i, 263, xiii, 208;

food value, viii, 364, x, 259, 261, 262, 267, 278, 279;

fruit for seed dispersal, xiii, 56;

germination of seeds, ix, 16-17, xiii, 211;

history and forms, 210-11;

in grass family, 179;

Mediterranean source, xiv, 382;

phosphate requirements, 67;

protein in, xiii, 95;

rust, 13;

snow and, i, 253;

stalk stiffening, viii, 337;

starch made from, 243;

time required to produce, v, 249;

vitamines in hulls, ix, 35, 36

(see also Winter Wheat)

Wheatstone Bridge, iv, 301, vi, 80

Wheel and Axle, v, 31-3;

action of, like lever, iv, 89

Wheel Lock, xv, 217

Wheeled Vehicles, use on farms, v, 215

Wheels, centrifugal force of, iv, 71;

discovery and development of, xv, 241-3;

evolution of, v, 16-17, 205;

form of lever, 21, 28;

friction, 204;

friction-saving by, 205-6;

large and small, 206;

not found in nature, 16, 215;

tendency to turn on center of gravity, 150;

in transportation, 214-15

Whelks, xii, 72

Whippoorwills, family of, xii, 267;

feathers about mouth, 244

Whirlwinds, dust, i, 60

Whiskey, making of, viii, 250

Whispering Galleries, iv, 239

Whistles, policeman's, iv, 220;

siren, 205

Whistling, impossible in caissons, iv, 32

White (color), reflection of light by, x, 309

White, Andrew D., on comets, ii, 84

White, Charles, x, 92

White, D., quoted, iii, 202, 343

White, I. C., anticlinal theory, iii, 352

White, Maunsel, v, 55, 383

White, Orlando E., xiii, 221

White Ants, xii, 110

White-blood, metabolism in, x, 272

"White Coal," v, 76, 174

White Corpuscles, ix, 182 (fig.), 184-8;

germ destruction by, 185-7, x, 197, 209-10;

passage through capillary walls, ix, 194

Whiteface, Mount, spring on, iii, 117

Whitefish, xii, 154, 159

White Flies, xii, 112

White Flour, vitamines absent in, x, 267, ix, 35

Whitehead Torpedo, v, 380

White Heat, temperature of, iv, 361

White Lead, viii, 162, 265

White Light, iv, 364;

composition, Colors, i, 165, iv, 357-9, 366-7, vi, 282, viii, 301, ix, 115, 3579, xvi, 119;

hands and face in, iv, 364-5

White Mts., Arctic species in, xiv, 377;

club mosses of, xiii, 305;

in Mesozoic Era, iii, 232

White Pine, in northern forests, xiv, 372;

region of, xiii, 368

White Plague, x, 290, 294

White Race, xv, 32;

beards in, 38;

brain weight, 41;

characteristics indefinite, 35-6;

disease immunity and susceptibility, 48, 49-50;

eyes, color of, 37;

facial angle in, 45;

hair, color and form of, 37, 38;

in tropics, i, 327, xiv, 344, 356-7, xv, 49-50;

jaw angle of, 44;

language relationships, 161-3;

light and dark divisions, 37;

measles in, 48;

nose index and nostril shapes, 45, 46;

savages' ideas of, 334;

separate origin theory, 70;

skull index in, 42;

skull capacity, 41

White Rainbows, i, 176, 384

White Rats, protein experiments on, ix, 287-8, 288

White Swelling, x, 78

"White Way" Lighting, vi, 279, vii, 339-40

White Whales, xii, 297

Whitman, Walt, "Song of Myself," xi, 336

Whitney, Eli, v, 269;

cotton gin, 269-71, 376, xiii, 237-8;

milling machine, v, 47, 378;

standard muskets, 49-50

Whitney, Mount, observatories on, ii, 144, 149

Whitney, Professor, on emphasis, xv, 144;

on language changes, 157

Whittlesey, Lake, iii, 148

Whole Wheat Bread, vitamines in, x, 267

Whooping Cough, consumption from, x, 292;

germ of, 216

Wickam, H. A., "botanical specimens" of, xiii, 247

Widal Reaction, x, 216

Wilberforce Spring, iv, 83-5

Wilcox & Gibbs Machine, v, 285

Wild Arum, fertilization, xiii, 153

Wild Asses, xii, 308

Wild Boar, xii, 310;

in Cro-Magnon paintings, xv, 114

Wildcats, xii, 356

Wild Dogs, xii, 345

Wild Ducks, seed dispersal by, xiii, 340-1

Wilderness of Judæa, xiv, 121

Wild Horse, xii, 306-7

Wild Mustard, origin in U.S., xiii, 353-4

Wild Ox, xii, 330-1

Willets, xii, 262

Will or Volition, xi, 259-67;

hypnosis and, 317, 318;

motor character, 61;

source of energy of, 33

William the Conqueror, at Salerno, x, 36, 37

Willamette River, navigability of, xiv, 195

Williams, Prof. Samuel, ii, 211;

quoted, i, 201

Williams, Wells, on Chinese astronomy, ii, 21

Williamson, chemical work, xvi, 133-4, 162, 165

Willis, Thomas, xvi, 108

Will-o'-the-Wisp, i, 346-9

Willow Trees, antiquity of species, xiii, 324-5;

family, 191;

fertilization, 122;

origin and product, 244;

petals absent, 190;

seed dispersal, 343;

sexes in, 47, 191;

sprouting of, 166

Willughby, xvi, 126

Wilson, A. B., sewing machine, v, 284-5, 379

Wilson, T. L., xvi, 190-1

Wimhurst Influence Machine, vi, 301

Winch, iv, 90-1

Winchell, A. N., i, 55

Winchester, James, quoted, i, 360

Wincing, origin, xi, 133

Wind, Winds, cause and general system, i, 124-9, xiv, 347-51;

climate determined by, 345-7;

complex structure, i, 292-8;

defined, x, 384;

direction, how observed, 82;

drying power, 77;

due to sun, v, 177, xiv, 32;

dust-carrying by, i, 52-5, iii, 71, 73-5, xiv, 77, 327;

eddies and updrafts, i, 53;

force measurement, 83-4, 294-6;

force in relation to isobars and altitudes, i, 126;

geological work, iii, 71-5;

gusts, i, 295;

human control, i, 332, 333;

in aeronautics, 284-6, 289-300;

lifting effort on kites, iv, 76 (fig.);

lightning and, i, 148;

local names, 132;

ocean, 271-6;

ocean currents caused by, xiv, 303;

plant fertilization by, xiii, 118, 123, 148-9;

power to blow objects aloft, i, 356;

pressure areas and, i, 124-6, 127-9, 134-5, 218, xiv, 349-50;

pressure due to inertia, v, 234;

projectiles and, i, 312-13;

rainfall and, 111;

rock destruction by, iii, 72-3, xiv, 41, 45, 62, 77, 233;

sailing against, iv, 77 (fig.), v, 182, 186-8;

seed dispersal by, xiii, 58-9, 156, 340, 343-6;

soils deposited by, iii, 73-4, xiv, 71-5;

sound and, i, 187, iv, 210-11;

superstitions, i, 334-5;

topography and, 292, 294 (fig.), 296-7;

types, 130-9;

use of power, 37-8, v, 75, 111, 173, 182;

velocity and force, i, 83, 84, 137, 138;

vertical, 293;

waves caused by, xiv, 299;

weather and, i, 237-8, xiv, 349-50;

worship of, by Polynesians, xv, 342

Wind Aloft, i, 384

Wind Aloft Maps, i, 230, 231, 233

Wind Charts, i, 206, 271-3

Wind Gaps, iii, 39, 38 (fig.), xiv, 58, 98, 169

Wind Instruments, iv, 231;

development of, xv, 316-17

Windmills, v, 75, 111;

modern use, i, 37-8

Windpipe, cartilage in, ix, 57;

connections and parts, 255

Wind Rose, i, 273-4, 384

Wine, alcohol in, how measured, iv, 113;

flavors of, viii, 248-9;

pasteurization of, x, 139-40;

religious uses, primitive, xv, 352

Wine Making, viii, 248-9;

Pasteur's discoveries, x, 138, 139-40

Wine Palm, xiii, 53

Winged Fruit and Seed, xiii, 58, 345-6

Wings, of birds, xii, 247

Wings, of flowers, xiii, 47-8

Wing Shells, xii, 73-4

Winkles (shellfish), xii, 72

Winnepeg, Lake, iii, 144

Winter, effects on life, xi, 51;

human efficiency in, i, 323;

keeping warm in, ix, 309, 312;

land and sea winds in, xiv, 346;

mild and severe, how determined, 350;

"old fashioned," i, 200-2;

thunderstorms, danger of, 156

Winter-Days, temperature, i, 205, 384

Wintergreen, origin, xiii, 255

Wintergreen Plants, xiii, 202

Winter Provender, of rodents, xii, 292-3

Winter Wheat, best time to plant, i, 256;

snow and, 253

Wireless Communication, vii, 258-98;

condensers in, vi, 303, 304;

dependent on simultaneous reactance, 171;

hot-wire ammeters in, vii, 163, 164

(see also Radio)

Wireless Control, of aeroplanes and ships, vii, 283-4

Wireless Signals, in aeronautics, i, 291, 292, 302

Wireless Telegraphy, iv, 313-16;

alternating currents in, vi, 168;

conditions of transmission, vii, 272-3;

detectors, 268, xvi, 191-2;

history, 191;

induction coils in, iv, 305, 313, 314;

resonance in, 226;

strays or static, i, 162-3;

theory for amateurs, vii, 285-98;

vacuum tubes in, vi, 125, vii, 276-80;

weather reporting by, i, 257, 269, 280-2, 315;

in World War, vii, 283

(see also Wireless Communication)

Wireless Telephony, iv, 315-16;

aeronautical uses, i, 44-5, 302;

alternating currents in, vi, 163;

current conversion, 339-41;

development of, vii, 280-3;

distress signals, 284;

theory for amateurs, 285-98;

vacuum tubes in, vi, 125, 339-41, vii, 276, 278, 279, 280;

weather reporting by, i, 257;

in World War, vii, 282-3

(see also Wireless Communication)

Wires, current-capacity table, vii, 58;

leakage, 10-11;

measure (circular mils), iv, 282-3;

measure (mils), vi, 77, vii, 373;

resistance of, iv, 281, 282-3, vi, 79;

sizes and kinds in transmission, vii, 20-4;

standard tables, (copper), 378-81;

types of insulation, 58

Wireworms, xii, 124

Wiring, interior, vii, 51-72;

exterior (see Overhead, Underground Transmission)

Wishbone, of birds, xii, 247

Wisby, in Hanseatic League, xiv, 282

Wisconsin, drainage studies in, xiv, 131;

drumlins of, iii, 69, xiv, 60;

Ice Age in, iii, 239;

lakes of, xiv, 200;

terminal moraines in, 59

Wise, John, rip panel inventor, v, 224

Wiseman, Richard, x, 78

Wishes, dreams from, xi, 293, 299-300, 301-2;

suppression of, 140-2, 257

Wistar, Casper, x, 116

Wit, psychology of, xi, 350-7

Witchcraft, former theories of, x, 357, 360

Witches, colonial ordeals for, xv, 373

Witchhazel, origin, xiii, 255

Witch-Hazel Plant, seed dispersal, xiii, 339

Witnesses, influence of forms of questions, xi, 308-10;

untrustworthiness, 103, 168

Woevre, France, xiv, 91

Wöhler, Friedrich, x, 126

Wolf, astronomer, ii, 134

Wolff, Caspar F., xvi, 118

Wolf-Rayet Stars, ii, 116

Wollaston, William Hyde, xvi, 122, 162;

spectrum studies, ii, 111, 112

Wolverine, xii, 348-9

Wolves, xii, 340-2;

dogs and, 344;

ears of, 346;

in Great Britain, xiv, 273;

Tasmanian, xii, 277

Wombat, xii, 278

Women, basal metabolism of, x, 271;

bearing of pain by, ix, 87;

brain weight in, xv, 39;

color-blindness in, ix, 116, 340-1;

dress of, x, 309;

ear-rings of, xv, 259;

food requirements, viii, 367;

heart rate in, x, 334;

height of, xv, 38;

modesty and immodesty in dress, 254-5;

painting of, 256;

skull capacity, 40;

susceptibility to temperature changes, x, 240;

voice tones of, ix, 99

Wonder, in various sentiments, xi, 146, 147

Wood, chemical material of, viii, 44;

decay of, xiii, 71;

distillation for wood alcohol, viii, 214;

electrical conductivity, iv, 259;

flame of burning, viii, 57;

heat conductivity, iv, 176, 177;

percentage of carbon in, viii, 44;

petrified, iii, 15-16;

sound velocity in, iv, 201;

storage appliance of plants, xiii, 96;

use as food, ix, 24

(see also Heartwood, Sap wood)

Wood, Henry Wise, v, 383

Wood Alcohol, viii, 214;

flame of, 60;

used as denaturant, 250

Wood Ashes, lye from, viii, 276;

potash in, 279, 343, 344, xiv, 67

Woodchucks, xii, 295

Woodcocks, xii, 263

Wood Lice, xii, 82

Woodpeckers, xii, 267;

mating of, xv, 276-7;

toes of, xii, 265;

use of tools, v, 11

Wood Pulp, in paper making, v, 290, 292-5, 380

Wood Sorrels, leaves, xiii, 88-9, 113

Woodward, Dr. Robert S., ii, 147, xvi, 126

Woody Tissue, composition, xiv, 65

Woof, of woven goods, v, 278, xv, 244

Wool, as clothing material, x, 307, 308, 309, ix, 311;

chemical properties and manufacture, viii, 256;

dyes of, 259;

electrification of, iv, 257, 258, 259;

humidity effects in manufacture, i, 78;

removal of cotton from, viii, 255;

warmth, to what due, iv, 178

Wool Grass, xiii, 182 (fig.)

Wool-pack Clouds, i, 101-2, 384

Woolwich Observatory, founding, xvi, 127

Woolworth Building, elevator system, v, 134-5;

height of tower, 79;

flood lighting, vi, 283

Wordsworth, paradox of, xi, 247

Words, changes in meanings of, xv, 157;

double meanings, 158-9;

inadequacy in feelings, 143;

origin of various, 153-4, 157, 161

Work (labor), conditions of, importance, xi, 361-2;

daily amount in calories, ix, 297;

daily amount in foot-tons, x, 305;

effect of distractions, xi, 277;

fatigue and capacity for, x, 246, 247;

fatigue from new, ix, 81;

fatigue in pleasant and unpleasant, xi, 274-6, 277-8;

food energy consumed by, viii, 367;

planning of, xi, 377-8;

rest periods and efficiency, 363

(see also Vocations)

Work (mechanics), iv, 37, 38;

accomplished by inequalities, viii, 168;

energy and, iv, 37-40, 78-88;

heat relations to, 189-91, 193;

measurement and units, 78, 79-80, 189-90, vi, 81-2, 84;

rate of, iv, 80

(see Power)

Workers, food requirements and energy of, viii, 367;

instruction of beginners, xi, 363-5;

interest of, 376;

jobs and, 358-61;

tool adjustment to, 362

World War, aeronautical development, i, 40-1, 284, 285, iv, 10, 107;

aeronautical weather services, i, 304-5;

aeroplane accidents, x, 246;

aeroplane machine guns, v, 107;

aeroplane mapping, i, 45;

aeroplanes, luminous glories seen, 185;

aftermath of, x, 188-9;

artillery phenomena, i, 193-4;

artillery vs. armor, v, 368;

big guns, v, 368-71;

bombardment of Antwerp, i, 191;

cannonading heard at distances, 188;

care of disabled, (U. S.), x, 188-91;

chemical warfare, viii, 262-4, x, 186-8;

chemical warfare service device, viii, 283;

chemistry in, xvi, 159;

commerce destruction in, xiv, 306;

cultural setback by, xv, 30;

dried foods in, viii, 371;

dye industry in, 253;

electricity in, vi, 10;

flood lighting, 283;

flying machines, v, 233;

French forests in, xiv, 239;

gas masks, viii, 48;

German aircraft at beginning, x, 40;

German lack of jute bags, xiii, 241;

German plans on two fronts, xiv, 91-2;

German torpedoes, v, 374;

Germans called Huns, xi, 22;

Germany's nitrate needs, xiv, 66;

helmets and armor in, xv, 221;

hysterical phenomena in, x, 363;

ignorance of southern mountaineers in, xv, 131;

influenza pandemic, x, 294-5;

Italy in, xiv, 244-5, 252-3, Italy in, xv, 138;

invasion of France and Belgium, topographical considerations, xiv, 88-93;

inventions, v, 360, 384;

jaundice in trenches, x, 201;

Liberty engines, v, 53-4;

machine guns, 363-8;

Marne retreat incidents, xi, 286-7;

medical achievements of, x, 176-91, 384;

meteorology in, i, 290-1, 307-15;

mirages in Mesopotamia, 173;

motors used, direct current, vi, 239;

nitrogen needs and production, i, 34, 36, viii, 246, xiv, 66;

pilot balloons, i, 22;

potash dearth and supplies, viii, 143-4, 279, 344, xiv, 67;

projectiles and shells, v, 372;

rain in battles, i, 338;

Russian bison destroyed in, xii, 329;

Russian elk destruction in, 318;

scientific progress in, iv, 10-11, xvi, 9, 195;

scurvy in, x, 265;

searchlights on fleets, iv, 352;

sleeping sickness epidemic, x, 301;

smoke screens, viii, 87;

sound-ranging, i, 313, iv, 201-2;

sphagnum use in, xiii, 160-1;

stereograms in, xi, 180-1;

submarines, v, 198, 200-1;

submarine spotting, i, 47;

sulphuric acid importance, viii, 78-9, 80;

surgery in, x, 181-3, 381-2;

Switzerland in, xiv, 243-4;

tanks, v, 218;

tetanus infection in, x, 299;

trench fever in, 202;

tuberculosis in France, 175;

typhoid fever in, 217, 288;

vitamine foods lacking in certain countries, 260;

volcanic power in Italy, v, 179-80;

well-poisoning in, xv, 228;

wheat in rationing, viii, 364;

wireless operations, vii, 282-3;

"Who won it?," v, 300;

wood as food in, ix, 24;

Zeppelins and captive balloons, v, 227

World Weather Bureau, i, 221

Worm Gears, v, 37 (fig.), 88

Worms, xii, 44-5, 50-6;

classification, iii, 259;

earliest tracks, 263, 270;

power of distinguishing light, ix, 105;

regeneration in, xii, 170;

sea, 18, 23

Worms (disease), x, 200

Worry, feeling of, ix, 153-4, 167;

hardened arteries from, x, 335;

indigestion from, ix, 165, 167, 240-1

Wound-Rotor Induction Motor, vi, 245, 248, 256

Wounds, antiseptic treatment of, x, 145-6, xvi, 182-3;

Carrel-Dakin treatment of infected, x, 181-3, 382;

former treatment, 40, 43, 54-5, 59, 78-9;

healing of modern surgical, 123;

painlessness to soldiers, xi, 119, 120;

Paré's treatment of, 55, xvi, 108;

radiation treatment of septic, x, 384

Wound Suckers, x, 91, 105

Wove Paper, v, 296

Woven Fabrics, threads of, v, 276, 278

Wright, Sir Almroth, x, 218

Wright, Orville and Wilbur, v, 231-2, 237-8, 383-4;

early flights, i, 300

Wright, Thomas, ii, 350, 367, 380

Wright Machines, v, 232, 236, 237-8

Wrigley Triplets Sign, N. Y., vii, 340-1

Wrist, bones of, ix, 67, 68 (fig.);

pulse in, 211

Writing, development of, xv, 164-79, 325, xvi, 60;

by telegraph, vi, 98;

remarks on art of, ii, 10;

reflex actions in, ix, 157

Written Language, association principle in, ix, 152;

importance to man, 153

Wrong, original meaning, xi, 190

Wrought Iron, v, 317, viii, 158-9

Wyberd, on corona, ii, 221

Wye Connections, vi, 209, 318, 325

Wyoming, badlands of, xiv, 82;

cattle ranges, 222-3;

dike systems, 106-7;

marine fossils in, iii, 82;

volcanic fields, xiv, 318

Xanthine, viii, 230

Xenon, in atmosphere, i, 11, 12;

symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Xenophanes, on fossils, iii, 14

Xiphosura, xii, 81

X-ray Analysis, of crystals, viii, 313

X-ray Photography, iv, 55, 320-1;

uses of, vii, 253-4, x, 222, 372-4

X-rays, iv, 317-21, vii, 249-57, x, 184-6, 254, 383;

discovery of, iv, 55, 317, x, 183-4, xvi, 192-3;

fluorescence produced by, iv, 320, 378-9;

invisibility, 319, 378;

transmitted through æther, vi, 119, 269;

vibration frequency, iv, 379, vii, 260

X-ray Spectra, viii, 183, 309

X-ray Tube, iv, 319, vii, 251-2;

operated by induction coils, 244;

static generators for, 245

Xylene, from coal tar, viii, 253

Xylols, viii, 235

Xylophone, iv, 224

Yaks, xii, 330

Yakutat Bay, Alaska, xiv, 334-5;

faulting in, 114, 334-5

Yakutsk, Siberia, i, 210

Yale College, founding, xvi, 127

Yampa River, xiv, 166, 168, 175

Yams, origin and antiquity, xiii, 224;

water, of Madagascar, 89-90

Yapocks, xii, 276

Yard, unit of length, iv, 45, 69;

value in meters, 46, 70

Yarn, grading of, v, 272;

making and weaving of, 268, 272-82

Yawning, as fear effect, xi, 132

Yaws, racial susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51

Y-connections (see Wye)

Year, beginning of, in ancient Egypt, ii, 26;

in Cæsar's calendar, xvi, 98;

length fixed by Hipparchus, 11, 32;

length in ancient Egypt, xvi, 70;

measurement of, iv, 15;

without a Summer, i, 359-61, 361-2

"Yearning of Bowels," xi, 64, 131, 160

Yeast, cells of, xvi, 142-3;

disease-producing, x, 196;

fermentation in dough, ix, 248;

fermentation by pure and other cultures, x, 138;

leavening powers of, viii, 50;

non-flowering plant, xiii, 13, 14, 43;

origin of power, 71;

reproduction, 164;

vitamines in, ix, 36, x, 260, 261

Yellow, complementary color of, iv, 367;

photographic action of,366;

soothing effects, vi, 274;

wave length of, iv, 359, 365

Yellow Days, cause, i, 57

Yellow Fever, x, 159-63;

campaign against, 162, 172-3, xiv, 356-7;

discovery of cause, x, 160-3, 173, 200;

immunity to, 207, xiv, 357;

virus of, x, 161, 200

Yellow Race, xv, 32;

brain and skull capacity in, 41;

diseases of, 51;

facial angle in, 45;

jaw angle of, 44;

nose index and nostril shape, 46;

peoples of, 37;

separate origin theory, 70;

skull index, 42

Yellowstone Lake, xiv, 180;

altitude, 205

Yellowstone National Park, freaks of nature in, vii, 202;

geysers in, iii, 129;

Hayden Relief model, xiv, 10;

hot springs, 143;

jointed rocks, 129;

petrified forests, iii, 126-7;

travertine terraces, xiv, 146;

uncooled lava masses, 313-14

Yellowstone River, canyon of (see Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone);

falls of, iii, 48-9;

geological history, xiv, 180

Yerkes Telescope, ii, 98, 202;

magnification by, iv, 346

Yersin, bubonic plague work, x, 164, 165;

pupil of Pasteur, 143

Yew Tree, ancestors of, xiii, 317;

a conifer, 174;

in landscaping, 270;

of Tasmania, 30

Yorkshire Coast, recession of, xiv, 47, 301

Yosemite Falls, iii, 47-8, 65

Yosemite Valley, air currents, i, 296, 297;

formation, iii, 44, 64-6, 225;

granite walls, 112, 214;

impressiveness, vii, 202

Young, Prof., astronomical work, ii, 120, 128, 142, 181, 183, 201, 222-3, 307

Young, Thomas, x, 96-7, xvi, 174

Young's Modulus, iv, 157, 158

Yperman, Jean, x, 41

Ypres, chemical warfare at, x, 186

Yssel River, xiv, 45

Ytterbium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Yttrium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Yucatan, chocolate cultivation, xiii, 234;

sisal production, 240-1

Yucca Plant, pollination of, xvi, 152-3

Yukon River, use of, xiv, 191

Zambezi, crocodiles of, xii, 200

Zambezi River, gorge and falls of, xiv, 131-2,

(see also Victoria Falls);

lava field of, 317;

varied course, 155

Zanzibar, clove production, xiii, 262, 263

Zebras, xii, 307-8

Zeno, Greek philosopher, xvi, 84-5

Zeolites, in softening water, viii, 324

Zeppelin, Friedrich von, v, 225-6, 228, 382

Zeppelins, v, 225-6, 228-9, 382;

development by Germany, i, 40;

in World War, 310

Zero, invention of, xvi, 184

Ziczac, Egyptian, xii, 263

Zinc, affinity intensity, viii, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

extraction from ores, 270, 271;

in electric cells, vi, 59, 61, viii, 167;

in heavy metal group, 126-7, 154;

melting point and requirements, iv, 162, viii, 384;

occurrence and production, iii, 363-4, viii, 129, 198;

specific gravity, 384;

test for, 287, 289;

uses, iii, 363, viii, 155-6;

used in hydrogen preparation, 32-3

Zinc Carbonate, viii, 130

Zinc Sulphate, viii, 96

Zircon, iii, 341;

axis ratio, 317

Zirconium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Zodiac, ii, 254

Zodiacon, i, 192

Zoetrope, v, 329

Zone of Flowage, iii, 84

Zone of Fracture, iii, 84;

action of rocks in, 86

Zones, Climatic, earliest distinction, iii, 220;

not marked in oldest times, 173, 178, 184, 202

Zones of Silence, i, 189-92

Zoögonidia, movements, xvi, 166

Zooids, xii, 34

Zoölogy, Volume xii

Zoölogy, binomial nomenclature in, x, 84;

daily interest, xvi, 15-16, 22, 25-6;

defined, xvi, 36;

history of development, 116, 126, 140-8

Zoöpraxiscope, v, 330

Zorilla, xii, 348

Zuider Zee, formation of present, xiv, 45-6

Zulus, ideas of future life, xv, 333;

musical instruments of, 317;

polygamy among, 288

Zuni Indians, pottery-making by, xv, 250 (fig.)