GENERAL INDEX (continued 4)

stone implements of ancient, xv, 109

Hunger, "best sauce," ix, 242;

food regulation by, 299;

impulse of, in civilization, xv, 185-204, 273;

sensation of, ix, 87-8, 231, xi, 65-6, 67, xv, 65;

sense of, in infants, ix, 349-50;

sleep and, xi, 290

Hunger Strikes, water in, x, 275

Hunt, T. Sterry, xvi, 190

Hunter, John, x, 93-6, 97;

electric eel studies, vi, 16;

Jenner pupil of, x, 94, 99;

Virchow compared to, 129

Hunter, William, x, 92-3, 94

Hunter's Moon, ii, 196

Hunting, primitive methods and devices, xv, 222-8

Hunting Dog, African, xii, 345

Hunting Dogs, heart in, x, 332

Hunting Stage, xv, 187, 192-6;

equality of members in, 376;

leaders in, 366;

polygamy in, 287

Hurdy-Gurdy Wheel, v, 77

Huron, Lake, size, xiv, 204

Hurricane Cliffs, xiv, 124

Hurricane Grass, xiii, 344

Hurricanes, i, 136, 375;

electrification by, vii, 212-13;

handling of ships in, i, 277-8;

warnings in Caribbean Sea, 282, 309

Hurry, modern spirit of, xv, 12

Hussey, Obed, v, 244-5, 246, 247, 249, 379

Hutton, Dr. James, geologist, xvi, 126, 169-70

Huxley, gorilla studies of, xv, 57;

on herring, xii, 156;

work of, x, 136, xvi, 140-1, 142, 182

Huygens, as astrologer, ii, 21;

Kepler's Laws and, 61;

light theory, xvi, 119;

mechanical method of, iv, 11;

micrometer invention, ii, 58;

on planetary pull, 63;

on rings of Saturn, 54, 57;

pendulum clock invention, v, 65;

studies of Mars, ii, 227, 228;

studies of nebulæ, 357;

telescopes, 13, 57, 99

Hyacinth, xiii, 120, 184

Hyacinth Stone, iii, 341

Hyades, ii, 341-3

Hyalite, iii, 335

Hybrids, defined, ix, 334, xiii, 147;

transmission of characters, ix, 334-7, x, 231-2, 233, xiii, 332, 333

Hydra, fresh water, xii, 33-4

Hydraulic Jets, v, 88 (see Water Jets)

Hydraulic Machinery, v, 97-108

(see also special heads, as Cranes, Elevators, etc.)

Hydraulic Press, v, 97-100, 376;

mechanical gain in, iv, 41

Hydraulic Ram, v, 84-6

Hydriodic Acid, formation of, viii, 95-6

Hydro-acids, viii, 98, 114, 377

Hydrocarbons, and derivatives, viii, 51-2, 205-40;

molecular complexity and physical state, 298;

oxygen affinity for, 36;

substitution phenomena, xvi, 162

Hydrochloric Acid, viii, 86-7, 115;

action on cellulose, 255;

in gastric juice, x, 320, 325, ix, 234-5, 236, 237-8;

metal tests by, viii, 288;

production, 87, 105, 275, 277;

solubility in water, 111;

test for, 285

Hydroelectric Plants, v, 79, 83, vi, 351-2, 361-78;

on farms, vii, 233-4;

use of alternators, vi, 215;

(see also Power Plants)

Hydroelectric Power, called "white coal," v, 76;

in Switzerland, xiv, 242

Hydrogen, viii, 18, 29-33;

affinity strength, 128;

affinity for halogens, 85, 86;

atmospheric, i, 11, 192, ii, 232;

atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383;

atomic weights based on, 33, 92;

basic element, Prout's hypothesis, 177;

boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;

compressibility and volume, 143;

critical temperature and pressure, 173;

density of, 110, 113;

diffusibility of, viii, 108;

discovery, xvi, 120;

elimination from body, viii, 353;

explosions of, 33, 62;

flame of, 57, 58, 59-60;

increasing demand for, vii, 321;

in acids, viii, 114;

in organic compounds, 64, 204;

in plants, 336-7, 340-1;

in proteins, 351;

in water, weight and volume, 39-40;

liquefaction of, iv, 171, 191;

melting point, 162;

molecular speed, viii, 24, iv, 133;

percentage in coal series, iii, 345;

plant uses and sources, xiv, 64-5;

positive ionization, viii, 122;

preparation, 30-3, 102;

sound speed in, i, 192;

uniqueness of, viii, 182-3;

use of, in balloons, iv, 108;

valence basis, viii, 93;

valences to, 178, 179-80;

weight, iv, 110

Hydrogen Compounds, viii, 29, 36, 41, 51-2, 68-70, 205-40

Hydrogen Cycle, viii, 334, 350

Hydrogen Peroxide, viii, 41, 97;

bleaching by, 86, 256

Hydrogen Sulphide, viii, 77-8;

in metal tests, 288;

solubility in water, 111

Hydrogenation, viii, 232, 247, 377

Hydroids, xii, 18, 23, 33-7;

regeneration in, 170

Hydrology, problems, vi, 365-7

Hydrolysis, viii, 39, 217-18, 377;

by enzymes, 357, 358;

in cement setting, 280;

ionization and, 120

Hydrometers, iv, 113, vi, 147

Hydrophobia, Pasteur's work on, x, 142-3;

reduction of mortality in, 217

Hydroplanes, v, 192;

of submarines, 197-8

Hydrostatic Pressure, v, 95-6

Hydrotherapy, x, 383

Hydroxides, viii, 93, 377;

bases as, 115;

commercial preparation, of, 276;

metals found as, 130, 131, 198

Hydroxyl Derivatives, viii, 210, 212-14, 215, 218

Hydroxyl Group, viii, 377;

in bases, 115;

boiling point raised by, 299;

negative ionization, 122;

solubility, 112

Hyenas, xii, 351-2

Hygiene, among early Jews, x, 15;

daily applications, xvi, 15;

instruction in, remarks on, x, 282-5;

mental, xi, 368-82;

personal, disease prevention through, x, 302-17

Hygrometers, i, 78-9, 375;

invention, 68-9

Hygroscope, i, 375

Hymenoptera, xii, 124-6

Hyperfunction, defined, x, 348

Hyperopia, ix, 113

Hypersensibility, x, 212-15

Hypnotism, xi, 311-22;

use in medicine, xvi, 185-6

Hypo, of photography, viii, 140, 172

Hypofunction, meaning, x, 348

Hypophysis, (gland), x, 347, 352

Hysteresis, vi, 192, 213-14;

in motors, 225;

in transformers, 316

Hysteria, x, 360-3

Ianthena, xii, 19

Iatrochemical School, x, 69-70

Iatrophysical School, x, 69, 70-2

Iberian Racial Group, xvi, 49

Ibervillea, xiii, 106-7

Ibexes, xii, 325-6

Ibises, xii, 254, 255-6

Ibn-Yunos (Jounis), ii, 38, 210

Ice, ancient use in refrigeration, v, 349;

artificial, iv, 188, v, 349-50, 354-8, viii, 69-70;

color of, 40;

comparative heat, v, 345;

cooling by, iv, 178, v, 346;

density of, iv, 149;

disadvantages in refrigeration, vii, 230;

erosion by, (see Glaciers);

expansion of water in, viii, 38;

heat conductivity, iv, 179;

keeping of, v, 346, 349;

melting point and requirements, iv, 152, 161, 162;

melting point, pressure effects on, 163, 164, 164-6;

mixture with salt, temperature resulting, 175;

mixture with water, temperatures obtained, 160-1, v, 353-4;

regelation of, iv, 164-6;

specific gravity, iii, 321;

specific heat of, iv, 155;

temperatures at different pressures, v, 345;

transformation of snow into, iii, 59-60;

warming of, iv, 151-2

Ice Age, Great Quaternary, iii, 236-48, xv, 72-6;

antiquity of, xiii, 209, 322;

lakes formed, iii, 143-51;

man during, 302, 303, xv, 102;

Mississippi Valley remains, iii, 35;

moraines left by, 67-8;

sea level in, 83;

subsidence of land in, 80;

Yosemite Valley formed in, 48, 64

(see also Glacial Epoch)

Ice Age, Permian, iii, 203-4

Ice Ages, theories of, iii, 247-8;

volcanic dust theory, i, 58

Icebergs, submergence of, iv, 149

Ice Breakers, gyroscopes on, v, 342

Ice Caps, iii, 60, 61;

of Greenland and Antarctica, xiv, 55

Ice Clouds, i, 92-3, 103;

halos produced by, 177

Ice Dam Lakes, iii, 143-4, xiv, 201

Ice Crystals, i, 115-16;

halos from, 177, 178, 182-3

Ice Fogs, i, 95-6

Ice Houses, insulation method in, iv, 178

Iceland, discovery and settlement, xiv, 261;

fault displacement in, 39;

foxes of, xii, 344;

future manufacturing center, v, 173;

ice caps, iii, 61;

low pressure area, i, 361;

volcanic eruptions, 57, 59;

volcanic formation, xiv, 277, 289, 316

Icelandic Language, xv, 162

Iceland Spar, iii, 325;

effect on light, 319, iv, 354

Ice Needles, i, 92-3, 96

"Ice Pavement," xiv, 56

Ice Rain, i, 107, 375

Ice Saints, i, 363, 375

Ice Sheets, iii, 60, 61-2;

of Great Ice Age, 237-42, xv, 74-6

Ice Storms, i, 108

Ice Water, drinking of, ix, 229;

temperature of, viii, 38

Ichneumon Flies, xii, 125

Ichneumons, xii, 352

Ichthyornis, xii, 243

Ichthyosaurs, iii, 286-8, xii, 182, 202

Idaho, lava formations, xiv, 102, 103, 318;

mining products, iii, 362-3, 368

Idaho Fire (1910), i, 57

Ideal Metal, resistance, vi, 77

Ideas, psychological meaning, xi, 201-2

(see also Association of Ideas, Dissociation, Repression)

I-em-hetep, x, 11

Igneous Rocks, iii, 13, 379, xiv, 17-18;

common modes of occurrence, iii, 102 (fig.);

illustrations (Pl. 8, 9, 10);

intrusive and extrusive, xiv, 105;

intrusions in mountain ranges, 228, 230, 232-3, 234;

jointing in, 129-30;

land forms in, 44, 99-113;

oldest by nebular theory, iii, 160;

soils from, 28;

volcanic and plutonic, 106, 110, xiv, 99-100

Ignis Fatuus, i, 346-9, 375

Ignition, electric, vii, 369;

in automobiles, 130-41, 369;

in firearms, viii, 145;

temperatures of, 53-4

Iguanas, xii, 207;

boas and, 216;

color of, 204;

spiny crest of, 204

Ilkhanic Tables, ii, 39

Illinois, coal beds, iii, 199;

prairies of, xiv, 373, 383

Illinois River, sewage effects, viii, 326

Illuminating Gas, acetylene, viii, 60, 231;

burning of air in, 55, 56;

flame of, 57-9;

production, 46, 47, 252;

requisites, 60;

transfusion of blood in, poisoning from, x, 338

(see also Gas Lighting)

Illumination, art of, vi, 273;

measurement of, iv, 350-2;

unit of intensity, vii, 368

(see also Lighting, Lighting Systems)

Illusions, x, 358

(see also Hallucinations)

Illusions, Optical (see Optical Illusions)

Ilopango, Lake, draining of, xiv, 198

Images, formed by reflection, iv, 335-7;

formed by refraction, 337-9;

formation of, ix, 106-9;

real and virtual, iv, 335, 338, 339

Images (psychology), xi, 218-22

(see also After-Images)

Imagination, xi, 218-27;

due to conditioned reflexes, 202-3;

in science, xvi, 58-9

Imbeciles, reflex action in, xi, 36

Imhoff Tanks, viii, 328

Imitation, education by, xv, 66-7;

in language, 153-4;

instinct of, xi, 56;

suggestion and, 304

Immunity, against disease, ix, 179, x, 204-12;

racial, xv, 48-52

Impedance, in alternating currents, vi, 170, 171;

in oscillating circuits, vii, 289

"Imponderables," iv, 47

Impressions, first, xi, 211-12

Impulsiveness, of motor type men, xi, 157, 158-9;

will and, 264

Inanition, x, 275-7, 279

Inattention, xi, 25, 236

Inbreeding, in plants, xiii, 119-20

Incandescent Bodies, spectra of, ii, 112-13, iv, 360-3

Incandescent Lights, iv, 311

Incas of Peru, civilization in temperate climate, xv, 123;

corn in tombs, xiii, 212;

hunts of, xv, 222;

quipus of, 165, 166, (fig.)

Inclined Plane, iv, 90, v, 35-41;

primitive use of, iv, 24

Index of Refraction, in chemical analysis, viii, 310

Index Plants, i, 255

India, aborigines in black race, xv, 37;

aconite used as poison, xiii, 252;

adjutant bird of, xii, 255;

aerial photographic service, i, 46;

ancient astronomy, ii, 25, 26, xvi, 57;

ancient meteorology, i, 68, 213;

ancient science, xvi, 54, 62;

ancient sun-worship, ii, 23-4;

animals (carnivora), xii, 337, 340, 344, 345, 359, 365;

animals (herbivoral), 302, 303, 305, 308, 320, 327, 328, 330;

artificial ice in ancient, v, 349;

banana plants, xiii, 216;

betel nut, 254;

brontides, i, 195;

bubonic plague in, x, 164, 165;

Catalan forges in, v, 315;

cinnamon growing, xiii, 264;

civilization and climate, xv, 123;

coco palm of, 125;

copra production, xiii, 220;

cotton production, 237, 238;

cradle of human race, xvi, 47;

crocodiles of, xii, 199, 201;

deer-hunting in, 365, xv, 223;

dust whirlwinds, i, 60;

earthquake of, xiv, 333 (see Great Indian Earthquake);

famines, xiii, 214;

forests, government-controlled, 372;

former trade routes, xiv, 307, 309;

glacial deposits, iii, 203;

hailstorms, i, 120;

Himalayas as protection to, xv, 137;

ideas of eclipses, ii, 209;

jungle fowls of, xii, 261;

jute production, xiii, 241, 243;

monkeys of, xii, 379;

monsoons, importance, i, 66-7, 131, 218, xiv, 350-1;

monuments and records, ii, 24;

music of, xv, 314

native marriage customs, 282;

peoples and civilization, xvi, 53-4;

pipal tree, xiii, 108;

plains of, xiv, 47, 217;

polyandry in, xv, 286;

poppy growing, xiii, 253;

quinine production, 251;

rainy seasons, xiv, 352;

rattan palm, xiii, 27, 361;

religious cults, ix, 266;

religious philosophy, xi, 116;

rice in, xiii, 213;

rivers of, xiv, 195-6;

rubber growing, xiii, 247, 248;

serpents of, xii, 214, 219, 228-9, 231;

smallpox inoculation in, x, 100;

sugar production, xiii, 215;

Suttee in, xv, 335;

tarpon of, xii, 154;

tea cultivation, xiii, 228;

telegraph plant, 114;

tobacco production, 258;

tortoises of, xii, 191;

weather conditions, distant causes, i, 241;

wine palm, xiii, 53

(see also Hindus)

Indiana, glacial drift in, xiv, 69, 170;

limestone quarries, iii, 371-2;

prairies of, xiv, 373

Indian Corn, American origin, xiv, 382;

history and uses, xiii, 211-13;

prop roots, 20 (fig.);

stem, 183

(see also Corn)

Indian Meteorological Dept., i, 241

Indian Ocean, extent of, xiv, 22;

monsoons of, 350-1;

salt in, viii, 139;

sharks of, xii, 146;

tortoises on islands of, 192

Indian Pipe Plant, xiii, 99, 202

Indians, American, acuteness of vision, vi, 272-3;

arrows of, xv, 196 (fig.);

basket-weaving of, 248;

bows of, 214 (fig.);

canoe-making, 262;

cattle-raising stage absent, 187, 199;

chiefs, 364;

color of, 37;

corn-growing, xiii, 211-12, 212-13, xv, 201 (fig.);

dogs used in hunting, 223;

domestic animals lacking to, 199;

dramatic ceremonies and plays of, 305-6, 306-7, 308;

fear of pogonip, i, 96;

fertilizing method of, xv, 202;

guardian spirits, 348-9;

hair of, 37;

Happy Hunting Grounds of, 333;

"hiqua" money of, xii, 74;

language deficiencies, xv, 144;

lodgepoles of, xiv, 374;

long houses of, xv, 267;

marriage practices, 283-4, 284;

measles and, 48;

mineral springs used by, xiv, 145;

note to Jenner, x, 103;

painting of faces by, xv, 256;

pottery of, 250 (fig.), 252 (fig.);

prairie firing, xiii, 374;

prayers of, xv, 346-7;

religious beliefs, xvi, 44;

signal fires, xv, 165-6;

sign language, 148-51;

sign writing, 172, 173 (fig.);

stone pestles of, 238 (fig.);

tents of, 266;

tomahawks of, 208;

tree-felling by, 262;

tribal morality of, 374;

tribes in mountains, 129-30;

unions among, 363;

weaving of, 247 (fig.), 301 (fig.)

(see also South American Indians)

Indian Summer, i, 361-2, 363, 375

India-rubber, elasticity of, iv, 36;

low temperature effects, i, 31

Indicators, chemical, viii, 114, 294, 378

Indigestion, causes and results, ix, 238-42;

from worry, 165, 167;

mental effects, xi, 369-70

Indigo (color), ix, 115;

changed to indigo white, viii, 259

Indirect Lighting, vi, 277, vii, 70

Indium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Individuals, differences in, ix, 327, xi, 152-9;

influence of, in history, 333;

inheritance of extreme characters, xvi, 154;

moral control, 48;

new species from variations of, xiii, 325, 328-9;

psychology in crowds, xi, 324, 325-30;

transmission of acquired characters, ix, 325-6

Indo-China, food plant source, xiii, 221;

python of, xii, 214

Indo-Chinese, in yellow race, xv, 37

Indo-European Languages, xv, 161, 162

Induced Currents, iv, 303-9

Induced Voltages, vii, 370

Inductance, defined, vi, 91, 166;

in direct and alternating currents, 166-7, 169;

flashes caused by, 102, 312;

in induction motors, 248;

in telephone lines, vii, 104;

in wireless communication, 264, 286-7, 289, 293-5, 296-7

Inductance Coils, vii, 105, 264, 266, 267

Induction, charging by, vi, 290-2, 297-301;

discovery, 22, 23;

electrification by, iv, 260;

electrodynamic and static, vii, 370;

law of, vi, 313;

Lenz's Law, vii, 371;

magnetization by, iv, 243;

self, vii, 375;

unit of, iv, 285

Induction, Proof by, xi, 242

Induction Coils, iv, 265, 303-5, vii, 364, 370;

in automobiles, 133-4;

in electrotherapy, 242-4, 245;

in wireless telegraphy, iv, 313, 314

Induction Machines, vi, 292, 298-301, vii, 245

Induction Motors, vi, 241, 242-56;

in motor-generator sets, 332, 342

Induction Regulators, vi, 328-9, 346

Inductivity, vi, 293-4

Industrial Plants, advantages of electricity, vii, 51-3;

lighting, 52;

wiring, 57

Industrial Psychology, xi, 358-67

Industry, electricity in, vi, 195-6, 381;

energy sources, viii, 267-8;

metals of, 154;

motors most used, vi, 241;

science in, xvi, 9-10;

water power and, vi, 352

Inertia, defined, vi, 90-1, vii, 370;

examples of, iv, 35, 62, 66, 67, v, 148, 234, 336-9;

in electrical currents (see Inductance);

in perception errors, xi, 184, 189;

law of, ii, 62, iv, 19-20, 61-2;

of æther, vi, 120;

of ear, xi, 105;

of sense organs, 71

Infancy, period of, x, 283, xvi, 79

Infantile Paralysis, germ of, x, 200, 202;

immunity to, 207

Infants, ape-like structures in, xv, 61;

bodily condition and care of, ix, 345-52;

clothing of, x, 309;

grasping reflex, xi, 40-3;

heart rate in, x, 334;

learning to breathe, xi, 36-7;

learning to fixate, 39-40;

learning to swallow, 38;

milk modifications, viii, 363;

nervous system in, ix, 344, 348-9;

new-born, free from germs, x, 201;

new-born, weight of, ix, 31;

periodic breathing in, x, 340;

skull capacity in, xv, 40;

space perceptions, xi, 162-3, 166

Infections, ix, 177-8, x, 193;

by germs, x, 193, 204;

body resistance to, 197-8, 203-12;

body resistance to, ix, 177-9, 185-6;

exhaustion from, ix, 59-60;

focal, x, 198-9, 218-26;

in surgery, prevention of, 14, 123, 145-7, 181-3;

local and general, 198;

"portals" of, 198, 201-2;

pus, ix, 186-8

Infectious Diseases, x, 193-226;

atmospheric electricity and, i, 330;

danger from, 326;

heredity and, x, 234-5;

immunity to, 204-12, ix, 179;

infants' susceptibility to, ix, 352;

pain in, 87;

Pasteur and Koch's work, xvi, 184;

prevention and treatment, x, 217-18, 285-302

(see also Antitoxins, Inoculation, Vaccination);

ticks as cause of, xii, 98;

transmission and history of various, x, 153-70

Infinity, meaning, xi, 191, 196

Inflammations, germ-produced, x, 195;

terms used to define, 30

Influence Machines, vi, 292, 298-301, vii, 372;

in therapeutics, 236

Influenza, x, 294-5;

from chilling, 306;

immunity to, 207;

present knowledge of, 153, xv, 48

Infra-red Rays, iv, 365, 366

Ingersoll, Dr. E., author Zoölogy, Vol. xii

Ingots, steel, v, 322;

"pipes" in, 323

Injections, subcutaneous, ix, 59

Injectors, of boilers, v, 140-2, 380

Ink, Acheson's, vii, 301

Innominate Bone, ix, 63 (fig.), 66-7

Inoculation, early practice of, x, 207;

for anthrax and rabies, 141-2;

for smallpox, 100-3

(see also Vaccination)

Inorganic, defined, viii, 378

Inorganic Chemical Industries, viii, 267-84

Inorganic Compounds, colors of, viii, 312;

solubility in water, 37, 111-12

Inorganic Matter, plant use of, viii, 339, 349, xiii, 14, 79, 81

Inorganic Nature, chemical inactivity, viii, 267

Insanity, definition and symptoms, x, 357-9;

former ideas and treatment, 11, 356-7;

increase of, xv, 27;

increase prevention, x, 235-6;

Pinel's treatment, 110-11;

primitive conceptions of, xv, 350, 353

Insecticides, arsenic, viii, 169

Insectivora, xii, 366-8;

lemurs and, 376

Insects, xii, 99-126;

capture of, by plants, xiii, 39-41;

classification, iii, 260, 276;

cold effects on, ix, 306;

evolution, iii, 20, 257, 279, xii, 104-7;

flower fertilization by, xiii, 48, 123-46, 318, xvi, 152-3;

fossil remains, iii, 16, 279-80;

hearing of sounds by, iv, 204;

jaws in, xii, 106;

larvæ affected by light, x, 253;

musical, xii, 109-10;

number of species, 99;

popular definition, 90;

primitive groups, 104-7;

protective coloration in, xv, 17-18;

reproduction in, xii, 104;

respiration in, 103;

structure of, 99-103;

studies of, xvi, 143-4;

tool-using by, v, 10-11

Inside Passage, xiv, 258-9

Insomnia, xi, 288-91;

caused by vasoconstrictor activity, ix, 218-19;

exhaustion from, xi, 59-60

Inspiration, as intuition, xi, 245;

Titchener on, 226

Instincts, defined, xi, 46-8;

fundamental, 49-56, xv, 185;

in man and animals, 65-6;

reflex nature, xi, 48-9;

self-preserving, x, 9-10, 282-3

Instrument-Shelter, i, 375

Instrument Transformers, vii, 44, 165

Insular Climate, xiv, 347

Insulation, importance, vi, 9-10;

in dynamos, 192, 211-12;

types of wire, vii, 58

Insulators, electrical, iv, 259, vi, 294-5, vii, 370;

pin and suspension types, 15-16

Insulators, heat, iv, 178, vii, 307-8

Insults, emotions from, xi, 150

Insurance, weather, i, 269-70, 344

Intake-Output Test, x, 379

Intellectual Processes, in brain, ix, 147-53, 154

Intelligence, artificial selection of, xvi, 154;

mental economy and, xi, 377;

instinct and, 46, 47, 50;

nervous organization and, 13

Intelligence Tests, xi, 359-60

Intemperance, arteries injured by, ix, 214

Intensity, electric, vii, 370

Intensity, of sounds, iv, 211

Interborough Rapid Transit Company, great alternators, vi, 216, 378-9;

synchronized plants, 384

Interchangeable System, v, 48-52, 53-4, 55-6

Interest, advertising value, xi, 345-6;

associations determined by, 203, 205-6;

attention and, 235-6;

fatigue and, 275;

in salesmanship, 341-2

Interference of Light, iv, 376-8

Interference of Sounds, iv, 218-22

Interferometer, ii, 151, 323

Interior Lighting Systems, vi, 275-8, vii, 68-72

Interior Wiring, vii, 51-72;

insulators in, 370

Interlaken, Switzerland, lakes at, xiv, 202

Internal Combustion Engines, v, 155-70;

in aeroplanes, 231;

in automobiles, 213;

in submarines, 199;

efficiency, securing of, xvi, 135;

Joule's equivalent and, 132-3

Internal Senses, ix, 86-91

Interoceptive Senses, xi, 63

Interpoles, of dynamos, vi, 190-1

Interurban Traction, vii, 181;

automatic substations, 192-3;

cars and motors, 186;

voltage drop, 189

Intestinal Stasis, x, 220

Intestines, ix, 233 (fig.);

development in black and white races, xv, 50;

emotion effects on, xi, 135, 137;

functions of, viii, 356-7, 358;

functions, operations, and disorders of, ix, 232-4, 236-8, 242-52, x, 325-9;

germs in, ix, 247-9, x, 193, 194, 201, 287-8;

infections through, x, 198, 220, 221;

in infants, ix, 346;

inflammation of, cause, x, 224;

length in animals and man, ix, 246;

mucous membrane, functions of, x, 347;

position in circulatory system, ix, 196 (fig.), 198;

smooth muscles in, 74, 160-1, 162

Intrenched Meanders, xiv, 165

Intrusive Rocks, xiv, 105

Intrusive Sheets (sills), xiv, 108

Intuition, xi, 245-6;

Bergson on, xvi, 196

Inventions, imagination in, xvi, 59;

inspiration and labor in, xi, 226;

method of great, xvi, 98;

misuse of ancient, v, 15-16, 111;

necessity and laziness in, 282;

production increased by, 17-18;

pure science preliminary to, iv, 44-5;

summary of mechanical, v, 376-84;

war as stimulus to, 12, 359-60, 375

Inverse Time Relays and Switches, vii, 37, 39-40, 41, 42

Invertases, viii, 357

Invertebrates, xii, 127;

age of, iii, 20;

largest, xii, 80

Invincible Armada, xiv, 280

Inyo Earthquake, iii, 225

Iodine, a halogen, viii, 18, 84-5, 86;

as antiseptic, 333;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

classification place, 182, 183;

indicator uses, 294;

in seaweed, 197;

manufacture of, 274;

physical state and, chemical properties, 22, 297-8;

test of, 290;

thyroid secretion of, x, 351

Iodoform, viii, 52, 212

Ion-Counters, i, 142-3, 375

Ionic Reactions, viii, 119-25

Ionization, vi, 133-5, vii, 247, 248, 370;

defined, viii, 378;

electron theory, 188;

in electric precipitation, vii, 348-9;

of atmosphere, i, 142-4, 146, 150;

of solutions, viii, 119-25, 300-1;

origin of theory, 296, 300-1

Ionogens, viii, 122, 125, 378

Ions, iv, 382, vii, 370, viii, 378;

in electric batteries, vi, 133, vii, 247;

number in air, i, 142-3;

of solutions, viii, 120-4, 286-90;

origin of name, 124;

positive and negative, i, 142, vii, 247, 370

Iowa, glacial deposits, iii, 241;

gypsum deposits, 376;

loess deposits, xiv, 72;

porous rocks beneath, iii, 114;

soil of, xiv, 383;

wells, iii, 118, 119, 125

Ireland, Alpine invasion, xvi, 49;

coast formations, xiv, 24, 47, 249, 251, 257;

continental island in character, 273;

"Emerald Isle," 352;

eskers and drumlins, 59, 60;

former volcanoes, 318;

Ice Age in, xv, 74;

lakes of, xiv, 200;

lava plateau of, 104;

potato in, xiii, 218;

rainfall in, xiv, 41, 352;

scurvy and potato crop, x, 266;

snakes in, xii, 217

Iridescence, cause of, xii, 245

Iridium, viii, 173, 383

Iridocytes, xii, 135

Iris, xiii, 22-3, 57 (fig.)

Iris Family, xiii, 189

Irish, pre-Nordic, xvi, 49

Irish Language, xv, 162

Irish Potato, xiii, 218, 219

Irish School, of Medicine, x, 112

Irish Wakes, xv, 336

Iron, affinity strength, viii, 128;

antiquity of use, v, 314-15;

atomic weight of, viii, 180, 383;

body use of, ix, 184, x, 256;

cast and wrought, v, 316-17;

cast and wrought, viii, 157, 158, 159;

castings of, iv, 150;

density of, 111;

electrical conductivity, 283, vi, 77;

electrical positiveness, 59;

electrolytic refining, vii, 320;

expansion on solidifying, iv, 150;

expansion rate, 145-6;

extraction from ores, viii, 271;

fusibility, 384;

galvanized, vii, 318-19, viii, 155-6, 273;

heat conduction by, iv, 179;

importance, v, 314, viii, 156;

in blood, 354;

in chlorophyll, xiii, 79-80;

in earth's crust, iii, 308, viii, 19, 129, 192;

in earth's interior, xiv, 11;

magnetic, iv, 242, 243 (fig.);

magnetization, 243, 245, 251, 287-8, vi, 35-6;

melting point and requirements, iv, 162, 163;

metallography of, viii, 273-4;

meteoric, ii, 292;

meteoric, in deep sea, iii, 55;

ores and occurrence, 355-9, viii, 47, 130, 148, 156, 198;

ores, profitable, 197;

plant needs of, 337, 341;

properties of, 126-7, 154;

rusting, iii, 25, viii, 9, 13, 155-6;

sheet tin, 161;

shortness, hot and cold, iii, 356;

sound velocity in, iv, 201;

specific gravity of, 109, viii, 384;

specific heat, 308;

symbol, 383;

test for, 287, 288-9;

valences, 161, 189

Iron Age, xvi, 51;

tools of, 47

Iron Compounds, viii, 160-1

Iron Industry, history, xvi, 174-6;

processes in, v, 315-18, viii, 157-9, 273, 345

Ironing Machines, Electric, vii, 82-3

Iron Oxides, viii, 13, 156, 157;

in pigments, 265;

in rock decay, iii, 25, 27;

in soils, iii, 28;

removal in steel-making, v, 320;

rock coloring due to, iii, 25-6, 27, 44

Iron Pyrites, iii, 335, viii, 156, 198;

in wireless detectors, vii, 269

Irons, Electric, vii, 77

Iron Ships, floating of, iv, 104-5;

magnetization of, 254

Iron Structures, magnetization of, iv, 253

Iroquois, Lake, iii, 149, 150

Iroquois Indians, and Mohawk Valley, xiv, 194;

power of women among, xv, 295;

union in nation, 363

Irrationality of Dispersion, ii, 101

Irrigation, development of methods, v, 239;

in Egypt, 18-19, 178;

electrical methods, vii, 231;

in relation to critical periods, i, 250;

sewage disposal by, viii, 327;

snow sources, i, 118

Irritability (life), doctrine of, x, 86, 87, 88

Isallobars, i, 238

Ischia Earthquake, xiv, 339

Isinglass, iii, 334

Islands, classes, continental and oceanic, xiv, 271-9;

formed on coasts, 251-2, 256, 258;

historical importance, 281-2, xv, 137;

new volcanic, xiv, 319;

overpopulation of, 282;

plants of oceanic, xiii, 348;

tidal races produced by coastal, xiv, 294

Isobaric Elements, viii, 189

Isobars, i, 125, 375-6;

classification, 238;

spacing, 126;

winds in relation to, 126

Isohyet, defined, i, 376

Isohyetal Charts, i, 206

Isomer, defined, x, 137

Isomerism, defined, viii, 378

Isomorphism, viii, 313

Isothermal, defined, iv, 382

Isothermal Changes, in gases, iv, 156, 159

Isothermal Layer (atmosphere), i, 19

Isotherms, i, 206, 207, 376;

barriers to plants and animals, xiv, 364

Isotopic Elements, viii, 189

Israelites, "Cities of Refuge," xv, 369;

life of, 199

Italian Honeysuckle, xiii, 142-3

Italian Language, descent from Latin, xv, 160, 162;

musical terms from, 161

Italians, in Alpine group, xvi, 49

Italy, Adriatic coast, xiv, 252, 263;

aeronautical weather service, i, 230, 304;

Alps Mountains and, xiv, 244-5, xv, 138;

"blood showers," i, 55;

boric acid sources, viii, 90;

brontides, i, 196;

bubonic plague measures, x, 164;

buffalo use in, xii, 329;

earthquakes of, xiv, 332, 340-1;

former connection with Tunis, 291;

geographical changes in, 33;

hail-shooting, i, 341, 342, 343;

lakes, beauty of, xiv, 200;

lakes, breezes of, i, 132;

mercury production, iii, 370;

meteorological observations, i, 68-9, 213;

Napoleon's campaigns in, xiv, 244;

paper-making, v, 290;

rainfall, xiv, 358;

Renaissance and science in, ii, 12-13;

rice growing, xiii, 214;

sea captains of, xiv, 310;

volcanic power, v, 179-80;

in World War, xiv, 244-5, 252-3, xv, 138;

in World War, medical preparedness, x, 176

Itching, sensation of, ix, 92-3, xi, 109, 114

Ivory, elasticity of, iv, 36;

sources of, xii, 302, 303

Izalco Volcano, xiv, 321, 325

Jackals, xii, 339-40;

dogs and, 344;

ears of, 346

Jack-in-the-Pulpit, in arum family, xiii, 188;

flower, 52 (fig.);

leaves, 183 (fig.);

stems, 23 (fig.)

Jacks, Hydraulic, v, 100, 101, 124, 260

Jackson, Dr. Charles T., x, 124, 125

Jackson, James, x, 116, xvi, 185

Jacquard Loom, v, 280-2, 377

Jade, iii, 322-3;

pyroxene, 336

Jaguars, xii, 360-2

Jaguarundi, xii, 364

Jamaica Earthquake, cause, xiv, 340

James, William, on associations, xi, 204-6;

on attention, 232;

on emotions, 141;

on habit, 255-6, 256-7;

on instincts, 48;

on memory, 208;

on stream of consciousness, 193;

on will and action, 264;

on complexity of life, x, 244;

on seasickness, 242;

on outdoor treatment, 241;

pragmatic philosophy, xvi, 196

James, W. T., link motion invention, v, 208, 379

James, I. Harvey, physician to, x, 62;

of England, submarine trips, v, 196-7

James River Valley, N. D., wells in, xiv, 12, 139

Janet, Dr. P., x, 360-1

Janssen, Jules, astronomer, ii, 114, 127, 180-1;

station on Mt. Blanc, 142

January Thaws, i, 363, 376

Japan, Ainus of, xvi, 64;

beriberi in, ix, 35, x, 257;

brown bears of, xii, 336;

copper production, iii, 360;

earthquakes of, xiv, 332, 341;

earthquake studies in, 337, 342;

geology of, 125;

ginkgo tree in temples, xiii, 315;

goat antelope of, xii, 325;

historical development from insulation, xiv, 281;

idea of eclipses in, ii, 209;

octopod fishing, xii, 78;

railway bridges, earthquake construction, xiv, 342;

rice, xiii, 213;

tea cultivation, 228;

temperate rain forests, 372;

tidal waves, xiv, 337;

trees of, 377;

volcanic eruption effects, i, 57, 59

Japan Current, xiv, 304

Japanese, artificial immunity practiced by, xv, 49;

food and stature of, xiii, 172;

in yellow race, xv, 37;

tattooing among, xv, 258

Japanese Earthquake, iii, 94;

fault formed by, xiv, 334, 335

Jasper, iii, 337

Jaundice, cause of, ix, 243;

epidemic, x, 201

Java, ancient man-ape of, iii, 302, xv, 88-92;

bats and fruits of, xii, 370;

cinnamon production, xiii, 264;

continental island, xiv, 274;

tea cultivation, xiii, 228;

transplanting rice in, (illus.) 208;

zoölogy of, xiv, 274-5

Javelins, Roman, xv, 213

Jaws, bones and functions of, ix, 62-3;

deformities of, results, 228;

in aged people, 57;

in apes and men, xv, 62;

of primitive men, 91, 92, 95;

protruding, classification by, 43-5

Jealousy, absent in polygamous countries, xv, 288;

sentiment of, xi, 149-50

Jefferson, Thomas, on climatic changes, i, 201;

on standard muskets, v, 49;

vaccination interests, x, 102

Jelly-Fishes, iii, 259, 266-7, xii, 35-7;

coelenterates, 26;

phosphorescence of, 18, 19

Jenkins, C. Francis, v, 330

Jenner, Edward, x, 99-103, xvi, 126-7, 184;

love affair, x, 95;

pupil of John Hunter, x, 94, 99;

vaccination discovery, x, 100-2, 122, 207-8

Jerboas, xii, 289-90

Jesuits, meteorological services, i, 213, 223;

survey of China, xvi, 123

Jewelweed, seed dispersal, xiii, 56

Jewish Medicine, x, 15-16

Jews, of Asia and Europe, xvi, 64;

circumcision, untransmitted, x, 230;

history in relation to Ghor of Syria, xiv, 121;

immunity from trichina, xv, 49;

polygamy among, 289;

prepotency in crosses, x, 230

Jew's Harp, iv, 232

Jibon River, Salvador, xiv, 198

Jihar River, xiv, 185

John Daniel, orang-utan, xvi, 25

"John H. Grindle", (fish), xii, 152

John of Gaddesden, x, 41

Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School, x, 151, 172

Johnson, Prof. D. W., coast classification, xiv, 253;

on climatic changes, 361

Johnson, Samuel, compared with Paracelsus, x, 48;

on Heberden, 104

Johnstown Flood, iii, 31

John the Baptist, locusts and honey of, xv, 134

Joints, arm and hand, ix, 67;

diseases of, x, 224-5;

dislocation of, ix, 71;

fastening at, 70-1;

hip, 67, 71;

motion sense in, ix, 90;

muscles to move, 76-7;

sensations of, xi, 124-5, 128;

shoulder, ix, 66, 71

Joints, Joint Blocks (geology), iii, 23, 379, xiv, 128-30;

illustration, iii, 144 (Pl. 8);

residual cores, iii, 32 (Pl. 1);

topography and drainage effects, xiv, 130-3;

various examples, iii, 48, 49-50, 65

Joint Worms, xii, 125

Joliet, expedition of, xiv, 192

Joplin, Mo., mining district, iii, 362, 364

Jordan Engine, v, 294-5

Jordan River, base level of, xiv, 164

Jordan Valley, iii, 151, xiv, 118, 120, 167

Jorullo, Mexico, xiv, 320

Joule, electrical energy unit, iv, 284, 294, 310, 312, vii, 370;

used as heat unit, 369;

erg and calorie equivalents, 382;

work or energy unit, iv, 80

Joule, James Prescott, energy unit named for, iv, 284;

heat experiments of, 49-50;

mechanical equivalent of heat, xvi, 131-3

Joule-Thomson Effect, i, 30

Joy Stick, i, 299

Judæa, Wilderness of, xiv, 121

Judaism, development of, xv, 199

Jumping Hare, xii, 290

Juniper, a conifer, xiii, 174;

in landscaping, 270;

spread by buds, 340

Junker Engine, v, 163-4

Jupiter (planet), ii, 260-3;

atmosphere, 249, 261;

comet families, 271;

disturbing effect on asteroids, 258;

"great inequality," 87;

habitability of moons, 250;

life on, ii, 248-9;

lucid planet, 249, 261;

photographic studies, 132-3;

rotation period, 377;

satellites, 261-3;

satellites, discovery of, 54, 83, 94, 110, 267;

size and orbit, 162, 163;

weight, 76, 77

"Jupiter", U. S. collier, vii, 326

Jura Mountains, xiv, 93-4;

age of, 232;

folding of, 36, 93-4, 229-30;

little metamorphism in, 234;

streams of, 94, 95, 157, 167

Jurassic Period, iii, 213-14;

Age of Reptiles, xv, 71;

animal and plant life in, iii, 20, 255, 270, 276, 289, 295;

flies of, xii, 104

Juries, as crowds, xi, 326

Justifying (printing), v, 308;

on linotype, 310;

on monotype, 311-12

Jute, cellulose composition, viii, 254;

uses and production, xiii, 241-3;

economic importance, 208

Juvenile Water, xiv, 151-2

Kaaba of Mecca, ii, 284

Kaguan, Malayan, xii, 367

Kalahari Desert, xv, 133;

antelopes of, xii, 327

Kames, glacial, iii, 69-70

Kayaks, xv, 264 (fig.)

Kangaroo Mice, xii, 290

Kangaroos, xii, 278-80;

young of, 274

Kansas, ancient birds of, xii, 242;

former reptiles of, 202;

gypsum deposits, iii, 376;

locust plague of, xii, 109;

volcanic dust beds, xiv, 327

Kansas City, automatic telephony, vii, 92

Kant, excessive professionalism of, xi, 376;

nebular hypothesis, ii, 367-8, 380;

on structure of universe, 350, 352;

philosophy of, xvi, 111

Kaolin, iii, 333;

formed from feldspar, 25, 27, 373

Kapteyn Plan, ii, 353

Karnak, Temples of, ii, 25-6

Karst District, xiv, 150

Katathermometer, i, 319-20, 321, 376

Katmai, Mount, crater, iii, 101 (fig.), 102;

eruption, i, 59, iii, 102;

lake in crater, 155

Katydids, xii, 109-10;

Florida, 100 (fig.)

Kaye, John, x, 45

Keewatin Glacier, iii, 238-9

Keewatin Series, iii, 169

Kelvin, Lord, contributions to electricity, vi, 23-4;

on oscillatory circuits, xvi, 191;

on rigidity of ether, 137;

theory of life, xii, 9

Kelvin-Chetwynd Compass, vi, 41-2

Kelvin's Law, vii, 21-2

Kent's Cavern, England, xv, 77-83

Kentucky, "Blue-grass Region," xiv, 68;

"dark and bloody ground" of, 243;

glacial period in, 376;

non-glacial topography, 56;

underground streams, 149

Kentucky Blue Grass, xiii, 179

Kenya, Mount, glaciers of, xiv, 54

Keokuk Power Plant, v, 81-3, vi, 352

Kepler, Johann, ii, 14, 49-52, iv, 19, 95, xvi, 102-3;

as astrologer, ii, 21;

on comets, 83-4;

eclipse calculations, 216;

Galileo and, 53;

idea of moving bodies, 63;

new star seen by, 331;

on star distances, 350;

on sun's corona, 221;

Tycho Brahe and, 12

Kepler's Laws, ii, 49-52;

Newton's explanations, 62-6, 88, xvi, 115-16;

proved by Keeler's discoveries, ii, 121;

used in weighing planets, 75-6

Kerosene, viii, 51, 208;

combustion of, 52, 54, 57, 59;

soap and, 142;

used in mosquito campaign, x, 300

Ketones, viii, 225 (note)

Kettle Holes, iii, 144

Keyhole Nebula, ii, 355, 365

Key Instruments, xv, 318

Kidney Diseases, atmospheric conditions best for, x, 241;

blood pressure and, 335;

Bright's Disease, 112, 346;

from focal infections, 224, 225;

nephritis, 344-5, 346;

salt in, 256;

therapy of, 382-3

Kidneys, development in black and white races, xv, 50;

emotion effects, xi, 135;

functions and disorders, x, 342-6;

functions and structure, ix, 271-4;

functional capacity tests, x, 377-9;

position in circulatory system, ix, 51 (diagram), 197, 198, 199;

Simon's removal of, x, 131;

sugar handling by, ix, 291-2

Kilauea, volcano, iii, 103, 104, 105, 106-7, xiv, 322, 323

Kilimanjaro, Mount, xiv, 317

Killdeer (plover), xii, 262

Kilogram, iv, 46, viii, 28;

standard, iv, 69

Kilowatt, iv, 80, 312, vi, 85, vii, 370

Kilowatt-Hour, iv, 81, vi, 82, 84;

meters and charges for, vii, 174

Kinaesthetic Sensation, xi, 124-8;

space perception by, 166-7, 169-70, 175, 183, 186;

strain in attention, 228, 231-2;

in will, 265

Kindling Temperature, viii, 54

Kinematic, defined, iv, 382

Kinetic, defined, iv, 382

Kinetic Energy, iv, 79, 81, 83;

defined, v, 84, vii, 368;

forms of, iv, 82-5, 87-8

Kinetic System of Body, xi, 57, 60-1;

action in attention, 231-2;

connection with sensation, 67, 68, 127

Kinetic Theory, iv, 30, 131;

of gases, viii, 305-6, 378

Kinetics, defined, iv, 25

Kinetoscope, iv, 348, v, 330

King, Prof. L. V., i, 190-1

Kingfishers, xii, 267

King's River Canyon, iii, 43, 225

Kingston Earthquake, xiv, 340

Kiosks, weather, i, 75, 267, 376

Kipling, airship prediction, i, 43;

"female of the species," x, 162;

on dew ponds, i, 353

Kirchhoff, spectrum lines, ii, 17, 112-13

Kitasato, x, 164

Kitchens, lighting, vi, 276, vii, 71

Kite Balloons, v, 226

Kites, v, 230, 233-5;

action of wind on, iv, 42-3, 76 (fig.);

aerological uses, i, 18, 19, 22, 89

Kittatinny Ridge, Delaware Water Gap through, xiv, 169;

rock weathering at, 776

Kiwis, xii, 243, 249

Klamath Mountains, iii, 214

Klebs, Edwin, x, 141, 155

Knee-cap, ix, 69, 70 (fig.)

Knee Jerk, ix, 136

Knitted Goods, threads in, v, 277

Knitting machines, inventions, v, 282-3, 377, 378, 379

Knots, tying, by machine, v, 247-8

Knotweeds, xiii, 194

Knowledge, Bacon on, xi, 10;

Bergson on intuitive, xvi, 196;

Greek theories, 87-8;

growing thirst for, vi, 330;

relativity of, xvi, 195-6;

St. Augustine on proper, 99-100;

science and, 39-40, 41-2;

scientific, remarks on, iv, 26;

transmission means, xv, 142, 145-6, 167

Koch, Robert, x, 149-50, 169, 292, xvi, 184, 185;

"postulates" of, x, 150, 160, 196

Kodak, invention, v, 382

Koenig, acoustician, iv, 52, 233

Kohl-rabi, xiii, 223, 333-4

Kopjes, of S. Africa, xiv, 82

Korea, geology of, xiv, 125

Kraft Paper, v, 294

Krakatoa Eruption, xiv, 324-5;

atmospheric waves from, i, 188, xiv, 324;

distances heard, i, 188;

dust from, 57-8, iii, 100-1, xiii, 344, xiv, 325;

noctilucent clouds from, i, 18;

plant and animal extinction by, xiii, 345, xiv, 278

Krakatoa Island, xiv, 324;

restocked after eruption, xiii, 344-5, xiv, 278

Krasnoiarsk Iron, ii, 284

Kril, xii, 19

Krypton, in atmosphere, i, 11, 12;

symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Kut-el-Amara, i, 308

Labor-saving Machinery, remarks on, vii, 73-4, 75, xi, 268

Labrador, auks of, xii, 265;

climate of, xiv, 345

Labrador Current, i, 345, xiv, 305

Labradorite, iii, 329

Laccoliths, xiv, 109

Lace Coralline, xii, 47

Lace Leaf Yam, xiii, 89-90, 32 (illus.)

Laces, machine-made, v, 287-8

Lactic Acid, viii, 222, 223, 248, xi, 24-5;

fatigue product, 271-2;

stimulant, 272-3;

from fermentation, x, 138;

in body, 280

Lactometer, iv, 113

Ladakhis, character of, xiv, 245

Ladybirds, xii, 122;

lemon tree scales and, xv, 22

Laënnec, René, T. H., x, 108-10

Lag, angle of, vii, 362;

in electric currents, vi, 167;

correction, 262

Lagrange, mathematical work, xvi, 105, 125;

scientific work of, ii, 15, 71-2, 73, 74, 75, 216, 375

Laid Paper, v, 296

Lake, Simon, submarine of, v, 382

Lake Dwellers, agriculture, xiii, 210;

houses and implements, v, 14

Lakes, iii, 142-57, xiv, 198-212;

color of, viii, 40;

economic importance, xiv, 212;

ephemeral character, iii, 142, xiv, 198-9, 209-12;

few in mature regions, xiv, 160;

freezing of, iv, 150;

processes of destruction, iii, 157, xiv, 198, 210-12;

salt, 206-9;

shore-line development, iii, 57-8;

sizes and depths, xiv, 204

Lake Superior Region, glacial topography of, xiv, 56;

mines, iii, 356-7, 358, 361, viii, 163;

rock formation, iii, 172, 175, 176-7

Lakeview Gusher, iii, 354

Lamarck, cloud classification, i, 97;

on inheritance of acquired characters, ix, 325-6;

paleontological work, xvi, 169

Laminated Construction, vi, 316, vii, 371

Laminated Magnets, vi, 34

Lammergeiers, xii, 261

Lampblack, viii, 47

Lampreys, xii, 130-1

Lamps, portable, vi, 276-7, vii, 68-9

Lamp-Shells, xii, 47-8

Lancashire Cotton Mills, xiii, 236

Lancelets, xii, 129

Lancisi, x, 98, 154

Land, Land Surfaces, always some unsubmerged, xiv, 19-20;

area and distribution, 20-2;

area measurements, 10-11;

changes in features of, 28-30;

character of old and new, iii, 33-5, xiv, 48-9, 155-63;

elevation distribution, 26-7;

forms determined by earth movements and erosion, xiv, 33-79;

forms determined by rocks, 80-113;

heating and cooling of, i, 208, xiv, 346;

level changes (see Level Changes);

oldest, iii, 168-9;

relief features, orders of magnitude, xiv, 27;

rock formation, 19;

wind variations on, 351

(see also Continents)

Land-and-Sea Breezes, i, 131, 376

Land Animals, beginnings of, iii, 20, ix, 176;

development of, iii, 285-6, xii, 167;

salt in body fluid of, ix, 175-6

Land Filling, by machine, v, 258-9

Landlocked Areas, of continents, xiv, 190

Land Plants, beginnings, iii, 252;

development, xiii, 304-22

Land Plaster, iii, 376

Landscape Gardening, xiii, 267-97;

color contrast and induction in, xi, 95

Landscape Painting, xv, 302

Landscapes, changes in, iii, 10, xiv, 28;

dramatic interest in, xiii, 11

Land-sculpture, xiv, 30

Lane's Law, ii, 309, 371, 380, 383

Lanfranchi of Milan, x, 38, 39

Langenbeck, Bernard von, x, 130-1

Langley, Prof. S. P., aeronautical work, iv, 43-4, v, 231, 382;

astronomical work, ii, 144, 169, 213, 223-4;

measurement of heat of moonbeams, iv, 301;

on the camera, ii, 221;

spectrobolometer, 128, 186

Language, xv, 141-2;

association principle in, ix, 151-2;

clearness of, xi, 379;

importance of, ix, 152-3, xv, 68, 142, 143, 145-6;

inadequacy in feelings, 143;

making of, xv, 140-63;

psychological importance, xi, 200, 224, 225;

race and, xv, 159;

thought and, 143-5, 146

Languages, Aryan and Semitic, xv, 161-3;

changes in, 154-6;

difficulty of learning new, xi, 201;

foreign, advantages of learning, xv, 146;

foreign, sound of, xi, 103;

relationships and common origin, xv, 159-63

Lantern Gears, v, 27-8

Lanterns, enlarging and projecting, iv, 341-2

Lanthanum, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Lap, cotton, v, 272;

wood pulp, 293

Lapilli, volcanic, xiv, 323-4

Laplace, asteroid hypothesis, ii, 258;

mathematical work, xvi, 105, 125;

nebular hypothesis, ii, 369-72, 374-5, 378, 380 (see Nebular Hypothesis);

on sound velocity, iv, 198-9;

other work, ii, 15, 72, 73, 74, 87

La Plata River, connections of tributaries, xiv, 187;

fish of, xii, 160

Lapwings, xii, 262, 263

Lard, animal fat, viii, 246;

calories in, ix, 299;

vitamins absent in, x, 261, 262

Larks, xii, 268

Larmor, light theory, xvi, 137-8;

magnetism theory, 193

Larrey, Jean, x, 130

Larvæ, affected by light, x, 253;

used in nest repairing, v, 10;

"rains," i, 356-7

Larynx, aphonia of, x, 29-30;

infection center, 220

La Salle, xiv, 192

La Soufriere, eruption of, xiv, 28, 338

Lassen Peak, iii, 103, 226, 176 (Pl. 10);

activity of, xiv, 315

Latent Heat, iv, 152-3, v, 169, 353-4, viii, 37-8, 378;

of fusion, iv, 152, 160, 161, 162;

of vaporization, 173-4, 187

Latent Period, of pain, xi, 121;

of sound, 105;

of touch, 111

Lateral Line, of fishes, xii, 137

Lateral Moraines, lakes formed by, xiv, 202

Lathes, development of, v, 42-6, 47, 52-3, 376, 378, 380, 383

Latin, in animal classification, xii, 29;

in cloud classification, i, 98;

in plant classification, xiii, 169;

languages derived from, xv, 160, 162

Latitude, barometric corrections for, iv, 122-3;

color of skin and, xv, 36-7;

of ships, how determined, v, 65;

plant distribution determined by, xiv, 364-6;

temperature and, 344-5;

weight of bodies, affected by, iv, 101-2

Laudanum, discovery of uses, xvi, 109;

first prepared by Paracelsus, x, 50

Laughing Gas, viii, 71, x, 123-4;

critical temperature and pressure, iv, 172

Laughter, emotional control of, ix, 164;

in infants, 349;

kinetic theory, xi, 355-7;

psychology of, 350-7

Laurel Family, xiii, 196-7

Laurel-leaf Points, xv, 109

Laurel Magnolia, xiii, 318 (fig.)

Laurent, chemist, xvi, 162, 163

Laurentian Highlands, antiquity of, xiv, 235

Laurentide Glacier, iii, 238

Lava, iii, 380, xiv, 17-18;

fissure flows, iii, 105-6;

forms of fragments, xiv, 323-4;

heat of molten, iii, 106-7;

heat retention by, xv, 230;

in Hawaiian craters, iii, 103, 104, 105, xiv, 322-3;

porous, iii, 101 (see Pumice);

rate of flow, 104-5;

sheets, 102 (fig.);

soils from, 28, xiv, 329;

spine of Mount Pelee, iii, 103

Lava-dam Lakes, iii, 156

Lava Formations, xiv, 102-4, 164, 170, 172, 188;

erosion effects, 103-5;

extent of, iii, 106;

in Appalachian trough, 212;

in British Isles, 191;

in Colorado, 177;

in Columbian Plateau, 105-6, 227, 228, xiv, 102-3, 104, 164, 170, 172, 188;

in Deccan of India, 105-6, 228, xiv, 103;

in East Africa, 103;

in Keewatin Series, iii, 169;

in Lake Superior region, 177;

in Snake River Valley, 228

Lava Rocks, not crystallized, iii, 170-1

Lavender, source, xiii, 205

Laveran, Alphonse, x, 155

Lavoisier, chemical work, xvi, 120, 121, 159-60, 177;

combustion theory, viii, 34

Law, beginning of, xv, 360-3, 367-74, 379-80

Lawn Sprinklers, revolving, v, 143

Laxatives, use of, ix, 252

Lazear, Dr. Jesse W., x, 160, 162

Lead, affinity intensity, viii, 128;

alloys with tin, melting point, iv, 161-2;

atomic weight, viii, 189, 383;

commercial source, iii, 330;

compounds, viii, 29, 162;

density of, iv, 113;

extraction from ores, viii, 270, 271;

from radium disintegration, 185;

fusibility, 384;

melting point and requirements, iv, 162;

occurrence of, viii, 129;

opaque to X-rays, vii, 250, 251;

ores of, viii, 154, 198, 199-200;

positiveness, vi, 59;

production, iii, 362-3;

properties, viii, 126-7, 154, 162;

refining of, 272;

refining, electrolytic, vii, 320;

specific gravity, viii, 384;

symbol, 383;

test for, 287, 288;

uses, iii, 362, viii, 162

Lead (of electric currents), vi, 171-4, 261, 262;

angle of, vii, 362

Lead Arsenate, viii, 169

Lead Cells, vi, 130, 146-7, 150-1, viii, 167-9

Leaders, of crowds, xi, 332-3;

of primitive peoples, xv, 363-6

Lead Pencils, graphite of, viii, 43

Lead Peroxide, in storage batteries, viii, 167-9

Lead Pipes, corrosion of, viii, 162

Leadville Mining District, iii, 363, 364

Leaf Mosaic, xiii, 38

Leafstalks, xiii, 34, 35 (fig.);

light effect on, 87-8

Leakage, electrical, vii, 10-11, 371

Leaning Tower of Pisa, ii, 53, iv, 100-1;

Galileo's use of, iv, 28, 97

Learning, Egyptian advice, xvi, 70;

experience and, viii, 269

Learning Processes, xi, 33-46, 68;

rules, 211-15

Leather, making of, viii, 257

Leather Collar, Maudsley's, v, 99

Leaves, xiii, 32-43;

absent in some plants, 15, 28, 30, 31, 99, 100;

arrangement on stems, 38;

branches as, 378, 379;

buds of, 34;

colors, 42;

coloring in autumn, 79;

coloring in tropics, 361;

compound, 36-7;

first, 60-1;

forms and varieties, 34-6;

fossils of, 302;

functions, 37-8, 42, 61, 77-84;

hairy covering, 104-5, 379;

insect-capturing, 39-41;

light and, 38-9, 87-90;

large, examples, 189, 217, 359;

moving, 105-6, 113, 114;

none in fungous plants, 70;

not decisive in family grouping, 184;

of desert plants, 41-2, 106-7, 378, 379-80, xiv, 378-9;

of evergreens and deciduous trees, xiii, 174, 175;

of ferns, 63, 65;

of monocotyledons and dicotyledons, 176, 178;

osmotic pressure, 94;

reproduction by division of, 165-6;

rigidity of, viii, 338;

shedding of, in dry periods, xiv, 369;

skeleton (Madagascar yam), xiii, 90;

sleeping, 88-9, 113;

stems acting as, 28-31, 378;

structure, 78-9;

struggle for sunlight, 38-9, 87-90;

tendrils on, 38;

transitional form, 43;

transpiration, 103, 104, 113, 374, 378, 379;

uses, summarized, 42-3;

veins, 32-3;

water-dripping, 107-8;

water-storing, 41-2, 106-7, 379-80;

water-supply methods, 102-9;

wilting, 102, 103, 114

Leblanc Process, viii, 276-7

Leclanche Cell, vi, 138

Lee, Dr. Willis T., i, 47

Lee, William, knitting machine of, v, 283

Leeches, xii, 51, 55-6

Leeuwenhoek, Antonius von, xvi, 107-8, 112

Legs, bones of, ix, 68-9, 70 (fig.);

bones, growth, 56, 58;

equal length, 169-70;

evolution of, xii, 167;

in insects, 102;

length of men and apes, xv, 57, 59;

muscles of, ix, 76;

nerves of, 124-5;

vestiges of, in snakes, xii, 213

Legumes, xiii, 56;

nitrogen fixation by, viii, 74, 346, xiv, 66

Lehigh River, gap of, xiv, 51, 167

Leibnitz, mathematical work of, ii, 14, xvi, 105;

monad theory, 117-18;

scientific work, 113

Leif Ericson, xiv, 261

Lelande Cell, vi, 137, 139

Lemmings, xii, 290, 291

Lemon Oil, viii, 240, 252

Lemon Tree, origin, xiii, 225;

scale on, xv, 22;

spread, xiii, 354

"Lemuria", xii, 192

Lemurs, xii, 374-6;

primates, 373;

feet of, iii, 301 (fig.)

Length, British units, iv, 45, 69, 283;

measurements and standards, xvi, 130;

metric units, iv, 46, 69, viii, 28

Lenoir Motor Car, v, 213

Lenses, iv, 337-8;

achromatic, iv, 372-3, xvi, 125-6;

Bacon's improvements, 101;

for eye defects, ix, 111, 112, 113, 114;

formation of images by, iv, 337-42, ix, 108-9;

of eye, 109-11, 113 (fig.);

refraction of light by, ii, 99

Lenticels, xiii, 26

Lenticular Clouds, i, 104, 376

Lentils, xiii, 198, 223

Lenz's Law, vi, 311, vii, 371

Leonardo da Vinci, anatomical work of, x, 51-2;

astronomical work, ii, 41;

idea of moving bodies, 63;

views of fossils, iii, 14

Leonids, ii, 288

Leopards, xii, 357;

deer-hunting with, xv, 223

Lepidoptera, xii, 115-20;

"blood rains" of, i, 358

Lepidosirens, xii, 142, 166

Leprosy, immunity and susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51

Lesions, meaning, x, 98, 322;

X-ray treatment, vii, 253, 255-6

Lettuce, as food, ix, 27, 30;

family, xiii, 206;

origin, 223;

wild, 105

Leucippus, theory of matter, xvi, 83, 84, 118

Leukaemia, metabolism in, x, 272

Leucocytes, germ destruction by, x, 209-10

Levees, effects of, xiv, 162

Level Changes, iii, 76-83, xiv, 33-6;

due to earthquakes, iii, 97, 98;

due to lateral pressure, 85;

effect on erosion cycles, 36-7, xiv, 40, 163-4;

shown by erosion of rocks, iii, 171-2

(see also Elevation, Rejuvenation, Subsidence)

LeVerrier, astronomical work of, ii, 16, 79, 189, 269;

meteorological work, i, 217, 228

Levers, v, 21-5;

Archimedes on power of, iv, 25;

classes of, remarks on, 89;

clubs as, v, 12;

friction in, iv, 93;

legs as, v, 215;

liquid, 97-103;

mechanical gain in, iv, 41;

primitive beginnings of, 24, v, 9, 14-15;

principles shown by Archimedes, xvi, 89;

revolving, v, 25-35

"Leviathan," steamship, v, 193-4

Leviathan Reflector, ii, 16-17, 105-6

Levulose, viii, 226, 248

Lewis & Clarke reports, xvi, 171

Lewis Machine Gun, v, 365-6

Lex Talionis, xv, 371

Leyden Jar, iv, 267, 368 (fig.), vii, 259, 260;

discovery and experiments, xvi, 188-9;

oscillations of, iv, 313

Lianes, xiii, 362, 363, 366

Liberty Engines, v, 53-4

Libyan Cat, xii, 355

Libyan Desert, rain in, i, 210

Lichens, species, xiii, 323

Lick Observatory, ii, 142-4, 148

Licorice Plant, leaves, xiii, 113

Liebig, Justus von, x, 126;

chemical work, xvi, 162;

on fermentation, x, 138-9

Liège, siege of, xiv, 92

Life, antiquity on earth, xiii, 314;

beginnings on earth, iii, 20, 173, 249, xv, 71;

Bergson on, xvi, 196;

brain in relation to, xi, 15;

Brunonian (excitability) theory of, x, 89;

cell basis of, ix, 17, x, 119, xii, 10, 14, xv, 16, 381;

chemical nature of processes, viii, 353, 355;

chemical theories of, x, 69, 84;

colloidal theory, xii, 11-13;

conditions necessary, ii, 242-5;

conscious, parts concerned in, ix, 21-2;

demand for, in nature, xiii, 69;

dependence of, on sugar products, ix, 27;

distinctions from inorganic realm, xii, 13-14;

fundamental instincts, xi, 49-56;

Hoffman's "ether" theory, x, 85;

instinct for renewal, xiii, 116, 167;

instinct of preservation of, x, 9-10, 282-3;

interest and triteness, vi, 330;

irritability theory of, x, 86, 87, 89;

James on complexity of, 244;

low temperature effects, i, 32;

maintenance of, ix, 18-23;

mechanical explanations of, x, 70, 71, 72;

metals congenial to, viii, 148;

nature of processes, ix, 34;

necessity of water, xi, 66;

only thing man cannot produce, vii, 310;

origin, ii, 243, 245, xii, 9-13, xiii, 300-1;

Paracelsus on process of, x, 49;

possibility in other worlds, ii, 242-53;

possibility on Mars, 228-32, 237-8;

protoplasm the seat of, viii, 356, ix, 13, 17, x, 228, xiii, 74;

recent lengthening in U. S., x, 291;

salts in relation to, ix, 174-5;

savage attitude toward, xv, 327;

seat of, in body, ix, 11-12, 17;

sea water favorable to, viii, 355;

signs (proofs) of, ix, 9-17;

soul as source of (Stahl), x, 84;

spontaneous generation of, 139;

temperature in relation to, ii, 249, v, 348, x, 250-1;

universality, Indian belief, xvi, 44

(see also Vital Processes)

Life Plant, xiii, 165

Lift, of aeroplanes, i, 288, 298

Lifting Magnets, iv, 289, vi, 86, 94

Lifting Pump, iv, 126

Lift Locks, of canals, v, 103

Ligaments, ix, 70-1

Ligatures, history of use of, x, 14, 27, 55-6, 91, 121-2, 123, 129-30, 146, 148

Light, iv, 322-34;

aberration of (see Aberration of Light);

absorption in space, ii, 160, 354-5;

absorption of, by objects, iv, 364;

actinic effects, vii, 250;

artificial, applications of, iv, 50-1;

artificial, colors, of, ix, 115;

bacteria destroyed by, viii, 332;

body regulation to, x, 250;

chemical action of, viii, 171-2;

chromatic aberration, ii, 99-100;

corpuscular theory of, iv, 47, 50, xvi, 136;

decomposition, ii, 99, 111, 112, iv, 357-9

(see also Spectrum, Spectroscope);

deflection of, 330, 374;

deflection by sun, ii, 81-2;

diffraction, i, 183, iv, 326;

effects of objects on, 323-4;

effects on organisms and man, x, 253-4;

Einstein theory, ii, 80-2;

electrical production, inefficiency, vi, 268;

electromagnetic theory of, iv, 54, vi, 25, vii, 371, xvi, 137-8;

eye and, vi, 270-2, xi, 86, 95-6;

eye regulation to, x, 254;

from sun, importance of, ix, 25-6;

"gentleman" of physics, iv, 50;

glowing effects on minerals, vii, 254;

injury from excessive, 153;

intensity unit, iv, 351-2;

interference of, 376-8;

instinct of seeking, xi, 52-3;

invisibility, iv, 333-4;

machines responding to, v, 331-2, 332-3;

measurement of illumination of, iv, 350-2;

measurement of intensity, viii, 374;

monochromatic, iv, 364, 365;

of electric lamps, vi, 268;

of firefly, 268;

of glowworms, xvi, 144;

of moon, ii, 200;

of stars, 296;

of sun, 168-9;

penetration of ocean by, xii, 22;

perception limits, iv, 360-1;

perception of, in animals, ix, 105;

physiological sensation, vii, 249;

polarization, iii, 319-20, iv, 353-6;

polarization, discovery, xvi, 119;

production by various kinds of rays, iv, 378-80;

quantity unit, 352;

radiant energy, 322, ix, 114;

rays of, iv, 323;

reflection and refraction (see Reflection and Refraction);

seeing by, iv, 322-3, 324-9;

shadows cast by, 332-3;

theory of, present state, 50;

transformed to musical sounds, v, 332-5;

transmitted by ether, vi, 119, 120, 269, vii, 259;

traveling of, in straight lines, iv, 330;

velocity, 323;

velocity constancy, xvi, 196;

velocity in different media, iv, 327;

velocity, methods of obtaining, ii, 59-60, 91, 167;

vibrations and colors of, ix, 115;

wave theory, iv, 47, 353, vi, 118-19, 269, xvi, 136-8;

wave theory discovery, 119;

white (see White Light);

wind effects on, iv, 211

(see also Light Waves, Sunlight)

Light-headedness, production of, ix, 266-7

Lighthouses, strength of, xiv, 300-1

Lighting, art of, modern advances in, iv, 50-1;

direct, xi, 277, 373;

emotional effects, vi, 273;

factory, xi, 361;

flood, vi, 283;

modern gas, viii, 60;

proper and improper, vi, 273-5;

unit of intensity, vii, 368

(see also Electric Lighting, Lighting Systems)

Lighting Systems, color effects, iv, 370;

exterior, vi, 278-83, vii, 339-43;

interior, vi, 275-8, vii, 68-72

Lightning, i, 146-57, vii, 201-19;

annual deaths by, x, 254;

awe-inspiring power, vii, 201, 202;

causes, i, 149-52, iv, 269, vii, 206-15, 217-8;

current strength, i, 152-3;

danger and protection, 155-7, vii, 201-2, 218-19;

danger in aeronautics, i, 303;

defined, 376, vii, 371;

displays, 203;

distance, how determined, i, 187, vii, 210;

electromagnetic waves from, 260;

fire from, xv, 320;

Franklin's experiment, i, 141, vi, 10-11, 14-16, vii, 204-5;

large raindrops and, 215-17;

multiple flashes, i, 146-8;

nitrogen fixation by, 13, 34-5;

oscillations, vii, 208, 366, 374;

ozone produced, i, 15;

photographic study, 146-8, 151;

protection of electric lines, vii, 16-19, 49-50;

thunder from, i, 192-3, vii, 210-11;

types, i, 146, 148-9, vii, 205-6, 211-15;

visibility, i, 152;

voltage, 151-2, vii, 206-7;

weathering agency, iii, 24;

wind effects, i, 148

Lightning Arresters, vii, 17-18, 49-50, 362, 371

Lightning Prints, i, 154-5, 376

Lightning Rods, i, 156-7, 376, iv, 270, vii, 218-219, 371;

invention, i, 141, vi, 14, 16;

principle, vii, 209;

use of points, vi, 297

Light-Pillars, i, 376

Light Waves, iv, 353, vi, 118-19, 269;

atmospheric effects, i, 165-6, 170-1;

caused by molecular vibrations, iv, 360, 363, 379;

Doppler's principle, ii, 119, iv, 210;

glass and, 183;

interference of, 376-8;

length and frequency, vii, 250, 260;

length and frequency with different colors, iv, 359, 360, 365, ix, 114, 115;

motion of, xvi, 137;

unit of length, iv, 359, xvi, 130

Light-Year, ii, 315, xvi, 33

Lignite, iii, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, viii, 44, 45

Lilac, fertilization, xiii, 143-4;

leaves, 38

Lilienthal, Otto, v, 231

Lily, African, xiii, 38;

leaves, 38, 176

Lily Family, xiii, 183-4

Lily of the Valley, xiii, 45, 47, 178

Lima Beans, variation in, xiii, 331

Limacina, xii, 19

Lime, calcium oxide, viii, 149;

in earth's crust, iii, 308;

in water, viii, 40, xiv, 142, 147;

production, iii, 373, viii, 150, 276;

slaking of, 38-9;

uses, iii, 373, viii, 149-50, 278, 323, 347

Limes (fruit), origin, xiii, 225;

spread, 354

Lime Salts, body needs of, ix, 32, 33, 33-4, 174;

in bone, 57;

in diet, x, 256

Limestone, iii, 13, 380;

cliffs of, jointing in, xiv, 133;

composed of carbonate of lime, iii, 25, 308;

destruction by frost, xiv, 76-7;

formation of, viii, 152;

lime making from, 149, 150, 276;

marble from, iii, 169, 189, 371;

occurrence in U. S., 371-2;

polyzoans in, xii, 47;

residual soils from, xiv, 68, 145;

sedimentary rock, 18;

solubility, iii, 24-5, 126, viii, 151, xiv, 145-6, 147;

travertine deposits, 146;

uses, iii, 325-6, 373-4, v, 315, 318, viii, 151, 280;

weathering of, iii, 27

Limestone Formations, iii, 185, 267, 270;

caves in, 127, viii, 151, xiv, 147-8;

underground streams in, iii, 116, xiv, 149-50

Limonite, iii, 333, 359, viii, 130, 156

Lincoln, assassination incident, xi, 323;

in Holmes's "goodly company," x, 134

Linden Trees, xiii, 324-5, 345-6

Linen, antiquity of, xv, 243;

as clothing material, ix, 311-12, x, 307, 309;

cellulose composition, viii, 254;

from flax plant, xiii, 235;

paper from, v, 290-1, 292

Lines of Force (electric), iv, 261-2, vi, 295-6

Lines of Force (magnetic), iv, 251-2, 261, 274-5, vi, 33, 54, vii, 371;

cutting of, iv, 301-8, vi, 23, 54, 307-8;

direction, iv, 277-8, vi, 54-5, 88-90;

leakage, vii, 371;

least resistance tendency, vi, 43-4, 96;

shortest direction tendency, 219;

terrestrial, 39, 40;

terrestrial, in relation to aurora, i, 159-60

Line Squalls, i, 138-9, 376

Link Motion, v, 208-10, 379

Linnæus (Carl von Linné), x, 84, 134;

natural history work, xvi, 116, 126, 139, 165;

rattlesnake named by, xii, 235

Linotype, Mergenthaler, v, 308-10, 381-2

Linsangs, xii, 353

Linseed Oil, viii, 231-2, 246;

action in paint, 264, 265;

source, xiii, 235;

spontaneous combustion of, viii, 55-6

Lions, xii, 359-60;

fearlessness, xi, 136;

instinctive fear of fire, 46;

strength of, xv, 16, 18

Lipari Islands, volcanoes of, xiv, 317

Lipases, viii, 357, x, 326

Lipins, viii, 350-1

Liquefaction of Gases, i, 29, 32, iv, 143, 153, 171, 188, 191-2, viii, 303-4

Liquid Air, i, 26, 29-33, iv, 190-2, vii, 323, viii, 68;

boiling point, iv, 173;

oxygen production from, viii, 67, 274;

temperature, and pressure, iv, 172

Liquids, boiling of, iv, 167-74;

boiling point and chemical composition, viii, 298-301;

boiling point and pressure, iv, 168, 169-72, v, 354, viii, 303-5;

buoyant powers of, iv, 30, 103-7;

chemical aspects, viii, 22, 297-301;

compressibility, v, 107;

conversion to gases, iv, 152-3, 153, 167;

critical temperature, 171-2, viii, 303-4;

density, how measured, iv, 113, vi, 147;

distinguished by pressure and diffusibility, iv, 22-3;

elasticity of, 156, 158;

evaporation, 167, 174;

expansion by heat, 135, 138;

expansion coefficient, 145;

fractional distillation of, 168;

heat effects on, 144, viii, 25;

heat transmission in, iv, 138-9, 177-8;

intermingling of, in contact, 131;

latent heat (see Latent Heat);

molecules in, iii, 309, iv, 22, 131, 152, 167, 363, viii, 23, 24;

osmosis, xiii, 90-1;

pressure of, iv, 116-19;

solubility in water, viii, 111-12;

sound velocity in, iv, 198;

specific gravity, how determined, 112, 113;

spectra of incandescent, ii, 112, iv, 360, 363;

supercooled and heated, viii, 113, 304-5;

vapor pressure of, 303-5;

vaporization of, iv, 173-4;

vibrations of, 196, 215;

volatile, 174

Lister, Joseph, x, 144-6, xvi, 182-3;

importance of work of, x, 40, 107, 149, 381;

on Pasteur, 143

Liter, standard of volume, viii, 28

Lithium, viii, 128, 132, 133;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

flame color, 301;

specific gravity, 384;

spectrum of, 301-2;

test for, 287, 289

Litmus, viii, 114

Little Falls Gorge, iii, 243

Little Red Riding-hood, xv, 358

Littoral Fauna, xii, 16, 17

Live Oaks, xiv, 370

Liver, bile secreted by, ix, 237, 275;

changes caused by shock, xi, 59;

development in black and white races, xv, 49-50;

disorders of, x, 330;

emotion effects on, xi, 136-7, 138;

failure in diabetes, ix, 293;

functions, x, 329-30, 347, xi, 60;

gall stones in, ix, 286;

glycogen storage in, 291, 292, 293, 298;

hemoglobin decomposed in, 184, 275;

in circulatory system, 196 (fig.), 198, 245;

inflammation of, x, 224;

secretin effects on, 325;

therapy of, 382-3;

urea production in, ix, 284, 285;

waste removal by, 271, 275

Liverwort, reproduction, xiii, 166, 167

Livingstone, David, African exploration, xiv, 196;

quoted, 78

Lizards, xii, 182, 203-10;

descent of, 203;

embryo of, xv, 54;

Mesozoic, iii, 295

Llamas, xii, 313, 315 (fig.)

Lloyd's, insurance of, i, 270

Load Factor, vi, 380-2

Loadstones, vi, 28-9, vii, 372;

at magnetic pole, vi, 30;

Gilbert's studies, 11, 12;

used as suspended compass, 29, 31 (fig.);

(see also Lodestone)

Lobsters, iii, 260, 278-9, xii, 87

Locaille, xvi, astronomer, 124

Locke, John, medical work of, x, 74-5;

philosophy of, xvi, 111, 115, 117

Lockjaw, x, 298-9;

immunity to, 206, 207;

prevention of, 218

Lockyer, Sir Norman, discovery of sun prominences, ii, 181;

collision theory, 327, 333;

star classification, 309-10;

on temple orientation, 26

Locomotion, forms of, ix, 82, 155-6;

friction necessary to, iv, 94;

of animals, means of, ix, 73-4;

of serpents, xii, 212;

reflex processes in, ix, 156-9;

rolling, v, 215

Locomotives, Steam, v, 207-12, 377, 378-9;

boilers, 140 (see Boilers);

efficiency, 155;

compared with electric, vii, 193-4;

power source of, ix, 15;

smoke from, i, 64, vii, 345;

sound of passing, iv, 210

Locomotor Ataxia, ix, 90-1

Locusts, xii, 108-9;

jaws of, 100;

seventeen-year, 112, 113;

as food, xv, 134

Locust Trees, in landscaping, xiii, 271-2;

in Long Island, 354;

in pea family, 198;

lightning danger, i, 155;

petals, 47;

sleeping of leaves, 89, 113

Lodestone, iv, 52-3, 242, viii, 156;

name of, iv, 243,

(see also Loadstone)

Lodge, Sir Oliver, Evesham experiments, vii, 352;

on atmospheric electricity, 212;

on electrons, vi, 114;

on forces in atoms, 115;

on luminiferous æther, 118;

wireless system, xvi, 191

Lodgepole Pines, xiv, 374

Loess, i, 53-4, iii, 73-4, 380, xiv, 63, 72-5

Loire River, base-leveled stream, xiv, 49

London, "Black Day," ii, 211;

eclipses in, 214;

fogs, i, 94;

harbor of, xiv, 270;

sewage disposal, viii, 327;

smoke deposits, i, 65;

tea market of world, xiii, 231;

water purification, viii, 319-20

London-Paris Air Route, i, 44-5, 95, 285-6

Long, Crawford W., x, 124, 125

Long Branch, N. J., wave destruction at, xiv, 45, 302

Long Distance Electrical Transmission, alternating and direct currents in, vi, 159-61, 195-6;

choke coils in, vii, 50;

condensers in, vi, 285-6;

difficulties, 367;

high voltages best, 159, 161, 163, 331-2;

high voltages and leakage, vii, 10-11;

of Niagara Power Plant, vi, 376-8;

power-factor correction, 262;

present distances attained, 365;

progress in, vii, 9-10;

synchronous condensers in, vi, 262;

three phase alternators in, 206;

transformers, 309, 324;

transcontinental, 10, 367-8;

vacuum tubes in, 125

Long Distance Telephony, inductance reduction, vii, 104-5;

method of connecting cities, 104;

phantom circuit, 105-6, 119;

repeating stations, 114;

in United States, 91-2

Longfellow, stanzas on nature, xvi, 43

Long Heads, physical characteristics, xv, 47;

racial divisions, xvi, 48-9;

skull index in, xv, 42

Long Island, bowlders on, xiv, 69;

locust tree on, xiii, 354;

opossums in, xii, 275;

outwash plain on, iii, 69;

plant conditions, xiii, 382;

scallop fisheries, xii, 65;

terminal moraine on, iii, 68, 237, 238

Long Island Sound, false corals of, xii, 47;

oysters of, 61;

oyster "drills" of, 72

Longitudinal Rivers, xiv, 153-4

Looking-glass, images in, iv, 335-6

Looming, optical, i, 172, 174, 376

Looms, history and development, v, 268, 277-82, xv, 245-7;

various inventions, v, 376-7, 381, 383

Loons, xii, 250

Loop-the-loop Cars, iv, 74

Loosestrife, xiii, 140-1, 203

Lop-Nor Desert, xiv, 209

Lorentz, light theory, xvi, 137-8;

relativity theory, iv, 18, xvi, 196

Lories, Australian, xii, 266-7

Los Angeles, electric power supply, v, 81, vi, 363;

telephone connection with New York, 367-8

Loudness, of sound, iv, 211;

to what due, xi, 104

Louis XIV, high heels introduced by, x, 306;

observatory founded by, ii, 58;

on Pyrenees Mts., xiv, 239

Louis, Pierre C. A., x, 108

Louisiana cotton, xiii, 237;

salt deposits, viii, 140;

sulphur deposits, 76

Louisiana Purchase, xiv, 192, 193, 311

Louisville, early growth, xiv, 219;

water supply, viii, 318

Loup Fork, xiv, 161

Love, fundamental impulse, xv, 185;

motor character, xi, 58;

sentiment of, 149-50;

unknown to savages, xv, 279, 321

Lowbrows, xv, 43

Lowell, Percival, ii, 233-4, 237, 271;

reference to, xi, 218

Lowell Observatory, ii, 146-7, 148

Low German, xv, 162

Lowlands, xiv, 213

Lows, Low Pressure Areas, i, 135-6, 137, 376;

of Iceland, 361;

movement, 134-5, 237;

physiological effects, 330;

thunderstorms and, 138;

wind and weather attendants, 125, 218, 236, 237

(see also Pressure Areas)

Lubricants, fatty, viii, 247;

graphite, 43, vii, 308, 309;

oil-dag, 300

Luciferin, xii, 20

Lues, curability of, x, 134;

germ of, 195, 199;

immunity to, 207

Lumber, chief source of, xiv, 383;

from heartwood, xiii, 25

Lumen, light unit, iv, 352

Luminous Plants and Animals, i, 346-7, xii, 20, xiii, 203-4, xvi, 144, 146

Lunation, defined, ii, 196

Lundy, Lake, iii, 149

Lung Fish, iii, 283 (fig.), xii, 164-6

Lungs, ix, 254-6;

aeration of blood by, 253, x, 62, 63, 331;

carbon dioxide diffusion by, ix, 263-7;

circulation of blood through, 196 (fig.), 198-200;

congestion of, x, 341;

development in black and white races, xv, 50;

diseases of, susceptibility to, 50, 51;

dust in, ix, 223;

evolution in animal kingdom, xii, 164-5, 169, 187, 248;

external respiration by, x, 339;

functions in maintenance of life, ix, 21-3;

infection through, x, 198, 220;

in pneumonia, 289;

oxygen supply through, ix, 51 (diagram), 253, 258;

poisons exhaled by, 269;

water loss by, i, 317, ix, 274

Lupine, leaves, xiii, 113

Luray Caverns, iii, 127, xiv, 148

"Lusitania," loss of, xi, 332

Luster, of metals, viii, 126;

of minerals, 201

Lycopodium Selago, xiii, 305-6, 322

Lycopods, iii, 253-4, 256

Lye, making of, viii, 276, 278;

in soap-making, 221

Lyell, geological work, xvi, 126, 171

Lymphatics, ix, 222-5;

in circulatory system, 196 (fig.)

Lynx, xii, 364-5

Lyra, elliptic nebulæ in, ii, 360;

movement of sun toward, 18, 122, 137, 305-6

Lyric Poetry, primitive, xv, 319-21

Lysins, x, 211

Maas River, shifts in delta, xiv, 186

(see also Meuse)

Macaques, xii, 378-9

Macaws, xii, 266

McCormick, Cyrus, reaper, v, 244-7, 249, 379

MacCulloch, on rocks, xvi, 170

McDowell, Ephraim, x, 122, 147

Mace, spice, xiii, 261, 262

Mace, symbol of power, xv, 208

McGehee, Arkansas, antimalarial work in, x, 174

Machine Guns, v, 362-8, 380, 382

Machines, advantages of electrical drive, vii, 62;

air-cushioning in, v, 134;

"animated," 326-44;

contract with operators, vii, 121-2;

displacement of men by, v, 17-18;

early, iv, 26;

efficiency (see Efficiency of Machines), elementary, iv, 89-94, v, 20-41;

fascination of, vi, 175;

force and resistance law, iv, 90, 92;

for making machines, v, 42-56;

friction in, iv, 92-4;

history of development, v, 15-19, 376-84;

hydraulic, reliability, 106;

instruction of workers, xi, 363-5;

labor-saving, vii, 73;

mechanical advantage, iv, 89, 98;

parts named from human parts, v, 20;

skilled artisans and, 42, 46;

standardization of parts, 48-50, 53-4;

summary of progress in, 376-84

Machine Tools, development, v, 42-56, 376;

in relation to automobile industry, 55-6, 214, 383

Mackerel Sky, i, 100, 376

Mackerel Year, i, 359

Mackintosh Waterproof Cloth, xiii, 245

Madagascar, chameleons of, xii, 210;

crocodiles of, 199;

former union with Africa, 376;

fossane of, 353;

lemurs of, 374, 375;

laceleaf yam, xiii, 89-90;

orchid, 48;

ratite birds in, xii, 249;

separation from Africa, xiv, 273;

tenrecs of, xii, 367;

tortoises of, 191, 192

Madder Family, xiii, 205-6

Madeira, discovery of, xiv, 309;

oceanic volcano, 289, 316

Madrepores, xii, 39-40

Maeterlinck, on eelgrass, xiii, 150-1

Magazines, printing and binding, v, 305-7

Magdalenian Period, xv, 105, 109;

clay models of, 118-19

Magdeburg Hemispheres, iv, 29

Magellanic Clouds, ii, 355

Magendie, François, x, 126, 127, xvi, 186

Maggiore Lake, iii, 146

Magi, Persian, xvi, 59

Magic, history of, xvi, 44, 59

Magic Lantern, iv, 341-2

Magma, viii, 191

Magnesium, viii, 17, 127, 148-9, 153;

affinity intensity, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

automobile parts made of, 127, 149;

electrolytic production, vii, 320-1;

fusibility, viii, 384;

ignition, 53, 54;

in body, 354;

in body fluids, ix, 174;

in earth's crust, iii, 308, viii, 19, 129, 192, 195, 196;

light of, 60, 172;

plant needs of, 337, 341;

specific gravity, 384;

test for, 287, 289

Magnesium Chloride, in sea water, xiv, 295-6

Magnesium Compounds, viii, 130, 148-9;

deposits of, 138, 195, 196, 275;

in hard water, 40, 318, 322-4;

lightness of, 29

Magnesium Oxide, medicinal uses, viii, 153

Magnetic Axis, of earth, iv, 250

Magnetic Blowout, vii, 37, 39

Magnetic Circuits, vii, 364;

force of, vi, 93

Magnetic Disturbances, accompanying aurora, i, 161;

due to moon, ii, 201;

sun-spots and, 176, 186

Magnetic Equator, iv, 246

Magnetic Fields, iv, 251, vi, 31, vii, 368;

concentration of, vi, 91-2;

distortion, 43-4;

electromotive force created by, 50-3, 54;

electron theory, 128;

generator and motor actions in, 218-19;

of atoms, 117;

of earth, iv, 253, vi, 39, 40;

of electric currents, iv, 274-5, 277, 279 (fig.), vi, 19-20, 88-91;

of sun, ii, 177-9;

spectra of vapors in, 178;

strength or intensity, iv, 252, vii, 368, 370

Magnetic Force, vii, 369

Magnetic Leakage, vii, 371

Magnetic Meridians, iv, 246

Magnetic Needle, iv, 243-4;

dip or inclination of, 245-6;

earth's action on, 248;

electric current effects on, 273-4, 275-6, 278-9

Magnetic Permeability, vii, 372

Magnetic Poles, vii, 374;

force of attraction between, iv, 249

Magnetic Poles (of earth), iv, 246, 248, vi, 29-30;

aurora in relation to, i, 159-60

Magnetic Saturation, vii, 372

Magnetic Screens, vi, 32 (fig.)

Magnetic Storms, vi, 40

Magnetism, iv, 242-55, vi, 27-45;

daily application, xvi, 19, 30;

effects on body, vii, 246, 247;

electricity and, vi, 12, 19-20, 27-8, 86, iv, 256, 276;

electron theory, vii, 371;

energy in, iv, 82;

force of, how measured, 249;

history of, 52-5, vi, 9-26, xvi, 109, 122;

law of attraction and repulsion, vi, 18, 42-3, 286-7;

of direct and alternating currents, 155-6;

lines of force (see Lines of Force);

of earth, iv, 248-50, 252, vi, 29-30, 39-40;

of earth, connection with internal iron, xiv, 11;

of rotating bodies, ii, 178, vi, 21;

residual, vi, 191, vii, 372;

science of power, xvi, 36-7;

term as used, vii, 372;

universal presence, vi, 40

(see also Electromagnetism, Magnetic Fields, Magnets)

Magnetite, iii, 333-4, viii, 156;

ores in Adirondacks, iii, 359;

properties of, iv, 242

Magnetization, iv, 242;

aided by striking, 253;

by electric currents, 286-8, vi, 30, 50;

by induction, iv, 243, 253;

by lightning, i, 152-3;

by loadstone, vi, 29;

internal effects, 36-7;

of iron structures, iv, 253;

molecular effects, 245, 253;

processes of, vi, 44-5;

test, 43

Magneto Generators, vi, 215-16

Magnetomotive Force, vi, 92-3

Magnetos, automobile, vii, 140-41

Magnets, iv, 242-4;

action of, 250-1, vi, 31-2;

aging of, 45, vii, 159;

attraction and repulsion of, iv, 242, 244, 245, 249, vi, 33, 42-3, (fig.);

demagnetization methods, iv, 253, vii, 366;

effect on compass, vi, 27, 42-3;

electromotive force produced by, iv, 303;

force, how measured, 249-50;

heat and jarring effects, vi, 34-8, 117;

internal constitution, 36-7;

laminated, 34, 35 (fig.);

lines of force, 33

(see also Lines of Force);

lifting force of, iv, 289;

making of, vi, 44-5 (see Magnetization);

natural, iv, 242;

penetrability, 250, vi, 31-2;

permanent and temporary, iv, 243, vi, 30;

poles of, iv, 242, 244-5, 253, 262, vi, 31, 42, 43;

types, 30-1, vii, 372;

uses, commercial and industrial, iv, 255, viii, 270

(see also Electromagnets)

Magnifying Glass, iv, 343

Magnitude, illusions of, xi, 184-90

Magnitude of Stars, absolute (see Absolute Magnitude);

catalogued by Hipparchus, ii, 31;

classification by, 295-6, 297;

conditions affecting, 322;

determined by photoelectric methods, 328;

different kinds, 296;

different stages, 383, 384;

spectral type in relation to, 309

Magnolias, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;

development, 55;

fertilization, 130-1;

former distribution, xiv, 375;

fossil ancestor, xiii, 318;

index plants, i, 255;

in landscaping, xiii, 271-2

Mahogany, from tropical forests, xiv, 383;

in anacardiaceae family, xiii, 200

Maidenhair Tree, xiii, 315-16;

in landscaping, 271-3

Mail-Order Business, in stormy weather, i, 264

Maine, coast of, iii, 37-8, 57, 235, xiv, 256, 257, 262-3;

coast destruction, 46;

dikes on coast, iii, 110, xiv, 108;

harbors, 268;

moose of, xii, 318

Mains, electric, vii, 373

Maize, history and uses, xiii, 211-13

Major Triad (music), iv, 206-7

Make-and-Break (electricity), iv, 382

Malachite, iii, 334, 360

Malaise, sensation of, ix, 91

Malaria, x, 153-9;

campaign against, 173-4, 299-301;

control of, in tropics, xiv, 356, 357;

former idea of causes, x, 286;

quinine and, xiii, 250-1

Malaspina Glacier, iii, 70

Malay Archipelago, bananas native to, xiii, 216;

continental relationships, xiv, 274;

crocodiles of, xii, 201;

lemurs of, 374, 375;

largest flower in, xiii, 363-4;

parrots of, xii, 266;

rain forests, xiv, 369

Malay Peninsula, beriberi in, x, 257;

coco palm of, xv, 125;

leaf butterfly of, xii, 117;

rhinoceros of, 306;

snakes of, 214, 218;

tapirs of, 306;

tin production, iii, 369

Malays, hair of, xv, 37;

immunity to tuberculosis, 51;

in tropics, xiv, 356;

members of brown race, xv, 37

Malic Acid, viii, 222-3, 336

Malicious Animal Magnetism, xi, 311

Malleable Iron, v, 319

Malleability, viii, 126;

in mineral identification, 202

Mallow Family, xiii, 200

Malmags, xii, 374

Malpighi, Marcello, x, 77, xvi, 107, 112, 116, 126

Malt, viii, 249

Malta Fever, diagnosis of, x, 216

Maltase, viii, 357

Maltose, viii, 227, 241, 243, 244;

in brewing, 249;

formed in digestion, ix, 230

Mammals, xii, 270-384;

Age of, iii, 20;

appearance in Cretaceous, xv, 71;

egg-laying, 272-3, 274;

evolution of, xii, 185, 271-2;

geological history, iii, 20, 297-306;

growth in relation to flowering plants, 257;

in oceanic islands, xiv, 277-8;

order of succession, xii, 338-9;

primitive types, 272-4;

smallest of, 368;

temperature maintenance in, ix, 307-8;

warm-bloodedness of, 305, 306

Mammato-Cumulus Clouds, i, 104, 376

Mammoth Cave, iii, 127, xiv, 148;

fishes of, xii, 163

Mammoth Coal Bed, iii, 201, 347-8

Mammoth Hot Springs, terrace, iii, 192 (Pl. 11);

travertine deposits, 325, xiv, 146

Mammoths, xii, 301 (fig.), 302;

of Ice Age, xv, 76, 79;

prehistoric pictures of, 85, 86;

remains found in Siberia, 16

Man, activities of, ix, 21;

adaptation to environment by, xiv, 344, 363, xv, 25, 26, 28, 31, 36;

adapted to mixed diet, ix, 246, 285;

Age of, iii, 20;

anthropology science of, xv, 10-11, 15, xvi, 36;

antiquity of, ii, 19, iii, 301-2, 303, v, 11, xv, 11-12, 69-87, 95, 163;

apes and, physically compared, xii, 373, xv, 57-62, 94;

brain in, 39-41, 62-3, 96;

broadened interests of, x, 10;

cell development in, ix, 44;

chromosome number in, 46, 339;

dependence on fire, shelter and clothing, 308-9;

descent of, 349, xii, 384, xv, 56;

distribution over earth, xiv, 21, 344, xv, 12;

distribution mostly on plains, xiv, 218-19;

dominant impulses, xv, 185;

educability, 66;

embryological development, 53-5;

environmental control of, xi, 33, 58, xiv, 30-1;

environment conquest by, xv, 25-6;

environment of present, x, 354;

erect posture and walking, xv, 58;

evolution of, iii, 283, 301-6, xv, 25, 26-31, 53-4, 70, 88-102;

evolution, Anaximander on, xvi, 78-9;

face and brain case in, xv, 43;

fear in, origin of, xi, 136;

fire generation confined to, ix, 308, xv, 229-30;

fundamental instincts, xi, 50-6;

grasp of, ix, 67-8;

grouping tendency in, xv, 361-3;

improvement by selection and education, xvi, 157;

impulses conscious, xv, 273;

increase in numbers, 26-7;

infectious diseases peculiar to, x, 206;

instincts and reason in, xv, 65-6, 68;

language evolution, 140, 142-3, 146-63;

language importance, ix, 152-3, xi, 224;

"measure of all things," xvi, 85;

origin of, various accounts and theories, xv, 69-70;

Paracelsus on, x, 48;

physical, xv, 32-52;

physical measurements, comparative, 57;

place in nature, iii, 260, 281, xvi, 126;

primate, xii, 373;

psychological unity, xvi, 42-3;

races of (see Races);

rate of growth in, ix, 32 (diagram);

reasoning power, xi, 237, 243-4, xv, 65, 66, 68;

relation to lower animals, 53-68;

rudimentary structures in, 56;

sense of smell, xi, 77-8;

sex determiners in, ix, 338-9;

skull capacity, xv, 40-1, 89;

skull shapes in, 42-3;

stages in development of, 188-204;

structure compared with apes, 57-62;

struggle for existence in, 25-6, 27;

struggle for perfection in, 28-9;

survival of fittest in, 27;

symmetrical instinct in, 251;

tool-using animal, v, 9, 10-11, ix, 67-8, xv, 205;

tropical animal, ix, 308-9

(see also Primitive Man)

Manatees, jaguars and, xii, 362

Mandan Indians, buffalo dance, xv, 305-6

Mandibles, of insects, xii, 99;

of men and apes compared, xv, 94

Mandrills, xii, 379-80

Mangabeys, xii, 379

Manganese, viii, 154;

affinity strength, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

electrochemical analysis, 295;

fusibility, 384;

ores, 198, 271;

specific gravity, 384;

test for, 287, 289

Manganin, resistance, vi, 77, vii, 364

Mangrove Keys, xii, 42

Mangle, Electric, vii, 82-3

Manhattan Elevated Railway, engines and turbines, v, 152-3

Manholes, construction, vii, 30

Mania, hot baths in treatment of, x, 311;

of adolescence, 236-7

Maniacs, strength of, xi, 264

Manila Hemp, xiii, 236, 239-40

Manila Paper, source, xiii, 240

Manna, "rains" of, i, 355, 357

Mantids, xii, 107-8

Manual Labor, fatigue from, ix, 81;

food requirements in calories, 297

Manufacturing Centers, of future, v, 173

Manufacturing Stage, xv, 187, 203

Manures, as fertilizers, viii, 342-3;

as nitrogen source, xiv, 66;

waste of, viii, 346

Map-Making, aeronautical, i, 45-8

Maple Tree, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;

as forest tree, 86-7;

fruit, winged, 57, 58 (fig.);

in landscaping, 271-2;

petals absent in, 195;

seed dispersal, 343;

source of sugar, viii, 242-3;

in United States, xiii, 368, xiv, 372

(see also Sugar Maple)

Maps, discrepancies in, xiv, 10-11;

tinting of, iv, 130

Marble, iii, 371;

green, 338;

metamorphic rock, 380, xiv, 19;

reaction with acids, viii, 37

March (of weather elements), i, 205, 376-7

Marchetti, Peter, x, 79

Marconi, distress signal system, vii, 284;

wireless messages, 258, 259;

wireless work, xvi, 191

Marconi Transmitting System, vii, 263-5

Mare Tenebrosum, i, 55

Mare's Tail Clouds, i, 99, 377

Margarines, vegetable, x, 261, 267

Marine Animals, conditions necessary, iii, 17;

large, xii, 297-9, 333-5, 347;

mollusks, 57-80;

primitive types, 16-24, 26, 32, 128-9;

worms, 45, 51, 54

Marine Climate, i, 208, 377

Marine Deposits, iii, 52-5

Marine Meteorology, i, 271-83;

founding of, 216

Marine Rivers, xiv, 153

Marine Rocks, xiv, 19;

found above sea level, iii, 82-3, 85, 132, 235;

in mountains, xiv, 231

Mariner's Compass, iv, 253-4, vii, 365;

invention and improvements, vi, 29, 41-2

Mariotte, Edme, xvi, 110, 111;

law of, iv, 140

Markhor, xii, 325

Marmosets, xii, 376

Marmots, xii, 294-5

Marne, Battle of, defence of "Grande Couronne", xiv, 90;

soldiers asleep on retreat, xi, 286-7

Marne River, topographical features, xiv, 89

Marquette, Père, xiv, 192

Marriage, xv, 273-95, 364

Mars, (planet), ii, 227-34;

atmosphere, 228-32, 247;

canals, 235-41, 248;

distance, 235-6;

Kepler's studies, 50;

life on, 228-32, 237-8, 247-8;

"lucid" planet, 264;

motions and orbits, 50, 162, 163;

photographic study, 131, 132;

rotation period, 59, 377;

satellites, 241, 110;

size, 162, 163;

surface study, 238-9;

Tycho Brahe's studies, 49;

weight, 76, 77-8

Marshes, draining of, by trees, xiv, 379;

malaria and, x, 154, 300

Marsh Gas, iii, 345, 354, viii, 51;

as ignis fatuus, i, 347, 348

(see also Methane)

Marshmallow, family, xiii, 200

Marsupials, xii, 274-81;

evolution of, 271

Martens, xii, 350, 351

Martensite, viii, 274

Martha's Vineyard, waves action, iii, 56

Martin, Prof. E. G., author Physiology Vol. ix

Maryland, former volcanoes, xiv, 318;

oyster industry, xii, 61

Maskelyne, astronomer, xvi, 124;

mountain-weighing, ii, 68-9

Mass, defined, iv, 35, xvi, 130;

density and, iv, 110;

measured by beam balance, 102;

momentum in relation to, 62-3;

motion in relation to, 60-1, 63-5, 72, 78;

standard units of, 46, 69, xvi, 130;

weight and, iv, 35, 110, xvi, 130

Massage, ancient Chinese, x, 13;

effect on lymphatics, ix, 223

Massasauga, xii, 235

Mastoiditis, ix, 61-2

Matches, friction and safety, viii, 88;

invention of, xv, 232

Materialism, xi, 13-14;

in mediæval philosophy, x, 35

Materia Medica, Mesue's work on, x, 32;

17th century improvements, xvi, 109

Mathematical Astronomy, ii, 15, 113-14;

culmination of, 15, 71-2;

spectroscopic methods in, 119-24

Mathematical Calculations, development of, xv, 181-4, xvi, 61

Mathematical Machines, v, 326-7

Mathematics, coordinates used in, iv, 16;

Golden Age, ii, 15;

history of development, xvi, 54, 60-3, 68, 71-2, 79-81, 88-90, 92, 94-5, 103-5, 113-14, 118-19, 125;

practice of challenges in, iv, 89

Mather, Cotton, on disease, x, 380;

on inoculation, 101

Mating Instinct, xiii, 116

Mato Tepee, xiv, 129-30

Matter, chemical energy of, viii, 267;

chemistry, science of, 11, iv, 12;

constitution of, 21, 23, vi, 35-6, 78, 108, 109-12, viii, 22-8

(see also Atomic Theory, Electron Theory, Molecular Theory);

elasticity of, iv, 35-6;

elements of, viii, 11-12, 16-21;

energy and, iv, 12, 13-14;

energies in, xvi, 15;

energy loss, 134;

ether in, iv, 181;

fluxation idea, xvi, 194;

fourth state of, iv, 54-5, xvi, 193;

Greek theories, 77, 83-4, 86, 91, 118;

indestructibility, vi, 128, viii, 110;

inertia of, iv, 20;

kinetic theory of, 30, 131;

monad theory, xvi, 117-18;

primary concept, iv, 15, 16;

sciences of, xvi, 36-7;

states of, iv, 21-3

(see also Physical States)

Matterhorn, formation of, iii, 236

Matriarchy, xv, 295

Maudsley, Henry, inventions, v, 45-6, 99, 376

Mauna Loa, iii, 103-4, 107, xiv, 322-3;