GENERAL INDEX (continued 7)

Spindles, ancient, xv, 244, 245 (fig.)

Spine, tuberculosis of, x, 92

Spinning, by Lake Dwellers, v, 14;

historical development of, xv, 243-4, 246

Spinning Jenny, invention, xv, 246

Spinning Machines, v, 273, 274-6, 376, 378

Spinning Wheels, v, 268, 273, 274;

development of, xv, 244

Spinosa, philosophy of, xvi, 117

Spinosity, in animals, iii, 277

Spiral Gears, v, 38-9

Spiral Hypothesis (see Planetesimal Hypothesis)

Spiral Nebulæ, ii, 361-5;

discovery, 17, 106, 186, 380;

distances, 124;

distribution, 355, 356;

globular clusters and, 337;

Jeans on origin, 378;

new stars in, 333;

new universes, 381;

origin, planetesimal theory, 372-4, iii, 160-2;

star streaming and, ii, 348-9;

studies at Mt. Wilson, 157-8;

transition from nebula to star, 136

Spirilli (bacteria), x, 195

Spirits, savage belief in, xv, 331, 332, 337-40, 348-9, 350, 358

Spirits of Wine, viii, 213-14

Spirometer, x, 339

Spitball, effectiveness of, iv, 69

Spitting, indiscriminate, x, 291

Spitting Adders, xii, 227

Spitzbergen, coal deposits, i, 199;

flora of, xiii, 341-2;

ice-caps of, iii, 61

Splanchnic Nerve, xi, 273

Spleen, functions of, ix, 184, 275

Split-Phase Starters, vi, 250

Spoken Language, evolution of, xv, 152-4

Sponges, iii, 259, 266, xii, 23, 30-2

Spongin, xii, 31

Spontaneous Combustion, viii, 55-6

Spontaneous Generation, x, 139;

history of doctrine, xvi, 114;

origin of life by, xii, 10

Spoonbills, xii, 151, 256

Sporangia, xiii, 155

Spore-habit, relics in cycads and ginkgo tree, xiii, 309, 316

Spores, xiii, 64;

dispersal by winds, 344;

fermentation by, viii, 248;

in atmosphere, i, 61;

of anthrax bacillus, x, 149;

of ferns, xiii, 155-7, 159, 160;

of moss, 69, 162;

of mushrooms, 163, 164

Sporogony, x, 159

Sports (mutants), ix, 342, xiii, 333-4

Sporulation, x, 155

Spotted Fever, cause of, xii, 98

Sprague, F. J., vi, 26

Spring, frosts, i, 257-8;

rate of advance in U. S., i, 256

Spring Balance, iv, 58-9, 102

Springboks, xii, 327

Springhaas, xii, 289

Springs, iii, 116-17, xiv, 137-9;

drying of, 136;

fissure, 138, 152;

fluctuations and constancy, 152;

forests and, 379;

Havana water supply from, 140;

hillside, 137-8;

in river formation, 175-6;

in western canyons, iii, 116;

"juvenile," xiv, 151-2;

lacking in clay soils, 137;

mineral matter in, viii, 195

(see also Hot Springs, Mineral springs)

Springs (mechanics), air-cushioning of, v, 134;

energy of, iv, 82, 87-8;

pneumatic, v, 126;

storage of energy in, 126

Spring-tails, xii, 104

Spring Tides, ii, 70, xiv, 292

Spruce, traveler, i, 352

Spruce Forests, xiii, 367-8;

in relation to winds, 149

Spruce Trees, dominance in north, xiii, 350;

in northern forests, xiv, 372, 374;

nativity, xiii, 244;

paper pulp from v, 292, 293, xiii, 10, 234, 244;

planting conditions, 270;

polycotyledons, 61;

roots, 17

(see also Conifers)

Sprudel Spring, xiv, 152

Spur Gears, v, 29

Spurges, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;

South Africa, 355, 379;

rubber from, 249;

stems, 28-9, 30-1

Sputum, tuberculosis spread by, x, 291, 292, 293-4

Squalls, i, 382

Squash, origin, xiii, 224

Squaw Winter, i, 361, 382

Squids, xii, 79-80;

deep sea, 23;

phosphorescence of, 20;

whales and, 299

Squirrel-cage Induction Motors, vi, 245;

on farms, vii, 224

Squirrels, xii, 291-4;

antiquity of, 286;

arboreal habits, 285;

man's lesson from, xv, 206;

storing of fruits by, xiii, 56, 340;

sugar, xii, 278

Stabilizers, gyroscopic, v, 341-2

Staffa, hexagonal columns of, xiv, 129, 130

Stags, xii, 317;

age of, xv, 100 (fig.)

Stahl, George Ernst, x, 84-5, 301

Stained-glass Windows, preparation of designs for, iv, 342

Stalactites and Stalagmites, iii, 127, viii, 151, xiv, 148;

rate of formation, xv, 79-80

Stalks, of plants, xiii, 27

Stalling, of motors, v, 157

Stamens, xiii, 45, 46;

arrangement in various flowers, 123-46, 181-207;

in grasses, 182;

of highly cultivated plants, 51;

in reproduction, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122

Staminate Flowers, xiii, 46-7

Stamping, of feet, in excitement, xi, 356

Standard, of flowers, xiii, 47-8

Standard Barometer, iv, 119-23

Standardization, in manufactures, v, 48-52, 53-4, 55-6

Standing, correct posture in, ix, 57, x, 305;

heart beat in, ix, 207

Stanley, Henry M., African trip, xiii, 359, 361

Staphylococci, x, 195

Star Anise, origin, xiii, 255

Star Apples, origin, xiii, 227

Starch, composition and properties, viii, 227-8;

digestion of, 357, ix, 230, 235, 242, 292, x, 270, 326, 330;

fermentation, viii, 225, 248, 249;

food value, 365, ix, 300, x, 259, 262, 269, 271

(see also Carbohydrates);

food amounts in ordinary diet, ix, 290, 300-1;

foods for infants, 346;

glucose production from, viii, 225, 228, 241, 243-4;

iodine effects, 228, 294;

made from rice, xiii, 213;

making of, by plants, viii, 335, 349, ix, 27-8, 28-9, xiii, 79, 80, 83-4, xiv, 65;

manufacture and uses, viii, 243;

tastelessness of, 366

Star Charts and Catalogues, ii, 298-9, 300-3;

early, 29, 31, 34, 39, 45, xvi, 90,

(see also Draper Catalogue)

Star Classification, by color, ii, 296-8;

by giant and dwarf theory, 309;

by magnitude, 295-6, 297;

by spectra, 115-18, 307-10;

by temperature changes, 309-10

Star Clouds, ii, 357-60

Star Clusters, ii, 122, 336-40;

moving, 341-4;

nebulæ and, 357;

photography of, 136

Star Distances, ii, 311-18;

ancient ideas, 28, 350;

brightness in relation to, 322;

first measurement, 16;

methods of measuring, 124, 153, 311-13, 316-18;

of Galaxy, 355;

of globular clusters, 337, 338-9, 340;

of nebulæ, 358;

of spiral nebulæ, 363;

of Sirians and Solars, 122, 353;

unit of measurement, 315-16, xvi, 33-4

Star Distribution, ancient and modern conceptions, ii, 350, 352-3;

Galaxy as basis, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 364-5;

globular clusters, 338, 339

Starfishes, iii, 259, 268, 269, 270, xii, 49-50

Star Flowers, xiii, 203

Starling, Prof., quoted, xi, 154, 182;

secretin discovery, x, 325

Stars, aberration orbits, ii, 90-1, 92;

actual dimensions, 321-4;

angular diameters, 150-1;

brightness (see Magnitude of Stars);

Classification (see Star Classification);

constitution, 382-3;

constitution determined by spectra, 17, 113, 114-18;

distances (see Star Distances);

distribution (see Star Distribution);

evolution order, 116-17, 308-9, 310, 383;

evolution seen in spiral nebulæ, 362;

giant and dwarf, 153, 294, 309, 310, 382-4;

light, 296, 16;

light-intensity, vi, 272;

light of, in space, iv, 334;

magnetism, ii, 178;

magnitudes (see Magnitude of Stars);

motions (see Motus Peculiaris, Proper Motion, Star Streams);

multiple, 335;

naming of, 302-3;

nearest, 319-20;

nebulæ and, 308-9, 365, 381;

nebulous, 360;

new or temporary (see Novae);

number, 294-5;

origin, Jeans on, 378-9;

parallax (see Parallax);

photography in study of, 135, 137;

planets of, 252-3;

radiant energy, 384;

radiative equilibrium, 383-4;

right ascension and declination, 299, 305;

spectral type, 115-18, 307-10;

spectra affected by atmospheric ozone, i, 16;

transit measurement by eye-and-ear method, xi, 155-6;

twinkling, to what due, i, 174;

universe of, ii, 294-9;

variable (see Variable Stars);

worship in ancient Egypt, 24;

why unseen by day, i, 164

Star Streaming, ii, 306, 317, 345, 347;

Jeans on origin, 378

Star Streams, ii, 345-9;

nearest stars in, 320

Starters, automobile, vii, 120, 127, 135, 142-8;

of motors, vi, 236-9, 250-5, 262-3

Starvation, x, 275;

diabetes treatment by, ix, 294;

sense of hunger in, 88;

waste of tissues in, 297-8;

weight reduction by, 302

Stassfurt Deposits, viii, 196, 278-9, 344, xiv, 67, 209

States of Aggregation, iv, 22

States of Matter (see Physical State)

Static, technical meaning, iv, 383

Static, in wireless (see Strays)

Static Breeze, vii, 238-9

Static Electricity, iv, 259, vi, 284-305, vii, 375;

lightning as, 205, 206, 207-9

Static Generators, vii, 245

Static Induction Machine, vii, 236

Static Sense, xi, 126

Statics, defined, iv, 25, 383;

early development of, 25, 27

Stationary Waves, iv, 217

Statue of Liberty, lighting, vi, 283

Statues, coloring of, xv, 300, 302;

primitive, 118, 120

Stature, artificial selection, xvi, 154, 157;

in relation to food, xiii, 172;

of various European groups, xvi, 48, 49;

of various races, xv, 38-9;

rate of growth in man, ix, 32 (diagram)

Steam, density of, iv, 113;

dry and wet, v, 140;

exhaust, vi, 355;

invisibility of true, i, 90;

latent heat of, iv, 188, v, 354, viii, 38;

saturated and superheated, v, 140;

saturated, pressure of, iv, 168;

specific heat of, 155, 187;

specific heat ratio, iv, 156;

use in engine and turbine, v, 142

Steamboats, early, v, 189-90, 192, 377;

early dangers, i, 49-50

Steam Boilers (see Boilers)

Steam Carriages, v, 207-8, 212

Steam Electric Plants, vi, 351, 353-61;

size of generating units, 378-9

Steam Engines, efficiency, on what dependent, iv, 192;

estimate of work of, 193-4;

history and principles, v, 139-48, 376;

in power plants, vi, 354-5, 357-8;

invention and consequences, xvi, 125, 126;

origin in kitchen, v, 109;

reciprocating compared with turbine, 152-4;

starting of, vi, 235;

temperature and pressures in, v, 139-40;

waste of heat energy, 155;

Watt's, 44, 47, 144-6, 376, 377

Steam Hammer, invention, xvi, 175;

Nasmyth's, v, 379

Steam Heat, dryness of air from, xiv, 353

Steam Heating System, iv, 186-7, xiv, 353

Steam Navigation, development, v, 189-90, 192-4

Steam Power, disadvantages in mining, v, 128-9;

from subterranean heat, 180-1;

from sun's heat, 177-8;

from volcanoes, 179-80;

waste of heat energy, 155

Steam Reserve, of power plants, vi, 367

Steamships, development of ocean, v, 192-4, 378;

glass-enclosed machinery, vi, 175;

propellers (see Propellers);

speed, power and lines, v, 191-2;

turbines on, 105, 153

(see also Ocean Steamers)

Steam Shovels, v, 252-3, 262

Steam Traction, beginnings, v, 207-8, 212

Steam Turbines, v, 148-54, 382, vi, 354-5;

connection with ship propellers, v, 105-6, 153-4, vii, 329-30;

efficiency, v, 155, 172;

Hero's, xvi, 92, 93;

most efficient speed, vii, 329;

speed-limiting device, 49;

use of steam in, v, 142

Stearic Acid, viii, 220, 221, 350

Stearin, glycerine from, viii, 247

Steatite, iii, 339

Stebbins, astronomer, ii, 212, 328

Steel, alloys of, xiv, 238;

composition and properties, viii, 159-60;

cutting of, vii, 321;

elasticity of, iv, 36;

expansion by heat, 145, v, 71;

magnetism of, iv, 245, 251, vi, 36-8;

purification in electric furnaces, vii, 304;

structure of hard and soft, iv, 37;

silicon in, viii, 90

(see also Steel Making)

Steel Engravings, by electrotype, vii, 314

Steel Making, v, 319-25, 380, 383, viii, 159-60, 273, xvi, 174-5;

electric furnace in, vii, 301, 305, 312;

phosphorus obtained from, viii, 345

Steel Mills, electromagnets in, vi, 35, 86;

great motors, 228-9;

rise of body temperature in, ix, 317

Steel Rails, electric furnace steel for, vii, 312;

expansion by heat, iv, 134;

friction, v, 204, 206;

manufacture, 322-3

Steel Shipments, meteorology in, i, 269

Steel Ships, v, 195;

compass variations in, iv, 254, v, 340, vi, 42

Steel Structures, electrolytic corrosion, vi, 64-6;

in earthquakes, xiv, 343

Steel Tracks, for trucks, v, 206-7

Steenheil, K. A., xvi, 191

Stegocephalia, xii, 168

Stegosaurs, iii, 289-90

Steinboks, xii, 326, 327

Steinmetz, C. P., vi, 26

Stejneger, Dr. Leonard, xii, 226, 234

Stems of Plants, xiii, 22-32;

acting as leaves, 28-31, 378, 379;

chlorophyll in, ix, 26;

of grasses and sedges, xiii, 179, 182 (fig.), 183;

purposes, 61;

response to light, 85;

roots from injured, 19;

starch and sugar storage in, ix, 27-8;

upheld by osmotic pressure, xiii, 94;

violets without, 15

Stenotype, v, 313

Step-down Transformers, vi, 310

Step Faults, xiv, 116

Stephenson, George, locomotive, v, 208, 377, 378

Stephenson, Robert, link motion, v, 208-10, 379

Steppes of Russia, grasslands, xiii, 181, 373, xiv, 381;

impossibility of forests, xiii, 349;

wind-fertilized vegetation, 149

Step-up Transformers, vi, 309

Stereopticon, iv, 341-2

Stereoscope, xi, 177-81;

depth impressions by, ix, 120;

in lightning study, i, 148;

in photographic map-making, i, 45-6

Stereoscopic Wind Maps, i, 230, 231, 233

Stereotyping, v, 302-3, 383

Sterilization, by heat, viii, 371-2;

by ozone, vii, 354;

by X-rays, 257

Sterilized Milk, vitamines in, x, 262

Sterling Silver, viii, 171

Sternoptychidæ, xii, 23

Sterols, viii, 350

Stethoscope, ix, 205;

discovery and use of, x, 108-10, 112, 371

Stevens, Col. John, steamboat, v, 189

Stevenson-Huntington, on crocodiles, xii, 199-200

Stevin, Simon, xvi, 103-4, 109

Sthenic Disease, x, 89

Stichwort, in pink family, xiii, 195

Stinging Cells, xii, 33, 36

Stigma of Flowers, xiii, 46, 118, 119, 147

Stigmata, hypnotic production of, xi, 317

Stiles, Dr. Percy, on emotions, xi, 137-9;

on hypnotism, 322;

on nutrition and mentality, 369-70;

on suppression of emotions, 140-1

Stiles, Prof., on malarial parasites, x, 159

Still Engine, v, 165-70

Stills, apparatus of, viii, 250

Stimuli, Stimulations, ix, 78;

common response to varying, xi, 22-3;

law of consciousness of, 27-8;

law of summation, 21-2

Stipe, of mushrooms, xiii, 163

Stipules, xiii, 34, 35 (fig.)

Stirling, Rev. Robert, xvi, 174

Stoats, xii, 349

Stock-raising, on grasslands, xiv, 383-4

Stocks (geological), xiv, 110

Stoics, definition of thought, xi, 228;

fatalistic logic, 240;

principle of reason, 228, 233-4;

suppression of emotions, 140

Stokers, automatic, v, 211-12, vi, 354, viii, 46

Stokes, William, x, 112;

ether theory, xvi, 137

Stoma, of leaves, xiii, 78, 82, 103, 109

Stomach, action of, ix, 230-8;

action in hunger, ix, 88, 231, xi, 65-6, 123, 124;

adjustment to meals, ix, 85;

bacteria, few in, x, 201;

brain and, xi, 370;

condition between meals, ix, 230-1;

control of action of, 163;

disorders of, 238-41, x, 321-5;

emotion effects on, ix, 165, 166, 241, xi, 135, 137;

food absorption from, ix, 243-4;

form and position, 233 (fig.), x, 321;

functions in digestive process, viii, 356-7, 358, ix, 232, 234-6, x, 319-21;

functions in maintenance of life, ix, 21-3;

habit in functioning of, 251;

in infants, 346;

muscles of, ix, 74, 85, 160-1, 162;

nervous connections of, 164-5;

position in circulatory system, ix, 198;

smell effects, xi, 69;

supporting framework, ix, 71;

ulcer of, cause, x, 224;

worry effects on, ix, 165;

X-ray examination of, x, 373

Stomach Catarrh, x, 253

Stomiatidæ, xii, 23

Stone, Cheselden's operation for, x, 92;

Oath of Hippocrates on, 19

Stone Age, agriculture, xiii, 209, 210;

bow and arrow in, xv, 214;

end of in Europe, xvi, 50;

fire uses in, xv, 229;

tools of, v, 13, 14, xvi, 47

(see Eolithic, Neolithic, Paleolithic Periods)

Stone Axes, primitive, xv, 192 (fig.)

Stone Buttons, xvi, 29

Stonehenge, xv, 271-2;

solstitial orientation at, ii, 26

Stone Flies, xii, 106

Stone Lilies, iii, 268-70, 256 (Pl. 14)

Stone Meteorites, ii, 291, 292

Stone Mountain, exfoliation on, iii, 24

Stone Pestles, xv, 238

Stone Structures, ancient, xv, 269-72

Stones, art of breaking, v, 12;

breaking of, by freezing water, iv, 150-1;

cutting in ancient Egypt, xvi, 67

Stone Tools, beginning of, v, 11, 12-14;

evolution of, xv, 102-10

Stone Walls, cleaned by air jets, v, 185-6

Stoney, on planetary atmospheres, ii, 231-2

Storage Batteries, iv, 298-300, vi, 130, 144-51, vii, 375;

care in automobiles, vii, 121, 144;

charging of, vi, 331, 332, 333;

chemical action in, viii, 167-9;

in farm plants, vii, 233

Storage Battery Reserves, in power plants, vi, 382-3

Storks, xii, 254, 255

Storm Cards, i, 279, 382

Storm Signals, i, 282-3

Storms, i, 134-9;

electrification by, vii, 212-13;

height in atmosphere, i, 17;

prediction of, 239, vii, 218;

rainfall of, 110-11;

wave power in, xiv, 299-300, 303

(see also Cyclones, Hurricanes, Thunderstorms)

Storm Waters, i, 382;

in sewage systems, viii, 324

Stormy Petrels, xii, 252

Storm Weather, business effects, i, 264

Stove Blacking, graphite in, viii, 43

Strabo, geography of, xiv, 3, xvi, 98;

on Vesuvius, xiv, 313

Strata, elastic, iv, 82, 157, 158

Strain Sensations, xi, 124;

in time estimation, 195-6

Straits of Calais, tidal basin, v, 176

Strangulation, effect on blood color, ix, 261

Strata, Stratified Rocks, iii, 382-3;

ages, how determined, 17-19;

formation of, 13, 54;

land forms in, 139-40, xiv, 80-99;

oldest by planetesimal theory, iii, 163;

significance of, 12;

thickness in folded mountains, 132, xiv, 228-9;

thickness of series, iii, 17

(see also Sedimentary Rock)

Stratiography, defined, iii, 383

Stratosphere, i, 20, 382

(see also Upper Air)

Stratus Clouds, i, 98, 102-3, 103

Strawberry, fertilization, xiii, 139-40;

fruit, 59;

in rose family, 197;

origin, 227;

poisoning from, x, 212;

production of new plants, xiii, 166

Strays, wireless disturbances, i, 162-3, 382

Stream Gravels, precious stones in, iii, 327, 328

(see also Placer Deposits)

Stream-line Construction, v, 236

Stream Piracy, iii, 38-9, xiv, 177-83

Street Cars, reading on, xi, 373-4

Street Cleaners, vacuum, v, 137

Street Fakers, crowd psychology and, xi, 328

Street Lighting, vi, 278-9

Street Railways, air-propulsion in, v, 133;

electric, vii, 180-93, 197;

underground wires, 11-14

(see also Electric Traction)

Streptococci, x, 195, 221

Stress, elastic, iv, 157, 158

Streubel, Prof, Ernest J., author Electricity, Vol. vi, vii

Striated Rock, xiv, 56

Strikes, crowd psychology in, xi, 330

Stringed Instruments, development of, xv, 317-18

Strings, vibration of, iv, 216-17, 222-3

Stromboli, xiv, 314, 317, 321

Strombus Gigas, xii, 74

Strontium, affinity strength, viii, 128;

atomic weight and symbol, 383;

flame color, 301;

in calcium group, 148;

specific gravity, 384;

test for, 287, 289

Structural Topography, xiv, 94

Structure, geological, iii, 383

Struggle for Dominance, in plants, xiii, 337-8, 348-50, 354, 375

Struggle for Existence, xv, 21-2;

among plants, xiii, 11, 21-2, 27-8, 32, 38-9, 87, 365, xvi, 167;

Darwinian theory, xvi, 150-1;

emotions developed by, xi, 138;

in inanimate institutions, xv, 29;

in man, 25-6, 27;

in tropical forests, xiv, 367

Struve, astronomer, ii, 312, 313

Strychnine, action on nervous system, ix, 132-3;

an alkaloid, viii, 240

Strychnos Apple, origin, xiii, 227

Stubbornness, muscular tenseness and, xi, 372

Stuber, Dr., vi, 15

Stuffiness, cause of, i, 321

Stuffing Box Packing, v, 99

Sturgeons, xii, 151-2

Style, of flowers, xiii, 46;

in grasses, 182;

in plant reproduction, 118, 119, 134, 135, 140, 141

Styria, hail shooting, i, 341, 342

Subærial Agents, of rock destruction, xiv, 47-79

Sub-Atomic Energy, Eddington on, ii, 384

(see also Atomic Energy)

Subconscious Mind, xi, 47; in dreams, x, 364, 365, xi, 294-5, 290-300;

evasions of consciousness, 300, 305-6;

in learning, 212-13, 214;

in reasoning, 244-6;

repressed ideas in, x, 355-6, 361, xi, 350-1;

revealed in smiles, 357;

work retarded by fear, 212-13, 214

(see also Autosuggestion, Suppressions)

Submachine Gun, v, 367-8

Submarine Bells, i, 191

Submarines, iv, 105-7, v, 195-202;

Diesel engines in, 162;

gyro-compasses of, iv, 254, v, 340;

Holland and Lake, 382;

motors used, vi, 239;

photographic spotting of, in World War, i, 47

Submarine Torpedoes, v, 373-4;

gyroscopes in, 340

Submerged Object photographic discovery of, i, 47-8

Submerged Plants, fertilization, xiii, 149-52

Submerged Rocks, aerial mapping of, 47

Submergence, Coasts of, iii, 37-8, 57, xiv, 253, 255-62

Subsequent Streams, xiv, 159, 174

Subsidence of Land, coasts resulting from, iii, 37-8, 57, xiv, 253, 255-62;

during Ice Age, iii, 80;

effect on streams, xiv, 40, 163-4;

in relation to coal formation, iii, 199;

of ocean bottom, 83, 168, 206;

various instances of, 78, 79, 80-2, 133, 225

(see also Level Changes)

Substantive Variations, xvi, 155

Subsurface Conditions, exploration of, v, 262-3

Subways, Beach's pneumatic, v, 138

Subway Train Systems, vii, 197-8

Succession, association by, xi, 197

Sucking, mouth deformities from habit of, x, 314;

reflex in infants, ix, 349

Sucrose, viii, 226, 242

(see Cane Sugar)

Suction, due to atmospheric pressure, i, 25, v, 112;

work by so-called, 137

Suction Dredge, v, 257-9

Suction Pump, iv, 126, v, 112-13;

atmospheric pressure in, i, 25;

early ideas of, iv, 26-7

Sudbury, Ontario, nickel of, xiv, 238

Suess, Prof. coast classification of, xiv, 247;

on North Atlantic Ocean, 290

Suez Canal, tropical disease control at, xiv, 356

Sugar, calories in, ix, 299;

chemical structure and properties, viii, 225-7, 309-10, ix, 26;

digestion and absorption of, viii, 227, 356, ix, 230, 243, 290-4, x, 270;

fermentation of, viii, 213-14, 227, 248, 249;

fermentation in intestines, ix, 248;

food value and requirements, viii, 227, 364-5, 366, ix, 27, 289-90, 300-1, x, 256, 269, 273

(see also Carbohydrates);

history of use, viii, 227, xiii, 215;

in blood, cause of excess, x, 330;

in blood, liver action on, 329;

in blood, regulation of, ix, 290-3, x, 329, 330;

in blood, increase in excitement, 293, xi, 138;

in fruits, viii, 365;

in urine, ix, 292-4, x, 330, 343;

in various foods, ix, 300;

kinds and sources, viii, 225-7, 242-3, ix, 230, xiii, 214-16;

making and storage of, by plants, ix, 26-9, xiii, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 214, xiv, 65;

maltose as substitute, viii, 243;

manufacture of, iv, 170;

preserving by, viii, 372;

production, 242-3;

produced artificially, xvi, 142;

respiratory quotient with, x, 270;

"showers", i, 357;

taste sensations, xi, 71-2;

testing of, by polarized light, iv, 355-6;

vanilla from, xiii, 259

(see also Beet Sugar, Cane Sugar, Maple Sugar)

Sugar Beet, xiii, 214, 216;

extraction method, viii, 242

(see also Beet Sugar)

Sugar Cane, xiii, 214-15;

ancestral home, 221;

economic importance, 208;

in grass family, 179, 181-2;

growth and structure, 26;

a monocotyledon, 178;

stem, 183;

sugar extraction from, viii, 242;

sugar in stems of, ix, 27-8

(see also Cane Sugar)

Sugar Growing, in Hawaii, v, 291

Sugar Maple, viii, 242-3;

as forest tree, viii, 86;

as source of sugar, 214

Sugar Pine, in Pacific forests, xiv, 374

Sugar Refineries, potash residues, viii, 344

Sugar Squirrel, xii, 278

Sugar Tongs, as levers, v, 24

Suggestion, Suggestibility, xi, 303-10;

in advertising, 347;

in crowds, 324-31;

hypnotism as, 311, 313-14, 316, 317-22;

outgoing reaction, 56;

psychoanalytical uses of, x, 363-4

Sulphate Group, viii, 93;

valence of, 94

Sulphates, viii, 76;

formation of, 80, 83, 118;

metal occurrence in, 130;

test of, 285, 287, 290;

in urine, x, 343

Sulphide Ores, viii, 76, 77, 130, 198;

extraction of metals from, 131, 270-1, 271-2

Sulphite Pulp, v, 292, 293-4

Sulphites, test, viii, 290

Sulphonic Acids, viii, 236, 237

Sulphur, viii, 76-7;

axis ratio, iii, 317;

combustion of, viii, 11-12, 13, 57;

compounds, 18, 77-83;

electrification of, iv, 257, 259, vi, 12;

energy in native, viii, 268;

ignition of, viii, 53;

in body tissues, 354;

in coal, 118;

in gunpowder, 145;

in iron ore, iii, 356;

in ores, viii, 77, 131, 270-1;

in proteins, 351;

in rubber making, 257-8;

in steel, removal of, v, 320;

melting requirements, iv, 162;

occurrence in nature, iii, 339, viii, 19, 76, 118, 193, 198;

odor of, iv, 131;

plants uses of, viii, 337, ix, 29;

presence in minerals, how determined, viii, 201;

silver tarnished by, 13, 77, 171;

uses, iii, 339, viii, 77;

valences of, 94

Sulphur Dioxide, viii, 78

Sulphur Showers, i, 61, 355, 359

Sulphur Springs, viii, 77, xiv, 144

Sulphur Trioxide, viii, 78, 79, 80-2;

affinity for water, 101

Sulphuric Acid, viii, 79-83;

action on cellulose, 255;

formation in body, x, 280;

industrial importance, viii, 76, 78-91, 141, 275;

molecular weight, 92;

normal, 119;

production, 81-2, 275, viii, 198;

salts from, 83, 116;

solubility, 112;

strength, 115;

used in electric batteries, vi, 58-9, 131-4;

atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383;

production by electrolysis, 125;

production, iron pyrites used, iii, 336, viii, 167-9;

use in explosives, 80;

used in hydrogen preparation, 32-3;

use in vacuum refrigeration, v, 355

Sulphurous Acid, viii, 78, 115

Sumac, family of, xiii, 200

Sumatra, apes of, xii, 381-3;

cocoanut gathering, 378;

continental island, xiv, 274;

giant flower of, xiii, 363-4;

rhinoceros of, xii, 306;

tobacco production, xiii, 258

Sumatran Earthquake, "offsets" from, xiv, 335

Summation, Law of, xi, 21-2

Summer, efficiency in, i, 323;

historic cold, i, 359-61, 361-2;

hot or cool, how determined, xiv, 350;

hot in America, i, 323;

Indian, 361-2, 363;

land and sea winds in, xiv, 346;

regularity, i, 361-2

Summer Clothing, materials for, ix, 312

Summer-Day, temperature, i, 205, 382

Summer Forests, xiii, 368

Sun, ii, 165-73;

Anne Bradstreet on, 19;

atmosphere, i, 10, ii, 184-5, 225;

atmosphere, heat absorption by, ii, 170;

atmosphere, spectrum analysis of, iv, 362;

atmospheric displacement of, iv, 327-8;

axis direction, ii, 175;

"backstays," i, 169, 367;

center of solar system (see Heliocentric System);

chemical composition, ii, 113, 114, 128, 185, 211, viii, 302;

chromosphere, ii, 183, 184;

corona, ii, 184, 219-26 (see Corona of Sun);

comet tails and, 277, 278;

coronas (atmospheric), i, 183;

corpuscles from, in upper air, 144, 146, 158, 159, 160;

crepuscular rays, 169;

distance, early ideas, ii, 32, 83, 84;

distance, how obtained, 27-9, 91-2, 121, 129, 132, 166-7, 191, 263;

distance measured by Richer, 59;

disturbances affecting earth's magnetism, vi, 40;

disturbances in relation to aurora, i, 160, 161;

"drawing water," 169, 382;

eclipses (see Solar Eclipses);

electromagnetic waves from, vii, 260;

electrons shot off by, i, 144, 146;

erratic amplitude, ii, 25;

faculae, 176, 182;

goal and quit, 305;

"green and red flashes," i, 170-1;

habitability, ii, 252;

halos, i, 100, 103, 178, 180, 181;

heat from, iv, 181-2, 183, 194;

heat from, atmospheric effects, i, 123;

heat from, modified by volcanic dust, 58-9;

helium in, 12;

Herschel's studies, ii, 16;

Hipparchus on motions, xvi, 90;

hypothesis of origin, iii, 160, 161;

light and heat, ii, 168-71;

light deflection by, 81-2;

magnetism, 154, 156, 175, 176-9, 186;

motion toward Lyra, 122, 137, 305-6, 317;

movement eastward, 195-6;

observation methods, 172-3, 19;

parallax, 59, 92;

photosphere, 173, 184;

photosphere, studies, 127, 129;

physical constitution, 183-4, 185;

position in solar system, 50, 51, 163;

prominences, 179-83, 184, 211, 214;

Ptolemaic theory, 35;

pull on planets, 65;

radiant energy, 170, 384, vi, 269-70, ix, 114-15;

radiation, atmospheric effects, i, 324;

radiation, biological importance, 211;

radiation, measurement of, 88;

radiation, physiological effects, 324-5;

radiation, weather effects, 218-19, 242, ii, 186-8, iv, 194;

radiative equilibrium, ii, 382, 383-4;

reversing layer, 184, 211, 212;

"rising" of, xvi, 12;

rotation, ii, 54, 129, 175, iii, 159;

rotation discovery, xvi, 103;

rotation studied by spectroscope, ii, 120;

shrinking of, 170;

size and shape, 28, 162, 167;

solstices observed in ancient Egypt, 25-6;

source of energy, v, 177, viii, 267, 334, 347, 349, 350, ix, 25-6, 27, xiv, 32, 75;

source of organic life, xii, 11;

Spectrum of (see Solar Spectrum);

stars resembling, ii, 117, 118 (see Solar Stars);

stellar magnitude, 296;

studies at Mt. Wilson, 152, 154;

temperature of, iv, 194;

tides and, ii, 70, xiv, 291, 292;

variable star, ii, 171;

variations in heat, iii, 248;

weight, ii, 76, 77, 78, 167-8;

winds caused by, xiv, 347

Sunburn, vii, 249, 253, x, 254;

chemical cause, i, 324-5;

X-ray burns and, vii, 250

Sundews, xiii, 40

Sundial, limitations, v, 58

"Sun Dogs," i, 180, 181, 382

Sunflower, in daisy family, xiii, 206;

restricted area, 320

Sunk Country of Missouri, iii, 98

Sunlight, atmospheric effects on color, i, 165-6, 167-71;

colors of, 165, ix, 115;

disease and, x, 240, 291, 292;

energy utilized, v, 177-8;

heat of, iv, 181-2, 183;

intensity compared with starlight, vi, 272;

leaf protection against excess of, xiii, 105-6;

penetration of ocean by, xii, 22;

plants and, viii, 335, 336, ix, 27, x, 253, xiii, 14, 76-7, 79, 80, 81, 84-90, 114, 361-3, xiv, 65, 365-6, 367;

physiological effects, i, 324-5;

results of absence in forests, xiii, 369, 370;

spectrum of, viii, 302;

struggle of leaves for, xiii, 27-8, 38-9

(see also Place in the Sun)

Sunny Dispositions, xi, 55

Sun-Pillar, i, 376

Sunrise, atmospheric refraction of, iv, 323, 327-8;

green flash of, i, 170-1;

red and grey, 166;

succession of lights and colors, 167, 169;

temperature at, 76

Sunset, atmospheric refraction of, iv, 323, 327-8;

green flash of, i, 170-1;

red and gray, 166;

succession of light and colors at, 167-9

Sunshine Recorders, i, 86-8, 382

"Sunshine State," i, 86

Sun Spots, ii, 174-9, 184, 185;

corona and, 182, 184, 212, 220, 224;

discovered by Galileo, 54;

method of examining, 172;

periodicity, 171, 175-6, 185, 186;

photographic study, 127, 129;

prominences and, 182;

radiation in relation to, 171;

rotation of sun proved by, 120;

spectrum of, 117, 153, 155;

summer of 1816 and, i, 360;

weather effects, 16, 242, ii, 186

Sunstone, iii, 329

Sun Stroke, x, 252

Sun Valve, v, 331-2

Sun-Worship, at Stonehenge, xv, 272;

of agricultural peoples, 342;

of ancient nations, ii, 20, 23, 24, 25-6, 165

Supan, coast classification of, xiv, 247, 248, 249;

on landlocked areas, 190;

on river courses, 155;

on water circulation, 134

Supercooled Liquids, viii, 304-5

Super-Electric Zone, vi, 384

Superheated Solutions, viii, 304

Superheated Steam, v, 140

Superheaters, vi, 354

Superheating, method and use of, iv, 170-1

Superimposed Streams, iii, 137, 233-4, xiv, 170-4

Superior, Lake, xiv, area and depth of, xiv, 204

Superposition, in distance perception, xi, 183

Supersaturation, viii, 113

Superstitions, dread of, x, 364;

in ancient medicine, x, 12;

in savages and civilized races, xv, 354-5;

weather, i, 334-5

Suppressions (Emotions, Wishes), xi, 140-2, 206, 257;

getting rid of, 381-2;

laughter in relation to, 350-1, 353-4, 355-6, 357

(see also Repressions)

Suprapubic Cystotomy, x, 57

Suprarenal Capsules, xi, 273

Suprarenals, x, 347;

Addison's disease of, 113;

affections of, 352

Surf, destructive work of, xiv, 45, 47

Surface Senses, xi, 63, 64

Surface Waters, as water supplies, viii, 318

Surgery, antiseptic and aseptic, x, 146-8

(see also Antiseptic Surgery);

history of development, 13-14, 24-5, 27, 32, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 55-8, 78-81, 90-7, 121-5, 129-31, 144-9, xvi, 63, 108, 181, 182-4, 185;

hypnosis in, xi, 316-17;

made a scientific profession, x, 104-5;

plastic, 57, 189, 384;

separation from general medicine, 16-17, 35, 38, 39, 41, 43;

three perplexities of early, 14, 123, 134, 148;

X-rays in, vii, 256

Surgical Dressings, sphagnum in, xiii, 160-1

Surinam Eel, vi, 16

Surinam Toad, xii, 175

Süring, balloon ascension, i, 18, v, 225

Surprise, effects of strong, xi, 21

Surra, disease, x, 168

Surukuku, xii, 234

Surveying, by aeroplane, i, 46-7;

history of development, xvi, 68-9, 91, 98

Survival of the Fittest, x, 136, xiii, 334-5, 346, xv, 23, 24-5, xvi, 150-1, 152;

in human race, xv, 27, 47-8;

in plants, xiii, 12, 89;

in social institutions, xv, 30

(see also Struggle for Existence)

Susceptibility, racial, xv, 50-2

Susquehanna River, cutting of present course, iii, 36, xiv, 168-9;

drowned valley of, 40, 255-6;

former extension and branches, 256;

gap of, 51, 167;

heterogeneous stream, 155;

in Glacial Epoch, 171;

superimposed character, iii, 137, 233;

transverse course, xiv, 99, 154

Susquehanna Valley, origin, iii, 232

Sutlej River, aerial mapping of, i, 46

Suttee, xv, 335

Swallowing, ear pressure equalized by, xi, 101;

effect on sphincter muscles, ix, 231;

movement of, 82;

operation, how learned, xi, 37-9;

saliva necessary to, ix, 228-9

Swallows, xii, 268;

seed dispersal by, xiii, 341

Swamp Azalet, xiii, 208 (fig.)

Swamps, coal-forming conditions in, iii, 199;

ditch-digging in, v, 216;

draining of, by trees, xiv, 379;

formed by filling lakes, 212;

of Coal Age, iii, 200, 253, 254, xiii, 309, 312;

plant formations of, xiv, 372;

shrubs suitable for, xiii, 275

Swann, Dr. W. F. G., i, 145, 146

Swans, xii, 257, 258-9;

wing power of, xv, 18

Swape, v, 18-19

Sweat, ammonia in, ix, 276;

body heat regulation by, 169, 315-16, 317;

control of, 168, 169;

in sleep, xi, 285;

odor, to what due, ix, 315;

poisons exhaled in, 269;

purpose, xi, 271, 272

(see also Perspiration, Sweat Glands)

Sweat Center, ix, 315, 316

Sweat Glands, ix, 314;

body heat regulation by, 169, 314-16;

fever effects on, 318;

nervous control of, 168, 169;

water and waste removal by, 271, 274, 276

"Sweating," of ice pitchers, i, 121

Sweat Shops, air poisons in, ix, 270;

tuberculosis and, x, 291

Sweden, coast of, xiv, 247;

crustal movements, iii, 80;

fiords of, xiv, 259;

Ice Age in, iii, 246;

nitrogen fixation, i, 36

Swedenborg, theory of universe, ii, 367

Swedish Language, xv, 162

Sweet, taste of, ix, 95, xi, 70, 71, 72

Sweet Alyssum, xiii, in mustard family, xiii, 197

Sweet Fern, xiii, 192 (fig.)

Sweet Gum Tree, petals absent in, xiii, 195;

in landscaping, 271-2

Sweet Pea, flower, xiii, 138

Sweet Potato, xiii, 218-19;

American origin, xiii, 221, xiv, 382;

root of, xiii, 13

Sweetsop, origin, xiii, 227

Sweet Woodruff, xiii, 205

Swellings, cause of, ix, 222

Swift, Dean, on moons of Mars, ii, 241

Swift River Valley, iii, 96 (Pl. 5)

Swifts (foxes), xii, 344

Swifts (lizards), xii, 203

Swim Bladder, xii, 136

Swimming, equilibrium sense in, ix, 90;

reflex processes in, 155-6

Swine, xii, 310-11

Swiss, in Alpine group, xiv, 49

Switchboards, of power plants, vi, 360, 375;

remote control by, 100-1

Switches, electroller, vii, 68;

inverse-time, 37;

oil, 41

Switzerland, cirques of, xiv, 58;

civilization of, xv, 131;

independence due to Alps, xiv, 243-4;

lakes of, 200;

ocean trade of, 306;

population and industries, 241-2;

winds, i, 133;

in World War, xiv, 244

Sycamore Tree, calyx and Corolla absent, xiii, 46;

leaf buds, 34

(see also Plane Tree)

Sydenham, Thomas, x, 72-4, 81, xvi, 108-9;

malaria in time of, 10, 155;

on "comatose fever," 301;

pupils of, 76, 77;

smallpox studies, 100

Syllogism, invention, xvi, 88

Sylvius (De la Boe), x, 69-70, xvi, 108;

Locke on, x, 75

Sylvius, Jacobus, x, 51, 52-3

Symbiosis, x, 221, xiii, 98-9

Symbols, of chemical elements, viii. 91, 383

Syme, James, x, 144

Symmetry, idea of, inborn in man, xv, 251;

in organisms, major and minor, xvi, 155

Sympathetic Nervous System, x, 352-3, x, 113, 134-5, 137

Sympathetic Vibration, iv, 225-6, vii, 118, 261-2

Sympathy, instinct of, xi, 56;

empathy and, 172;

suppression of, 141

Synæsthetic Images, xi, 222

Synapses, defined, xi, 20;

retardation at, 20, 21, 71, 154

Synchronism, defined, vii, 376

Synchronizing Action of alternators, vi, 383-4

Synchronous Charts, i, 214-15, 383

Synchronous Condensers, vi, 262

Synchronous Converters, vi, 343-8

Synchronous Motors, vi, 241, 255, 256-63;

in motor-generator sets, 332, 342

Synchronous Speed in motors, vi, 241, 247

Synchronous Vibration, vii, 118, 261-2

Synclines, iii, 85, 133, 383 (fig.);

hot springs and, 128

Synodic Period, of moon, ii, 196

Synonyms, botanical, xiii, 171

Synoptic Charts, i, 215, 383

Synthetic Races, xii, 134

Syphilis, history of, in Europe, x, 60;

Hunter's study of, 95;

mercury for, 60, 104

Syria, gazelles of, xii, 327;

Rift Valley or Ghor, xiv, 120-1

Syrinx, of birds, xii, 248, 249

Systole and Diastole, of arteries, x, 62, 63-4, 65;

heart, 65

Tabit ben Korra, ii, 38

Table-lands (see Plateaus)

Table Mountain, South Africa, xiv, 225;

cloud cap, i, 105, 383;

fog drip, x, 351

Table Mountains (mesas), xiv, 81, 82

Table Salt, impurities in, xiv, 296

Tacking (sailing), v, 182, 188

Taconic Range, iii, 188-9, 190, 192, 210;

antiquity of, xiv, 235

Tadpoles, xii, 175, 179, 181;

regeneration in, 170

Tagliacozzi, x, 57-8, 189

Tahiti, vanilla production, xiii, 260

Tahiti Apple, xiii, 227

Tahoe, Lake, iii, 153-4

Tails, rudimentary, in man, xv, 56

Talbot, Fox, xvi, 192

Talc, iii, 339-40;

chemical composition, viii, 90

Talking Machines (see Phonograph, Graphophone)

Tallow, animal fat, viii, 246

Tallow Candles, viii, 247

Talman, Prof. C. F., author Meteorology, Vol. i

Talons, xii, 260

Talus, defined, iii, 383

Talus Slopes, in arid regions, xiv, 77-8;

of mountains, 233

Tamandua, xii, 282

Tamarinds, origin, xiii, 227

Tamerlane, grandson of, ii, 39, 300

Tamia-caspi, i, 352

Tampers, pneumatic, v, 135

Tampico, harbor of, xiv, 266

Tan, skin, vii, 249, 253

Tanagers, xii, 245, 269

Tanganyika, Lake, size, xiv, 204

"Tanks", in World War, v, 218, 384

Tannic Acid, in tea, xiii, 231

Tannin, uses of, viii, 257, 259

Tanning, of hides, viii, 257;

in ancient Egypt, xvi, 73

Tantalum, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Tapegrass, fertilization, xiii, 150-1

Tapeworm, x, 200, xii, 45;

food of, ix, 18;

motions of, 73

Tapioca, source, viii, 243

Tapirs, xii, 304, 306

Taproots, xiii, 16, 17, 18

Tar, constituents of, viii, 333;

production and uses, 253

Tarantella (dance), xii, 93

Tarantulas, xii, 93

Tarnishing, of metals, viii, 13, 77, 100

Tarpons, xii, 154

Tartar Astronomers, ii, 39

Tartar, on teeth, x, 315-16

Tartaric Acid, viii, 136, 222-3, 336;

asymmetric atoms of, 309-10;

Pasteur's study of, x, 137

Tasmania, aborigines, iii, 303, 304;

animals of, xii, 277-8;

continental island, xiv, 276;

leafless yew-tree, xiii, 30

Tasmanians, hair of, xv, 38;

in black race, 37

Taste (sense), ix, 94-5, 96, xi, 69-77;

in infants, ix, 350-1;

mingled associations with, xi, 64, 127;

phonisms of, 222

Taste Buds, ix, 94, 95;

related to end-buds of fishes, xii, 137

Tastes, agreeable, digestion aided by, ix, 98, 240, x, 320

Tattooing, xv, 257 (fig.), 258-9

Taughannock Falls, iii, 50

Taylor, Bertha Fanning, xiii, 4

Taylor, Fred W., v, 54-5, 383

Taylor, Dr. Griffith, i, 324

Taylor, Prof. Norman, author Botany, Vol. xiii

Tea, history and production, xiii, 227-31;

over-boiling, 231;

polyuria from drinking of, x, 344;

wakefulness from, ix, 219

Teakettles, heating of, iv, 182-3

Tea Plant, xiii, 228, 229-30;

ancestral home, 221

Teak-wood, source, xiv, 383

Tear Gases, viii, 263

Tear Glands, blood supply of, ix, 197;

control of, 162, 163

Tears, cause, xi, 23;

taste sensations and, 76

Technical Terms, glossary of, iv, 381-4

Tectonic Topography, xiv, 94

Tedium, xi, 194-5

Teeth, ancient birds with, iii, 296, 297, xii, 241-3;

care of, ix, 228, x, 313-16;

decay of, cause and results, 312-13, 314;

decay from emotional strain, xi, 142;

defective, mental impairment by, 373;

diet and, x, 265, 314-15;

diseased, fatigue from, xi, 279;

electric treatment, vii, 237;

enamel of, ix, 13;

grinding of grains by, xv, 237-8;

infections from, x, 202, 218, 222, 225-6;

killing of nerves of, ix, 187, 188;

loss of, results on jaws, 57;

malnutrition from bad, 228;

modified scales, xii, 134;

mutilations of, by savages, xv, 260;

of carnivores, xii, 332-3, 389;

of manlike apes, iii, 303;

of Neanderthal man, xv, 98 (fig.);

of rodents, xii, 286;

of Tertiary mammals, iii, 298, 300;

poisons from decaying, ix, 269-70;

pus pockets at roots of, 187, 188;

replacing of sound, x, 56;

temporary and permanent, 313-14;

ulcerated, ix, 56;

X-ray examinations, x, 373, vii, 254

Teguexins, xii, 208

Tejus Lizards, xii, 208

Telautograph, vi, 98

Teleosts, iii, 285, xii, 142, 151-66;

eggs of, 141

Teledu, stinking, xii, 348

Telegraph, Telegraph System, iv, 292-4, vii, 108-18, 376;

cells used, vi, 127, 140;

etymology of word, vii, 91;

invention, 108, vi, 24, xvi, 188;

protection against lightning, vii, 49-50;

sounders, 375;

submarine, vi, 24

Telegraph Codes, vii, 108-9

Telegraph Plant, xiii, 114

Telegraph Plateau, xiv, 288

Telegraph Poles, in desert regions, iii, 72-3

Telegraph Wires, humming of, i, 194-5

Telephone Exchange, brain compared to, xi, 15-16;

central nervous system compared to, ix, 129

Telephone, Telephone System, iv, 305-6, vii, 91-107, 376;

automatic, vi, 87, vii, 92-3, 106-7;

cells used, vi, 138, 142;

condensers in, 285, 304;

invention, v, 381, vii, 92, xvi, 188;

magneto-generators, vi, 215;

number in New York, vii, 75;

protections against lightning, 50;

receiver, electromagnet of, vi, 99;

simultaneous messages, vii, 118-19;

vacuum tubes in, 280;

vibration rates of, ix, 101;

wire used, vii, 314

Telephony, prominent names in, vi, 26

Telescopes, ii, 93-110, iv, 345-6;

comet-seekers, ii, 274;

first used by Galileo, 54;

first eclipse seen by, 210;

Galileo's, xvi, 103;

lens improvements, 125;

limitations due to atmosphere, ii, 140, 201-2;

modern, 18, 143

(see also Bruce, Hooker, Leviathan, Yerkes Telescopes);

use in astronomical photography, iv, 372-3

Telluride Ores, iii, 366

Tellurium, classification place, viii, 182, 183;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Temperament, classes of, xi, 153-9

Temperate Forests, xiii, 366-73, xiv, 366, 370-1;

timber supply from, 382-3

Temperate Zone, civilization in, xv, 122, 123, 127, 383, xiv, 344, 357-9;

most favorable to man, xi, 51;

weather, how determined, xiv, 349-50;

winds, i, 127-8, 135, 137, xiv, 345-6, 349

Temperature, absolute, viii (see Absolute Scale);

altitude and, i, 19, 20, 208, xiv, 364-5;

barometric pressure and, iv, 122-3, 124, 125;

body (see Body);

climate classification by, i, 208;

colors in relation to, iv, 361;

critical (see Critical Temperature);

daily range, xiv, 247-8;

dependent on atmospheric constituents, i, 14-15, 16, 58-9, iii, 248;

determining factors, i, 208, xiv, 344-7;

electrical conductance affected by, iv, 301;

equalization by water, viii, 37, 38;

gas pressure and, iv, 139-42, viii, 107;

heat and, iv, 139-40, 144-5, 153-4;

high and low attained, v, 345, 348;

highest atmospheric, i, 209;

human control of, 332-3;

human efficiency and, i, 323-4;

human feelings of, 317-18, 320-1, ix, 93-4, 319-21, xi, 112-14;

humidity and, i, 76, 77, xiv, 352-4;

infant's adjustment to, ix, 352;

latitude and, xiv, 344-5;

lowest atmospheric, i, 209-10;

maximum and minimum, i, 75-6;

mean, 203-4;

measurement of (see Thermometers);

measuring of high, iv, 137-8, vi, 62-3;

metabolism affected by, ix, 37, 78-9;

musical instruments affected by, iv, 231-2;

observations and records, i, 203-5;

of deep sea, xii, 21-2;

of electric arc, iv, 312;

of electric furnace, vii, 302, xvi, 189;

of liquid air, i, 31, viii, 68;

of meteors, ii, 285, 290;

of oxyacetylene blowpipe, i, 33;

of stratosphere in different latitudes, 20;

of sun, ii, 169, iv, 194;

optimal, xi, 51;

physical state and, viii, 303-5;

plant distribution determined by, xiv, 364-71, 374-7;

plant societies in relation to, xiii, 357, 381;

range of, on earth, ii, 243-4;

range possible for life, i, 32, ii, 243-4, 245, 249, v, 348-9, x, 250-1;

rise of, to what due, iv, 144;

scientific meaning of, 139-40, 144;

seeking of favorable, xi, 51-2;

sensations of, ix, 93-4, 314, xi, 112-14;

sensible, i, 318;

sound speed and, i, 186-7, iv, 198-9;

subterranean layers of, xiv, 12-15;

susceptibility to change of, x, 240;

sun-spot effects, i, 16;

variability, i, 204-5;

variations by night and day, iv, 134, 183;

variations, effect on timepieces, v, 71-2, 73;

variations, human effects, x, 238-9;

variations and rock weathering, iii, 23-4, 72, xiv, 41, 62, 74, 75, 77-9, 233;

ventilation factor, viii, 331, 332;

volcanic dust effects, i, 58-9;

winds in relation to, 124, 126-7, 131, 293, xiv, 345-7

(see also Heat)

Temperature Charts, i, 206

Temperature Inversion, i, 375

Tempered Scale (music), 4, 208-9

Ten Commandments, xv, 368

Tender Emotion, xi, 146, 147, 149

Tendon of Achilles, ix, 76

Tendons, ix, 59, 79;

early surgery of, x, 79, 96;

sensations of, xi, 124, 125

Tendrils, xiii, 28;

movements of, 111-12;

on leaves, 38

Teneriffe, Smyth's experiment on, ii, 141;

volcanic nature, xiv, 277, 316

Tennessee, non-glacial topography of, xiv, 56;

underground streams of, 149

Tennessee River, former course, xiv, 186

Tennis, "cutting" of balls in, iv, 67, 68-9

Tennyson, in Holmes' "goodly company," x, 134;

quoted, i, 136, 183, iii, 11, xi, 33

Tension Spring, air as, v, 136-7

Tents, Indian, xv, 266

Teratoma, x, 120

Terbium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Term Hours, i, 203, 383

Terminal, of moon, ii, 28

Terminal Moraines, iii, 67;

lakes formed by, xiv, 202;

of great Ice Sheet, iii, 67-8, xiv, 59, 200, xv, 74-6

Terminal Voltages, vi, 186, 188, 189

Terminals (see Railroad Terminals)

Terminator (astronomical), ii, 194, 202

Termites, xii, 110, 125

Terns, xii, 264

Terpenes, viii, 240, 251-2

Terra Firma, iii, 76

Terraces, defined, iii, 383;

of California, 224

Terrapins, xii, 189-90

Terrestrial Refraction, i, 171, 380

Terror, exhaustion from, xi, 135-6;

expression and origin, 131-3

Tertiary Period, iii, 20, 221-36, 383;

appearance of man in, xv, 72;

development of mammals in, xii, 271-2;

divisions and species surviving, xv, 71;

plants and animal life, iii, 257, 279, 297, 298-9, 300, 301-2, 303, xii, 104, 154, 243, 283, 366;

remains of man in, v, 11

Tesla, Nicola, vi, 26

Testudinidae, xii, 188

Tetanus, negro susceptibility to, xv, 51

(see Lockjaw)

Teptonic Races, in Nordic group, xvi, 48

Texas, chalk deposits, iii, 216-18;

chapparal of, xiv, 379;

coasts of, iii, 57, xiv, 251, 262, 263;

cotton, xiii, 237;

dust whirlwinds, i, 60;

mercury production, iii, 370;

monsoons, i, 131;

oil wells, helium from, iv, 108;

peccary of, xii, 311;

stock-raising system, xiv, 383

Texas Fever, xii, 98

Textile Machinery, v, 268-83, 376-7;

induction motors in, xi, 256;

of ancient Egypt, xvi, 72-3

Textiles, chemistry of, viii, 254-8;

Egyptian, xvi, 72-3;

fireproofing of, viii;

starch in, 243

Thackeray, W. M., brain weight, xv, 39

Thales, discovery of magnetism, vi, 11;

eclipse predictions, ii, 9, 27, 209-10;

scientific teachings, xvi, 76-7, 77

Thallium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Thallophytes, iii, 250, 251, 252, 256

Thallus, of ferns, xiii, 156-7;

none in mosses, 163

Thames River, former tributary of Rhine, xv, 76;

tidal basin, v, 176;

true mouth of, xiv, 270

Theatres, color induction in, xi, 95;

use of ozone in, vii, 353-4;

wiring, 57

Thebes, Egyptian, xvi, 64, 65, 67, 70;

papyri discovered at, x, 12

Thenard, chemical work, xvi, 162

Theobromin, polyuria induced by, x, 344

Theology, Creek, Roman, medieval, xvi, 99-100, 115

Theophrastus, zoölogical work, xvi, 126

Therapy, Therapeutics, x, 379-84;

aeronautics in, i, 51;

ancient systems of, x, 12, 13, 21-2, 26, 380;

Brunonian system, 89-90;

climatological, i, 331, x, 383;

drug, 21-2, 380-1;

electricity in (see Electro-therapeutics);

hypnosis in, xi, 317;

Locke and Holmes on, x, 74-5;

modern, 380-4;

nihilism doctrine in, 113;

open-air, 240-1, 291;

Rowntree's categories of, 380;

Stahl's system, 85;

Sydenham's glossary of, 74;

X-rays in, vii, 251, 252-3, 255-6

Thermal Belts, i, 259, 383

Thermal Couples, vi, 62-3, 72;

electron theory, vi, 123-5;

power tables, vii, 383;

source of energy, vi, 129

Thermal Springs, xiv, 143-5

(see also Hot Springs)

Thermal Unit, v, 350-1

Thermionic Valve, vi, 125

Thermodynamics, iv, 384;

great laws of, 189-94

Thermo-electricity, vii, 376

Thermo-electric Powers, vii, 383

Thermograph, i, 76, 77, 383

Thermo-junction, i, 318

(see Thermal Couples)

Thermometers, i, 72-6, 383, iv, 135-8, 145;

as comfort measures, i, 318;

comparison of scales, iv, 137 (fig.), xiii, 27, 384;

development, i, 68-9;

drugstore, 266;

Galileo's, x, 71;

metallic, iv, 146-7

Thermometer Screen, i, 375, 383

Thermos Bottle, construction and use, iv, 184-5;

invention, vii, 323;

principle, i, 31, viii, 68

Thermoscope, i, 69

Thermostat, iv, 148-9, 384, vii, 87

Thermostatic Regulators, vii, 148

Thermotaxis, xi, 51-2, 61

Theromorpha, xii, 184-5;

mammals developed from, 271

Thibet (see Tibet)

Thigh, bone of, ix, 68, 70 (fig.)

Thimbleberry, xiii, 199 (fig.)

Thinking, law and process of, xi, 201

(see also Thought)

Thinness, x, 277

Third Dimension, perception of, xi, 173-83

Third Rail System, vii, 187, 189, 197-8, 199 (fig.)

Thirst, exercise effects, x, 303-4;

sensation of, ix, 87, 88-9, xi, 66-7;

sense of, in infants, ix, 350

Thomas, Holt, on airships, i, 42

Thomas of Sarzona, x, 44

"Thomas W. Lawson," schooner, v, 188-9

Thompson, Benjamin (see Rumford)

Thompson, S. P., vi, 26

Thompson, William (see Kelvin)

Thomson, Elihu, vi, 26

Thomson, J. J., cathode ray studies, xvi, 193;

electron theory of, iv, 55, vi, 26;

experiments on gas cooling, i, 30

Thomson Water Meter, v, 87

Thorax, diagnosis of diseases of, x, 98-9, 109;

of insects, xii, 99, 102

Thoreau, on Indian summer, i, 362

Thorium, in soil and air, i, 143;

radioactivity, viii, 184, 186;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Thorn Tree of Natal, xiii, 375

Thorpe, John, ring frame, v, 378

Thothmes, war chariot of, xv, 242

Thought, brain processes in, ix, 147-53, xi, 15;

cerebrum seat of, ix, 167;

gray matter and, xv, 63;

habits of, xi, 198, 203-4, 247;

language and, xv, 143-45, 146;

law and process of, xi, 201;

need of changes of, ix, 138;

nervous mechanism, xi, 19-20;

physical essentials and costs, 25;

speed of, 13

(see also Reaction Types);

Stoic definition, 228;

stream of, 193;

similarity in laws of, xvi, 42-3

"Three Fates", painting, xi, 192

Three-Horned Beast, iii, 292

Three-phase, meaning, vi, 207

Threes, multiplies in plants, xiii, 176, 178

Threshing Machines, v, 248-9

Threshold of Sensation, xi, 71;

of distance discrimination, 184, 185;

in various senses, 80, 104-5, 111

Throat, as infection focus, x, 219, 224;

connections with ear, ix, 101, 102 (fig.);

drying of, in thirst, iv, 88;

in speech production, ix, 83

Thrombosis, x, 336

Thrush, disease, x, 196

Thrushes, xii, 269

Thrust Bearings in Niagara Plant, vi, 374-5

Thrust Faults, iii, 87, 88 (fig.);

examples, 90-2, 188, 219

Thugs, jaws of, xv, 43

Thulium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Thulis, astronomer, ii, 275

Thumb, flexibility of human, ix, 67-8;

of apes and men, xv, 58-60

Thunder, i, 383;

at sea, 193;

cause of sounds, 192-3;

distances heard, 188-9;

explanation, vii, 210-11;

general awe of, 201-2;

large raindrops and, 215-17;

reverberations of, iv, 238;

speed of sound, i, 187

Thunderclouds, i, 102, 296;

formation, 93

Thunderhead, i, 139 (fig.), vii, 217

Thunderstorms, i, 138-9, 383;

astraphobia, 330;

classes and causes, vii, 217-18;

dangers and protection, i, 155-7;

hail in, 106, 120, 373-4;

lightning flashes, 149-52;

potential differences in, vii, 352;

St. Elmo's Fire in, i, 157;

strays and, 163;

vertical currents in, 293

Thunderstorm Recorders, i, 163, 383

Thuringian Forest, xiv, 238

Thylacine, xii, 277-8

Thyme, flowers, xiii, 205;

origin, 265

Thymol, viii, 238, 333

Thyro-globulin, x, 351

Thyroid Gland, x, 347, 348;

disorders and treatment, ix, 303-4, xi, 60-1;

functions and disorders of, x, 348-52;

inflammation of, and rheumatism, 224;

operations on, 148;

secretion used as drug, 382

Tiamat, or Chaos, xvi, 77

Tian Sham, xiv, 232

Tiber River, delta of, xiv, 263

Tibet, bears of, xii, 337, 338, xiv, 205, 211;

marine deposits, iii, 235;

plateau of, xiv, 97, 222, 232;

polyandry in, xv, 286;

rainfall, i, 111, xiv, 355;

wild ass of, xii, 308;

yak of, 330

Tibetans, in yellow race, xv, 37

Tickle, Tickling, sensation of, ix, 92-3;

sense of, xi, 109, 114;

laughter from, 355

Ticks, xii, 98

Tickseed, seed dispersal, xiii, 58, 343

Tick Trefoil, xiii, 58

Tidal Estuaries, formation of, xiv, 164, 255

Tidal Friction Theory, ii, 375-7

Tidal Power, v, 174-7

Tidal Races, xiv, 294

Tidal Waves, from earthquakes, xiv, 337;

from Krakatoa eruption, iii, 101, xiv, 324

Tide-predicting Machines, v, 327

Tides, xiv, 291-5;

Bacon's lunar theory, xvi, 101;

cause, ii, 70, v, 177, xiv, 32, 291;

erosive work of, 44-5;

importance to shipping, 295;

local ranges and peculiarities, 293-4;

neap and spring, ii, 70;

daily occurrence, xiv, 291-2, xiv, 292;

power utilized, v, 174-7;

"races", 294;

variations in rise and fall, 292-3

Tides, Plastic, ii, 375

Tide Water, sewage disposal in, viii, 325

Tied Images, xi, 221

Tierra del Fuego, climate and forests of, xiv, 371

Tiger, saber tooth, in Europe, xv, 76;

strength of, 18

Tigers, xii, 357-60;

apes and, 362;

Tiger Triton, 172-3

Tigris River, civilization on, xv, 123;

mapping of flood areas, i, 47;

rafts used on, xv, 264;

union with Euphrates, xiv, 185

Tilefish, xii, 164

Till, glacial, iii, 67, xiv, 59, 61

Tillamook County, Oregon, rainfall, i, 112

Tilling Machines, v, 244

Timber, source of, xiv, 382-3

Timber Line, xiv, 233

Timber Wolf, xii, 340

Timbre, of sound, xi, 104

Timby, Theodore R., v, 380

Time, absolute and relative, ii, 80, iv, 16-18;

coordinate for determining events, 16;

geological (see Geological Ages);

measuring of, v, 57-74;

memory perception, xi, 208;

Newton on absolute and relative, iv, 15;

origin of word, xi, 192;

perceptions of, 192-6;

primary concept, iv, 14, 15;

relative, Newton on, 15;

relativity doctrine, xvi, 196-8;

units of, iv, 15-16, 45, 46, 70

Timepieces, Chaldean, xvi, 58;

civilization and, v, 57;

historical development, 58-65

Time-rate, iv, 383

Timocharis, ii, 28-9, 31

Tin, viii, 161;

alloys with lead, melting point, iv, 161-2;

atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383;

affinity strength, 128;

extraction from ores, 271;

fusibility, 384;

in heavy metal group, 126-7, 154;

melting point and requirements, iv, 162;

positiveness, vi, 59;

production and uses, iii, 368-9;

specific gravity, viii, 384;

tests for, 287, 288;

uses, viii, 161

Tin Plating, viii, 273

Tinstone, viii, 161

Tint, of colors, xi, 90

Tips, of plants, xiii, 111, 114

Tire Pumps, heat of, v, 351

Tires, iron, on wagon wheels, iv, 4, 134-5;

pneumatic and other, v, 133-4

Tissue Fluids, ix, 50;

abundance in connective tissues, 59;

constituents, 173-81, 189-90;

oxygen supply, 253, 254, 260;

renewal and supply system, 51 (fig.), 191, 193-5;

waste products removal, 221-2, 262

Tissues, amino acids in, ix, 284, x, 204, 277-8;

blood acidity neutralized by, 280, 281;

carbon dioxide, production and removal, ix, 262, 264;

chemical composition, viii, 298, 348, 354, 355;

colloidal condition, viii, 356;

connective (see Connective Tissues);

diseased, composition and X-ray treatment, vii, 253, 255-6;

electricity effects, 247;

energy sources, ix, 289, 290, 291, 297;

growth of various kinds, 47-8, 286-7;

infections of, x, 204;

"irritability" theory of, 86;

oxygen needs and supply, ix, 253, 260, 261-2, x, 331, 338;

protection against germs, 201;

protein needs, viii, 359, ix, 278-84, 287-9, x, 204, 277-8;

resistance to germs, 197-8;

spaces for fluid, ix, 50;

wastage, normal, 281-3;

wastage in starvation, 297-8;

waste removal, 271;

water in, viii, 39

(see also Body Cells, Protoplasm)

Titan, moon of Saturn, ii, 249-50

"Titanic," loss of, xi, 332

Titanium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Titchener, Prof. on imagination, xi, 225;

on skin, 114;

on reaction types, 155

Titicaca, Lake, xiv, 205

Tivoli, Italy, travertine deposits, xiv, 146;

waters of, 147

Tjemoro Tree, xiii, 15

TNT (see Trinitrotoluol)

Toads, xii, 169, 174-7;

evolution of, 167;

rains of, 177

Toadstools, xiii, 164

Toasts, origin of, xv, 363

Tobacco, xiii, 256-9;

American origin, 221;

xiv, 382;

historical importance, xiii, 208;

hyperacidity of stomach caused by, x, 322;

ripened by bacteria, 194

Tobacco Leaf, X-ray sterilization, vii, 257

Todd, Prof. David, author Astronomy Today, Vol. ii.

Toddy, flowering of, xiii, 53

Toes, bones of, ix, 69;

rising on, muscle used, 76;

of infants, xv, 61;

use of, by apes and men, 60, 61

Toilet Soap, viii, 142

Toledan Tables, ii, 38, 39

Toledo, blades of, v, 315;

conquest of, effects, x, 37

Toluene, derivatives, viii, 238-9;

from coal tar, 253

Toluidine, viii, 237

Toluol, viii, 235

Tom, Mount, iii, 212, xiv, 111

Tomahawks, xv, 208

Tomatoes, adventitious roots, xiii, 19-20;

berries, 54;

calories in, ix, 299;

food value, viii, 365, ix, 30;

origin, xiii, 221, 224, xiv, 382;

splitting of, xiii, 94

Tomato Tree, origin, xiii, 227

Tomboro, dust from eruption, i, 59, 360

Tommasi, Crudeli, x, 155

Ton, unit of weight, iv, 283-4

Tonal Fusion, xi, 106

Tones, musical, iv, 207, xi, 105-6;

number in Indian scale, xv, 314;

pitch and intervals, ix, 99-100;

qualities of, xi, 104, 105;

simple and compound, iv, 213-17;

vibration rates, iv, 204

Tongue, functions in voice production, ix, 83;

muscles of, 77, 83;

nerve connections, xi, 76;

of chameleons, xii, 209;

of serpents, 211-12;

of toads and frogs, 174;

papillæ, xi, 70, 71;

response to taste, 62;

taste buds of, ix, 94, 95;

touch organs of, 92

Tonopah District, Nevada, xiv, 126 (fig.)

Tonsilitis, rheumatism and, x, 223

Tonsils, infections of, ix, 187, 188, 224;

infections through, x, 198, 202, 219, 220, 221, 223-4, 225;

lymph nodes, ix, 224;

removal of, 224

Tool-making Animals, v, 9-19

Tools, adjustment to workmen, xi, 362;

antiquity of hand, v, 42;

early use of, iv, 24;

historical development, v, 12-16;

machine, 42-56;

of ancient Egypt, xvi, 67;

pneumatic, i, 27-8, iv, 129;

resemblance to hand, xi, 44-5;

stone, evolution of, xv, 102-10;

use by man and animals, v, 9-11, ix, 67-8

Tool Steel, v, 55

Toothache, hypnotic treatment, xi, 315

Top Shells (Trochus), xii, 71-2

Topaz, iii, 340;

oriental, 327

Topography, changes in, xiv, 29-30;

changes, how effected, 33-79;

fault and joint effects, 114-33;

forms determined by rocks, 80-113, 125-6;

importance in war, 92-3;

of old and new areas, iii, 33-5, 36-7, xiv, 30, 47-9;

winds affected by, i, 294, 296-7

(see also Land Surfaces, Relief Features)

Tops, as gyroscopes, v, 339

Tornadoes, i, 137-8, 383;

cores, 299;

devices to dispel, 335-6;

electrification by, vii, 212-13;

lifting power, i, 356;

miscalled cyclones, xiv, 349

Tornado Insurance, i, 269

Torpedo Fish, vi, 16, xii, 149-50

Torpedoes, from aeroplanes, v, 375;

submarine, 340, 373-4

Torque, defined, iv, 384;

of motors, 309, vi, 224-7, 232, 234;

in induction motors, 24 5, 247-8

Torricelli, barometer invention, i, 68, iv, 29-30, 114, 121 (fig.), xvi, 109, 177;

scientific work, 104, 109-10, 111

Torsion Balance, invention, vi, 17-18

Torsion Pendulum, v, 74

Tortoises, xii, 182, 185-94

Tortoise Shell, xii, 185-6;

commercial source, 193

Totalizers, i, 118, 383

Touch (sense), ix, 91-2, 314, xi, 109-11, 114-15;

arrival platform for, ix, 146;

development of, xi, 43;

in fishes, xii, 137;

in infants, ix, 349;

in men and apes, xv, 60;

quality differences, to what due, xi, 164-5;

space perception by, 163, 164-6, 184

Touch Blends, xi, 127-8

Touch-me-nots, xiii, 56

Toul-Verdun Line, France, xiv, 90-1

Tourmaline, iii, 340;

light polarization by, iv, 354

Tours, cave dwellings near, xv, 266

Toxins, x, 196, 197, 296, 299

Trachea (windpipe), as infection center, x, 220

Tracheata, xii, 81

Trachoma, racial susceptibility to, xv, 51

Traction, of locomotives, v, 207;

Electric (see Electric Traction)

Tractors, motor, v, 214, 215-18, 243;

of airplanes, iv, 34

Trade Marks, psychology of, xi, 348

Trade Winds, i, 127, 383, xiv, 348-9;

Columbus and the, i, 128-9;

deflection by earth's rotation, xiv, 32, 348;

dryness of, 355-6;

in Mediterranean lands, 358;

"pulse of atmosphere," i, 218;

salinity of sea affected by, xiv, 296;

variations and depth, i, 130

Traditions, crowd psychology in, xi, 333

Trailing Arbutus, xiii, 202, 351

Training, continuity of, xi, 257

Train Sickness, cause, xi, 127

Traits, hereditary, ix, 328-9

(see also Characteristics)

Trances, Hindoo belief regarding, ix, 11-12, 17, 266-7;

primitive conception of, xv, 328

Transformation of Energy, vi, 128-9;

by muscle cells, ix, 74;

by plants, 27;

in Wilberforce Spring, iv, 85

Transformers, Current, vii, 44-5

Transformers (Potential), vi, 159-60, 306-29;

distinguished from current, vii, 44-5;

distribution units, 25-6;

efficiency, vi, 317, 317-18, vii, 367;

importance of understanding, vi, 9;

in electro-therapeutics, vii, 245-6;

in power plants, vi, 364, 376-7;

in radio generation, vii, 266;

in traction systems, 199;

voltage possible, 9-10

Transfusion of Blood, x, 337-8

Transits, defined, ii, 189;

eye-and-ear observations, xi, 155-6

Translation, energy of, iv, 83-5;

motion of, 85-6

Translations, inadequacy of, xv, 146

Translucent Substances, iv, 324

Transmigration of Souls, xv, 333-4;

morality and, 356-7

Transmission Gears, hydraulic, v, 105-6

Transmitter, telephone, vii, 93-4, 96

Transmutation of Elements, viii, 188-9

Trans-Neptunian Planet, ii, 270-2

Transparency, of glass, viii, 305

Transparent Substances, iv, 324

Transpiration (plants), xiii, 103, 104, 113, 374, 378, 379, xiv, 377-8, 378-9, 379

Transportation, aerial, i, 39, 41-3, 44-5;

civilization and, v, 18;

evolution of, 17-18, xv, 13, 241-3;

friction in, v, 203, 204-6;

meteorology in, i, 267-8;

motor trucks, v, 214;

river, xiv, 191;

wheels, v;

legs, v, 214-15

Transportation Problem (U. S.), vii, 194-5

Transvaal, climate conditions, xiv, 224;

gold production, iii, 365;

law against rain-making, i, 336

Transverse Rivers, xiv, 154;

in Appalachians, 167, 168-9

Trapdoor Spiders, xii, 97

Traps, animal, xv, 224 (fig.), 225-7;

avoidance of, xv, 66

Trauma, x, 255

Travel, educational advantages, vi, 330

Traveled Soils, xiv, 69-75

Traveler's Tree, xiii, 106, 112 (illus.), 189

Travertine, iii, 325, xiv, 146

Treadmills, xv, 239-40

Tree Corals, xii, 43

Tree Frogs, xii, 176, 177-9;

voice of, 170

Tree of Heaven, xiii, 200

Tree Ferns, xiii, 65

Tree Snakes, xii, 221

Trees, ancient, iii, 252, 253-4, 254, 255, 256-7, xiii, 309-10;

Big (see Big Trees);

branching of, xiii, 85-6;

carbon dioxide used by, i, 10;

cone-bearing, xiii, 174 (see Conifers);

danger in thunderstorms, i, 155;

deciduous, xiii, 175;

distribution determined by Glacial Epoch, xiv, 375-7;

felling of, by Indians, xv, 262;

fog drip, i, 351;

hardiness of, xiv, 364;

landscaping, xiii, 269-72;

leaving in forests, xiii, 86-7;

marsh-draining by, xiv, 379;

moisture required by, 377-9;

northern limit of, xiv, 371, 374-5;

older than herbs, xiii, 319;

paper from fibers, v, 290, 292-5;

prairies and, xiii, 374, 375, 376;

rainfall and cold in relation to, 373;

rate of increase by seeding, xv, 19;

rime on, i, 121-2;

rings, xiii, 24-5, 26;

rings, climate changes seen in, i, 199-200, xiv, 362;

rise of water in, xiii, 94;

roots, 16-17, 19;

roots, power of, iii, 24;

shedding of leaves in dry seasons, xiv, 369;

species in America and Europe, 375;

strangled by vines, xiii, 21-2;

stunted, 367;

tallest, 94;

trunks, structure, 23-6;

United States, xiv, 372-4

Trembling, in fear, xi, 132, 133

Tremolite, iii, 321

Trench-digging, competitive test, xi, 363

Trench Fever, x, 202

Trenches, ocean, xiv, 286, 288, 289

Trenching Machines, v, 253, 254-5

Trentino, xiv, 244, 245

Trenton Falls Gorge, iii, 50, 243

Trenton Limestone, iii, 185-6

Trepangs, xii, 50

Trepanning, Hippocrates, methods, xvi, 96

Trephine Operations, x, 27, 79

Trevithic, Richard, v, 207-8, 212, 377

Trial Marriages, xv, 290

Triangles, center of gravity in, iv, 101

Triassic Period, iii, 20, 208-13, 383;

animal life of, 271 (fig.), 285, 291;

appearance of mammals in, xii, 271;

insects of, 104

Tribes, formation of, xv, 363;

primitive morality limited to, 374

Tribes, plant, xiii, 171

Tributary Streams and Valleys, xiv, 56-7

Triceratops, iii, 292

Trichina, cause of, xv, 49;

parasite of, x, 199, xii, 45

Trieste, Gulf of, springs along, xiv, 150

Trifid Nebula, ii, 355, 364, 365

Trigonometry, history of development, xvi, 54, 62, 92, 101

Trilobites, iii, 260, 276-8

Trinidad Head Lighthouse, storm waves at, xiv, 300

Tri-nitro-phenol, viii, 262

Trinitrotoluene, (T. N. T.) viii, 236, 237, 261-2

Trinitrotoluol, viii, 63;

potential energy in, iv, 82

Trinil Man, xv, 89;

brain of, 96

Triphenyl Methane, viii, 240

Triple Register, i, 88

Tripoli, intersection of eclipse paths in, ii, 216

Tripolite, iii, 335

Trogons, Mexican, xii, 267

Trojan War, hashish at time of, xiii, 239

Trolley Cars, uses and disadvantages, i, 41

(see Electric Cars, Electric Traction)

Trolley Systems, vii, 186-91, 197-200;

underground wires in, 11-14

Trombones, iv, 231

Trompe, air compressor, v, 89-91

Tropic Birds, xii, 253

Tropical Diseases, xiv, 356-7;

racial immunity to, xv, 48, 50, 51

Tropical Rain Forests, xiii, 357-66, xiv, 366-70;

woods and other products of, 383

Tropics, civilization in relation to, xv, 123, 124-7;

climate monotony, xiv, 357;

cyclones, i, 136;

dry and rainy seasons, xiv, 352;

frost in, 42;

glaciers in, 54;

health conditions, i, 327, x, 251, xiv, 356-7;

labor in, xv, 126;

land and sea breezes, i, 131;

man's development in, ix, 308-9;

products, remarks on, xiii, 259;

quinine use, 251;

rainfall, i, 109;

rainfall and forests in, xiv, 377;

seasonal temperature layer in, 13;

soil depths, 64;

snow line in, xv, 73;

thunderstorms, i, 151;

vegetation of, xiv, 366-70;

white race in, i, 327, xiv, 344, 356-7, xv, 49-50;

winds, i, 127, 135

Troposphere, i, 20, 383;

turbulent conditions, 293-6

Trotula, x, 36, 37

Trough (meteorology), x, 238, 384

Troughs, oceanic, xiv, 286, 288-9;

earthquakes and, 341

Trough Valleys, xiv, 117-21, 123-4

Trout, xii, 158-9;

wariness of, 139

Troy, siege of, plague at, x, 285

Trucks, Motor, v, 214;

advantages to farmers, vii, 230-1

Trumpet Creeper, xiii, 20

Trumpets, sounding of, iv, 231

Trunk (body), muscles of, ix, 77;

skeleton of, 64-7, 63 (fig.)

Trunk-bearing Animals, evolution, iii, 300, xii, 302

Trunks, tree, structure, xiii, 23-6

Truth, experience as test of, (Sylvius), x, 69;

men's notion of, xi, 243;

scientist's search, vi, 107

Trypanosomiasis, x, 167-79

Trypsin, x, 326

Tryptophane, viii, 351

Tsetse Flies, x, 168-70, xiv, 197, 223

Tuatera, xii, 183-4

Tubercle Bacillus, discovery of, x, 149;

killed by sunshine, 292;

tissue-killing power, 293

Tubercles (lesions), x, 293;

of plants, xiii, 98

Tubercular Lesions, x, 293;

radiation treatment of, 384

Tuberculin, x, 150, 216

Tuberculin Test, x, 372

Tuberculosis, x, 289-94;

campaign against, 171, 172, 175-6, (France), 290-2;

climatic treatment, i, 331;

contraction of, from consumptives, i, 326, x, 293;

darkness and, 253, 290, 291;

diagnosis, 216-17, 372;

discovery of bacillus of, 149, xvi, 184;

diseases leading to, x, 292;

Galen's studies of, 30;

germ of, 195, 292;

immunity to, 207;

in warm and cold-blooded animals, 206;

Koch's studies of, 149-50, xvi, 184;

local infections, x, 293;

lowered blood pressure in, 336;

outdoor treatment, 240-1, 291;

pain of, xi, 118;

portal of entry of germ, 198;

predisposition inherited, 235;

racial susceptibility to, xv, 49, 50, 51;

spinal, x, 92

Tubers, xiii, 23, 24 (fig.), 218

Tuileries, invasion (1848), xi, 331

Tulips, in lily family, xiii, 184

Tulip Tree, xiii, 271-2, 318

Tumbleweeds, seed dispersal, xiii, 345

Tumors, radiation treatment of, x, 383

Tundra Vegetation, xiii, 381

Tungsten, in steel alloys, xiv, 238;

symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Tungsten Lamps, vi, 267, 268;

candle power, iv, 352;

due to Acheson, vii, 300

Tunicates, xii, 19-20, 129

Tuning Forks, record of, iv, 214-15 (fig.);

reenforcement and interferences of sounds, 219, 220-1;

resonance columns and, 227-8;

sound production by, 197;

synchronous vibration, vii, 118;

vibrations of, iv, 224

Tunneling Machines, iv, 122-4, 260-1

Tunnels, compressed air use in, iv, 129;

heat encountered in building, iii, 121, xiv, 13-14;

hot water encountered, xiv, 144;

sounds of trains in, iv, 236

Tuns (shells), xii, 73-4

Tupaias, xii, 367

Turbans (shellfish), xii, 71-2

Turbinates, of nose, x, 341

Turbines (see Steam Turbines, Water Turbines)

Turf, xiii, 183

Turf Grasses, xiii, 181

Turgenev, Ivan, brain weight, xv, 39

Turgor of Leaves, xiii, 102, 103, 114

Turin, position toward Alps passes, xiv, 240

Turkestan, wild horses of, xii, 307

Turkey, coverings of women in, xv, 254;

opium in, viii, 253;

tobacco production, 258

Turkey Buzzards, xii, 260

Turkeys, xii, 261

Turkish Empire, extent of conquests, xiv, 308-9

Turks, invasion of, through Danube Valley, xv, 138;

migration and conquests of, xiv, 308-9, 311

Turner, astronomer, ii, 301, 343;

on Halley, 86

Turning Effort (see Torque)

Turnip, family and origin, xiii, 197, 224;

swelled root, 19;

vitamines in, x, 262, 266, 268

Turpentine, chemistry of, viii, 51, 240;

in medicine, Galen's use of, x, 30;

specific gravity of, iv, 109-10

Turquois, iii, 340-1

Turret Lathes, v, 52-3

Turtles, xii, 182, 185-94;

absence of fear, xi, 136;

egg-teeth of, xii, 205;

heart of, ix, 84;

Mesozoic, iii, 295;

regeneration in, xii, 170;

shell of, xv, 18;

under-shield of, xii, 184

Tuscarora Deep, xiv, 341

Tusks, evolution, iii, 300, xii, 302;

of walruses, 335

Tusk Shells, xii, 58, 74

Twentieth Century Science, xvi, 195-8

Twilight, i, 167, 384;

duration, 18

Twine Binders, v, 247-8, 381

Twinleaf, distribution, xiii, 351

Twins, identical and nonidentical, ix, 44, 327, xv, 27

Twisters, Texas, i, 60, 384

Two-phase, defined, vi, 203-4, 242

Tycho Brahe, ii, 14, 45-8, iv, 95, xvi, 102;

as astrologer, ii, 21;

eclipse of 1560 and, 210;

new star seen by, 12, 331;

Kepler and, 49, 50;

star catalogue of, 300-1

Tylor, Prof. E. B., "Anthropology" of, xv, 4;

on English spelling, 177

Tyndall, fog signal studies, i, 189, 190

Tyndall Effect, viii, 315

Type, invention, v, 300;

movable, Chinese, xv, 179

Typesetting Machines, v, 307-12

Typewriters, development, v, 312-13, 380, 381;

to take spoken words, 331;

used in telegraphy, vii, 112-13

Typhoid Fever, x, 286-88;

consumption from, 292;

death rate, viii, 321-2, x, 286, 288;

discovery of germ, xvi, 185;

feeding in, ix, 319;

from water pollution, xiv, 140;

germ, x, 194, 287-8;

germs destroyed by chlorine, viii, 86;

germ diagnosis, x, 215, 216;

immunity to, 205, 207;

inoculation against, 208, 217;

named by P. C. A. Louis, 108;

portal of entry of, 198;

prevention of, 171, xv, 49;

water pollution and, viii, 318-19, 321-2;

wells and, iii, 121

Typhoons, i, 136, 384;

locating of, 279-80;

signals (China), 283

Tyrannosaurs, iii, 290

Tyrian Dye, xii, 72

Tyrol, hail crosses, i, 341;

lakes of, xiv, 200

Tyrrhenian Basin, xiv, 291

U-boats, motors used, vi, 239

Uganda, sleeping sickness in, xiv, 223

Uinta Mts., xiv, 83, 98, 226-7, 229;

fault scarp of, 230;

little metamorphism in, 234;

no igneous intrusions in, 228, 230;

river canyons of, 83, 166

Ulcerated Teeth, electric treatment, vii, 237

Ulloa, Admiral, astronomical studies, ii, 179, 221

Ulloca's Rings, i, 184, 384

Ultramicroscopic Organisms, x, 200

Ultraviolet Rays, iv, 358 (fig.);

absorption in upper air, i, 16;

actinic effects, iv, 365-6, vii, 250;

effects on barium, 254;

frequency of vibration, 260;

in therapeutics, 253;

fluorescence from, iv, 379;

luminosity of objects in, 378;

ozone produced by, i, 16;

radiant energy of, iv, 366;

transmitted by æther, vi, 119, 269;

use of, in medicine, iv, 51;

wave lengths of, 365, 366

Ulugh Begh, ii, 39, 300

Umbel, flower form, xiii, 50, 200

Umbra, of shadows, iv, 332

Umbrella Type Generators, vi, 362

Unclean Diseases, Jewish laws on, x, 15

Uncleanliness, air poisoning by, ix, 270, 352;

diseases from, x, 290, 311;

plagues due to, xv, 49

Uncompahgre River, iv, 172, 173

Unconformities (geology) defined, iii, 171, 383;

oldest known, 175;

what they represent, 176

Unconscious Actions, xi, 27;

from habit, 254-5

Unconscious Mind, xi, 47;

in reasoning, 245-6

(see also Subconscious Mind)

Unconsciousness, from excessive breathing, ix, 266-7

Undamped Waves, vii, 273, 289-90, 291

Underclothing, proper materials, x, 307, 308;

soiled, injuriousness of, 310

Underfeeding, results, xi, 370

Underground Streams, iii, 116, xiv, 149-50;

springs and, iii, 117

Underground Transmission, vii, 11-14, 24-31;

in telephone systems, 104, 105

Underground Trolley System, vii, 187, 189

(see also Third Rail)

Underground Water (see Ground Water)

Undermining, of rocks, xiv, 131

Undernutrition, due to under-chewing, ix, 228

Undershot Wheels, v, 76

Underwriters, National Board of Fire, vii, 53-4

Underwriters' Code, vii, 54, 57, 58, 61, 62

Unfit, Survival of, xv, 27

Unger, xvi, 166, 167

Ungulata, xii, 300-31

Unicellular Plants and Animals, xii, 10, xii, 166, 167;

composition and life, ix, 48-9;

food needs of, 33;

food procuring by, 12-15, 19;

motions of, 73, 74;

perception of light and shade by, 105

(see also Protozoa)

Unicorn Plant, fruit, xiii, 57 (fig.);

seed dispersal, 343

Union Pacific Railway, Rocky Mountain pass of, xiv, 76

Unions, chemical, viii, 20-1

United States, aerial mail service, i, 44;

animals (carnivorous), xii, 337, 340, 342, 349, 350, 363, 365;

Atlantic coast, xiv, 25, 45, 246-7, 249-50,

(see also Atlantic Coastal Plain);

Atlantic coast rivers, 167;

automobile industry, v, 213-14;

bats of, xii, 371;

beet sugar production, xiii, 216;

birds of, xii, 254-69;

bison of, 329;

brontides, i, 196;

bubonic plague measures, x, 164;

buildings overheated, i, 323;

building stones, iii, 371-2;

coal and coal beds, 343, 345-8;

coal supply, v, 172;

coffee consumption, xiii, 232;

corn crops, critical period, i, 248;

cotton production, early, v, 270;

crop forecasts, i, 251;

dark days, 56-7;

deer species in, xii, 317-18, 322;

deserts of, xiv, 380;

dust deposits, i, 54-5;

dust in west, xiii, 344;

English sparrow in, xv, 21;

fire losses in rural districts, vii, 231;

first locomotive, v, 378, 378-9;

fish of, xii, 151-64;

flies of, 120;

food and vitamine question, x, 267-8;

forests, xiii, 366-73, xiv, 239, 372-4;

forests, national, xiii, 371-2, xiv, 239;

forest fires, i, 48-9, 56-7;

fresh-water mussels of, xii, 65-6;

frogs of, 180, 181;

geological works on, xiv, 171;

glacial topography in northeast, 60-2, 170-1;

gypsum production, iii, 376;

hailstorm insurance, i, 344-5;

high temperature record, i, 209;

history in relation to physiography, xiv, 61-2, 191-5, 242-3, 249-50, xv, 136;

Indian summers, i, 361;

influenza pandemics, x, 294-5;

iron and steel industries, xvi, 175;

jute production, xiii, 243;

land leveling rate, iii, 31-2;

land policy, xiv, 384;

lava plateau of northwest, 104, 164, 170, 172, 188 (see Columbia Plateau);

lengthened life in, x, 291;

lightning losses, i, 156;

lizards of, xii, 207, 208;

loess deposits, xiv, 72;

medical practice, history of, x, 104, 115-16, 121-5, xvi, 185-6;

medical schools, xvi, 181;

metal products, iii, 356-70;

meteorological organization, i, 212-13, 215-17, 221, 222;

mineral springs, xiv, 143-4, 145;

newts of, xii, 172;

opossums of, 275;

ore deposits, monographs on, xvi, 173;

oyster industry, xii, 61, 62;

Pacific coast (see Pacific Coast);

paper-making, v, 292;

pellagra in, x, 265, 268;

petroleum and natural gas, iii, 349-51, 353, 354, 355, v, 172-3;

phenological observations, i, 254-5;

plains, coastal and interior, xiv, 213-15;

potash sources, viii, 279;

power plants, viii, 74-5;

prairies, xiii, 373, 374, xiv, 380, 383;

public health fellowships, x, 172;

rainfall i, 110, 110-11, 112, xiv, 352, 360, iii, 113;

rodents of, xii, 288, 290, 293-6;

salt deposits, iii, 374-5;

scurvy in, x, 266;

seasonal advance rate, i, 256;

smoke costs, 64;

snails of, xii, 71;

snakes of, 218-25, 232-8;

snowfall, heaviest, i, 118-19;

specialization of different parts, xv, 131-2, 203;

standard units used in, iv, 45-6, 69;

summer of 1816, i, 359-61;

tea consumption, xiii, 231;

telegraph system, vii, 107-8;

thermometer scale used in, iv, 136;

thunderstorms, vii, 218;

toads of, xii, 176;

tobacco production, xiii, 256, 257, 258, 259;

transportation problem, vii, 194-5;

tuberculosis in, x, 290, xv, 49;

turtles of, xii, 189, 190, 191;

typhoid fever, viii, 322, x, 286;

volcano, only active, iii, 103;

water consumption, viii, 324-5;

water filtering in, 319, 320;

water power, v, 83-4;

water supply by wells, iii, 118;

weather prophets, i, 243;

weeds, xiii, 353-4;

western plateaus, xiv, 220;

western rivers and lakes, 188;

wheat cultivation, xiii, 211;

windmills, i, 37-8;

winds, 128, 133-4;

World War chemical and medical services, x, 176-83, 186, 187-8;

World War disabled, care of, 189-91;

yellow fever extermination, 162

U. S. Army, chemical warfare service, x, 187-8;

medical corps in World War, 177-83, 186, 187;

yellow fever campaign, 159, 160-2

United States Bureau of Fisheries, xii, 155

U. S. Bureau of Standards, aeronautical research, i, 51;

lightning statistics, 156-7

United States Forest Service, xiii, 371-2;

aeroplanes in, i, 48-9

U. S. Hydrographic Office, i, 273, 277

United States Navy, cold-air machines, v, 353;

electricity on ships, vii, 326-35;

meteorological unit, i, 311;

ocean surveys of, xiv, 283;

radio control of ships, vii, 284

U. S. Public Health Service, x, 162, 164, 175

U. S. Signal Service, i, 282-3;

meteorological observations, 216, 220

U. S. Weather Bureau, agricultural service, i, 252, 256-7;

bulletin on temperature and foods, 268;

cloud pictures, 103;

code, 234;

establishment, 216;

fog classification, 95;

forecasts of various kinds, 239-40, 242;

frost predictions, 260;

functions, 7-8;

kiosks, 267;

library, 268-9;

marine division, 273, 275-6, 281;

organization, 222;

question answering, 359;

snow surveys, 118;

Spanish war services, 309;

storm predictions, vii, 218;

sunshine recorder, i, 86-7;

term hours, 203;

terms used, 107, 108, 136;

thermometers, 74, 75;

tide predicting machines, v, 327;

triple registers, i, 87-8;

vanes used, 82;

weather maps, 228, 230, 232-7;

wind-aloft maps, 230, 231, 233;

wireless reports, 280

Units, iv, 384;

absolute and gravitational, 64-5;

atmospheric pressure, 121, 123;

electrical, 261, 284-5;

heat, 154;

magnetic force, 249;

power, 80;

work and energy, 79-80

(see also Weights and Measures)

Universal Ether (see Æther)

Universal Soul, or pneuma, x, 27, 29

Universe, electricity the basis, vi, 107-8, 113, 118;

elements, 108-9;

energy of, unchanging, iv, 40;

evolution, ii, 366-84;

geocentric conception, ii, 9-10, 34-5;

Greek theories, xvi, 76-7, 77-9, 80, 81-2, 84, 186;

magnetism pervading, vi, 40;

primary concepts, iv, 14-15;

shape of visible, ii, 352-3;

stellar, 294-9;

total available heat of, iv, 193

Universities, founding of European, x, 38, xvi, 100;

revival of learning through, ii, 11-12

University of Pennsylvania, park in grounds, xi, 188

Unknown, uneasiness in face of, xi, 224, 225

Unsaturated, defined, viii, 382

Unsaturated Paraffins, viii, 230-2

Upper Air, composition, i, 10-11, 16;

exploration, 18-19, 20-3;

rarity, 17;

sun corpuscles in, 144, 146, 158, 159, 160;

temperatures, 19, 20

(see also Stratosphere)

Ural Mountains, antiquity of, xiv, 96

Uraniborg Observatory, ii, 45, xvi, 102

Uranium, atomic number, viii, 183, 309;

radioactivity, 184, 185, 186;

symbol and atomic weight, 383

Uranus, atmosphere, ii, 250;

comet families, 271;

discovery, 15, 104, 254, 255, 267, 272;

habitability, 250;

Neptune and, 268-9, 270;

orbital deviations, 67, 79, 271;

photographic study, 183;

rotation period, 377;

satellites, 105, 268;

size and orbit, 162-3;

weight, 76, 77

Ure, chemist, xvi, 163

Urea, artificial production, xvi, 142, x, 279, 329;

composition and amount, 342;

composition and functions, viii, 230, 353-4;

in amine group, 215;

production and disposal of, x, 279, 329, ix, 284, 285

Uremia, x, 346

Ureter, ix, 273

Uric Acid, viii, 230, 354, x, 342-3

Urinalysis, x, 378

Urinary Tract, as Infection center, x, 220

Urine, acidity and alkalinity of, x, 281;

albumen in, 378;

amount and excretion, 379;

amount, on what dependent, ix, 274-5;

constituents and disorders of, x, 342-6;

Corbeil's work on, 37;

formation stages, ix, 273;

nitrogen in, 282;

salt in, 273;

sugar in, 291, 292-4;

urea in, 284;

waste products in, x, 270

Urochords, xii, 129

Urodela, xii, 169, 170-3

Ursa Major, changes in, ii, 306;

spiral nebulæ, 363-4;

system, 122, 343, 344

Utah, arid topography of, xiv, 42;

bad lands, 82;

cliff topography, 88;

mining products, iii, 360, 361-2, 362, 363, 368;

plateaus, xiv, 220, 222;

subsidence, iii, 152;

Uinta Mountains, xiv, 83;

volcanic fields of, 317, 318

Uteroplacental Circulation, discovery of, x, 94

Vaccination, discovery, x, 100-3, 207-8, xvi, 127;

present extent, x, 103;

success of, 217, 288

Vaccines, autogenous, x, 218;

in focal infection diseases, 226

Vaccinia, x, 100

Vacuum Balloons, v, 222-3

Vacuum Cleaner, iv, 127, v, 137, vii, 83-4;

atmospheric pressure in, i, 25;

for barn uses, vii, 228

Vacuum Machine, iv, 127

Vacuum Refrigerating Machines, v, 354-6

Vacuums, boiling point of water in, v, 354;

detonation from filling, vii, 211;

early attempts to obtain, iv, 29-30;

electrical nonconductors, 259;

electric discharges in, 317-18;

falling bodies in, 97;

Gessler's and Crookes's x, 183-4;

heat, v, 345-58;

high, iv, 127, vii, 376;

nature's abhorrence of, iv, 27, 114;

of steam condensers, vi, 355;

Pascal's studies, xvi, 110;

sound in, i, 186, iv, 195

Vacuum Tube Generators, vii, 274, 276-8, 291

Vacuum Tube Receivers, vii, 270, 278-80

Vacuum Tube Rectifiers, vi, 339-41

Vacuum Tube Repeaters, vi, 125

Vacuum Tubes, cathode rays in, iv, 317;

Gessler's, x, 183-4;

use in wireless service, vi, 125, 339-41, vii, 277-80

(see also Crookes Tube, Coolidge Tube)

Vagus Nerve, xi, 30

Vail, Theodore N., vi, 87

Valence (chemistry), viii, 93-4, 382;

in periodic classification, 178, 180-1, 179-80;

ionization and, 122;

table of, vii, 384;

variable, viii, 94, 179, 189;

variable in catalyzers, 102;

zero, 178, 181

Valeric Acid, viii, 220

Valley Breezes, i, 131, 132, 377

Valley Glaciers, iii, 60, 62-3, 67

Valleys, air currents, i, 294 (fig.), 296;

drowned (see Drowned Valleys);

fault-made, xiv, 117-21, 127-8;

glacial, iii, 64, 66, xiv, 56-8, 259-60;

hanging, iii, 65, xiv, 57;

historical importance of, xv, 138-9;

longitudinal in folded strata, xiv, 93, 94-6, 98, 226, 229;

people of, xv, 122;

rift or trough, xiv, 117-21, 123;

river (see River Valleys)

Valley Trains, iii, 68

Valliere River, tributary changes, xiv, 184

Valparaiso, harbor of, xiv, 265

Valve Gears, inventions, v, 379

Valves, of heart, ix, 204;

leaking, 206-7

Valvular Heart Disease, x, 332

Vampires, xii, 369, 371-2

Vanadium, use and occurrence, xiv, 238;

symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Van Deventer, obstetrician, x, 80

Van Drebel, Cornelius, v, 196

Vanes, wind, i, 82, 384

Vanessas, xii, 117

Van Helmont, Jean Baptiste, x, 67-9, 71, xvi, 108, 110, 111, 119, 163;

recipe for creation of mice, x, 139

Van Hise, geological work, xvi, 172-3, 174

Vanilla, xiii, 259-60;

chemical composition, viii, 239, 251

Vanity, clothes due to, xv, 253, 255;

impulse of, 185

Van Maanan, astronomer, ii, 153, 314, 363

Van Swieten, x, 77, 104

Van't Hoff, xvi, 164

Vapor Baths, temperature of, x, 251

Vapor Pressure, iv, 167-8, viii, 303-5

Vaporization, latent heat of, iv, 173-4

Vapors, condensation of, viii, 304

Variable Stars, ii, 324-30;

collision theory, 327, 329, 333;

color, 296;

discoveries by Bailey, 146;

in star clusters, 337, 338;

inception of study, 16;

sun, 171, 187

Variability, in living things, xiii, 326-7

(see Variation);

meteorological, i, 384

Variation (biological), xiii, 326-36, xv, 22-3, xvi, 151;

causes and perpetuation, ix, 327, 328-9, xvi, 153;

in human beings, xv, 27;

in plants, xiii, 326-36;

meristic and substantive, xvi, 155;

new species developed from, xv, 24-5;

principles understood in Egypt, xvi, 72;

selection and perpetuation, xvi, 154-5

Varieties, crossing of, results, ix, 333-4, x, 231, xiii, 332-3;

defined, 329-30;

mixture, 147;

origin, 326-35

Variola (smallpox), x, 100

Varney, B. M., i, 296

Varnishes, ancient knowledge of, viii, 269;

chemistry of, 264-6;

drying oils in, 245, 247

Varro, on weather vanes, i, 68

Varus, defeat of, i, 307

Vascular Cryptograms, alternation of generations, xvi, 166

Vascular System, xiii, 65-6;

not in mosses, 69;

first appearance, 303, 304, 306

Vasoconstrictor Center, ix, 215-19

Vasodilator Center, ix, 219-21

Vasomotor Center, ix, 215

Vasomotor System, efficiency, how developed, x, 238-9, 240, 241;

heat loss, regulation by, ix, 311

Vassenius, astronomer, ii, 179

"Vaterland," steamship, v, 193

Vaughn, on anaphylaxis, x, 214

Vedas, song to day-god, ii, 23-4;

weather proverbs in, i, 67

Veery, xii, 269

Vega, Arabic name, ii, 39, 302;

color, 297;

Sirian star, 115;

spectrum, 116

Vegetable Acids, viii, 222-3

Vegetable Fats, viii, 244, 246;

vitamines absent in, 369, ix, 33, x, 259, 260-1, 262

Vegetable Kingdom, chemistry of, viii, 191;

food source of man, ix, 24;

how distinguished, xii, 14-15, xiii, 13-14;

relation to animals, viii, 334

(see also Plants)

Vegetable Oils, composition and energy value, ix, 28

Vegetables, calory loss in preparing, ix, 299;

cooking of, effects, viii, 368;

food value, 365, ix, 34, 280, 300, x, 259, 260, 262, 266, 273, 279;

freezing prevention, iv, 161;

frost danger point, i, 258;

green bile from eating of, ix, 275;

origin of common, xiii, 221-4, xiv, 382

Vegetable Sheep Plant, xiii, 379

Vegetable Silk, viii, 255-6

Vegetarianism, protein supplies in, ix, 280;

remarks on, 285

Vegetation, defined, xiv, 363;

determined by climate, and soil, 363-81;

effect of light and darkness on, xiii, 84-90;

effect on winds, i, 292-3;

electrical stimulation, vii, 351-3;

growth in tropical forests, xiii, 358-9, 360, 364-5;

optimal temperature, xi, 51;

past and present, xiii, 174, 175;

phosphorescence of decaying, i, 346;

soil and rock protection by, xiv, 42;

types on what dependent, xiii, 12

Vegetative Nervous System, x, 352-3

Vehicles, evolution of, v, 17

Veins, of body, ix, 191, 195, 197-8;

of body, bleeding from, x, 39;

blood in, carbon dioxide content, ix, 263, 264;

blood in, color of, 260-1;

functions in circulation of blood, x, 63-65, 334;

connections with arteries, ix, 192-3 (fig.) 197;

valves of, 222;

of leaves, xiii, 32-3, 37 (fig.), 79

Veins, Mineral, defined, iii, 383-4;

how formed, 126

Velocity, iv, 56-7, 384;

acceleration of, 57 (see Acceleration);

energy from, 78;